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Liu Z, Tai P, Li X, Kong L, Matthews TG, Lester RE, Mondon JA. Chironomidae (Midge) Sensitivities to Ammonia Using Multiple Endpoints in China and Australia for the Development of Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater River Systems in China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2899-2911. [PMID: 34236106 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deriving water quality criteria (WQC) for aquatic risk assessment requires sufficient toxicity data, which can determine the accuracy of WQC. Given that toxicity data vary between test species and endpoints, there is a great need to compare such data to generate the most suitable data set for WQC derivation. In the present study, a series of 11 ammonia exposure bioassays were conducted on Chironomidae species in either China or Australia, with test species and test endpoints varied (2 Chironomus sp., enzymatic up to lethal endpoints, and no-observed-effect concentration up to median lethal concentration [LC50] as endpoint metrics). There were no statistically significant differences between toxicity results generated from China compared to Australia using Chironomus sp., indicating that published data on native species generated in different countries could be appropriate for inclusion in the development of local Chinese WQC. In addition, the Chironomidae larvae laboratory-based toxicity value (LC50 = 384.6 mg/L) was lower than that of the in situ field-based toxicity value (LC50 ≥ 451.2 mg/L) where sensitive life stages are used, and, specifically for C. riparius, endpoints linked to biochemical and gene expression effects could be as sensitive as or more sensitive than chronic endpoints, both of which were more sensitive than acute endpoints. These findings help in the development of WQC by demonstrating the suitability of inclusion of toxicity data from a range of sources, as well as adding to the overall pool of knowledge regarding sensitivity to ammonia which can be used in aquatic risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2899-2911. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Peidong Tai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ty G Matthews
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Lester
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Julie A Mondon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Dechaud C, Volff JN, Schartl M, Naville M. Sex and the TEs: transposable elements in sexual development and function in animals. Mob DNA 2019; 10:42. [PMID: 31700550 PMCID: PMC6825717 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-019-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements are endogenous DNA sequences able to integrate into and multiply within genomes. They constitute a major source of genetic innovations, as they can not only rearrange genomes but also spread ready-to-use regulatory sequences able to modify host gene expression, and even can give birth to new host genes. As their evolutionary success depends on their vertical transmission, transposable elements are intrinsically linked to reproduction. In organisms with sexual reproduction, this implies that transposable elements have to manifest their transpositional activity in germ cells or their progenitors. The control of sexual development and function can be very versatile, and several studies have demonstrated the implication of transposable elements in the evolution of sex. In this review, we report the functional and evolutionary relationships between transposable elements and sexual reproduction in animals. In particular, we highlight how transposable elements can influence expression of sexual development genes, and how, reciprocally, they are tightly controlled in gonads. We also review how transposable elements contribute to the organization, expression and evolution of sexual development genes and sex chromosomes. This underscores the intricate co-evolution between host functions and transposable elements, which regularly shift from a parasitic to a domesticated status useful to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Dechaud
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Entwicklungsbiochemie, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX USA
| | - Magali Naville
- Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allee d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
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Mehler WT, Keough MJ, Pettigrove V. Resolving the false-negative issues of the nonpolar organic amendment in whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1219-1230. [PMID: 29266401 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three common false-negative scenarios have been encountered with amendment addition in whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs): dilution of toxicity by amendment addition (i.e., not toxic enough), not enough amendment present to reduce toxicity (i.e., too toxic), and the amendment itself elicits a toxic response (i.e., secondary amendment effect). One such amendment in which all 3 types of false-negatives have been observed is with the nonpolar organic amendment (activated carbon or powdered coconut charcoal). The objective of the present study was to reduce the likelihood of encountering false-negatives with this amendment and to increase the value of the whole-sediment TIE bioassay. To do this, the present study evaluated the effects of various activated carbon additions to survival, growth, emergence, and mean development rate of Chironomus tepperi. Using this information, an alternative method for this amendment was developed which utilized a combination of multiple amendment addition ratios based on wet weight (1%, lower likelihood of the secondary amendment effect; 5%, higher reduction of contaminant) and nonconventional endpoints (emergence, mean development rate). This alternative method was then validated in the laboratory (using spiked sediments) and with contaminated field sediments. Using these multiple activated carbon ratios in combination with additional endpoints (namely, emergence) reduced the likelihood of all 3 types of false-negatives and provided a more sensitive evaluation of risk. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1219-1230. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tyler Mehler
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael J Keough
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
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4
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Mehler WT, Keough MJ, Pettigrove V. Development of whole-sediment toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) techniques for two Australian freshwater species: Chironomus tepperi and Austrochiltonia subtenuis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2476-2484. [PMID: 28266740 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most of the public literature and available guidance documents on the conduct of freshwater whole-sediment toxicity identification and evaluations (TIEs) detail the use of test organisms and amending agents that are readily available in North America. These commonly used test organisms and the supported amending agents, however, are not available and largely inappropriate (i.e., not native species) for conducting whole-sediment TIEs outside of North America. The overall objective of the present study was to build foundational methods for performing freshwater whole-sediment TIEs in Australia. We examined the capability of 3 amending agents: ANZ38 Zeolite (for ammonia; Castle Mountain Zeolites), Oxpure 325B-9 Activated Carbon (for nonpolar organics; Oxbow Activated Carbon), and Lewatit MonoPlus TP 207 (for cationic metals; Lanxess Deutschland) on 2 Australian native freshwater species: the midge Chironomus tepperi and the amphipod Austrochiltonia subtenuis. To evaluate the effectiveness of each amendment, bioassays were conducted with spiked sediments of ammonia, permethrin (as part of a commercial formulation), and copper using acute median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for both species and growth median effect concentration (EC50) of midges as the endpoints of interest. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2476-2484. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tyler Mehler
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Keough
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Long SM, Tull DL, Jeppe KJ, De Souza DP, Dayalan S, Pettigrove VJ, McConville MJ, Hoffmann AA. A multi-platform metabolomics approach demonstrates changes in energy metabolism and the transsulfuration pathway in Chironomus tepperi following exposure to zinc. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 162:54-65. [PMID: 25781392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measuring biological responses in resident biota is a commonly used approach to monitoring polluted habitats. The challenge is to choose sensitive and, ideally, stressor-specific endpoints that reflect the responses of the ecosystem. Metabolomics is a potentially useful approach for identifying sensitive and consistent responses since it provides a holistic view to understanding the effects of exposure to chemicals upon the physiological functioning of organisms. In this study, we exposed the aquatic non-biting midge, Chironomus tepperi, to two concentrations of zinc chloride and measured global changes in polar metabolite levels using an untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and a targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of amine-containing metabolites. These data were correlated with changes in the expression of a number of target genes. Zinc exposure resulted in a reduction in levels of intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism (i.e., glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate and disaccharides) and an increase in a number of TCA cycle intermediates. Zinc exposure also resulted in decreases in concentrations of the amine containing metabolites, lanthionine, methionine and cystathionine, and an increase in metallothionein gene expression. Methionine and cystathionine are intermediates in the transsulfuration pathway which is involved in the conversion of methionine to cysteine. These responses provide an understanding of the pathways affected by zinc toxicity, and how these effects are different to other heavy metals such as cadmium and copper. The use of complementary metabolomics analytical approaches was particularly useful for understanding the effects of zinc exposure and importantly, identified a suite of candidate biomarkers of zinc exposure useful for the development of biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Long
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution, Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Dedreia L Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Katherine J Jeppe
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution, Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Centre for Aquatic Pollution, Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Vincent J Pettigrove
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution, Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution, Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia; School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
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Jeppe KJ, Carew ME, Long SM, Lee SF, Pettigrove V, Hoffmann AA. Genes involved in cysteine metabolism of Chironomus tepperi are regulated differently by copper and by cadmium. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 162:1-6. [PMID: 24603357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater invertebrates are often exposed to metal contamination, and changes in gene expression patterns can help understand mechanisms underlying toxicity and act as pollutant-specific biomarkers. In this study the expressions of genes involved in cysteine metabolism are characterized in the midge Chironomus tepperi during exposures to sublethal concentrations of cadmium and copper. These metals altered gene expression of the cysteine metabolism differently. Both metals decreased S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase expression and did not change the expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. Cadmium exposure likely increased cystathionine production by up-regulating cystathionine-β-synthase (CβS) expression, while maintaining control level cysteine production via cystathionine-γ-lyase (CγL) expression. Conversely, copper down-regulated CβS expression and up-regulated CγL expression, which in turn could diminish cystathionine to favor cysteine production. Both metals up-regulated glutathione related expression (γ-glutamylcysteine synthase and glutathione synthetase). Only cadmium up-regulated metallothionein expression and glutathione S-transferase d1 expression was up-regulated only by copper exposure. These different transcription responses of genes involved in cysteine metabolism in C. tepperi point to metal-specific detoxification pathways and suggest that the transsulfuration pathway could provide biomarkers for identifying specific metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Jeppe
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Melissa E Carew
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Sara M Long
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Siu F Lee
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville 3010, Australia
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7
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Bhaduri S, Sarkar P, Ghosh C, Midya T. Laboratory Rearing of Chironomus striatipennis Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-012-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The acute toxicity of fipronil to two non-target invertebrates associated with mosquito breeding sites in Australia. Acta Trop 2011; 117:125-30. [PMID: 21087594 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne arboviruses are a significant health issue in the irrigation areas of south-eastern Australia. Fipronil, a pyrazole insecticide with strong activity against larval Culex species, was tested for its acute effects on Simocephalus elizabethae (Daphniidae) and Polypedilum nubiferum (Chironomidae), two non-target invertebrates associated with Australian rice field mosquito habitats. Technical and formulated fipronil were assessed in the presence or absence of particulate artificial diets in 48 h static bioassays. LC(50) values for neonate S. elizabethae ranged from 11.13 to 19.12 μgl(-1) whilst those for final instar P. nubiferum ranged from 0.89 to 2.18 μgl(-1). Feeding during exposure significantly reduced the susceptibility of P. nubiferum to both technical and formulated fipronil. The effect of feeding was less consistent in Simocephalus bioassays, where much less food was present. We investigated whether adsorption to unconsumed food particles may have limited fipronil bioavailability by using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography to measure the available fipronil from fed and unfed systems 24h after establishment. Differences between the systems were not significant (P>0.05). The significantly higher LC(50) values in the fed Polypedilum bioassays do not appear to be a consequence of reduced fipronil bioavailability. Observed differences in toxicity probably reflect increased stresses associated with food deprivation in the unfed bioassays. Our results support published data on the toxicity of fipronil to aquatic invertebrates which suggest that the use of this material as a mosquito larvicide may cause disruption to aquatic ecosystems.
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Kozielska M, Weissing FJ, Beukeboom LW, Pen I. Segregation distortion and the evolution of sex-determining mechanisms. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 104:100-12. [PMID: 19672280 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Segregation distorters are alleles that distort normal segregation in their own favour. Sex chromosomal distorters lead to biased sex ratios, and the presence of such distorters, therefore, may induce selection for a change in the mechanism of sex determination. The evolutionary dynamics of distorter-induced changes in sex determination has only been studied in some specific systems. Here, we present a generic model for this process. We consider three scenarios: a driving X chromosome, a driving Y chromosome and a driving autosome with a male-determining factor. We investigate how the invasion prospects of a new sex-determining factor are affected by the strength of distortion and the fitness effect of the distorting allele. Our models show that in many cases, segregation distortion does create selection pressure, allowing novel sex-determining alleles to spread. When distortion leads to female-biased sex ratios, a new masculinizing gene can invade, leading to a new male heterogametic system. When distortion leads to male-biased sex ratios, a feminizing factor can invade and cause a switch to female heterogamety. In many cases, the distorter-induced change in the sex-determining system eventually leads to loss of the distorter from the population. Hence, the presence of sex chromosomal distorters will often only be transient, and the distorters may remain unnoticed. The role of segregation distortion in the evolution of sex determination may, therefore, be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kozielska
- Evolutionary Genetics, University of Groningen, Haren, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, PO Box 196, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands.
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Kuvangkadilok C, Lualon U, Baimai V. Cytotaxonomy ofSimulium siamenseTakaoka and Suzuki (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Genome 2008; 51:972-87. [DOI: 10.1139/g08-082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Larval polytene chromosomes of 1824 individuals of Simulium siamense Takaoka and Suzuki from 32 locations in northern, northeastern, eastern, and central Thailand were examined. Differences in sex chromosomes, fixed inversions, and the kind and frequency of floating inversions revealed five cytoforms (A, B, C, D, and E). In contrast to most Simulium species, females of S. siamense are the heterogametic sex (ZW) and males are the homogametic sex (ZZ). Cytoform A differs from the others by having 23 floating inversions and undifferentiated sex chromosomes (W0was undifferentiated from Z0). Cytoforms B, C, and D differ from each other by having different W chromosomes (W1, W2, and W3) in females. Cytoform E is characterized by having two fixed inversions, IS-1 and IIIS-2. Cytoform A is widely distributed throughout the geographic ranges of the species in northern, northeastern, eastern, and central Thailand, whereas cytoforms B, C, and D are restricted to a few locations in central Thailand. Although the larvae of the five cytoforms are morphologically similar, they seem to occupy different ecological habitats, which should be further investigated. At present, no definite conclusion can be drawn as to the taxonomic status of the cytoforms of S. siamense. However, this study indicates that S. siamense is represented by at least five cytoforms, of which cytoform B is the most distinct by having complete sex linkage and no floating inversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaliow Kuvangkadilok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biology and Center for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Unchulee Lualon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biology and Center for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Visut Baimai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biology and Center for Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Beard CE, Court L, Boets A, Mourant R, Van Rie J, Akhurst RJ. Unusually high frequency of genes encoding vegetative insecticidal proteins in an Australian Bacillus thuringiensis collection. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:195-9. [PMID: 18592309 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Of 188 Australian Bacillus thuringiensis strains screened for genes encoding soluble insecticidal proteins by polymerase chain reaction/restriction-length fragment polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, 87% showed the presence of such genes. Although 135 isolates (72%) produced an RFLP pattern identical to that expected for vip3A genes, 29 isolates possessed a novel vip-like gene. The novel vip-like gene was cloned from B. thuringiensis isolate C81, and sequence analysis demonstrated that it was 94% identical to the vip3Ba1 gene. The new gene was designated vip3Bb2. Cell-free supernatants from both the B. thuringiensis strain C81 and from Escherichia coli expressing the Vip3Bb2 protein were toxic for the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E Beard
- Department of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton ACT, Australia
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Stevens MM, Reinke RF, Coombes NE, Helliwell S, Mo J. Influence of imidacloprid seed treatments on rice germination and early seedling growth. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:215-222. [PMID: 18080288 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed treatments with the chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho 600 FS) were evaluated to determine whether differences in concentration and exposure regime influence the germination and early growth of rice. RESULTS Continuous exposure to imidacloprid (4 days at 2000 mg AI L(-1)) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced normal germination by an average of 18% across the 15 cultivars examined. Nine days after sowing, plants showed no adverse effects from continuous imidacloprid treatment during germination, with shoot lengths and root system dry weights equalling, or occasionally exceeding (P < 0.05), those of untreated plants. Short-term imidacloprid exposure (2 h at 2000 mg L(-1)) at initial seed wetting did not affect germination (P > 0.05), and short-term (1 h) exposure of 48 h pregerminated seed to imidacloprid (2000 mg L(-1)) similarly had no significant effect on early subsequent growth. Plants arising from 48 h pregerminated seed exposed to imidacloprid (1 h) at concentrations up to 4000 mg L(-1) immediately before sowing were not significantly different from control plants at either 9 or 25 days post-sowing. CONCLUSION Results show that imidacloprid will have no adverse effects on plant growth if applied to pregerminated rice shortly before sowing. Continuous exposure of seed during germination had more pronounced effects, and the initial response of different cultivars was highly variable. Cultivars with high levels of sensitivity (such as IR72) require further testing before continuous exposure to imidacloprid during germination can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Stevens
- EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Yanco Agricultural Institute, Private Mail Bag, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia.
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13
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Miura I. An Evolutionary Witness: the Frog Rana rugosa Underwent Change of Heterogametic Sex from XY Male to ZW Female. Sex Dev 2008; 1:323-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Frouz J, Lobinske RJ, Yaqub A, Ali A. Larval gut pH profile in pestiferous Chironomus crassicaudatus and Glyptotendipes paripes (Chironomidae: Diptera) in reference to the toxicity potential of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2007; 23:355-358. [PMID: 17939521 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[355:lgppip]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gut pH and pH optimum of amylase were measured in 4th-stage larvae of 2 pestiferous chironomid species, Chironomus crassicaudatus and Glyptotendipes paripes. The gut pH in both species was close to neutral, varying from 6.7 to 7.4 and 6.9 to 7.6 pH units for C. crassicaudatus and G. paripes, respectively. In both species, slightly alkaline pH values were measured in the anterior part of the mesenteron, whereas slightly acidic pH values were recorded in gastric caecae and the posterior part of mesenteron. Amylase pH optimum in both chironomid species remained between pH values of 5.5 and 7, being closer to pH value 7 than 5.5. This profile was consistent with the measured values of the gut pH. The recorded larval gut pH profile in the 2 species of chironomids in the present study is much lower than gut pH reported for mosquitoes or Lepidoptera larvae. This could be the reason for the relatively much lower susceptibility of chironomid larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis toxin proteins than some other nematoceran Diptera, specifically mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frouz
- University of Florida, IFAS, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Department of Entomology and Nematology, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
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Obied HK, Bedgood DR, Prenzler PD, Robards K. Bioscreening of Australian olive mill waste extracts: Biophenol content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and molluscicidal activities. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1238-48. [PMID: 17329005 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biophenolic fraction was characterized in olive mill waste (OMW) obtained as a by-product from processing of Mission and Frantoio olive fruit. OMW produced from the Mission fruit contained higher total phenol content. Individual biophenols with the exception of verbascoside and a hydroxytyrosol-secoiridoid were also present at higher concentrations in the OMW produced from Mission cultivar. Antioxidant activities were measured in aqueous (DPPH) and emulsion (BCBT) systems. The Frantoio extract was more active than the Mission extract in the DPPH assay - EC(50) values were 28.3+/-1.7 ppm and 34.7+/-1.7 ppm, respectively. Activities were reversed in the BCBT, with the Mission extract (EC(50) 60.6+/-2.3 ppm) more potent than the Frantoio extract (EC(50) 79.9+/-2.0 ppm), and this may be related to the more lipophilic nature of the Mission extract. Both extracts showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; whereas individual biophenols (hydroxytyrosol, luteolin, oleuropein) showed more limited activity. Molluscicidal activity was measured against Isidorella newcombi and LD(50) values were 424 ppm and 541 ppm for Mission and Frantoio extracts, respectively. The results suggest that OMW may be utilised as a source of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Obied
- E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Science and Technology, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Stevens MM, Helliwell S, Hughes PA. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis formulations, spinosad, and selected synthetic insecticides to Chironomus tepperi larvae. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2005; 21:446-50. [PMID: 16506570 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2006)21[446:tobtvi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Three Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (BTi) formulations, the bacterial metabolite spinosad, and 7 synthetic insecticides were bioassayed against 4th instars of Chironomus tepperi, a serious pest of rice in southern Australia. The BTi formulations returned 48-h product median lethal concentration (LC50) values (25 < or = 1 degrees C) of between 0.59 mg/liter (VectoBac water-dispersible granule [WDG], 3,000 international toxic units [ITU]/mg) and 2.15 mg/liter (Teknar suspension concentrate [SC], 1,200 ITU/mg). When LC50 values were adjusted to reflect nominal ITU values of the 3 products, there was still substantial variation, with LC50 values ranging from 1,770 ITU/liter (VectoBac WDG) to 2,580 ITU/liter (Teknar SC). Aquabac SC (1,200 ITU/mg) showed intermediate activity. Differential activity between formulations may reflect faster settling rates in the more active formulations, which may be a beneficial characteristic when controlling benthic species such as C. tepperi. Spinosad (24-h LC50 = 28.9 microg active ingredient [AI]/liter) and the synthetic insecticides we evaluated were all substantially more active than BTi. The highest activity was shown by the neonicotinoid compounds thiacloprid, acetamiprid, and clothianidin, which all returned 24-h LC50 values between 1 and 3 microg AI/liter. Indoxacarb and thiomethoxam showed the lowest activity of the synthetic compounds evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Stevens
- NSW Department of Primary Industries and Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Australia
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Hoffmann AA, Woods RE, Collins E, Wallin K, White A, McKenzie JA. Wing shape versus asymmetry as an indicator of changing environmental conditions in insects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2005.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hughes PA, Stevens MM, Park HW, Federici BA, Dennis ES, Akhurst R. Response of larval Chironomus tepperi (Diptera: Chironomidae) to individual Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis toxins and toxin mixtures. J Invertebr Pathol 2004; 88:34-9. [PMID: 15707867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.) is highly toxic to the larvae of Chironomus tepperi, an important pest of aerially sown rice in southern Australia. In this study, all of the known Cry genes and the Cyt1A gene from B.t.i. were expressed and tested for individual toxicity against fourth instar C. tepperi larvae. Possible synergism between toxins in two component mixtures involving all toxins except Cry10A was also evaluated. Of the Cry toxins, only Cry11A and Cry4B displayed substantial toxicity; however, both were 10- to 20-fold less toxic than the parental B.t.i. strain. The only detected synergy was between the mildly toxic Cry4A and Cyt1A toxins. In direct contrast to previous studies with mosquitoes, mixtures of Cry11A/Cry4B and Cry11A/Cyt1A were mildly antagonistic. The activity of Cry11A and Cry4B is sufficient to justify investigation as to whether their expression in transgenic rice plants could provide control of C. tepperi larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Hughes
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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Stevens MM, Akhurst RJ, Clifton MA, Hughes PA. Factors affecting the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus to fourth instar larvae of Chironomus tepperi (Diptera: Chironomidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2004; 86:104-10. [PMID: 15261774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory bioassays (48h duration, 25+/-1 degrees C) were used to determine the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) and Bacillus sphaericus to fourth instar larvae of Chironomus tepperi, a major pest of rice in southern Australia. Bioassays were conducted using different combinations of larval ages and densities to determine if these factors affected toxicity. The effects of temperature and substrate type on B.t.i. toxicity were also investigated. Tests were conducted using a commercial B.t.i. formulation (VectoBac WDG, 3000ITU/mg), a spore/crystal mixture derived from the VectoBac WDG strain, and VectoLex WDG, a commercial B. sphaericus formulation (650ITU/mg). VectoBac WDG was highly toxic to fourth instar C. tepperi in bioassays using a sand substrate (LC(50) 0.46mg/L, older larvae); younger fourth instar larvae were more susceptible (LC(50) 0.20mg/L). Increasing larval densities (from 10 to 30 per bioassay cup) increased LC(50) values for both age groups, significantly so in the case of older larvae (higher density LC(50) 0.80mg/L). Use of a soil substrate increased the LC(50) value (older larvae, 10 per cup) to 0.99mg/L. Similar differences in toxicity relative to larval age and substrate type were found in bioassays using the B.t.i. spore/crystal mixture. VectoBac WDG and the spore/crystal mixture both showed similar (approximately 6-fold) declines in activity between 30 and 17.5 degrees C. At lower temperatures (between 17.5 and 15 degrees C), activity of the spore/crystal mixture declined much more rapidly than that of VectoBac WDG. VectoLex WDG showed very low toxicity to C. tepperi larvae, and the overall impact of larval age and density was relatively minor (LC(50) values 1062-1340mg/L). Autoclaving VectoLex WDG did not substantially reduce its toxicity (LC(50) 1426mg/L), suggesting that formulation additives (i.e., surfactants and other adjuvants) are responsible for much of the toxicity occurring at the high product concentrations required to cause C. tepperi mortality. Whilst VectoLex WDG was ineffective against C. tepperi, VectoBac WDG has the potential to provide selective control of this rice pest at economically viable application rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Stevens
- Yanco Agricultural Institute and Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Rice Production, NSW Agriculture, Private Mail Bag, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia.
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Frouz J, Ali A, Lobinske RJ. Influence of temperature on developmental rate, wing length, and larval head capsule size of pestiferous midge Chironomus crassicaudatus (Diptera: Chironomidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 95:699-705. [PMID: 12216809 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-95.4.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of Chironomus crassicaudatus Malloch were reared individually at nine constant temperatures from 12.5 to 32.5 degrees C (2.5 degrees C increments) for 120 d. Duration of immature stages (egg, four instars, and pupa), head capsule width of fourth instars, and wing length were recorded. Some adults emerged at all temperatures, except at 12.5 degrees C where individuals developed to fourth instars during the experiment. Sharpe and DeMichele's four-parameter model with high-temperature inhibition described the temperature-dependent developmental rates. The slowest development was observed at 15 degrees C, with developmental rate peaking between 25 and 27.5 degrees C. Developmental rate increased rapidly with increasing temperature up to 20 degrees C, slowed between 20 and 27.5 degrees C, and decreased at temperatures >27.5 degrees C. No developmental inhibition at high temperatures was observed in eggs. The most apparent high-temperature inhibition of development was recorded in fourth instars, which comprised the largest proportion of developmental time. Males developed faster than females, but females had wider larval head capsules and longer wings than males. Adult size was negatively related with temperature in both sexes, but this relationship was steeper in males than in females. Larval size peaked at 20 degrees C, whereas the head capsule width was reduced at temperatures higher and lower than 20 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frouz
- IFAS, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka 32703-8504, USA.
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Stevens MM, Fox KM, Coombes NE, Lewin LA. Effect of fipronil seed treatments on the germination and early growth of rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199905)55:5<517::aid-ps940>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Abstract
Sex-determining mechanisms appear to be very diverse in invertebrates. Haplodiploidy is a widespread mode of reproduction in insects: males are haploid and females are diploid. Several models have been proposed for the genetic mechanisms of sex determination in haplodiploid Hymenoptera. Although a one-locus multi-allele model is valid for several species, sex determination in other species cannot be explained by any of the existing models. Evidence for and predictions of two recently proposed models are discussed. Some genetic and molecular approaches are proposed to study sex determination in Hymenoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Beukeboom
- Arbeitsgruppe Michiels, Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Seewiesen, Germany
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Kraemer C, Schmidt ER. The sex determining region of Chironomus thummi is associated with highly repetitive DNA and transposable elements. Chromosoma 1993; 102:553-62. [PMID: 8243167 DOI: 10.1007/bf00368348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The dominant male sex determiner in chromosome III of the midge Chironomus thummi thummi is closely linked to a large cluster of tandem-repetitive DNA elements, the Cla elements, which are otherwise highly repetitive and distributed over more than 200 sites on all chromosomes. Chromosome III displays a hemizygous cluster of Cla elements in males but not in females. The chromosomal location of this hemizygous Cla element cluster is in the region of the male determiner M as localized by cytogenetic analysis. With Cla elements as hybridization probe, it was possible to clone a large part of the sex determining region. Molecular analysis of the DNA of males and females in this region displayed a number of differences between the two sexes. One striking difference is an unusual transposable element associated with the male sex determining region. The sex determining region also contains several other tandem-repetitive DNA elements in addition to the Cla elements. They are interspersed with single copy DNA. The accumulation of repetitive elements in the sex determining region interpreted as the result of a lack of recombination between the male/female heteromorphic region, although recombination in the other sections of chromosome III occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kraemer
- Institut für Genetik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
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Stevens MM. TOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES TO FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE OF CHIRONOMUS TEPPERI SKUSE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1992.tb00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Madden CP, Suter PJ, Nicholson BC, Austin AD. Deformities in chironomid larvae as indicators of pollution (pesticide) stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02255289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar A, Gupta JP. Cytogenetic studies of Chironomus circumdatus from India (Diptera: Chironomidae). Genetica 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00056358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Treverrow N. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHIRONOMUS TEPPERI (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SEROVAR ISRAELENSIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1985.tb00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Theories on the evolution of sex determining mechanisms are reviewed for male and female heterogamety, environmental sex determination, and briefly, haplo-diploidy and hermaphroditism. Because of their discrete and well-defined nature, sex determining mechanisms lend themselves to three types of evolutionary questions: what variety occurs and might be expected but does not occur, how do changes occur from one mechanism to another, and why do certain changes occur? All three approaches were illustrated for these different sex determining mechanisms. A generality emerging from these studies is that, at the level of selection of the sex ratio, there are no intrinsic problems in evolving from one sex determining mechanism to another: straightforward transitions between different mechanisms exist under various conditions.
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35
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Cytogenetic mapping of the male-determining region of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Chromosoma 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Saxena S, Martin J, Dass CMS. The polytene chromosomes of Nilodorum biroi (Kieffer) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Genetica 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00128042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Hägele K. Identification of a polytene chromosome band containing a male sex determiner of Chironomus thummi thummi. Chromosoma 1985; 91:167-71. [PMID: 3979175 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid males of Chironomus thummi piger female x Ch. th. thummi male crosses were backcrossed with females of both parental stocks. Fourth-instar larvae of these backcrosses showed sex specific differences in the pairing behavior of region D3d-g in chromosome arm F of salivary gland chromosome III. Analysis of the banding pattern of region D3d-g after RB and quinacrine staining demonstrated that in piger female x thummi male hybrid males a single selectively stained band occurs within this region in the heterozygous condition at map position D3e1. This band could only be found in the thummi chromosome partner, it is heterochromatic and contains AT-rich DNA. In female hybrid larvae, however, such a selectively stained band is present in neither the thummi nor the piger chromosome region D3d-g. From these results it is concluded that the selectively stained band D3e1 represents the male sex determiner of our Ch. th. thummi stock and that the male is the heterogametic sex.
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Cockburn A, Howells A, Whitten M. Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Control of Pest Insects. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 1984. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1984.10647795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A phylogenetic study of sex determiner location in a group of Australasian Chironomus species (Diptera, Chironomidae). Chromosoma 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00292396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Martin J. Location of a sex-determining region in Chironomus tepperi Skuse (Diptera: Chironomidae) using irradiation-induced chromosomal rearrangements. Genetica 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00131236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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A cytological study of natural hybrids between Prosimulium multidentatum and P. magnum. Chromosoma 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00285775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zacharias H. Sex-linked difference in DNA content of a polytene chromosome in Prodiamesa (Chironomidae). Chromosoma 1981; 82:657-72. [PMID: 7261714 DOI: 10.1007/bf00285774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The chironomid Prodiamesa olivacea possesses 3 pairs of chromosomes. The underreplication of the right arm in the polytene 3rd was presented earlier and is here shown to affect in females the cell nuclei of salivary glands. Malpighian tubules and the hindgut. The same somatic nucleic in males exhibit also a polytene 3rd with specific characteristics inasmuch as it contains half the relative DNA value of the female nuclei (3% instead of 6% complemental portion). - In male meiocytes the two partners in each of the 3 diakinetic bivalents were recognized to be homomorphic. In view of this morphological criterium the polytene situation in males must be due either to an unknown elimination process or to the underreplication of both right arms and further one left arm of the 3rd chromosomes. The latter model interprets the elements of the 3rd pair as differently polytenizing heterosomes in P. olivacea.
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