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Bulthaupt HH, Glatz F, Papidocha SM, Wu C, Teh S, Wolfrum S, Balážová L, Wolfrum C, Carreira EM. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Cassane Furanoditerpenoids and Their Stimulation of Cellular Respiration in Brown Adipocytes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21562-21568. [PMID: 37751294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the first and enantioselective total syntheses of (+)-1-deacetylcaesalmin C, (+)-δ-caesalpin, (+)-norcaesalpinin MC, and (+)-norcaesalpinin P. Salient features of the synthetic strategy are an exo-selective intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a furanoquinone monoketal and subsequent chemoselective reduction of the resulting pentacyclic furfuryl ketal, furnishing a keystone intermediate. The latter enables access to the collection of natural products through implementation of stereoselective oxidations. Having accessed the cassane furanoditerpenoids, we unveil previously unknown bioactivity: (+)-1-deacetylcaesalmin C stimulates respiration in brown adipocytes, which has been suggested to play a central role in treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Glatz
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven M Papidocha
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chunyan Wu
- ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, IFN, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Shawn Teh
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Wolfrum
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Balážová
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Erick M Carreira
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kosmalski M, Deska K, Bąk B, Różycka-Kosmalska M, Pietras T. Pharmacological Support for the Treatment of Obesity-Present and Future. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030433. [PMID: 36767008 PMCID: PMC9914730 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing civilization problem, associated with a number of negative health consequences affecting almost all tissues and organs. Currently, obesity treatment includes lifestyle modifications (including diet and exercise), pharmacologic therapies, and in some clinical situations, bariatric surgery. These treatments seem to be the most effective method supporting the treatment of obesity. However, they are many limitations to the options, both for the practitioners and patients. Often the comorbidities, cost, age of the patient, and even geographic locations may influence the choices. The pharmacotherapy of obesity is a fast-growing market. Currently, we have at our disposal drugs with various mechanisms of action (directly reducing the absorption of calories-orlistat, acting centrally-bupropion with naltrexone, phentermine with topiramate, or multidirectional-liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide). The drugs whose weight-reducing effect is used in the course of the pharmacotherapy of other diseases (e.g., glucose-sodium cotransporter inhibitors, exenatide) are also worth mentioning. The obesity pharmacotherapy is focusing on novel therapeutic agents with improved safety and efficacy profiles. These trends also include an assessment of the usefulness of the weight-reducing properties of the drugs previously used for other diseases. The presented paper is an overview of the studies related to both drugs currently used in the pharmacotherapy of obesity and those undergoing clinical trials, taking into account the individual approach to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kosmalski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (K.D.)
| | - Kacper Deska
- Students’ Scientific Association Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (K.D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Bąk
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, 02-957 Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Łódź, Poland
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, 02-957 Warszawa, Poland
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Migliolo L, de A. Boleti A, de O. Cardoso P, Frihling BF, e Silva P, de Moraes LRN. Adipose tissue, systematic inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:38-46. [PMID: 35799506 PMCID: PMC9241402 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Ren F, Meng C, Chen W, Chen H, Chen W. Ganoderma amboinense polysaccharide prevents obesity by regulating gut microbiota in high-fat-diet mice. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Chen SY, Beretta M, Alexopoulos SJ, Shah DP, Olzomer EM, Hargett SR, Childress ES, Salamoun JM, Aleksovska I, Roseblade A, Cranfield C, Rawling T, Quinlan KGR, Morris MJ, Tucker SP, Santos WL, Hoehn KL. Mitochondrial uncoupler SHC517 reverses obesity in mice without affecting food intake. Metabolism 2021; 117:154724. [PMID: 33548253 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mitochondrial uncouplers decrease caloric efficiency and have potential therapeutic benefits for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Herein we investigate the metabolic and physiologic effects of a recently identified small molecule mitochondrial uncoupler named SHC517 in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. METHODS SHC517 was administered as an admixture in food. The effect of SHC517 on in vivo energy expenditure and respiratory quotient was determined by indirect calorimetry. A dose-finding obesity prevention study was performed by starting SHC517 treatment concomitant with high fat diet for a period of 12 days. An obesity reversal study was performed by feeding mice western diet for 4 weeks prior to SHC517 treatment for 7 weeks. Biochemical assays were used to determine changes in glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol. SHC517 concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry. RESULTS SHC517 increased lipid oxidation without affecting body temperature. SHC517 prevented diet-induced obesity when administered at 0.05% and 0.1% w/w in high fat diet and reversed established obesity when tested at the 0.05% dose. In the obesity reversal model, SHC517 restored adiposity to levels similar to chow-fed control mice without affecting food intake or lean body mass. SHC517 improved glucose tolerance and fasting glucose levels when administered in both the obesity prevention and obesity reversal modes. CONCLUSIONS SHC517 is a mitochondrial uncoupler with potent anti-obesity and insulin sensitizing effects in mice. SHC517 reversed obesity without altering food intake or compromising lean mass, effects that are highly sought-after in anti-obesity therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Young Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina Beretta
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Alexopoulos
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Divya P Shah
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ellen M Olzomer
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stefan R Hargett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Childress
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Centre for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joseph M Salamoun
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Centre for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Isabella Aleksovska
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ariane Roseblade
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Charles Cranfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Simon P Tucker
- Continuum Biosciences Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW, 2035, Australia
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Centre for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Continuum Biosciences Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW, 2035, Australia.
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.; Continuum Biosciences Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW, 2035, Australia.
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Li N, Chen K, Dong H, Yang J, Yoshizawa M, Kagami H, Li X. Alliin inhibits adipocyte differentiation by downregulating Akt expression: Implications for metabolic disease. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:563. [PMID: 33850535 PMCID: PMC8027764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is currently an important health problem and is associated with an increased likelihood of various diseases. The efficacies of various natural treatments have been assessed for their utility in treating obesity. Alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxides) is considered the major component of garlic and has a wide range of natural antioxidant properties. However, the direct effects of alliin on obesity have not been well clarified. The present study investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of alliin on adipocyte differentiation. The 3T3-L1 cells were treated with alliin (0-40 µg/ml) during adipogenic differentiation. The effect of alliin on lipid accumulation was evaluated by Oil red O staining. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed to investigate the expression levels of adipogenic differentiation-related genes. The accumulation of lipid droplets was markedly inhibited following alliin treatment. The expression levels of multiple adipogenic transcription markers, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β, C/EBP α and peroxisome proliferation-activity receptor γ, were markedly decreased following treatment with alliin during adipogenic differentiation. Expression levels of several adipocyte-related genes were subsequently suppressed. Additionally, alliin suppressed PKB/Akt and PI3K expression. These results suggested that alliin exhibits anti-adipogenic activity by downregulating major adipogenic differentiation-related genes and Akt/PI3K expression. Alliin may have a potential therapeutic effect on metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China.,Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Dong
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Michiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kagami
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.,Department of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Xianqi Li
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.,Department of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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Verma S, Ravichandiran V, Ranjan N, Flora SJS. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Applications of Bisbenzimidazoles. Med Chem 2021; 16:454-486. [PMID: 31038072 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190416120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are one of the most common structural motifs in approximately 80% of the marketed drugs. Of these, benzimidazoles analogues are known to elicit a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antifungal as well as chemosensor effect. Based on the benzimidazole core fused heterocyclic compounds, crescent-shaped bisbenzimidazoles were developed which provided an early breakthrough in the sequence-specific DNA recognition. Over the years, a number of functional variations in the bisbenzimidazole core have led to the emergence of their unique properties and established them as versatile ligands against several classes of pathogens. The present review provides an overview of diverse pharmacological activities of the bisbenzimidazole analogues in the past decade with a brief account of its development through the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Verma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, ITI Compound, Raebareli, 229010, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Vishnuvardh Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, ITI Compound, Raebareli, 229010, India
| | - Swaran J S Flora
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, ITI Compound, Raebareli, 229010, India
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Anti-Obesity Effect of an Ethanol Extract of Cheongchunchal In Vitro and In Vivo. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113453. [PMID: 33187189 PMCID: PMC7698250 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheongchunchal (CE) is a developed crop more highly enriched in cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (anthocyanin) than conventional waxy corn. Anthocyanin has been proven to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer effects. In this study, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Cheongchunchal was confirmed to contain 8.99 mg/g anthocyanin. The inhibitory effect of an ethanol extract of Cheongchunchal (CE) on adipocyte differentiation was demonstrated using Oil Red O staining and a triglyceride assay. By conducting Western blotting, we also confirmed the regulatory effect of CE on adipocyte differentiation factors by assessing changes in the levels of factors that play a significant role in the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. A C57BL/6N mouse model of obesity was induced with a high-fat diet, and CE (400, 600, and 800 mg/kg/day) or Garcinia (245 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to verify the anti-obesity effect of CE. As a result of CE administration, the food efficiency ratio (FER), weight gain, and weight of tissues decreased. Additionally, blood biochemical changes were observed. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of CE on adipocytes was confirmed through morphological observation and the expression of adipocyte differentiation-related factors in the liver and fat tissues. Therefore, in this study, we verified the anti-obesity effects of anthocyanin-rich CE both in vitro and in vivo.
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Kasabri V, Arabiyat S, Al-Hiari Y, Zalloum H, Almaliti J, Telfah A, Bustanji YK, Alalawi S. Fluoroquinolones as a potentially novel class of antidiabesity and antiproliferative compounds: synthesis and docking studies. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intense efforts by the pharmaceutical industry have been made to identify new targets for obesity diabetes (diabesity). Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (PL) inhibition is an interesting putative target for obesity management. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have been identified as potent inhibitors of PL. The aim of this research was to synthesize novel FQs and evaluate their in vitro antilipolytic and antiproliferative properties. Characterization of the synthesized FQs was carried out with NMR, MS, IR, and EA. Like orlistat, potential FQs’ modulation of PL was quantified colorimetrically (n = 3) and was further supported by docking studies. Compared with cisplatin, FQs’ antiproliferative propensities against a panel of obesity related colorectal cancer cell lines were investigated with Sulforhodamine B assay. Twelve novel FQs (2A–5A, 2B–5B, and 2C–5C) were synthesized and characterized. The PL-IC50 values of tested FQs were in the range of 6.8–165.7 μmol/L. FQ 4A was the most active antiproliferative compound against HCT116 with an IC50 value of 3.5 μmol/L. Their selectivity of growth inhibition for safety examination using normal periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL) in comparison with cisplatin’s lack of differential cytotoxicity was reported. Lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding were found essential for both activities. Conclusively, FQs are robustly proven for their emerging in vitro anti-obesity and antiproliferative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet Kasabri
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Shereen Arabiyat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Salt College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Yusuf Al-Hiari
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hiba Zalloum
- Hamdi Mango Research Centre for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Jehad Almaliti
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Telfah
- Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS e.V. Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str.1144139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yasser K. Bustanji
- Hamdi Mango Research Centre for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Sundus Alalawi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Tsilingiris D, Liatis S, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. The Fight Against Obesity Escalates: New Drugs on the Horizon and Metabolic Implications. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:136-149. [PMID: 32388792 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is currently a steep rise in the global prevalence of obesity. Pharmaceutical therapy is a valuable component of conservative obesity therapy. Herein, medications currently in the phase of preclinical or clinical testing are reviewed, along with an overview of the mechanisms that regulate energy intake and expenditure. In addition, the current and potential future directions of obesity drug therapy are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Although the current arsenal of obesity pharmacotherapy is limited, a considerable number of agents that exert their actions through a variety of pharmacodynamic targets and mechanisms are in the pipeline. This expansion shapes a potential near future of obesity conservative management, characterized by tailored combined therapeutic regimens, targeting not only weight loss but also improved overall health outcomes. The progress regarding the elucidation of the mechanisms which regulate the bodily energy equilibrium has led to medications which mimic hormonal adaptations that follow bariatric surgery, in the quest for a "Medical bypass." These, combined with agents which could increase energy expenditure, point to a brilliant future in the conservative treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Ag. Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Liatis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Ag. Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Ag. Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Cho BO, Choi J, Kang HJ, Che DN, Shin JY, Kim JS, Kim SJ, Jang SI. Anti-obesity effects of a mixed extract containing Platycodon grandiflorum, Apium graveolens and green tea in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2783-2791. [PMID: 32256761 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-obesity effect of a combination of extracts made of Platycodon grandiflorum (PGE), Apium graveolens (AGE) and green tea (GTE) extracts was investigated in a high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6N mouse model. Body weight, epididymal adipose tissue weight, liver weight, adipocytes size and serum lipid profile, insulin, leptin and glucose levels were investigated. Additionally, hepatic steatosis, injury and oxidative burden were evaluated in the present study. The current study demonstrated that the PGE, AGE, and GTE (PAG) mixture were most effective in preventing obesity and its associated complications compared with the single extracts used alone. This was evidenced by the PAG's prevention of weight gain, reduction of adipocyte size, beneficial effects in serum lipid profile, levels of insulin, leptin and glucose, and the prevention of liver injury by reducing fat accumulation in the liver, decreased GOT and GPT enzymes and the upregulation of liver antioxidant enzymes. These results suggested that PAG may provide insights into functional food ingredients for use in the prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ok Cho
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co. Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co. Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis Nchang Che
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, P.R. China
| | - Jae Young Shin
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co. Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea.,Department of Agro-Bio and Food Industry, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China.,Department of Agro-Bio and Food Industry, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China
| | - Sang Jun Kim
- Functional Food (Drug) R&D Team, Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Il Jang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co. Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China
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Chinchu J, Mohan MC, Prakash Kumar B. Anti-obesity and lipid lowering effects of Varanadi kashayam (decoction) on high fat diet induced obese rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Liu L, Ding C, Tian M, Yi D, Wang J, Zhao J, Hu Y, Wang C. Fermentation improves the potentiality of capsicum in decreasing high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice by modulating lipid metabolism and hormone response. Food Res Int 2019; 124:49-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Silenieks LB, Carroll NK, Van Niekerk A, Van Niekerk E, Taylor C, Upton N, Higgins GA. Evaluation of Selective 5-HT 2C Agonists in Acute Seizure Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3284-3295. [PMID: 31082204 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT releaser/reuptake inhibitor fenfluramine has been recently reported to provide benefit as an adjunctive treatment for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, two types of severe childhood epilepsy. Despite its enhancement of 5-HT function, many effects of fenfluramine have been demonstrated to be dependent on 5-HT2C receptor activation, suggesting that 5-HT2C receptor activation may have an anticonvulsant property. The present study was designed to evaluate fenfluramine and 5-HT agonists of varying 5-HT2C agonist selectivity, the relatively nonselective mCPP and Ro 60-0175, and the selective 5-HT2C agonists lorcaserin and CP-809101 across a variety of acute seizure tests conducted in adult rats and mice, which have been instrumental in identifying the majority of clinically efficacious antiepileptic drugs. Tests included the maximal electroshock seizure (MES), MES threshold, and 6 Hz electrical convulsive seizure models and the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazole test. The effect of mCPP, lorcaserin, and CP-809101 against electrically evoked seizures in amygdala kindled rats was also investigated. Overall, at doses known to interact with 5-HT2CR, there was no clear class-related effect of these agonists in any test. The only notable antiseizure effect of fenfluramine was inhibition of MES-induced tonic seizures in the rat. The current preclinical studies using the classical acute seizure tests and an amygdala kindling model do not identify a reliable antiseizure effect of fenfluramine, an agent now used in the treatment of human epilepsies, including Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Given the nature of these epilepsies, early life and/or genetic models may have better construct validity and be more appropriate for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo B. Silenieks
- Intervivo Solutions Inc, Toronto, ON M5A 4K2, Canada
- Vivocore, Toronto, ON N1M 2W4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Upton
- Transpharmation Ltd, London NW10NH, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A. Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions Inc, Toronto, ON M5A 4K2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON ON M5S, Canada
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15
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Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK. Current Options for the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2019-2032. [PMID: 31298150 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190708192630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
650 millions of adults are obese worldwide - in the US alone, forty percent of the adults are obese. Although the obesity pandemic is constantly expanding at very high costs for health care systems, the currently available options of pharmacotherapy for obesity are rather limited. Despite intensive research efforts, the vast majority of the anti-obesity drugs developed up to now have a rather limited efficacy and/or safety profile. In the last fifty years, various drugs reached advanced states of clinical development but were either never marketed or were initially approved but withdrawn later due to safety issues. However, the understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity has been steadily improving and new, promising drugs targeting various selective obesityassociated and energy-homeostasis-related pathways are now available. When lifestyle changes alone fail to combat, then additional pharmacotherapy with an acceptable efficacy and safety profile could provide a useful therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiner K Berthold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Bethel Clinic (EvKB), Bielefeld, Germany
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16
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Geloneze B. Tratamento farmacológico da obesidade: passado, presente e futuro. HU REVISTA 2019. [DOI: 10.34019/1982-8047.2018.v44.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O tratamento da obesidade deve ser baseado na percepção de que a obesidade é uma enfermidade crônica, neuroquímica e recidivante. Sendo assim, a combinação de eficácia, sustentabilidade de longo prazo e perfil de segurança de excelência devem nortear a utilização dos medicamentos disponíveis assim como das novas moléculas vindouras. No momento, a liraglutida parece ser a mais completa droga para a obesidade como doença crônica, mas certamente deverá ser superada pelos novos peptídeos de múltiplo agonismo e/ou pela combinação de várias medicações ainda não disponíveis em baixas dosagens para pacientes precisa e individualmente selecionados.
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17
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Kim KM, Lee HS, Yun MK, Cho HY, Yu HJ, Sohn J, Lee SJ. Fermented Castanea crenata Inner Shell Extract Increases Fat Metabolism and Decreases Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. J Med Food 2019; 22:264-270. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hee-Seop Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Yun
- Food R&D Center, SK Bioland Co., Ltd., Ansan, Korea
| | - Hong-Yon Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heui-Jong Yu
- Food R&D Center, SK Bioland Co., Ltd., Ansan, Korea
| | - Johann Sohn
- Food R&D Center, SK Bioland Co., Ltd., Ansan, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Food R&D Center, SK Bioland Co., Ltd., Ansan, Korea
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18
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Kim Y, Austin SB, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I. Body weight perception, disordered weight control behaviors, and depressive symptoms among Korean adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198841. [PMID: 29902214 PMCID: PMC6002096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ PURPOSE Despite emerging evidence suggesting harmful influences of accurate weight perception on psychological health among individuals with obesity, little is known about the association in Asian populations. The aim of this study was investigate the association between body weight perception and depressive symptoms among Korean adults, and potential differential associations across gender. METHODS We used data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2014, comprising 3,318 female (n = 1,876) and male (n = 1,442) participants, aged 19-65 years, with no history of depression and a body-mass index (BMI)> = 18.5kg/m2. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Korean version. Weight perception patterns were categorized by comparing self-perceived and objectively measured weight status. Gender-stratified four-level multilevel linear models adjusted for age, BMI, menopause, education, income, marital status, urbanicity, chronic conditions, exercise, smoking, and alcohol use. Subgroup analyses were performed across BMI category. RESULTS Among women with obesity, those who underperceived their weight status reported fewer depressive symptoms compared to those who accurately perceived their weight status (β = -1.25, p<0.05). Among women with normal weight, those who overperceived their weight status reported more depressive symptoms compared to those who accurately perceived their weight status (β = 1.00, p<0.05). The same associations were not found in men. CONCLUSION Awareness-oriented strategies for obesity prevention and weight management focused on providing information on weight status may need to consider unintended consequences of accurate weight perception on mental health among individuals with obesity, particularly among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoo Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Bryn Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. V. Subramanian
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is a global health crisis with detrimental effects on all organ systems leading to worsening disease state and rising costs of care. Persons with obesity failing lifestyle therapies need to be escalated to appropriate pharmacological treatment modalities, medical devices, and/or bariatric surgery if criteria are met and more aggressive intervention is needed. The progression of severe obesity in the patient population coupled with related co-morbidities necessitates the development of novel therapies for the treatment of obesity. This development is preceded by increased understanding of the underpinnings of energy regulation and neurohormonal pathways involved in energy homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Though there are approved anti-obesity drugs available in the USA, newer drugs are now in the pipeline for development given the urgent need. This review focuses on anti-obesity drugs in the pipeline including centrally acting agents (setmelanotide, neuropeptide Y antagonist [velneperit], zonisamide-bupropion [Empatic], cannabinoid type-1 receptor blockers), gut hormones and incretin targets (new glucagon-like-peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogues [semaglutide and oral equivalents], amylin mimetics [davalintide, dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists], dual action GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists [oxyntomodulin], triple agonists [tri-agonist 1706], peptide YY, leptin analogues [combination pramlintide-metreleptin]), and other novel targets (methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor [beloranib], lipase inhibitor [cetilistat], triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor [tesofensine], fibroblast growth factor 21), including anti-obesity vaccines (ghrelin, somatostatin, adenovirus36). With these new drugs in development, anti-obesity therapeutics have potential to vastly expand allowing better treatment options and personalized approach to obesity care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8th Floor, Suite 801, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Caroline Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8th Floor, Suite 801, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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20
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Deep Sea Water Improves Abnormalities in Lipid Metabolism through Lipolysis and Fatty Acid Oxidation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15120386. [PMID: 29232925 PMCID: PMC5742846 DOI: 10.3390/md15120386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep sea water (DSW) is a natural marine resource that has been utilized for food, agriculture, cosmetics, and medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DSW has beneficial lipid metabolic effects in an animal model. Our previous in vitro study indicated that DSW significantly decreased the intracellular triglyceride and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. DSW also inhibited the gene levels of adipocyte differentiation, lipogenesis, and adipocytokines, and up-regulated gene levels of lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In the present study, the results showed that body weight, liver, adipose tissue, hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol, and serum parameters in the high-fat diet (HFD) + DSW groups were significantly lower compared to the HFD group. Moreover, the fecal output of total lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the HFD + DSW groups was significantly higher than that of the HFD group. Regarding gene expression, DSW significantly increased the gene levels of lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, and decreased the gene levels of adipocytokine in the adipose tissue of rats with HFD-induced obesity. These results indicate a potential molecular mechanism by which DSW can suppress obesity in rats with HFD-induced obesity through lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation.
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21
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Higgins GA, Zeeb FD, Fletcher PJ. Role of impulsivity and reward in the anti-obesity actions of 5-HT 2C receptor agonists. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1403-1418. [PMID: 29072522 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117735797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin entered clinical obesity trials with the prevalent view that satiety was a primary mechanism of action. Subsequent Phase II and III trials demonstrated efficacy in terms of weight loss, although the overall effect size (~3% placebo-corrected change) is considered modest. Lorcaserin has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of obesity with lifestyle modification, but since its introduction in 2013 its sales are in decline, probably due to its overall modest effect. However, in some individuals, lorcaserin has a much more clinically significant effect (i.e. >10% placebo-corrected change), although what common features, if any, define these high responders is presently unknown. In the present article we highlight the evidence that alternative mechanisms to satiety may contribute to the anti-obesity effect of lorcaserin, namely effects on constructs of primary and conditioned reward and impulsivity. This may better inform the clinical evaluation of lorcaserin (and any future 5-HT2C receptor agonists) to subgroups of obese subjects characterized by overeating due to maladaptive impulsivity and reward mechanisms. One such population might be individuals diagnosed with binge eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- 1 InterVivo Solutions Inc., Toronto, Canada.,2 Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fiona D Zeeb
- 3 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,4 Department of Psychology & Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- 3 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,4 Department of Psychology & Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Wu L, Chen G, Liu W, Yang X, Gao J, Huang L, Guan H, Li Z, Zheng Z, Li M, Gu W, Ge L. Intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin induces adiposity, glucose intolerance and fatty liver by repressing the JAK2-STAT3/PI3K pathway in a rat model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 252:88-96. [PMID: 28242305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes and fatty liver disease are extremely common in leptin-resistant patients. Dysfunction of leptin or its receptor is associated with obesity. The present study aimed to assess the effects of intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin or its receptor on fat deposition and leptin-insulin feedback regulation. Forty-five 40-day old female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were injected thrice with leptin or its receptor intramuscularly. Adiposity and fat deposition were assessed by assessing the Lee's index, body weight, food intake, and total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels, as well as histological properties (liver and adipose tissue). Serum glucose, leptin, and insulin amounts were evaluated, and glucose tolerance assessed to monitor glucose metabolism in SD rats; pancreas specimens were analyzed immunohistochemically. Hypothalamic phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (p-JAK2), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, and hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) were qualified by Western blotting. Leptin receptor immunogen reduced fat deposition, increased appetite, and lowered serum leptin levels, enhancing STAT3 signaling in hypothalamus and down-regulating hepatic SREBP-1. In contrast, SD rats administered leptin immunogen displayed significantly increased body weight and fat deposition, with up-regulated SREBP-1, indicating adiposity occurrence. SD rats administered leptin immunogen also showed glucose intolerance, β- cell reduction in the pancreas, and deregulation of JAK2-STAT3/PI3K signaling, indicating that Lep rats were at risk of diabetes. In conclusion, intramuscular injection of exogenous leptin or its receptor, a novel rat model approach, can be used in obesity pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China; Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- First Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Nanhai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuechao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Liwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Hongbing Guan
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Meiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Weiwang Gu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Linhu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institure of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China.
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23
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Arabiyat S, Kasabri V, Al-Hiari Y, Bustanji YK, Albashiti R, Almasri IM, Sabbah DA. Antilipase and antiproliferative activities of novel fluoroquinolones and triazolofluoroquinolones. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017. [PMID: 28639358 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have been identified recently as potent inhibitors of pancreatic lipase (PL). The aim of this study was to synthesize novel FQs and triazolofluoroquinolones (TFQs) and to evaluate them in vitro with respect to their antilipolytic efficacy and potency properties. The PL-IC50 values of 12 FQs and TFQs (3 (a-c)-6 (a-c)) were in the range of 12.5-189.1 μm. These values are further supported by docking studies. The suggested association between obesity and colorectal cancer initiated the evaluation of antiproliferative activity of the new FQs and TFQs against a panel of obesity-related colorectal cells (HT29, HCT116, SW620 CACO2, and SW480). Sulforodamine B colorimetric assay revealed that some derivatives exhibited unselective cytotoxicity against HT29, HCT116, SW620 CACO2, and SW480. Remarkably, FQ 4a's selective cytotoxicity against HCT116 was found valuable with IC50 value of 4.2 μm which exceeds that of cisplatin with a substantial selective cytotoxicity in periodontal ligament fibroblasts. In conclusion, FQ and TFQ derivatives may unveil new antiobesity and anticancer agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Arabiyat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Salt College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan
| | - Violet Kasabri
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yusuf Al-Hiari
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yasser K Bustanji
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Hamdi Mango Research Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Ihab M Almasri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alazhar University, Gaza, Gaza Strip
| | - Dima A Sabbah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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24
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Abdussalam A, Elshenawy OH, bin Jardan YA, El-Kadi AO, Brocks DR. The Obesogenic Potency of Various High-Caloric Diet Compositions in Male Rats, and Their Effects on Expression of Liver and Kidney Proteins Involved in Drug Elimination. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1650-1658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Becker AS, Zellweger C, Schawkat K, Bogdanovic S, Phi van VD, Nagel HW, Wolfrum C, Burger IA. In-depth analysis of interreader agreement and accuracy in categorical assessment of brown adipose tissue in (18)FDG-PET/CT. Eur J Radiol 2017. [PMID: 28629569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the interreader agreement of a three-tier craniocaudal grading system for brown fat activation and investigate the accuracy of the distinction between the three grades. MATERIALS AND METHODS After IRB approval, 340 cases were retrospectively selected from patients undergoing (18)FDG-PET/CT between 2007 and 2015 at our institution, with 85 cases in each grade and 85 controls with no active brown fat. Three readers evaluated all cases independently. Furthermore standardized uptake values (SUV) measurements were performed by two readers in a subset of 53 cases. Agreement between the readers was assessed with Cohen's Kappa (k), the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Accuracy was assessed with Bland-Altman and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. A Bonferroni-corrected two-tailed p<0.016 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Agreement for BAT grade was excellent by all three metrics with k=0.83-0.89, CCC=0.83-0.89 and ICC=0.91-0.94. Bland-Altman analysis revealed only slight average over- or underestimation (-0.01-0.14) with the majority of disagreements within one grade. ROC analysis yielded slightly less accurate classification between higher vs. lower grades (Area under the ROC curves 0.78-0.84 vs. 0.88-0.92) but no significant differences between readers. Agreement was also excellent for the maximum SUV and the total brown fat volume (k=0.90 and 0.94, CCC=0.93 and 0.99, ICC=0.96 and 0.99), but Bland-Altman plots revealed a tendency to underestimate activity by one of the readers. CONCLUSION Grading the activation of brown fat by assessment of the most caudally activated depots results in excellent interreader agreement, comparable to SUV measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Becker
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Caroline Zellweger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Khoschy Schawkat
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanja Bogdanovic
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Doan Phi van
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes W Nagel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene A Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Hong SJ, Lee JH, Kim EJ, Yang HJ, Park JS, Hong SK. Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Effect of Neoagarooligosaccharides on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15040090. [PMID: 28333098 PMCID: PMC5408236 DOI: 10.3390/md15040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs), mainly comprising neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose, were prepared by hydrolyzing agar with β-agarase DagA from Streptomyces coelicolor, and the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of NAOs on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice were investigated after NAOs-supplementation for 64 days. Compared to the HFD group, the HFD-0.5 group that was fed with HFD + NAOs (0.5%, w/w) showed remarkable reduction of 36% for body weight gain and 37% for food efficiency ratios without abnormal clinical signs. Furthermore, fat accumulation in the liver and development of macrovesicular steatosis induced by HFD in the HFD-0.5 group were recovered nearly to the levels found in the normal diet (ND) group. NAOs intake could also effectively reduce the size (area) of adipocytes and tissue weight gain in the perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues. The increased concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acid in serum of the HFD group were also markedly ameliorated to the levels found in serum of the ND group after NAOs-intake in a dose dependent manner. In addition, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance induced by HFD were distinctly improved, and adiponectin concentration in the blood was notably increased. All these results strongly suggest that intake of NAOs can effectively suppress obesity and obesity-related metabolic syndromes, such as hyperlipidemia, steatosis, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance, by inducing production of adiponectin in the HFD-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Hong
- Department of Biological Science and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-Ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Korea.
- Dynebio Inc., B-B205 Woolimlions Valley II, 45 Sagimagil-Ro, Jungwon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13209, Korea.
| | - Je-Hyeon Lee
- Dynebio Inc., B-B205 Woolimlions Valley II, 45 Sagimagil-Ro, Jungwon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13209, Korea.
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Dynebio Inc., B-B205 Woolimlions Valley II, 45 Sagimagil-Ro, Jungwon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13209, Korea.
| | - Hea Jung Yang
- Dynebio Inc., B-B205 Woolimlions Valley II, 45 Sagimagil-Ro, Jungwon-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13209, Korea.
| | - Jae-Seon Park
- Department of Biological Science and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-Ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Korea.
| | - Soon-Kwang Hong
- Department of Biological Science and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-Ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, Korea.
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27
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Jabri MA, Sakly M, Marzouki L, Sebai H. Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) decoction extract inhibits in vitro intestinal glucose absorption and attenuates high fat diet-induced lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:153-159. [PMID: 28056419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of chamomile decoction extract (CDE) on intestinal glucose absorption as well as its protective role against high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and lipotoxicity in rats. We used the Ussing chamber system to investigate the effect of CDE on intestinal transport of glucose. Male Wistar rats were fed HFD for six weeks to provoke obesity. CDE (100mg/kg, b.w. p.o.) has been per orally administered to HFD fed rats. Ex vivo, we found that CDE significantly and dose-dependently increased intestinal absorption of glucose. In vivo, HFD increased the body, liver and kidney weights, while CDE treatment showed a significant protective effects. High fat diet induced also a lipid profiles disorder and a disturbances in kidney and liver function parameters. Moreover liver and kidney lipotoxicity is accompanied by an oxidative stress status characterized by increased lipoperoxidation, depletion of antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant (-SH groups and GSH) levels as well as increased levels of free iron, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and calcium. However, treatment with CDE alleviated all the deleterious effects of HFD feed. These findings suggest that chamomile decoction extract can be used as functional beverage against obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Amine Jabri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisie; Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B.P. 382, 9000 Béja, Université de Jendouba, Tunisie.
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisie
| | - Lamjed Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B.P. 382, 9000 Béja, Université de Jendouba, Tunisie
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisie; Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B.P. 382, 9000 Béja, Université de Jendouba, Tunisie
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Rees CL, White CM, Ascoli GA. Neurochemical Markers in the Mammalian Brain: Structure, Roles in Synaptic Communication, and Pharmacological Relevance. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3077-3103. [PMID: 28413962 PMCID: PMC5646670 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170414163506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of molecular marker (typically protein or mRNA) expression in neural systems can provide insight to the chemical blueprint of signal processing and transmission, assist in tracking developmental or pathological progressions, and yield key information regarding potential medicinal targets. These markers are particularly relevant in the mammalian brain in the light of its unsurpassed cellular diversity. Accordingly, molecular expression profiling is rapidly becoming a major approach to classify neuron types. Despite a profusion of research, however, the biological functions of molecular markers commonly used to distinguish neuron types remain incompletely understood. Furthermore, most molecular markers of mammalian neuron types are also present in other organs, therefore complicating considerations of their potential pharmacological interactions. OBJECTIVE Here, we survey 15 prominent neurochemical markers from five categories, namely membrane transporters, calcium-binding proteins, neuropeptides, receptors, and extracellular matrix proteins, explaining their relation and relevance to synaptic communication. METHOD For each marker, we summarize fundamental structural features, cellular functionality, distributions within and outside the brain, as well as known drug effectors and mechanisms of action. CONCLUSION This essential primer thus links together the cellular complexity of the brain, the chemical properties of key molecular players in neurotransmission, and possible biomedical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Rees
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Charise M. White
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Higgins GA, Silenieks LB, Altherr EB, MacMillan C, Fletcher PJ, Pratt WE. Lorcaserin and CP-809101 reduce motor impulsivity and reinstatement of food seeking behavior in male rats: Implications for understanding the anti-obesity property of 5-HT2C receptor agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2841-56. [PMID: 27241709 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin (Belviq®) has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of obesity. Impulsivity is a contributory feature of some eating disorders. OBJECTIVE Experiments investigated the effect of lorcaserin and the highly selective 5-HT2C agonist CP-809101 on measures of impulsivity and on reinstatement of food-seeking behaviour, a model of dietary relapse. The effect of both drugs on 22-h deprivation-induced feeding was also examined, as was the effect of prefeeding in each impulsivity test. RESULTS Lorcaserin (0.3-0.6 mg/kg SC) and CP-809101 (0.6-1 mg/kg SC) reduced premature responding in rats trained on the 5-CSRTT and improved accuracy in a Go-NoGo task by reducing false alarms. At equivalent doses, both drugs also reduced reinstatement for food-seeking behaviour. Neither drug altered impulsive choice measured in a delay-discounting task. Lorcaserin (1-3 mg/kg SC) and CP-809101 (3-6 mg/kg SC) reduced deprivation-induced feeding but only at higher doses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in addition to previously reported effects on satiety and reward, altered impulse control may represent a contributory factor to the anti-obesity property of 5-HT2C receptor agonists. Lorcaserin may promote weight loss by improving adherence to dietary regimens in individuals otherwise prone to relapse and may be beneficial in cases where obesity is associated with eating disorders tied to impulsive traits, such as binge eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, ON, M5A 4K2, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 4K2, Canada.
| | - Leo B Silenieks
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, ON, M5A 4K2, Canada
| | - Everett B Altherr
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Cam MacMillan
- Vivocore, 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, ON, M5A 4K2, Canada
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Wayne E Pratt
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
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Becker AS, Nagel HW, Wolfrum C, Burger IA. Anatomical Grading for Metabolic Activity of Brown Adipose Tissue. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149458. [PMID: 26901352 PMCID: PMC4762683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent advances in obesity research suggest that BAT activity, or absence thereof, may be an important factor in the growing epidemic of obesity and its manifold complications. It is thus important to assess larger populations for BAT-activating and deactivating factors. 18FDG-PET/CT is the standard method to detect and quantify metabolic BAT activity, however, the manual measurement is not suitable for large studies due to its time-consuming nature and poor reproducibility across different software and devices. Methodology/Main Findings In a retrospective study, 1060 consecutive scans of 1031 patients receiving a diagnostic 18FDG-PET/CT were examined for the presence of active BAT. Patients were classified according to a 3-tier system (supraclavicular, mediastinal, infradiaphragmatic) depending on the anatomical location of their active BAT depots, with the most caudal location being the decisive factor. The metabolic parameters (maximum activity, total volume and total glycolysis) were measured on a standard PET/CT workstation. Mean age of the population was 60±14.6y. 41.61% of patients were female. Metabolically active BAT was found in 53 patients (5.1%). Female, younger and leaner patients tended to have more active BAT, higher metabolic activity and more caudally active BAT. In total, 15 patients showed only supraclavicular, 27 additional mediastinal, and 11 infradiaphragmal activity. Interestingly, the activation of BAT always followed a cranio-caudal gradient. This anatomical pattern correlated with age and BMI as well as with all metabolic parameters, including maximum and total glycolysis (p<0.001). Conclusion Based on our data we propose a simple method to grade or quantify the degree of BAT amount/activity in patients based on the most caudally activated depot. As new modalities for BAT visualization may arise in the future, this system would allow direct comparability with other modalities, in contrary to the PET-metrics, which are restricted to 18FDG-PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S. Becker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannes W. Nagel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene A. Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chung HJ, Yu JG, Lee IA, Liu MJ, Shen YF, Sharma SP, Jamal MAHM, Yoo JH, Kim HJ, Hong ST. Intestinal removal of free fatty acids from hosts by Lactobacilli for the treatment of obesity. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:64-76. [PMID: 27047743 PMCID: PMC4794792 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings on the association of gut microbiota with various diseases, including obesity, prompted us to investigate the possibility of using a certain type of gut bacteria as a safe therapeutic for obesity. Lactobacillus mutants with enhanced capacity in absorption of free fatty acids (FFAs) were isolated to show reduced absorption of FFAs by the administered host, attributing to inhibition of body weight gain and body fat accumulation as well as amelioration of blood profiles. Consequently, high throughput screening of natural FFAs‐absorbing intestinal microbes led to the isolation of Lactobacillus reuteri JBD30 l. The administration of Lactobacillus JBD30l lowered the concentration of FFAs in the gut fluid content of small intestine, thus reducing intestinal absorption of FFAs whereas promoting fecal excretion of FFAs. Animal data also confirmed that the efficacy of Lactobacillus JBD30l on body weight similar to that of orlistat, an FDA‐approved pharmaceutical for long‐term use to treat obesity. In a subsequent random, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (KCT0000452 at Clinical Research Information Service of Korea), there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage change in body weight between the Lactobacillus JBD301 and the placebo group (P = 0.026) as well as in the BMI (P = 0.036) from the 0‐week assessment to the 12‐week assessment. Our results show that FFA‐absorbing Lactobacillus JBD301 effectively reduces dietary fat absorption, providing an ideal treatment for obesity with inherent safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea-Jong Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Jae G Yu
- JINIS BDRD institute JINIS Biopharmaceuticals Co. Wanju Chonbuk Korea
| | - In-Ah Lee
- JINIS BDRD institute JINIS Biopharmaceuticals Co. Wanju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Ming-Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Yan-Fei Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Satya P Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Mohammad A H M Jamal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Kim
- JINIS BDRD institute JINIS Biopharmaceuticals Co. Wanju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
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Kumar N, Choudhary NS. Treating morbid obesity in cirrhosis: A quest of holy grail. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2819-2828. [PMID: 26668693 PMCID: PMC4670953 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem of obesity is increasing worldwide in epidemic proportions; the situation is similarly becoming more common in patients with cirrhosis which negatively affect the prognosis of disease and also makes liver transplantation difficult especially in the living donor liver transplantation setting where low graft to recipient weight ratio negatively affects survival. Treatment of obesity is difficult in cirrhosis due to difficulty in implementation of lifestyle measures, limited data on safety of anti-obesity drugs and high risk of surgery. Currently approved anti-obesity drugs have limited data in patients with cirrhosis. Bariatric surgery remains an option in selected compensated cirrhotic patients. Endoscopic interventions for obesity are emerging and are quite promising in patients with cirrhosis as these are minimally invasive. In present review, we briefly discuss various modalities of weight reduction in obese patients and their applicability in patients with cirrhosis.
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Gold MS, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K. A Shared Molecular and Genetic Basis for Food and Drug Addiction: Overcoming Hypodopaminergic Trait/State by Incorporating Dopamine Agonistic Therapy in Psychiatry. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2015; 38:419-62. [PMID: 26300032 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the shared molecular and neurogenetics of food and drug addiction tied to the understanding of reward deficiency syndrome. Reward deficiency syndrome describes a hypodopaminergic trait/state that provides a rationale for commonality in approaches for treating long-term reduced dopamine function across the reward brain regions. The identification of the role of DNA polymorphic associations with reward circuitry has resulted in new understanding of all addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, 2300 Windy Ridge Parkway South East, Suite 210S, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA; Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Educational Foundation, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Laboratory of Advanced Radiochemistry and Molecular and Functioning Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Community Mental Health Institute, University of Vermont College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Division of Applied Clinical Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Sharma MK, Murumkar PR, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Exploring structural requirements for peripherally acting 1,5-diaryl pyrazole-containing cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of obesity. Mol Divers 2015; 19:871-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sharma MK, Murumkar PR, Barmade MA, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. A comprehensive patents review on cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists as antiobesity agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1093-116. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1064898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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36
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Chawla A, Carls G, Deng E, Tuttle E. The Expected Net Present Value of Developing Weight Management Drugs in the Context of Drug Safety Litigation. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2015; 33:749-763. [PMID: 26054325 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-015-0300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following withdrawals, failures, and significant litigation settlements, drug product launches in the anti-obesity category slowed despite a large and growing unmet need. Litigation concerns, a more risk-averse regulatory policy, and the difficulty of developing a product with a compelling risk-benefit profile in this category may have limited innovators' expected return on investment and restricted investment in this therapeutic area. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to estimate perceived manufacturer risk associated with product safety litigation and increased development costs vs. revenue expectations on anticipated return on investment and to determine which scenarios might change a manufacturer's investment decision. METHODS Expected net present value of a weight-management drug entering pre-clinical trials was calculated for a range of scenarios representing evolving expectations of development costs, revenue, and litigation risk over the past 25 years. These three factors were based on published estimates, historical data, and analogs from other therapeutic areas. RESULTS The main driver in expected net present value calculations is expected revenue, particularly if one assumes that litigation risk and demand are positively correlated. Changes in development costs associated with increased regulatory concern with potential safety issues for the past 25 years likely did not impact investment decisions. CONCLUSIONS Regulatory policy and litigation risk both played a role in anti-obesity drug development; however, product revenue-reflecting efficacy at acceptable levels of safety-was by far the most important factor. To date, relatively modest sales associated with recent product introductions suggest that developing a product that is sufficiently efficacious with an acceptable level of safety continues to be the primary challenge in this market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Chawla
- Analysis Group, 1010 El Camino Real, Suite 310, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA,
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37
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Natural compound renews hope for diabetes and obesity therapeutic target. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:833-5. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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38
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Chang WT, Wu CH, Hsu CL. Diallyl trisulphide inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through lipogenesis, fatty acid transport, and fatty acid oxidation pathways. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Jackson VM, Breen DM, Fortin JP, Liou A, Kuzmiski JB, Loomis AK, Rives ML, Shah B, Carpino PA. Latest approaches for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:825-39. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1044966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Margaret Jackson
- 1Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Danna M Breen
- 1Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Fortin
- 1Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alice Liou
- 1Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Brent Kuzmiski
- 1Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Katrina Loomis
- 2Clinical Research, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Marie-Laure Rives
- 1Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bhavik Shah
- 1Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip A Carpino
- 3Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Roh E, Kim MS. New and emerging drugs for the treatment of obesity. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2015. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2015.58.5.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Roh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Seon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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41
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Bilateral Angle Closure Following Use of a Weight Loss Combination Agent Containing Topiramate. J Glaucoma 2015; 24:e132-6. [DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Higgins GA, Desnoyer J, Van Niekerk A, Silenieks LB, Lau W, Thevarkunnel S, Izhakova J, DeLannoy IA, Fletcher PJ, DeLay J, Dobson H. Characterization of the 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin on efficacy and safety measures in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 3:e00084. [PMID: 25692009 PMCID: PMC4317222 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin (Belviq®) has been Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of obesity. The present study is a back translational investigation into the effect of 28-day lorcaserin treatment in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) model using male, Sprague-Dawley rats. An assessment of drug effect on efficacy and multiple safety endpoints including cardiac function was undertaken. Lorcaserin (1-2 mg/kg SC b.i.d.) significantly reduced percentage body weight gain compared to vehicle-treated controls (VEH: 10.6 ± 0.4%; LOR 1: 7.6 ± 1.2%; LOR 2: 5.4 ± 0.6%). Measurement of body composition using quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) imaging indicated this change was due to the selective reduction in body fat mass. Modest effects on food intake were recorded. At the completion of the treatment phase, echocardiography revealed no evidence for valvulopathy, that is, no aortic or mitral valve regurgitation. The pharmacokinetics of the present treatment regimen was determined over a 7-day treatment period; plasma C min and C max were in the range 13-160 ng/mL (1 mg/kg b.i.d.) and 34-264 ng/mL (2 mg/kg b.i.d.) with no evidence for drug accumulation. In sum, these studies show an effect of lorcaserin in the DIO model, that in the context of the primary endpoint measure of % body weight change was similar to that reported clinically (i.e., 3.0-5.2% vs. 3.2%). The present studies highlight the translational value of obesity models such as DIO, and suggest that assuming consideration is paid to nonspecific drug effects such as malaise, the DIO model has reasonable forward translational value to help predict clinical outcomes of a new chemical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2 ; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill Desnoyer
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | | | - Leo B Silenieks
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Winnie Lau
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Sandy Thevarkunnel
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Julia Izhakova
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Ines Am DeLannoy
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Section of Biopsychology, Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8 ; Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josepha DeLay
- Animal Health Laboratory, U. Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard Dobson
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2 ; CanCog Technologies Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2 ; Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Biomedical Physics, University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada
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Molecular matchmaking between the popular weight-loss herb Hoodia gordonii and GPR119, a potential drug target for metabolic disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14571-6. [PMID: 25246581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324130111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African cactiform Hoodia gordonii (Asclepiadaceae) has been used for thousands of years by Xhomani Bushmen as an anorexant during hunting trips and has been proposed as a new agent for the management of body weight. However, its in vivo targets and molecular mechanisms remain elusive. GPR119, a G protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in pancreatic β cells and intestinal L cells, has been demonstrated to facilitate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and represents a novel and attractive target for the therapy of metabolic disorders. Here, we disclose that Gordonoside F (a steroid glycoside isolated from H. gordonii), but not the widely known P57, activates specifically GPR119. Successful synthesis of Gordonoside F facilitates further characterization of this compound. Gordonoside F promotes GSIS both in vitro and in vivo and reduces food intake in mice. These effects are mediated by GPR119 because GPR119 knockout prevents the therapeutic effects of Gordonoside F. Interestingly, the appetite-suppressing effect of Hoodia extract was also partially blocked by GPR119 knockout. Our results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that GPR119 is a direct target and one of the major mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of the popular "weight loss" herb H. gordonii. Given the long history of safe application of this herb in weight control, it is foreseeable that the novel scaffold of Gordonoside F provides a promising opportunity to develop new drugs in treating metabolic diseases.
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Casey MF, Mechanick JI. Anti-Obesity Agents and the US Food and Drug Administration. Curr Obes Rep 2014; 3:361-7. [PMID: 26626768 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-014-0115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing market for obesity care, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved only two new pharmaceutical agents-lorcaserin and combination phentermine/topiramate-for weight reduction since 2000, while removing three agents from the market in the same time period. This article explores the FDA's history and role in the approval of anti-obesity medications within the context of a public health model of obesity. Through the review of obesity literature and FDA approval documents, we identified two major barriers preventing fair evaluation of anti-obesity agents including: (1) methodological pitfalls in clinical trials and (2) misaligned values in the assessment of anti-obesity agents. Specific recommendations include the use of adaptive (Bayesian) design protocols, value-based analyses of risks and benefits, and regulatory guidance based on a comprehensive, multi-platform obesity disease model. Positively addressing barriers in the FDA approval process of anti-obesity agents may have many beneficial effects within an obesity disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Casey
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Mechanick
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- , 1192 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10128, USA.
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Schellekens H, Nongonierma AB, Clarke G, van Oeffelen WE, FitzGerald RJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Milk protein-derived peptides induce 5-HT2C-mediated satiety in vivo. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Buhmann H, le Roux CW, Bueter M. The gut-brain axis in obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:559-71. [PMID: 25194175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Currently the only effective treatment for morbid obesity with a proven mortality benefit is surgical intervention. The underlying mechanisms of these surgical techniques are unclear, but alterations in circulating gut hormone levels have been demonstrated to be at least one contributing factor. Gut hormones seem to communicate information from the gastrointestinal tract to the regulatory appetite centres within the central nervous system (CNS) via the so-called 'Gut-Brain-Axis'. Such information may be transferred to the CNS either via vagal or non-vagal afferent nerve signalling or directly via blood circulation. Complex neural networks, distributed throughout the forebrain and brainstem, are in control of feeding and energy homoeostasis. This article aims to review how appetite is potentially regulated by these gastrointestinal hormones. Identification of the underlying mechanisms of appetite and weight control may pave the way to develop better surgical techniques and new therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Buhmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland; Gastrosurgical Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marco Bueter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Baboota RK, Murtaza N, Jagtap S, Singh DP, Karmase A, Kaur J, Bhutani KK, Boparai RK, Premkumar LS, Kondepudi KK, Bishnoi M. Capsaicin-induced transcriptional changes in hypothalamus and alterations in gut microbial count in high fat diet fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:893-902. [PMID: 24917046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem and recently it has been seen as a growing concern for developing countries. Several bioactive dietary molecules have been associated with amelioration of obesity and associated complications and capsaicin is one among them. The present work is an attempt to understand and provide evidence for the novel mechanisms of anti-obesity activity of capsaicin in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Swiss albino mice divided in three groups (n=8-10) i.e. control, HFD fed and capsaicin (2mg/kg, po)+HFD fed were administered respective treatment for 3months. After measuring phenotypic and serum related biochemical changes, effect of capsaicin on HFD-induced transcriptional changes in hypothalamus, white adipose tissue (WAT) (visceral and subcutaneous), brown adipose tissue (BAT) and gut microbial alterations was studied and quantified. Our results suggest that, in addition to its well-known effects, oral administration of capsaicin (a) modulates hypothalamic satiety associated genotype, (b) alters gut microbial composition, (c) induces "browning" genotype (BAT associated genes) in subcutaneous WAT and (d) increases expression of thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis genes in BAT. The present study provides evidence for novel and interesting mechanisms to explain the anti-obesity effect of capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K Baboota
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India 160071
| | - Nida Murtaza
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India 160071
| | - Sneha Jagtap
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India 160062
| | - Dhirendra P Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India 160071
| | - Aniket Karmase
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India 160062
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160025
| | - Kamlesh K Bhutani
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India 160062
| | - Ravneet K Boparai
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 160014
| | - Louis S Premkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | | | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India 160071.
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Prospective therapeutic agents for obesity: Molecular modification approaches of centrally and peripherally acting selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:298-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Torres-Fuentes C, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. A natural solution for obesity: Bioactives for the prevention and treatment of weight gain. A review. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:49-65. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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