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Chen W, Chen X, Yao L, Feng J, Li F, Shan Y, Ren L, Zhuo C, Feng M, Zhong S, He C. A global view of altered ligand-receptor interactions in bone marrow aging based on single-cell sequencing. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2754-2762. [PMID: 39050783 PMCID: PMC11267010 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Altered cell-cell communication is a hallmark of aging, but its impact on bone marrow aging remains poorly understood. Based on a common and effective pipeline and single-cell transcriptome sequencing, we detected 384,124 interactions including 2575 ligand-receptor pairs and 16 non-adherent bone marrow cell types in old and young mouse and identified a total of 5560 significantly different interactions, which were then verified by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. These differential ligand-receptor interactions exhibited enrichment for the senescence-associated secretory phenotypes. Further validation demonstrated supplementing specific extracellular ligands could modify the senescent signs of hematopoietic stem cells derived from old mouse. Our work provides an effective procedure to detect the ligand-receptor interactions based on single-cell sequencing, which contributes to understand mechanisms and provides a potential strategy for intervention of bone marrow aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Yao
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Feng
- School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fengyue Li
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuxin Shan
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linli Ren
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenjian Zhuo
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chunjiang He
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Fisher JS, Adán-Barrientos I, Kumar NR, Lancaster JN. The aged microenvironment impairs BCL6 and CD40L induction in CD4 + T follicular helper cell differentiation. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14140. [PMID: 38481058 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Weakened germinal center responses by the aged immune system result in diminished immunity against pathogens and reduced efficacy of vaccines. Prolonged contacts between activated B cells and CD4+ T cells are crucial to germinal center formation and T follicular helper cell (Tfh) differentiation, but it is unclear how aging impacts the quality of this interaction. Peptide immunization confirmed that aged mice have decreased expansion of antigen-specific germinal center B cells and reduced antibody titers. Furthermore, aging was associated with accumulated Tfh cells, even in naïve mice. Despite increased numbers, aged Tfh had reduced expression of master transcription factor BCL6 and increased expression of the ectonucleotidase CD39. In vitro activation revealed that proliferative capacity was maintained in aged CD4+ T cells, but not the costimulatory molecule CD40L. When activated in vitro by aged antigen-presenting cells, young CD4+ naïve T cells generated reduced numbers of activated cells with upregulated CD40L. To determine the contribution of cell-extrinsic influences on antigen-specific Tfh induction, young, antigen-specific B and CD4+ T cells were adoptively transferred into aged hosts prior to peptide immunization. Transferred cells had reduced expansion and differentiation into germinal center B cell and Tfh and reduced antigen-specific antibody titers when compared to young hosts. Young CD4+ T cells transferred aged hosts differentiated into Tfh cells with reduced PD-1 and BCL6 expression, and increased CD39 expression, though they maintained their mitochondrial capacity. These results highlight the role of the lymphoid microenvironment in modulating CD4+ T cell differentiation, which contributes to impaired establishment and maintenance of germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Irene Adán-Barrientos
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Naveen R Kumar
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jessica N Lancaster
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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C V, B S, M Y, C M, I T, M R, A E. A case report of a lung transplant recipient receiving belatacept in combination with low dose tacrolimus complicated by progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Respir Med Case Rep 2024; 49:102028. [PMID: 38712316 PMCID: PMC11070908 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2024.102028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Belatacept is a novel T-cell costimulation blockade agent that has unresolved controversy in lung transplant recipients. Belatacept has been recognized as a calcineurin sparing agent for solid organ transplant recipients after reported success in renal transplant patients, despite limited evidence in other transplant recipients. We present the first case of a lung transplant recipient receiving Belatacept, in combination with low dose calcineurin inhibitor, who developed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. While Belatacept without calcineurin inhibitor has been associated with increased risk of acute rejection in solid organ transplant recipients, its infectious risk profile in combination with calcineurin inhibitor remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahdatpour C
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension Program, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saha B
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Younis M
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Montuoro C
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Timofte I
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, USA
| | - Rackauskas M
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Florida, USA
| | - Emtiazjoo A
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida, USA
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4
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Kibler A, Seifert M, Budeus B. Age-related changes of the human splenic marginal zone B cell compartment. Immunol Lett 2023; 256-257:59-65. [PMID: 37044264 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize the growing body of knowledge on the age-related changes of human splenic B cell composition and molecular evidence of immune maturation and discuss the contribution of these changes on splenic protective function. From birth on, the splenic marginal zone (sMZ) contains a specialized B cell subpopulation, which recruits and archives memory B cells from immune responses throughout the organism. The quality of sMZ B cell responses is augmented by germinal center (GC)-dependent maturation of memory B cells during childhood, however, in old age, these mechanisms likely contribute to waning of splenic protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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5
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Costa PR, Correia CA, Marmorato MP, Dias JZDC, Thomazella MV, Cabral da Silva A, de Oliveira ACS, Gusmão AF, Ferrari L, Freitas AC, Patiño EG, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Scharf R, Kallás EG, Silveira CGT. Humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac up to one year after vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032411. [PMID: 36341425 PMCID: PMC9634255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavac is a widely used SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, but its long-term immune response assessment is still lacking. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses, including T cell activation markers, antigen-specific cytokine production and antibody response following vaccination in 53 adult and elderly individuals participating in a phase 3 clinical trial. Activated follicular helper T (Tfh), non-Tfh and memory CD4+ T cells were detected in almost all subjects early after the first vaccine dose. Activated memory CD4+ T cells were predominantly of central and effector memory T cell phenotypes and were sustained for at least 6 months. We also detected a balanced Th1-, Th2- and Th17/Th22-type cytokine production that was associated with response over time, together with particular cytokine profile linked to poor responses in older vaccinees. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG levels peaked 14 days after the second dose and were mostly stable over one year. CoronaVac was able to induce a potent and durable antiviral antigen-specific cellular response and the cytokine profiles related to the response over time and impacted by the senescence were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Ramos Costa
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Argondizo Correia
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Prado Marmorato
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Vailant Thomazella
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cabral da Silva
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Arianne Fagotti Gusmão
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Ferrari
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Carvalho Freitas
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Clinicas Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Esper Georges Kallás
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Clinicas Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia Gisele Terrassani Silveira
- Medical Investigation Laboratory 60 (LIM-60), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cássia Gisele Terrassani Silveira,
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Marrella V, Facoetti A, Cassani B. Cellular Senescence in Immunity against Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911845. [PMID: 36233146 PMCID: PMC9570409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest in response to different triggers and an inflammatory secretome. Although originally described in fibroblasts and cell types of solid organs, cellular senescence affects most tissues with advancing age, including the lymphoid tissue, causing chronic inflammation and dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immune functions. Besides its normal occurrence, persistent microbial challenge or pathogenic microorganisms might also accelerate the activation of cellular aging, inducing the premature senescence of immune cells. Therapeutic strategies counteracting the detrimental effects of cellular senescence are being developed. Their application to target immune cells might have the potential to improve immune dysfunctions during aging and reduce the age-dependent susceptibility to infections. In this review, we discuss how immune senescence influences the host’s ability to resolve more common infections in the elderly and detail the different markers proposed to identify such senescent cells; the mechanisms by which infectious agents increase the extent of immune senescence are also reviewed. Finally, available senescence therapeutics are discussed in the context of their effects on immunity and against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marrella
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Amanda Facoetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cassani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Jenkins D, Phalke S, Bell R, Lessard S, Gupta S, Youssef M, Tam K, Nocon A, Rivera-Correa J, Wright T, Sculco T, Otero M, Pernis AB, Sculco P. Adaptive immune responses in patients requiring revision after total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Res 2022; 41:984-993. [PMID: 36121317 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dissatisfaction occurs in nearly 20% of patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA); however, there remains only limited understanding of the biologic mechanisms that may contribute to suboptimal postoperative outcomes requiring revision surgery. Expansion of effector T and B cells, could promote an abnormal healing response via local or peripheral immune system mechanisms and contribute to inferior outcomes necessitating revision TKA. In this pilot study, we hypothesized that patients suffering from complications of arthrofibrosis or instability may exhibit differences in adaptive immune function. Patients (n = 31) undergoing revision TKA for an indication of arthrofibrosis or instability were prospectively enrolled. Whole blood and synovial fluid (SF) from the operative knee were collected at time of surgery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum and SF were assessed for immunoglobulin levels by Luminex and antiphospholipid antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay. No significant differences were observed in peripheral blood T/B cell populations or serum immunoglobulins levels between groups. SF analysis demonstrated significant differences between the two groups, with higher levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) (p = 0.0184), IgG3 (p = 0.0084) and antiphosphatidyl serine IgG (p = 0.034) in arthrofibrosis relative to instability patients. Increased levels of both IgG subclasses and antiphospholipid antibodies in the SF suggest that intra-articular T-B cell interactions, potentially triggered by exposure to apoptotic components generated during post-op healing, could be functioning as a source of immune complexes that fuel fibrous tissue growth in arthrofibrotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jenkins
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Swati Phalke
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Richard Bell
- HSS Research Institute, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
- HSS Research Institute, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Lessard
- HSS Research Institute, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mark Youssef
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen Tam
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Allina Nocon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Juan Rivera-Correa
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Wright
- Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Sculco
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Miguel Otero
- HSS Research Institute, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
- HSS Research Institute, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
- HSS Research Institute, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Peter Sculco
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
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Myc-Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 (Miz-1) Is Essential to Maintain Homeostasis and Immunocompetence of the B Cell Lineage. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040504. [PMID: 35453704 PMCID: PMC9027237 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging of the immune system is described as a progressive loss of the ability to respond to immunologic stimuli and is commonly referred to as immunosenescence. B cell immunosenescence is characterized by a decreased differentiation rate in the bone marrow and accumulation of antigen-experienced and age-associated B cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). A specific deletion of the POZ-domain of the transcription factor Miz-1 in pro-B cells, which is known to be involved in bone marrow hematopoiesis, leads to premature aging of the B cell lineage. In mice, this causes a severe reduction in bone marrow-derived B cells with a drastic decrease from the pre-B cell stage on. Further, mature, naïve cells in SLOs are reduced at an early age, while post-activation-associated subpopulations increase prematurely. We propose that Miz-1 interferes at several key regulatory checkpoints, critical during B cell aging, and counteracts a premature loss of immunocompetence. This enables the use of our mouse model to gain further insights into mechanisms of B cell aging and it can significantly contribute to understand molecular causes of impaired adaptive immune responses to counteract loss of immunocompetence and restore a functional immune response in the elderly.
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9
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Chen Z, Wang N, Yao Y, Yu D. Context-dependent regulation of follicular helper T cell survival. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:309-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Moysi E, Paris RM, Le Grand R, Koup RA, Petrovas C. Human lymph node immune dynamics as driver of vaccine efficacy: an understudied aspect of immune responses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:633-644. [PMID: 35193447 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2045198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last century, changes in hygiene, sanitation, and the advent of childhood vaccination have resulted in profound reductions in mortality from infectious diseases. Despite this success, infectious diseases remain an enigmatic public health threat, where effective vaccines for influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, and malaria, among others remain elusive. AREA COVERED In addition to the immune evasion tactics employed by complex pathogens, our understanding of immunopathogenesis and the development of effective vaccines is also complexified by the inherent variability of human immune responses. Lymph nodes (LNs) are the anatomical sites where B cell responses develop. An important, but understudied component of immune response complexity is variation in LN immune dynamics and in particular variation in germinal center follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and B cells which can be impacted by genetic variation, aging, the microbiome and chronic infection. EXPERT OPINION This review describes the contribution of genetic variation, aging, microbiome and chronic infection on LN immune dynamics and associated Tfh responses and offers perspective on how inclusion of LN immune subset and cytoarchitecture analyses, along with peripheral blood biomarkers can supplement systems vaccinology or immunology approaches for the development of vaccines or other interventions to prevent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Chen JS, Chow RD, Song E, Mao T, Israelow B, Kamath K, Bozekowski J, Haynes WA, Filler RB, Menasche BL, Wei J, Alfajaro MM, Song W, Peng L, Carter L, Weinstein JS, Gowthaman U, Chen S, Craft J, Shon JC, Iwasaki A, Wilen CB, Eisenbarth SC. High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made without T follicular helper cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl5652. [PMID: 34914544 PMCID: PMC8977051 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are the conventional drivers of protective, germinal center (GC)–based antiviral antibody responses. However, loss of TFH cells and GCs has been observed in patients with severe COVID-19. As T cell–B cell interactions and immunoglobulin class switching still occur in these patients, noncanonical pathways of antibody production may be operative during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that both TFH-dependent and -independent antibodies were induced against SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and influenza A virus infection. Although TFH-independent antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 had evidence of reduced somatic hypermutation, they were still high affinity, durable, and reactive against diverse spike-derived epitopes and were capable of neutralizing both homologous SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.351 (beta) variant of concern. We found by epitope mapping and B cell receptor sequencing that TFH cells focused the B cell response, and therefore, in the absence of TFH cells, a more diverse clonal repertoire was maintained. These data support an alternative pathway for the induction of B cell responses during viral infection that enables effective, neutralizing antibody production to complement traditional GC-derived antibodies that might compensate for GCs damaged by viral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan D. Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University; West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Renata B. Filler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bridget L. Menasche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenzhi Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University; West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason S. Weinstein
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Uthaman Gowthaman
- Deparment of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University; West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Jeffery-Smith A, Burton AR, Lens S, Rees-Spear C, Davies J, Patel M, Gopal R, Muir L, Aiano F, Doores KJ, Chow JY, Ladhani SN, Zambon M, McCoy LE, Maini MK. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells can persist in the elderly who have lost detectable neutralizing antibodies. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e152042. [PMID: 34843448 PMCID: PMC8759779 DOI: 10.1172/jci152042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) can provide a recall response able to supplement waning antibodies (Abs) with an affinity-matured response better able to neutralize variant viruses. We studied a cohort of elderly care home residents and younger staff (median age of 87 years and 56 years, respectively), who had survived COVID-19 outbreaks with only mild or asymptomatic infection. The cohort was selected because of its high proportion of individuals who had lost neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), thus allowing us to specifically investigate the reserve immunity from SARS-CoV-2-specific MBCs in this setting. Class-switched spike and receptor-binding domain (RBD) tetramer-binding MBCs persisted 5 months after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of age. The majority of spike- and RBD-specific MBCs had a classical phenotype, but we found that activated MBCs, indicating possible ongoing antigenic stimulation or inflammation, were expanded in the elderly group. Spike- and RBD-specific MBCs remained detectable in the majority of individuals who had lost nAbs, although at lower frequencies and with a reduced IgG/IgA isotype ratio. Functional spike-, S1 subunit of the spike protein- (S1-), and RBD-specific recall was also detectable by enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay in some individuals who had lost nAbs, but was significantly impaired in the elderly. Our findings demonstrate that a reserve of SARS-CoV-2-specific MBCs persists beyond the loss of nAbs but highlight the need for careful monitoring of functional defects in spike- and RBD-specific B cell immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jeffery-Smith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (now called UK Health Security Agency [UKHSA]), London, United Kingdom
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice R. Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabela Lens
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Patel
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (now called UK Health Security Agency [UKHSA]), London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Gopal
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (now called UK Health Security Agency [UKHSA]), London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Aiano
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England (now called UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Yimmy Chow
- London Coronavirus Response Cell, Public Health England (now called UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez N. Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England (now called UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (now called UK Health Security Agency [UKHSA]), London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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13
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Wong AKH, Woodhouse I, Schneider F, Kulpa DA, Silvestri G, Maier CL. Broad auto-reactive IgM responses are common in critically ill patients, including those with COVID-19. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100321. [PMID: 34075365 PMCID: PMC8160082 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains poorly understood. While several studies suggest that immune dysregulation plays a central role, the key mediators of this process are yet to be defined. Here, we demonstrate that plasma from a high proportion (93%) of critically ill COVID-19 patients, but not healthy controls, contains broadly auto-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM) and less frequently auto-reactive IgG or IgA. Importantly, these auto-IgMs preferentially recognize primary human lung cells in vitro, including pulmonary endothelial and epithelial cells. By using a combination of flow cytometry, analytical proteome microarray technology, and lactose dehydrogenase (LDH)-release cytotoxicity assays, we identify high-affinity, complement-fixing, auto-reactive IgM directed against 260 candidate autoantigens, including numerous molecules preferentially expressed on the cellular membranes of pulmonary, vascular, gastrointestinal, and renal tissues. These findings suggest that broad IgM-mediated autoimmune reactivity may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19, thereby identifying a potential target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kam Ho Wong
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Isaac Woodhouse
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deanna A. Kulpa
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Maier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Moysi E, Del Rio Estrada PM, Torres-Ruiz F, Reyes-Terán G, Koup RA, Petrovas C. In Situ Characterization of Human Lymphoid Tissue Immune Cells by Multispectral Confocal Imaging and Quantitative Image Analysis; Implications for HIV Reservoir Characterization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683396. [PMID: 34177929 PMCID: PMC8221112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are key mediators of adaptive immune responses during infection and vaccination. Within secondary lymphoid organs, helper CD4 T cells, particularly those residing in germinal centers known as follicular helper T cells (Tfh), provide critical help to B-cells to promote their survival, isotype switching and selection of high affinity memory B-cells. On the other hand, the important role of Tfh cells for the maintenance of HIV reservoir is well documented. Thus, interrogating and better understanding the tissue specific micro-environment and immune subsets that contribute to optimal Tfh cell differentiation and function is important for designing successful prevention and cure strategies. Here, we describe the development and optimization of eight multispectral confocal microscopy immunofluorescence panels designed for in depth characterization and immune-profiling of relevant immune cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human lymphoid tissue samples. We provide a comprehensive library of antibodies to use for the characterization of CD4+ T-cells -including Tfh and regulatory T-cells- as well as CD8 T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells and discuss how the resulting multispectral confocal datasets can be quantitatively dissected using the HistoCytometry pipeline to collect information about relative frequencies and immune cell spatial distributions. Cells harboring actively transcribed virus are analyzed using an in-situ hybridization assay for the characterization of HIV mRNA positive cells in combination with additional protein markers (multispectral RNAscope). The application of this methodology to lymphoid tissues offers a means to interrogate multiple relevant immune cell targets simultaneously at increased resolution in a reproducible manner to guide CD4 T-cell studies in infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Torres-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico.,Comisión Coordinadora de Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Webb LMC, Fra‐Bido S, Innocentin S, Matheson LS, Attaf N, Bignon A, Novarino J, Fazilleau N, Linterman MA. Ageing promotes early T follicular helper cell differentiation by modulating expression of RBPJ. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13295. [PMID: 33387451 PMCID: PMC7811847 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing profoundly changes our immune system and is thought to be a driving factor in the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease in older people. We have previously shown that the impaired immunity to vaccination that occurs in aged individuals is partly attributed to the effect of age on T follicular helper (Tfh) cell formation. In this study, we examined how age intrinsically affects Tfh cell formation in both mice and humans. We show increased formation of Tfh precursors (pre-Tfh) but no associated increase in germinal centre (GC)-Tfh cells in aged mice, suggesting age-driven promotion of only early Tfh cell differentiation. Mechanistically, we show that ageing alters TCR signalling which drives expression of the Notch-associated transcription factor, RBPJ. Genetic or chemical modulation of RBPJ or Notch rescues this age-associated early Tfh cell differentiation, and increased intrinsic Notch activity recapitulates this phenomenon in younger mice. Our data offer mechanistic insight into the age-induced changes in T-cell activation that affects the differentiation and ultimately the function of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. C. Webb
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Sigrid Fra‐Bido
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Louise S. Matheson
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Noudjoud Attaf
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity)Inserm U1291University of ToulouseToulouse, FCNRS U5282France
| | - Alexandre Bignon
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Julien Novarino
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity)Inserm U1291University of ToulouseToulouse, FCNRS U5282France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity)Inserm U1291University of ToulouseToulouse, FCNRS U5282France
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16
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Reitsema RD, Hid Cadena R, Nijhof SH, Abdulahad WH, Huitema MG, Paap D, Brouwer E, Boots AMH, Heeringa P. Effect of age and sex on immune checkpoint expression and kinetics in human T cells. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:32. [PMID: 33292359 PMCID: PMC7640492 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoints are crucial molecules in maintaining a proper immune balance. Even though age and sex are known to have effects on the immune system, the interplay between age, sex and immune checkpoint expression by T cells is not known. The aim of this study was to determine whether age and sex affect immune checkpoint expression by T cells and if age and sex affect the kinetics of immune checkpoint expression following ex vivo stimulation. In this study, whole blood samples of 20 healthy young adults (YA, 9 males and 11 females) and 20 healthy older adults (OA, 9 males and 11 females) were stained for lymphocyte lineage markers and immune checkpoints and frequencies of CD28+, PD-1+, VISTA+ and CD40L+ T cells were determined. Immune checkpoint expression kinetics were studied following ex vivo anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation of T cells from young and older healthy adults. Results We report an age-associated increase of CD40L + CD4+ and CD40L + CD8+ T-cell frequencies, whereas CD40+ B-cell frequencies were decreased in older adults, suggesting modulation of the CD40L-CD40 interaction with age. Immune checkpoint expression kinetics revealed differences in magnitude between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells independent of age and sex. Further analysis of CD4+ T-cell subsets revealed an age-associated decrease of especially PD-1 + CD4+ memory T cells which tracked with the female sex. Conclusion Collectively, our results demonstrate that both age and sex modulate expression of immune checkpoints by human T cells. These findings may have implications for optimising vaccination and immune checkpoint immunotherapy and move the field towards precision medicine in the management of older patient groups. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-020-00203-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne D Reitsema
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rebeca Hid Cadena
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander H Nijhof
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Minke G Huitema
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Davy Paap
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M H Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Saeed Z, Greer O, Shah NM. Is the Host Viral Response and the Immunogenicity of Vaccines Altered in Pregnancy? Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E38. [PMID: 32759839 PMCID: PMC7551810 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricacy of the maternal immune system arises from its ability to prevent a maternal immune response against a semi-allogenic fetus, while protecting the mother against harmful pathogens. However, these immunological adaptations may also make pregnant women vulnerable to developing adverse complications from respiratory viral infections. While the influenza and SARS pandemics support this theory, there is less certainty regarding the clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine development is key to public preventative strategies. Whilst most viral vaccines are able to induce a seroprotective antibody response, in some high-risk individuals this may not correlate with clinical protection. Some studies have shown that factors such as age, gender, and chronic illnesses can reduce their effectiveness and in this review, we discuss how pregnancy may affect the efficacy and immunogenicity of vaccines. We present literature to support the hypothesis that pregnant women are more susceptible to respiratory viral infections and may not respond to vaccines as effectively. In particular, we focus on the clinical implications of important respiratory viral infections such as influenza during pregnancy, and the pregnancy induced alterations in important leukocytes such as TFH, cTFH and B cells, which play an important role in generating long-lasting and high-affinity antibodies. Finally, we review how this may affect the efficacy of vaccines against influenza in pregnancy and highlight areas that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nishel Mohan Shah
- Academic Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Imperial College London, Level 3, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK; (Z.S.); (O.G.)
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18
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Labi V, Derudder E. Cell signaling and the aging of B cells. Exp Gerontol 2020; 138:110985. [PMID: 32504658 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The uniqueness of each B cell lies in the structural diversity of the B-cell antigen receptor allowing the virtually limitless recognition of antigens, a necessity to protect individuals against a range of challenges. B-cell development and response to stimulation are exquisitely regulated by a group of cell surface receptors modulating various signaling cascades and their associated genetic programs. The effects of these signaling pathways in optimal antibody-mediated immunity or the aberrant promotion of immune pathologies have been intensely researched in the past in young individuals. In contrast, we are only beginning to understand the contribution of these pathways to the changes in B cells of old organisms. Thus, critical transcription factors such as E2A and STAT5 show differential expression or activity between young and old B cells. As a result, B-cell physiology appears altered, and antibody production is impaired. Here, we discuss selected phenotypic changes during B-cell aging and attempt to relate them to alterations of molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Labi
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Emmanuel Derudder
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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19
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Stebegg M, Bignon A, Hill DL, Silva-Cayetano A, Krueger C, Vanderleyden I, Innocentin S, Boon L, Wang J, Zand MS, Dooley J, Clark J, Liston A, Carr E, Linterman MA. Rejuvenating conventional dendritic cells and T follicular helper cell formation after vaccination. eLife 2020; 9:52473. [PMID: 32204792 PMCID: PMC7093110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centres (GCs) are T follicular helper cell (Tfh)-dependent structures that form in response to vaccination, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells that protect against subsequent infection. With advancing age the GC and Tfh cell response declines, resulting in impaired humoral immunity. We sought to discover what underpins the poor Tfh cell response in ageing and whether it is possible to correct it. Here, we demonstrate that older people and aged mice have impaired Tfh cell differentiation upon vaccination. This deficit is preceded by poor activation of conventional dendritic cells type 2 (cDC2) due to reduced type 1 interferon signalling. Importantly, the Tfh and cDC2 cell response can be boosted in aged mice by treatment with a TLR7 agonist. This demonstrates that age-associated defects in the cDC2 and Tfh cell response are not irreversible and can be enhanced to improve vaccine responses in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Stebegg
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Bignon
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Danika Lea Hill
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa Silva-Cayetano
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christel Krueger
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ine Vanderleyden
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jiong Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Martin S Zand
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - James Dooley
- Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Clark
- Biological Chemistry, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Carr
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Shankwitz K, Pallikkuth S, Sirupangi T, Kirk Kvistad D, Russel KB, Pahwa R, Gama L, Koup RA, Pan L, Villinger F, Pahwa S, Petrovas C. Compromised steady-state germinal center activity with age in nonhuman primates. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13087. [PMID: 31840398 PMCID: PMC6996951 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related reductions in vaccine-induced B cells in aging indicate that germinal centers (GCs), the anatomical site where the development of humoral responses takes place, may lose efficacy with age. We have investigated the baseline follicular and GC composition in nonhuman primates (NHPs) with respect to their age. There was a marked reduction in follicular area in old animals. We found significantly lower normalized numbers of follicular PD1hi CD4 T (Tfh) and proliferating (Ki67hi ) GC B cells with aging, a profile associated with significantly higher numbers of potential follicular suppressor FoxP3hi Lag3hi CD4 T cells. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between Tfh and follicular CD8 T cells (fCD8) only in young animals. Despite the increased levels of circulating preinflammatory factors in aging, young animals had higher numbers of monocytes and granulocytes in the follicles, a profile negatively associated with numbers of Tfh cells. Multiple regression analysis showed an altered association between GC B cells and other GC immune cell populations in old animals suggesting a differential mechanistic regulation of GC activity in aging. Our data demonstrate defective baseline GC composition in old NHPs and provide an immunological base for further understanding the adaptive humoral responses with respect to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Shankwitz
- Tissue Analysis CoreImmunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
- New Iberia Research CenterUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLAUSA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | | | - Daniel Kirk Kvistad
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Kyle Blaine Russel
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUSA
- Vaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
- Immunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Li Pan
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research CenterUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLAUSA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis CoreImmunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
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21
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Abstract
Immunosenescence involves a series of ageing-induced alterations in the immune system and is characterized by two opposing hallmarks: defective immune responses and increased systemic inflammation. The immune system is modulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and undergoes profound changes in response to the ageing process. Immune responses are therefore highly age-dependent. Emerging data show that immunosenescence underlies common mechanisms responsible for several age-related diseases and is a plastic state that can be modified and accelerated by non-heritable environmental factors and pharmacological intervention. In the kidney, resident macrophages and fibroblasts are continuously exposed to components of the external environment, and the effects of cellular reprogramming induced by local immune responses, which accumulate with age, might have a role in the increased susceptibility to kidney disease among elderly individuals. Additionally, because chronic kidney disease, especially end-stage renal disease, is often accompanied by immunosenescence, which affects these patients independently of age, and many kidney diseases are strongly age-associated, treatment approaches that target immunosenescence might be particularly clinically relevant.
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22
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Stebegg M, Silva-Cayetano A, Innocentin S, Jenkins TP, Cantacessi C, Gilbert C, Linterman MA. Heterochronic faecal transplantation boosts gut germinal centres in aged mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2443. [PMID: 31164642 PMCID: PMC6547660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex multifactorial process associated with a plethora of disorders, which contribute significantly to morbidity worldwide. One of the organs significantly affected by age is the gut. Age-dependent changes of the gut-associated microbiome have been linked to increased frailty and systemic inflammation. This change in microbial composition with age occurs in parallel with a decline in function of the gut immune system; however, it is not clear whether there is a causal link between the two. Here we report that the defective germinal centre reaction in Peyer's patches of aged mice can be rescued by faecal transfers from younger adults into aged mice and by immunisations with cholera toxin, without affecting germinal centre reactions in peripheral lymph nodes. This demonstrates that the poor germinal centre reaction in aged animals is not irreversible, and that it is possible to improve this response in older individuals by providing appropriate stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Stebegg
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alyssa Silva-Cayetano
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Timothy P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Colin Gilbert
- Biological Services Unit, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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Pallikkuth S, de Armas LR, Rinaldi S, George VK, Pan L, Arheart KL, Pahwa R, Pahwa S. Dysfunctional peripheral T follicular helper cells dominate in people with impaired influenza vaccine responses: Results from the FLORAH study. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000257. [PMID: 31100059 PMCID: PMC6542545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-primed cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells interact with B cells in the germinal centers (GCs) of lymph nodes to generate vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) responses. In the circulation, peripheral Tfh (pTfh) cells, a subset of memory CD4 T cells, serve as surrogates for GC Tfh because of several functional and phenotypic similarities between them. We investigated features of H1N1 influenza antigen-specific pTfh (Ag.pTfh) in virologically controlled HIV+ volunteers on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and healthy control (HC) participants selected from a seasonal influenza vaccine responsiveness study. Selection of the participants was made based on age, defined as young (18-40 y) and old (>60 y) and on their classification as a vaccine responder (VR) or vaccine nonresponder (VNR). VRs demonstrated expansion of CD40L+ and CD69+ Ag.pTfh, with induction of intracellular interleukin 21 (IL-21) and inducible costimulator (ICOS) post vaccination; these responses were strongest in young HC VRs and were less prominent in HIV+ individuals of all ages. Ag.pTfh in VNRs exhibited dramatically different characteristics from VRs, displaying an altered phenotype and a cytokine profile dominated by cytokines IL-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), or IL-17 but lacking in IL-21. In coculture experiments, sorted pTfh did not support the B cell IgG production in VNRs and were predominantly an inflammatory T helper 1 (Th1)/T helper 17 (Th17) phenotype with lower ICOS and higher programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) expression. Induction of IL-21 and ICOS on Ag.pTfh cells are negatively affected by both aging and HIV infection. Our findings demonstrate that dysfunctional Ag.pTfh cells with an altered IL-21/IL-2 axis contribute to inadequate vaccine responses. Approaches for targeting inflammation or expanding functional Tfh may improve vaccine responses in healthy aging and those aging with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lesley R. de Armas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varghese K. George
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kristopher L. Arheart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Wen Z, Shen Y, Berry G, Shahram F, Li Y, Watanabe R, Liao YJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. The microvascular niche instructs T cells in large vessel vasculitis via the VEGF-Jagged1-Notch pathway. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/399/eaal3322. [PMID: 28724574 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular networks in the adventitia of large arteries control access of inflammatory cells to the inner wall layers (media and intima) and thus protect the immune privilege of the aorta and its major branches. In autoimmune vasculitis giant cell arteritis (GCA), CD4 T helper 1 (TH1) and TH17 cells invade into the wall of the aorta and large elastic arteries to form tissue-destructive granulomas. Whether the disease microenvironment provides instructive cues for vasculitogenic T cells is unknown. We report that adventitial microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) perform immunoregulatory functions by up-regulating the expression of the Notch ligand Jagged1. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), abundantly present in GCA patients' blood, induced Jagged1 expression, allowing mvECs to regulate effector T cell induction via the Notch-mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) pathway. We found that circulating CD4 T cells in GCA patients have left the quiescent state, actively signal through the Notch pathway, and differentiate into TH1 and TH17 effector cells. In an in vivo model of large vessel vasculitis, exogenous VEGF functioned as an effective amplifier to recruit and activate vasculitogenic T cells. Thus, systemic VEGF co-opts endothelial Jagged1 to trigger aberrant Notch signaling, biases responsiveness of CD4 T cells, and induces pathogenic effector functions. Adventitial microvascular networks function as an instructive tissue niche, which can be exploited to target vasculitogenic immunity in large vessel vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenke Wen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerald Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Farhad Shahram
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yinyin Li
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryu Watanabe
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yaping Joyce Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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25
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Moro-García MA, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Alonso-Arias R. Influence of Inflammation in the Process of T Lymphocyte Differentiation: Proliferative, Metabolic, and Oxidative Changes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:339. [PMID: 29545794 PMCID: PMC5839096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes, from their first encounter with their specific antigen as naïve cell until the last stages of their differentiation, in a replicative state of senescence, go through a series of phases. In several of these stages, T lymphocytes are subjected to exponential growth in successive encounters with the same antigen. This entire process occurs throughout the life of a human individual and, earlier, in patients with chronic infections/pathologies through inflammatory mediators, first acutely and later in a chronic form. This process plays a fundamental role in amplifying the activating signals on T lymphocytes and directing their clonal proliferation. The mechanisms that control cell growth are high levels of telomerase activity and maintenance of telomeric length that are far superior to other cell types, as well as metabolic adaptation and redox control. Large numbers of highly differentiated memory cells are accumulated in the immunological niches where they will contribute in a significant way to increase the levels of inflammatory mediators that will perpetuate the new state at the systemic level. These levels of inflammation greatly influence the process of T lymphocyte differentiation from naïve T lymphocyte, even before, until the arrival of exhaustion or cell death. The changes observed during lymphocyte differentiation are correlated with changes in cellular metabolism and these in turn are influenced by the inflammatory state of the environment where the cell is located. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a dual action in the population of T lymphocytes. Exposure to high levels of ROS decreases the capacity of activation and T lymphocyte proliferation; however, intermediate levels of oxidation are necessary for the lymphocyte activation, differentiation, and effector functions. In conclusion, we can affirm that the inflammatory levels in the environment greatly influence the differentiation and activity of T lymphocyte populations. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in these processes. The elucidation of these mechanisms would be of great help in the advance of improvements in pathologies with a large inflammatory base such as rheumatoid arthritis, intestinal inflammatory diseases, several infectious diseases and even, cancerous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Moro-García
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan C Mayo
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sainz
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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26
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Scheid AD, Van Keulen VP, Felts SJ, Neier SC, Middha S, Nair AA, Techentin RW, Gilbert BK, Jen J, Neuhauser C, Zhang Y, Pease LR. Gene Expression Signatures Characterized by Longitudinal Stability and Interindividual Variability Delineate Baseline Phenotypic Groups with Distinct Responses to Immune Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1917-1928. [PMID: 29352003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human immunity exhibits remarkable heterogeneity among individuals, which engenders variable responses to immune perturbations in human populations. Population studies reveal that, in addition to interindividual heterogeneity, systemic immune signatures display longitudinal stability within individuals, and these signatures may reliably dictate how given individuals respond to immune perturbations. We hypothesize that analyzing relationships among these signatures at the population level may uncover baseline immune phenotypes that correspond with response outcomes to immune stimuli. To test this, we quantified global gene expression in peripheral blood CD4+ cells from healthy individuals at baseline and following CD3/CD28 stimulation at two time points 1 mo apart. Systemic CD4+ cell baseline and poststimulation molecular immune response signatures (MIRS) were defined by identifying genes expressed at levels that were stable between time points within individuals and differential among individuals in each state. Iterative differential gene expression analyses between all possible phenotypic groupings of at least three individuals using the baseline and stimulated MIRS gene sets revealed shared baseline and response phenotypic groupings, indicating the baseline MIRS contained determinants of immune responsiveness. Furthermore, significant numbers of shared phenotype-defining sets of determinants were identified in baseline data across independent healthy cohorts. Combining the cohorts and repeating the analyses resulted in identification of over 6000 baseline immune phenotypic groups, implying that the MIRS concept may be useful in many immune perturbation contexts. These findings demonstrate that patterns in complex gene expression variability can be used to define immune phenotypes and discover determinants of immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Scheid
- Immunology Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Virginia P Van Keulen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Sara J Felts
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Steven C Neier
- Immunology Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Sumit Middha
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Asha A Nair
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robert W Techentin
- Special Purpose Processor Development Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901
| | - Barry K Gilbert
- Special Purpose Processor Development Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901
| | - Jin Jen
- Medical Genome Facility Gene Expression Core and Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Claudia Neuhauser
- Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Larry R Pease
- Immunology Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905; .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905
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27
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Byford ET, Carr M, Ladikou E, Ahearne MJ, Wagner SD. Circulating Tfh1 (cTfh1) cell numbers and PD1 expression are elevated in low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and cTfh gene expression is perturbed in marginal zone lymphoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190468. [PMID: 29293620 PMCID: PMC5749831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell subsets are found in the tumour microenvironment (TME) of low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas such as marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) or follicular lymphoma (FL). Both numbers and architecture of activating follicular helper T-cells (Tfh) and suppressive Treg in the TME of FL are associated with clinical outcomes. There has been almost no previous work on CD4+ T-cells in MZL. It is now recognised that circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T-cells are the memory compartment of Tfh cells. We determined differences in number of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells and cTfh subsets between normal subjects and patients with FL or MZL. Lymphoma patients showed increased numbers of cTfh1 and reduced cTfh17 cells due to decreased expression of the subset-defining marker CCR6 in patients. PD1, a surface marker associated with Tfh cells, showed increased expression on cTfh subsets in patients. Focusing on MZL we determined expression of 96 T-cell associated genes by microfluidic qRT-PCR. Analysis of differentially expressed genes showed significant differences between normal subjects and patients both for bulk cTfh (CCL4) and the cTfh1 subset (JAK3). While our findings require confirmation in larger studies we suggest that analysis of number and gene expression of circulating T-cells might be a source of clinically useful information as is the case for T-cells within lymphoma lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot T. Byford
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Carr
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Ladikou
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Ahearne
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Wagner
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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28
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Tetanus Toxoid carrier protein induced T-helper cell responses upon vaccination of middle-aged adults. Vaccine 2017; 35:5581-5588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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29
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Liston A, Carr EJ, Linterman MA. Shaping Variation in the Human Immune System. Trends Immunol 2017; 37:637-646. [PMID: 27692231 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses demonstrate a high level of intra-species variation, compensating for the specialization capacity of pathogens. The recent advent of in-depth immune phenotyping projects in large-scale cohorts has allowed a first look into the factors that shape the inter-individual diversity of the human immune system. Genetic approaches have identified genetic diversity as drivers of 20-40% of the variation between the immune systems of individuals. The remaining 60-80% is shaped by intrinsic factors, with age being the predominant factor, as well as by environmental influences, where cohabitation and chronic viral infections were identified as key mediators. We review and integrate the recent in-depth large-scale studies on human immune diversity and its potential impact on health. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Edward J Carr
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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30
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Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Successful and Maladaptive T Cell Aging. Immunity 2017; 46:364-378. [PMID: 28329703 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life, the T cell system adapts to shifting resources and demands, resulting in a fundamentally restructured immune system in older individuals. Here we review the cellular and molecular features of an aged immune system and discuss the trade-offs inherent to these adaptive mechanisms. Processes include homeostatic proliferation that maintains compartment size at the expense of partial loss in stemness and incomplete differentiation and the activation of negative regulatory programs, which constrain effector T cell expansion and prevent increasing oligoclonality but also interfere with memory cell generation. We propose that immune failure occurs when adaptive strategies developed by the aging T cell system fail and also discuss how, in some settings, the programs associated with T cell aging culminates in a maladaptive response that directly contributes to chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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31
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Teng F, Felix KM, Bradley CP, Naskar D, Ma H, Raslan WA, Wu HJJ. The impact of age and gut microbiota on Th17 and Tfh cells in K/BxN autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:188. [PMID: 28810929 PMCID: PMC5558662 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age is an important risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which often develops in middle age. However, how age-associated changes in immunity impact RA is poorly understood. Gut microbiota are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of RA, but the effects of microbiota in older subjects remain mostly unknown. Methods We used segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), a gut commensal species with immunomodulatory effects, and K/BxN mice, a T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic model, to study the effect of age and microbiota on autoimmune arthritis. Comparing young and middle-aged K/BxN T cells of the same TCR specificity allows us to study T cells with an age focus eliminating a key variable: TCR repertoire alteration with age. In addition to joints, we also studied pathological changes in the lung, an important extra-articular RA manifestation. We used flow cytometry to evaluate T follicular helper (Tfh) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, as they both contribute to autoantibody production, a key disease index in both RA and K/BxN arthritis. Results Middle-aged K/BxN mice had aggravated arthritis and pathological changes in the lung compared to young mice. Middle-aged mice displayed a strong accumulation of Tfh but not Th17 cells, and had defective Th17 differentiation and low expression of interleukin-23, a critical cytokine for Th17 maintenance. Although a soaring Tfh cell population accompanied by robust germinal center B cell responses were found in middle-aged mice, there was decreased cycling of Tfh cells, and SFB only induced the non-Tfh cells to upregulate Bcl-6, the Tfh master transcription factor, in the young but not the middle-aged group. Finally, the accumulated Tfh cells in middle-aged mice had an effector phenotype (CD62LloCD44hi). Conclusion Age-dependent Tfh cell accumulation may play a crucial role in the increased autoimmune disease phenotype in middle-age. SFB, a potent stimulus for inducing Tfh differentiation, fails to promote Tfh differentiation in middle-aged K/BxN mice, suggesting that most of the middle-aged Tfh cells with an effector phenotype are Tfh effector memory cells induced at an earlier age. Our results also indicate that exposure to immunomodulatory commensals may allow the young host to develop an overactive immune system reminiscent of that found in the middle-aged host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Krysta M Felix
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - C Pierce Bradley
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Debdut Naskar
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Heqing Ma
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Walid A Raslan
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Hsin-Jung Joyce Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA. .,Arizona Arthritis Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
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32
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Bektas A, Schurman SH, Sen R, Ferrucci L. Human T cell immunosenescence and inflammation in aging. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:977-988. [PMID: 28733462 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri0716-335r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process is driven by a finite number of inter-related mechanisms that ultimately lead to the emergence of characteristic phenotypes, including increased susceptibility to multiple chronic diseases, disability, and death. New assays and analytical tools have become available that start to unravel some of these mechanisms. A prevailing view is that aging leads to an imbalance between stressors and stress-buffering mechanisms that causes loss of compensatory reserve and accumulation of unrepaired damage. Central to this paradigm are changes in the immune system and the chronic low-grade proinflammatory state that affect many older individuals, even when they are apparently healthy and free of risk factors. Independent of chronological age, high circulating levels of proinflammatory markers are associated with a high risk of multiple adverse health outcomes in older persons. In this review, we discuss current theories about causes and consequences of the proinflammatory state of aging, with a focus on changes in T cell function. We examine the role of NF-κB activation and its dysregulation and how NF-κB activity differs among subgroups of T cells. We explore emerging hypotheses about immunosenescence and changes in T cell behavior with age, including consideration of the T cell antigen receptor and regulatory T cells (Tregs). We conclude by illustrating how research using advanced technology is uncovering clues at the core of inflammation and aging. Some of the preliminary work in this field is already improving our understanding of the complex mechanisms by which immunosenescence of T cells is intertwined during human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsun Bektas
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shepherd H Schurman
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; and
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
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33
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Turner VM, Mabbott NA. Structural and functional changes to lymph nodes in ageing mice. Immunol Suppl 2017; 151:239-247. [PMID: 28207940 PMCID: PMC5418465 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LN) are secondary lymphoid organs spread throughout the lymphatic system. They function to filter pathogenic material from the lymphatic fluid to maintain the health of the organism. Subcapsular sinus macrophages (SCSM) are among the first-responders within the LN due to their strategic location within the subcapsular sinus region. These macrophages aid the delivery of immune complexes to B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) within the LN. Here we show an increase in SCSM and other macrophage populations within aged LN. However, immune complex uptake by macrophages within LN was not altered with age, nor was immune complex uptake by B cells. LN stromal cell populations, important in immune responses and the localization and survival of leucocytes, were altered in their representation and distribution in aged LN. In particular, FDC regions were decreased in size and had decreased chemokine CXCL13 expression. Furthermore, the retention of immune complexes by FDC was decreased in aged LN at 24 hr post-injection. As FDC are important in the maintenance of germinal centre responses, the decreased retention of immune complex in aged LN may contribute to the reduced germinal centre responses observed in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M. Turner
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
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34
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Sage AP, Mallat Z. Readapting the adaptive immune response - therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3926-3939. [PMID: 28052311 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a major global health issue, with the development of atherosclerosis as a major underlying cause. Our treatment of cardiovascular disease has improved greatly over the past three decades, but much remains to be done reduce disease burden. Current priorities include reducing atherosclerosis advancement to clinically significant stages and preventing plaque rupture or erosion. Inflammation and involvement of the adaptive immune system influences all these aspects and therefore is one focus for future therapeutic development. The atherosclerotic vascular wall is now recognized to be invaded from both sides (arterial lumen and adventitia), for better or worse, by the adaptive immune system. Atherosclerosis is also affected at several stages by adaptive immune responses, overall providing many opportunities to target these responses and to reduce disease progression. Protective influences that may be defective in diseased individuals include humoral responses to modified LDL and regulatory T cell responses. There are many strategies in development to boost these pathways in humans, including vaccine-based therapies. The effects of various existing adaptive immune targeting therapies, such as blocking critical co-stimulatory pathways or B cell depletion, on cardiovascular disease are beginning to emerge with important consequences for both autoimmune disease patients and the potential for wider use of such therapies. Entering the translation phase for adaptive immune targeting therapies is an exciting and promising prospect. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sage
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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35
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Maiborodin IV, Agzaev MK, Ragimova TM, Maiborodina VI. The features of lymph-node reaction to tissue damage in the lymph-drainage area in elderly rats. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057017010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Purwada A, Singh A. Immuno-engineered organoids for regulating the kinetics of B-cell development and antibody production. Nat Protoc 2016; 12:168-182. [PMID: 28005068 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Induction of B-cell immunity against infection depends on the initiation of the germinal center (GC) reaction in secondary lymphoid organs. Ex vivo recapitulation of the GC reaction in 2D cultures results in transient cell growth, with poor yield and short-term survival. Furthermore, no reported 2D ex vivo system can modulate the kinetics of a GC-like phenotype or the rate of antibody class switching. This protocol describes a methodology for developing immune organoids that partially mimic the B-cell zone of a lymphoid tissue, for efficient and rapid generation of B cells with a GC-like phenotype from naive murine B cells. The organoid is composed of a bioadhesive protein, gelatin, that is transformed into an ionically cross-linked hydrated network using biocompatible silicate nanoparticles (SiNPs). We explain how to establish the immune organoid culture to sustain immune cell proliferation and transformation into a GC-like phenotype. Starting with cell encapsulation in digested lymphoid tissues, clusters of proliferating B cells with a GC-like phenotype can be generated in the organoids at controlled rates, within ∼1 week. The culture methodology described here is currently the only one that allows the accelerated induction of a GC-like phenotype in B cells and supports a controllable immunoglobulin class-switching reaction. This method can be easily implemented in a typical tissue culture room by personnel with standard mammalian cell culture expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Purwada
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ankur Singh
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Pilkinton MA, Nicholas KJ, Warren CM, Smith RM, Yoder SM, Talbot HK, Kalams SA. Greater activation of peripheral T follicular helper cells following high dose influenza vaccine in older adults forecasts seroconversion. Vaccine 2016; 35:329-336. [PMID: 27919633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza related morbidity and mortality disproportionately impacts older adults. The serologic response to vaccine is diminished in older adults; however, high dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD IIV) has shown improved rates of seroconversion compared to standard dose (SD IIV). We hypothesize this may be due to the superior ability of high dose vaccine to activate T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and provide B cell dependent T cell help. METHODS We measured peripheral Tfh (pTfh) activation in 50 community dwelling adults 65years or older who were randomly assigned to receive either the HD IIV or SD IIV. RESULTS The HD vaccination elicited significantly higher levels of ICOS expression on pTfh cells, at day 7 compared to SD vaccination (p=0.02). The magnitude of the increase in ICOS+ pTfh cells from baseline to day 7 was predictive of seroconversion for both influenza A and B vaccination. CONCLUSION Strong Tfh activation in response to influenza vaccination forecasts successful seroconversion in older adults, and HD IIV elicits greater Tfh activation than SD IIV. Future vaccine studies should focus on ways to further optimize the Tfh response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Pilkinton
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Katherine J Nicholas
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Christian M Warren
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Rita M Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Sandra M Yoder
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN 38232, United States; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN 38232, United States.
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Maiborodin IV, Agzaev MK, Ragimova TM, Maiborodin II. Age-related changes in the structure of lymphoid organs: A review of the literature. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057016040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Activated Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells Are Associated with Disease Severity in Patients with Psoriasis. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7346030. [PMID: 27774460 PMCID: PMC5059604 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7346030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells are known to be involved in numerous immune-mediated diseases, but their pathological role in psoriasis is less fully investigated. Herein, we aimed to identify whether cTfh cells contributed to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The frequency and function of cTfh cells were compared between patients with psoriasis vulgaris and healthy controls, and the infiltration of Tfh cells was detected between lesional and nonlesional skin tissues of psoriasis patients. Moreover, the dynamic change of cTfh cells before and after acitretin treatment was evaluated. Our results showed both increased frequency and activation (indicated by higher expression of ICOS, PD-1, HLA-DR, and Ki-67 and increased production of IL-21, IL-17, and IFN-γ) of cTfh cells in psoriasis patients. Compared with nonlesional skin tissues of psoriasis patients, the number of infiltrated Tfh cells was significantly increased in psoriasis lesions. In addition, positive correlations between the percentage of cTfh, functional markers on cTfh cells in peripheral blood and disease severity were noted. Furthermore, the frequency of cTfh cells and the levels of cytokines secreted by cTfh cells were all significantly decreased after 1-month treatment.
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40
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van der Heiden M, van Zelm MC, Bartol SJW, de Rond LGH, Berbers GAM, Boots AMH, Buisman AM. Differential effects of Cytomegalovirus carriage on the immune phenotype of middle-aged males and females. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26892. [PMID: 27243552 PMCID: PMC4886678 DOI: 10.1038/srep26892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population is more susceptible to infections as a result of an altered immune response, commonly referred to as immunosenescence. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infection associated changes in blood lymphocytes are known to impact this process, but the interaction with gender remains unclear. Therefore, we analysed the effects and interaction of gender and CMV on the absolute numbers of a comprehensive set of naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets in people between 50 and 65 years of age. Enumeration and characterisation of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry was performed on fresh whole blood samples from 255 middle-aged persons. CMV-IgG serostatus was determined by ELISA. Gender was a major factor affecting immune cell numbers. CMV infection was mainly associated with an expansion of late-differentiated T-cell subsets. CMV+ males carried lower numbers of total CD4+, CD4+ central memory (CM) and follicular helper T-cells than females and CMV- males. Moreover, CMV+ males had significantly lower numbers of regulatory T (Treg)-cells and memory B-cells than CMV+ females. We here demonstrate an interaction between the effects of CMV infection and gender on T- and B-cells in middle-aged individuals. These differential effects on adaptive immunity between males and females may have implications for vaccination strategies at middle-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van der Heiden
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Lia G. H. de Rond
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A. M. Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M. H. Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The success of most vaccines relies on the generation of antibodies to provide protection against subsequent infection; this in turn depends on a robust germinal centre (GC) response that culminates in the production of long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells. The size and quality of the GC response are directed by a specialised subset of CD4
+ T cells: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells provide growth and differentiation signals to GC B cells and mediate positive selection of high-affinity B cell clones in the GC, thereby determining which B cells exit the GC as plasma cells and memory B cells. Because of their central role in the production of long-lasting humoral immunity, Tfh cells represent an interesting target for rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Danika L Hill
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
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42
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Enhanced humoral response to influenza vaccine in aged mice with a novel adjuvant, rOv-ASP-1. Vaccine 2016; 34:887-92. [PMID: 26795365 PMCID: PMC4731280 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza-specific antibody levels were significantly increased after immunization with TIV + rOv-ASP-1 in aged mice. rOv-ASP-1 was superior to the conventional adjuvant alum in inducing specific IgG after TIV immunization in aged mice. Co-administration of rOv-ASP-1 induced cross-reactive antibody and enhanced cross-protection.
Immunization is the best way to prevent seasonal epidemics and pandemics of influenza. There are two kinds of influenza vaccines available in the United States: an inactivated vaccine (TIV) and an attenuated vaccine; however, only TIV is approved for immunization of the elderly population. While the aged population has the highest rate of influenza vaccination, the protective efficacy is low as evidenced by elderly individuals having the highest mortality associated with influenza. Recently, we reported that an adjuvant derived from the helminth parasite Onchocerca volvulus, named O. volvulus activation-associated secreted protein-1 (Ov-ASP-1), can significantly enhance the protective efficacy of an inactivated vaccine (TIV) in young adult mice. In the current study, we examined whether this recombinant Ov-ASP-1 (rOv-ASP-1) can enhance the efficacy of TIV in aged mice as well. While primary immunization with TIV alone produced only a low level of influenza-specific antibodies (total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c) in aged mice, the antibody levels were significantly increased after immunization with TIV + rOv-ASP-1. More importantly, the level of the total IgG in aged mice administered TIV + rOv-ASP-1 was comparable to that of young adult mice immunized with TIV alone. Co-administration of rOv-ASP-1 induced a low level of cross-reactive antibody and enhanced the protective efficacy of TIV in aged mice, reflected by significantly increased survival after challenge with a heterologous influenza virus. rOv-ASP-1 was also superior to the conventional adjuvant alum in inducing specific IgG after TIV immunization in aged mice, and in conferring protection after challenge. These results demonstrate that rOv-ASP-1 may serve as a potential adjuvant for influenza vaccine to improve the efficacy of protection in the elderly.
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Richner JM, Gmyrek GB, Govero J, Tu Y, van der Windt GJW, Metcalf TU, Haddad EK, Textor J, Miller MJ, Diamond MS. Age-Dependent Cell Trafficking Defects in Draining Lymph Nodes Impair Adaptive Immunity and Control of West Nile Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015. [PMID: 26204259 PMCID: PMC4512688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired immune responses in the elderly lead to reduced vaccine efficacy and increased susceptibility to viral infections. Although several groups have documented age-dependent defects in adaptive immune priming, the deficits that occur prior to antigen encounter remain largely unexplored. Herein, we identify novel mechanisms for compromised adaptive immunity that occurs with aging in the context of infection with West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus that preferentially causes disease in the elderly. An impaired IgM and IgG response and enhanced vulnerability to WNV infection during aging was linked to delayed germinal center formation in the draining lymph node (DLN). Adoptive transfer studies and two-photon intravital microscopy revealed a decreased trafficking capacity of donor naïve CD4+ T cells from old mice, which manifested as impaired T cell diapedesis at high endothelial venules and reduced cell motility within DLN prior to antigen encounter. Furthermore, leukocyte accumulation in the DLN within the first few days of WNV infection or antigen-adjuvant administration was diminished more generally in old mice and associated with a second aging-related defect in local cytokine and chemokine production. Thus, age-dependent cell-intrinsic and environmental defects in the DLN result in delayed immune cell recruitment and antigen recognition. These deficits compromise priming of early adaptive immune responses and likely contribute to the susceptibility of old animals to acute WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Richner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz B. Gmyrek
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yizheng Tu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gerritje J. W. van der Windt
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Talibah U. Metcalf
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Johannes Textor
- Department of Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Dhaeze T, Peelen E, Hombrouck A, Peeters L, Van Wijmeersch B, Lemkens N, Lemkens P, Somers V, Lucas S, Broux B, Stinissen P, Hellings N. Circulating Follicular Regulatory T Cells Are Defective in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:832-40. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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45
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Wong MT, Chen J, Narayanan S, Lin W, Anicete R, Kiaang HTK, De Lafaille MAC, Poidinger M, Newell EW. Mapping the Diversity of Follicular Helper T Cells in Human Blood and Tonsils Using High-Dimensional Mass Cytometry Analysis. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1822-33. [PMID: 26074076 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell analysis technologies such as mass cytometry allow for measurements of cellular heterogeneity with unprecedented dimensionality. Here, we applied dimensionality reduction and automated clustering methods on human T helper (T(H)) cells derived from peripheral blood and tonsils, which showed differential cell composition and extensive T(H) cell heterogeneity. Notably, this analysis revealed numerous subtypes of follicular helper T (T(FH)) cells that followed a continuum spanning both blood and tonsils. Furthermore, we identified tonsillar CXCR5(lo)PD-1(lo)CCR7(lo) T(FH) cells expressing interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), or Foxp3, indicating that T(FH) cells exhibit diverse functional capacities within extrafollicular stages. Regression analysis demonstrated that CXCR5(lo)PD-1(-) and CXCR5(lo)PD-1(lo) cells accumulate during childhood in secondary lymphoid organs, supporting previous findings that these subsets represent memory T(FH) cells. This study provides an in-depth comparison of human blood and tonsillar T(FH) cells and outlines a general approach for subset discovery and hypothesizing of cellular progressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Wong
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sriram Narayanan
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rosslyn Anicete
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Henry Tan Kun Kiaang
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | | | - Michael Poidinger
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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46
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Metcalf TU, Cubas RA, Ghneim K, Cartwright MJ, Grevenynghe JV, Richner JM, Olagnier DP, Wilkinson PA, Cameron MJ, Park BS, Hiscott JB, Diamond MS, Wertheimer AM, Nikolich‐Zugich J, Haddad EK. Global analyses revealed age-related alterations in innate immune responses after stimulation of pathogen recognition receptors. Aging Cell 2015; 14:421-32. [PMID: 25728020 PMCID: PMC4406671 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging leads to dysregulation of multiple components of the immune system that results in increased susceptibility to infections and poor response to vaccines in the aging population. The dysfunctions of adaptive B and T cells are well documented, but the effect of aging on innate immunity remains incompletely understood. Using a heterogeneous population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we first undertook transcriptional profiling and found that PBMCs isolated from old individuals (≥ 65 years) exhibited a delayed and altered response to stimulation with TLR4, TLR7/8, and RIG-I agonists compared to cells obtained from adults (≤ 40 years). This delayed response to innate immune agonists resulted in the reduced production of pro-inflammatory and antiviral cytokines and chemokines including TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, IFNα, IFNγ, CCL2, and CCL7. While the major monocyte and dendritic cell subsets did not change numerically with aging, activation of specific cell types was altered. PBMCs from old subjects also had a lower frequency of CD40+ monocytes, impaired up-regulation of PD-L1 on monocytes and T cells, and increased expression of PD-L2 and B7-H4 on B cells. The defective immune response to innate agonists adversely affected adaptive immunity as TLR-stimulated PBMCs (minus CD3 T cells) from old subjects elicited significantly lower levels of adult T-cell proliferation than those from adult subjects in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Collectively, these age-associated changes in cytokine, chemokine and interferon production, as well as co-stimulatory protein expression could contribute to the blunted memory B- and T-cell immune responses to vaccines and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talibah U. Metcalf
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida 9801 SW Discovery Way Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
| | - Rafael A. Cubas
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida 9801 SW Discovery Way Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Michael J. Cartwright
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida 9801 SW Discovery Way Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
| | - Julien Van Grevenynghe
- Lady Davis Institute Jewish General Hospital McGill University Montreal QC H3T 1E2Canada
| | - Justin M. Richner
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110USA
| | - David P. Olagnier
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida 9801 SW Discovery Way Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
| | - Peter A. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Byung S. Park
- Division of Biostatistics Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239USA
| | - John B. Hiscott
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida 9801 SW Discovery Way Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110USA
| | - Anne M. Wertheimer
- Department of Immunobiology and Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
- Department of the Arizona Center on Aging University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ 85724USA
| | - Janko Nikolich‐Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology and Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
- Department of the Arizona Center on Aging University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ 85724USA
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida 9801 SW Discovery Way Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
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Zhao H, Bauzon F, Bi E, Yu JJ, Fu H, Lu Z, Cui J, Jeon H, Zang X, Ye BH, Zhu L. Substituting threonine 187 with alanine in p27Kip1 prevents pituitary tumorigenesis by two-hit loss of Rb1 and enhances humoral immunity in old age. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5797-809. [PMID: 25583987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.625350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p27Kip1 (p27) is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Inhibiting p27 protein degradation is an actively developing cancer therapy strategy. One focus has been to identify small molecule inhibitors to block recruitment of Thr-187-phosphorylated p27 (p27T187p) to SCF(Skp2/Cks1) ubiquitin ligase. Since phosphorylation of Thr-187 is required for this recruitment, p27T187A knockin (KI) mice were generated to determine the effects of systemically blocking interaction between p27 and Skp2/Cks1 on tumor susceptibility and other proliferation related mouse physiology. Rb1(+/-) mice develop pituitary tumors with full penetrance and the tumors are invariably Rb1(-/-), modeling tumorigenesis by two-hit loss of RB1 in humans. Immunization induced humoral immunity depends on rapid B cell proliferation and clonal selection in germinal centers (GCs) and declines with age in mice and humans. Here, we show that p27T187A KI prevented pituitary tumorigenesis in Rb1(+/-) mice and corrected decline in humoral immunity in older mice following immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). These findings reveal physiological contexts that depend on p27 ubiquitination by SCF(Skp2-Cks1) ubiquitin ligase and therefore help forecast clinical potentials of Skp2/Cks1-p27T187p interaction inhibitors. We further show that GC B cells and T cells use different mechanisms to regulate their p27 protein levels, and propose a T helper cell exhaustion model resembling that of stem cell exhaustion to understand decline in T cell-dependent humoral immunity in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhao
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | - Frederick Bauzon
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Hao Fu
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | - Zhonglei Lu
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | - Jinhua Cui
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
| | - Hyungjun Jeon
- Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center and Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | - Liang Zhu
- From the Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, and Medicine, and
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48
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Hu R, Kagele DA, Huffaker TB, Runtsch MC, Alexander M, Liu J, Bake E, Su W, Williams MA, Rao DS, Möller T, Garden GA, Round JL, O'Connell RM. miR-155 promotes T follicular helper cell accumulation during chronic, low-grade inflammation. Immunity 2015; 41:605-19. [PMID: 25367574 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a contributing factor to most life-shortening human diseases. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that sustain chronic inflammatory responses remain poorly understood, making it difficult to treat this deleterious condition. Using a mouse model of age-dependent inflammation that results from a deficiency in miR-146a, we demonstrate that miR-155 contributed to the progressive inflammatory disease that emerged as Mir146a(-/-) mice grew older. Upon analyzing lymphocytes from inflamed versus healthy middle-aged mice, we found elevated numbers of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and autoantibodies, all occurring in a miR-155-dependent manner. Further, Cd4-cre Mir155(fl/fl) mice were generated and demonstrated that miR-155 functions in T cells, in addition to its established role in B cells, to promote humoral immunity in a variety of contexts. Taken together, our study discovers that miR-146a and miR-155 counterregulate Tfh cell development that drives aberrant GC reactions during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dominique A Kagele
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Thomas B Huffaker
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Marah C Runtsch
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Margaret Alexander
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin Bake
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew A Williams
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dinesh S Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, 4280 JMRB, 15 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Winkler TH, Waisman A. With a little help from my old T cell: memory follicular T helper cells driving autoimmunity? Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2869-71. [PMID: 25216178 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that the B cell repertoire includes cells that are capable of producing autoantibodies and that these cells can be found in humans and also in wild type strains of laboratory mice; however, normally, these B cells do not give rise to plasma cells, and thus do not fulfil their autoimmune potential. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Nusser et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 2893-2902] dissect the mechanism by which these B cells are activated and autoantibodies are produced. The authors demonstrate that T cells, most likely antigen-specific, which accumulate with age or as a result of homeostatic proliferation, provide essential help to these autoreactive B cells. Hence, this study reveals a previously under appreciated mechanism, by which T cells, possibly generated with age after exposure to a variety of antigens, break immunological tolerance and lead to the generation of autoantibodies that could contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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50
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Linterman MA, Denton AE, Divekar DP, Zvetkova I, Kane L, Ferreira C, Veldhoen M, Clare S, Dougan G, Espéli M, Smith KGC. CD28 expression is required after T cell priming for helper T cell responses and protective immunity to infection. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25347065 PMCID: PMC4241536 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-stimulatory molecule CD28 is essential for activation of helper T cells. Despite this critical role, it is not known whether CD28 has functions in maintaining T cell responses following activation. To determine the role for CD28 after T cell priming, we generated a strain of mice where CD28 is removed from CD4+ T cells after priming. We show that continued CD28 expression is important for effector CD4+ T cells following infection; maintained CD28 is required for the expansion of T helper type 1 cells, and for the differentiation and maintenance of T follicular helper cells during viral infection. Persistent CD28 is also required for clearance of the bacterium Citrobacter rodentium from the gastrointestinal tract. Together, this study demonstrates that CD28 persistence is required for helper T cell polarization in response to infection, describing a novel function for CD28 that is distinct from its role in T cell priming. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03180.001 Invasion by a bacterium or virus typically activates a mammalian host's immune system to eliminate the pathogen. The cells of the so-called ‘innate immune system’ are the body's first line of defense against infection, and these cells patrol the organs and tissues in an effort to locate and eliminate pathogens quickly. The innate immune response is rapid and non-specific, but often cannot completely clear an infection. When necessary, innate immune cells will escalate the immune response by activating the second branch of the immune system, called the ‘adaptive immune system’. This specifically targets and eradicates an invading pathogen. T cells are essential components of the adaptive immune system, and these cells can be readily distinguished from other types of cell by proteins called T cell receptors (or TCRs) found on their surface. There are also different types of T cell, each with a specific function. T helper cells, for example, help other adaptive immune cells to mature and activate, which involves these immune cells proliferating and developing into more specialized cells. For a T cell to activate, two events must occur at the same time. First, the TCR must recognize and bind to a fragment of the pathogen that is presented to it by an innate immune cell. And second, ‘co-stimulatory molecules’ present on the surfaces of both the T cell and the same innate immune cell must interact. Using these two signals to activate a T cell helps to ensure the adaptive immune response is not ‘unleashed‘ unnecessarily. Co-stimulatory molecules have become popular targets for therapies aimed at treating autoimmune disorders—where the immune system attacks and destroys the body's own tissues. One of the most well studied co-stimulatory molecules expressed by T cells is called CD28; however, it remained unknown whether CD28 is involved in any processes after T cell activation. Now, Linterman et al. reveal that the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule plays a number of roles in addition to T cell activation. For example, a newly developed mouse model showed that CD28 must remain on the surface of T helper cells after they have been activated for these cells to effectively specialize. Linterman et al. also discovered that CD28 helps different T helper cell subtypes to develop. Linterman et al. demonstrate that CD28 is critical throughout a host's response to infection, and suggest that if CD28 is lost on activated T cells (which happens during aging, HIV infection and autoimmune diseases) the responses of T helper cells become limited. Furthermore, these findings reveal that treatments that target the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule will also affect on-going immune responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03180.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Denton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Devina P Divekar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Espéli
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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