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Abiri B, Ahmadi AR, Valizadeh A, Akbari M, Hosseinpanah F, Nikoohemmat M, Valizadeh M, Vafa M. Trend analysis, gender-specific patterns, and age dynamics of childhood and adolescent obesity: insights from the Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2764. [PMID: 39390472 PMCID: PMC11465704 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-20307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood and adolescent obesity pose significant challenges to global health, with escalating prevalence and associated short- and long-term health consequences. This longitudinal study leveraged data from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) to investigate the trends of obesity among Tehranian children and adolescents over a 21-year period. METHODS Utilizing data from TLGS phases I to VII (1999-2021), we included 3845 participants aged 3-18 years at the beginning of phase I. Anthropometric measures, including height and weight, were collected, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Childhood obesity (2-19 years) was defined as BMI-for-age > 2SD based on World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and adult obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30. Descriptive statistics, trend analysis, prevalence calculations, odds ratios, and interaction analyses were employed for data interpretation. RESULTS The mean BMI increased from 18.46 ± 4.37 kg/m² at Phase I to 26.36 ± 5.03 kg/m² at Phase VII. Boys exhibited a greater increase in BMI than girls, and age at study entry influenced BMI trajectories. The prevalence of obesity rose from 6.4% at Phase I to 21.5% at Phase VII, with a more pronounced increase in boys. Odds ratios for obesity steadily increased across phases, indicating a growing risk. Interaction analyses revealed age-specific dynamics, with older participants demonstrating lower odds ratios initially but higher odds ratios in later phases. CONCLUSION Our study shows a worrisome increase in childhood obesity among Tehranian children and adolescents over 21 years. Sex- and age-specific trends emphasize the necessity for targeted interventions, informing policymakers, healthcare practitioners, and educators regarding public health strategies and interventions against the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Abiri
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Valizadeh
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Akbari
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farhad Hosseinpanah
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nikoohemmat
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Valizadeh
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jørgensen RM, Støvring H, Østergaard JN, Hede S, Svendsen K, Vestergaard ET, Bruun JM. Long-Term Change in BMI for Children with Obesity Treated in Family-Centered Lifestyle Interventions. Obes Facts 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39265552 DOI: 10.1159/000540389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several evaluations of lifestyle interventions for childhood obesity exist; however, follow-up beyond 2 years is necessary to validate the effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate long-term weight development following children participating in one of two pragmatic family-centered lifestyle interventions treating childhood obesity. METHODS This real-life observational study included Danish children 4-17 years of age classified as having obesity. Data from 2010 to 2020, from two community-based family-centered lifestyle interventions (designated hereafter as the Aarhus- and the Randers-intervention) were merged with national registers and routine health check-ups, including height and weight. Adjusted mixed effect models were used to model changes in body mass index (BMI) z score. We performed exploratory analyses of the development in BMI z-score within stratified subgroups of children treated in the interventions before investigating potential effect modifications induced by sex, age, family structure, socioeconomic, or immigration status. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 2.8 years (interquartile range: 1.3; 4.8), 703 children participated in an intervention (445 the Aarhus-intervention; 258 the Randers-intervention) and 2,337 children were not invited to participate (no-intervention). Children in both interventions experienced a comparable reduction in BMI z-scores during the first 6 months compared to the no-intervention group (Aarhus-intervention: -0.12 SD/year and Randers-intervention: -0.25 SD/year). Only children in the Randers-intervention reduced their BMI z-score throughout follow-up (Aarhus-intervention vs. no-intervention: 0.01 SD/year; confidence interval [CI]: -0.01; 0.04; Randers-intervention vs. no-intervention: -0.05 SD/year; CI: -0.08; -0.02). In subgroup comparisons, combining the two interventions, family income below the median (-0.05 SD/year, CI: -0.02; -0.09), immigrant background (0.04 SD/year, CI: 0.00; 0.07), or receiving intervention less than 1 year (0.04 SD/year, CI: 0.00; 0.08) were associated with a yearly increase in BMI z score. In addition, effect modification analyses did not observe any interaction by sex, age, family structure, socioeconomic, or immigration. CONCLUSIONS Although the more dynamic intervention with longer duration obtained and sustained a minor reduction in BMI z score, the clinical impact may only be modest and still not effective enough to induce a long-term beneficial development in BMI in children with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Møller Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish National Center for Obesity, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Støvring
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Susanne Hede
- Department of Children and Youth, Aarhus Municipality, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Esben Thyssen Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Meldgaard Bruun
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish National Center for Obesity, Aarhus, Denmark
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Olsen NJ, Østergaard JN, Bjerregaard LG, Høy TV, Kierkegaard L, Michaelsen KF, Sørensen TIA, Grønbaek MK, Bruun JM, Heitmann BL. A literature review of evidence for primary prevention of overweight and obesity in healthy weight children and adolescents: A report produced by a working group of the Danish Council on Health and Disease Prevention. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13641. [PMID: 37871966 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary prevention targets development of overweight in individuals with healthy weight and is a great challenge. This paper summarizes the main findings of a working group of the Danish Council on Health and Disease Prevention that reviewed the literature on primary prevention of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The results were presented in a Danish report, in which a 2019 Cochrane review on childhood obesity prevention was complemented by searches in PubMed to include all relevant subsequent studies published from January 2018 until March 2020. In this paper, the review was updated until June 2023. Numerous childhood overweight prevention interventions have been developed during the past decades, primarily targeting diet and/or physical activity. Several of these interventions showed positive effects on diet and physical activity level but did not show effects on risk of developing overweight. The evidence foundation is inconsistent as four out of five interventions did not show positive effects. Previously observed intervention effects may not reflect excessive weight gain prevention among children with healthy weight but rather bodyweight reduction among those with overweight or obesity. We do not have sufficient knowledge about how to prevent children with healthy weight from developing overweight, and creative solutions are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna J Olsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jane N Østergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lise G Bjerregaard
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teresa V Høy
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Kierkegaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten K Grønbaek
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens M Bruun
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish National Center for Obesity, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Berit L Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- The Boden Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Section of General Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Prvulović N, Djordjević M, Pantelić S. Gender differences and climate zones in overweight and obesity prevalence in European elementary school children from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1198877. [PMID: 37808999 PMCID: PMC10558048 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1198877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction After 2000, there are more obese than underweight people in the world. We face a rapid increase in average global warming of 1.5°C, reported as a syndemic problem of three interconnected epidemics: obesity, global warming, and undernutrition. We aimed to analyze the impact and association between global warming and obesity in children and differences by gender across Europe after 2000. Methods We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Embase databases. The considered population were children aged 6-14. Only cross-sectional studies that defined obesity by the IOTF cutoffs and the subjects' place of residence, used to determine precise climate zones, were included. We assessed the prevalence of obesity and overweight using a random-effects and the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect method when heterogeneity was greater/lower than 50%. We did a subgroup analysis for prevalence across gender, obesity, and overweight, two decades, regions, countries, and the Köppen-Geiger climate zones. Random effects of the meta-regression were used to study the global warming impact and differences in trends across European countries by gender for both conditions separately. Results We identified 114 studies that included 985,971 children from 39 European countries. A significant difference between genders was in favor of obese girls 4.78 (95% CI: 3.85-5.93) versus boys 5.76% (95% CI: 5.11-6.48, p = 0.03), respectively, but not for overweight children. Most of the obese girls were in South Europe 7.51% (95% CI: 6.61-8.51) versus East Europe 2.86% (95% CI: 23-3.12), versus boys in South Europe 8.66% (95% CI: 7.68-9.74) and North Europe 3.49% (95% CI: 2.90-4.19), respectively. The "cold" Köppen-Geiger climate zone, with lowest temperatures, has the largest trend rise between two decades of 2.8% and 1.53% for obese girls and boys, and 5.31% and 1.81% for overweight girls and boys, respectively, followed by the smallest number of obese girls 3.28% (95% CI: 2.17-4.92) and boys 3.58% (95% CI: 2.39-5.33), versus the zone with the highest temperatures "hot" for girls 7.02% (95% CI: 6.30-7.82) and for boys 8.23% (95% CI: 7.55-8.96), respectively. The meta-regression proved global warming has a significant impact on the distribution of obesity and overweight across climate zones, R2 = 0.52 and R2 = 0.22. No significant gender differences, or significant interaction, was noted. Conclusion Our meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the association between and impact of global warming on obesity. This impact increases obesity among children in Europe throughout all climate zones, and emphasizes an urgent call for further preventive methods in schools, since obesity differences continue their trend of disappearing into the future.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021282127, identifier: CRD42021282127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Prvulović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Saša Pantelić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Bygdell M, Célind J, Lilja L, Martikainen J, Simonson L, Sjögren L, Ohlsson C, Kindblom JM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity from 5 to 19 years of age in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:3349-3355. [PMID: 34464992 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to present prevalence data for overweight and obesity across school age in a large, recent, population-based cohort of children in Gothenburg, Sweden. METHODS We included 66,807 children (48.5% girls) aged 5-18.9 years who had their height and weight measured in school health care 2015-2018. The BMI values were categorised according to the age-dependent cut-offs for overweight and obesity from the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). RESULTS Overall, the prevalence of overweight and obesity for girls and boys was 18.1% and 18.0%, respectively. We observed increasing proportions of overweight (girls 11.5-17.1% and boys 8.4-17.4%) and obesity (girls 3.0-4.2% and boys 2.7-6.1%) with increasing age (p < 0.001 for trend in both sexes). Moreover, girls had higher prevalence of overweight during ages 5.0 to 8.9 years compared with boys (p < 0.001), while boys had higher prevalence of obesity 15.0-18.9 years compared with girls (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, we demonstrate increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity across the entire school age range, as well as differences in prevalences between boys and girls, in a population-based sample of 67,000 children in Gothenburg city, Sweden. Continuous monitoring of schoolchildren, together with effective preventive measures, is crucial to curb the obesity epidemic and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bygdell
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jimmy Célind
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics Institute of Clinical Sciences The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lina Lilja
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Research and Development Primary Health Care and Kungshöjd Pediatric Clinic Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jari Martikainen
- Bioinformatics Core Facility The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lena Simonson
- School Health Services The City of Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lovisa Sjögren
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics Institute of Clinical Sciences The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Hallands Hospital Halmstad Department of Pediatrics Halmstad Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Department of Drug Treatment Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jenny M. Kindblom
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine The Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland Pediatric Clinical Research Center Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
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Managing Implementation of a Parental Support Programme for Obesity Prevention in the School Context: The Importance of Creating Commitment in an Overburdened Work Situation, a Qualitative Study. J Prim Prev 2021; 41:191-209. [PMID: 32157622 PMCID: PMC7230040 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-020-00584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Health-related behaviours in children can be influenced by parental support programmes. The aim of this study was to explore barriers to and facilitators for the implementation of a parental support programme to promote physical activity and healthy dietary habits in a school context. We explored the views and experiences of 17 coordinating school nurses, non-coordinating school nurses, and school principals. We based the interview guide on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. We held four focus group discussions with coordinating and non-coordinating school nurses, and conducted three individual interviews with school principals. We analysed data inductively using qualitative content analysis. We identified "Creating commitment in an overburdened work situation" as an overarching theme, emphasising the high workload in schools and the importance of creating commitment, by giving support to and including staff in the implementation process. We also identified barriers to and facilitators of implementation within four categories: (1) community and organisational factors, (2) a matter of priority, (3) implementation support, and (4) implementation process. When implementing a parental support programme to promote physical activity and healthy dietary habits for 5- to 7-year-old children in the school context, it is important to create commitment among school staff and school nurses. The implementation can be facilitated by political support and additional funding, external guidance, use of pre-existing resources, integration of the programme into school routines, a clearly structured manual, and appointment of a multidisciplinary team. The results of this study should provide useful guidance for the implementation of similar health promotion interventions in the school context.
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Millar SR, Harding M, McCarthy LE, Kelleher V, Harrington JM, James P, Whelton H, Perry IJ. Exploring 12-Year trends in childhood obesity prevalence for the Republic of Ireland - a national study using survey data from 2002 and 2014. HRB Open Res 2021; 4:3. [PMID: 35949452 PMCID: PMC9334843 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12988.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children may have reached a plateau in some developed countries, including Ireland. The aim of this study was to examine 12-year trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary-school-aged children in the Republic of Ireland between 2002 and 2014. Methods: Two large-scale oral health cross-sectional surveys of primary-school-aged children aged 4-13 years were conducted 12 years apart in 2002 (n=14,055; response rate=68%) and 2014 (n=5,223; response rate=67%). Both surveys included standardised and calibrated height and weight measures. Ownership of a means-tested medical card determined economic status. Standard International Obesity Task Force criteria were applied to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity among 4-13-year-olds significantly decreased from 26% (95% CI: 25.1%-26.5%) in 2002 to 24% (95% CI: 22.4%-24.7%) in 2014. Among boys and girls aged 4-13 years, the significant decrease was from 23% (95% CI: 22.1%-24.1%) to 20% (95% CI: 18.9%-22.0 and 28% (95% CI: 27.4%-29.5%) to 27% (95% CI: 25.0%-28.4%), respectively. Among 5-year-old children, the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity significantly decreased from 25% (95% CI: 23.7%-26.2%) to 22% (95% CI: 19.9%-23.4%). In 2002, the estimated prevalence of overweight/obesity was similar in children with and without medical cards, whereas in 2014, overall prevalence was higher in those with medical cards. Conclusions: Results suggest a fall in the prevalence of overweight/obesity between 2002 and 2014, and may suggest a favourable cohort effect. Despite this fall, the overall prevalence remains high and socioeconomic disparities have increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán R. Millar
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Mairead Harding
- Oral Health Services Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
- Cork University Dental School and Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
- Cork Kerry Community Healthcare, Health Service Executive, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Laura E. McCarthy
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Virginia Kelleher
- Oral Health Services Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Patrice James
- Oral Health Services Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Helen Whelton
- Oral Health Services Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
- College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Ivan J. Perry
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
- Oral Health Services Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Co Cork, Ireland
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Ratajczak J, Petriczko E. The Predictors of Obesity among Urban Girls and Boys Aged 8-10 Years-A Cross-Sectional Study in North-Western Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186611. [PMID: 32932779 PMCID: PMC7559587 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children worldwide are increasingly becoming overweight and obese and developing related health problems, including hypertension, lipid disorders, abnormal glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and secondary psychological disorders. The aim of the study was to determine sociodemographic risk factors that predict an increase in BMI in children at an early school age. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study covered 4972 children aged 8-10 years, including boys (N = 2461) and girls (N = 2511). Measurements of basic anthropometric indicators were used, such as body height, body weight, body composition, and physical fitness. The criteria developed by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were adopted. Sociodemographic features were analyzed based on a diagnostic survey. IBM SPSS Statistics v.25 (Mineral Midrange SA, Warsaw, Poland) and IBM SPSS Amos software (Mineral Midrange SA, Warsaw, Poland) were used to perform descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson's chi-square test, Student's t-test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. The statistical significance index was assumed to be p < 0.05, while p < 0.01 was taken as an indicator of a trend which was not completely statistically significant. RESULTS Both the children and their parents had mainly moderate BMI. A total of 78.7% of children were within the weight norm. Among girls, extreme obesity was two times more frequent than extreme underweight. The examined boys were significantly taller, heavier, and had a higher BMI than girls. There were significant differences between boys and girls in BMI; however, gender alone accounted for less than 1% variance. The influence of parents' characteristics was much greater, increasing the explained variance to 10%. Body weight of mothers and fathers (p < 0.001), mother's height (p < 0.01) and both parents' level of education (p < 0.001) were detected as significant predictors of children's BMI. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of selected sociodemographic and health factors determining the BMI of the child population indicates the need for preventive action and health promotion both among children and their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ratajczak
- Department of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-444-27-35
| | - Elzbieta Petriczko
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Disorders and Cardiology of Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland;
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Jackson SE, Llewellyn CH, Smith L. The obesity epidemic - Nature via nurture: A narrative review of high-income countries. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120918265. [PMID: 32435480 PMCID: PMC7222649 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120918265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly in populations around the world. Despite a wealth of research, the relative contributions of the different mechanisms underlying this global epidemic are not fully understood. While there is growing consensus that the rapid rise in obesity prevalence has been driven by changes to the environment, it is evident that biology plays a central role in determining who develops obesity and who remains lean in the current obesogenic environment. This review summarises evidence on the extent to which genes and the environment influence energy intake and energy expenditure, and as a result, contribute to the ongoing global obesity epidemic. The concept of genetic susceptibility to the environment driving human variation in body weight is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Sarah E Jackson, Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Clare H Llewellyn
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Orden AB, Lamarque MS, Apezteguía MC. Trend in childhood obesity reflects socioeconomic status in Argentina. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:531-536. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1694070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia B. Orden
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP, MS/CIC, PBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Muriel S. Lamarque
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP, MS/CIC, PBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C. Apezteguía
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP, MS/CIC, PBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Significant Decrease in Childhood Obesity and Waist Circumference over 15 Years in Switzerland: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081922. [PMID: 31443303 PMCID: PMC6722927 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a global increase in childhood obesity over the past decades, several countries, including Switzerland, have recently reported stabilizing trends. Using national data from school-aged children in Switzerland over the past 16 years, our study aim was to assess changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, central adiposity and predictors of obesity related to lifestyle and parental factors. Nationally representative samples of children aged 6–12 years were studied in 2002 (n = 2493), 2007 (n = 2218), 2012 (n = 2963), and 2017/18 (n = 2279). Height and weight, waist circumference, and multiple skinfold thicknesses were measured. Potential risk factors for overweight and obesity were determined using a self-administered questionnaire in 2017/18, collecting data on diet, physical activity, and parental factors. Prevalence (95% CI) of overweight (incl. obesity) and obesity in 2017/18 was 15.9% (14.4–17.4) and 5.3% (4.5–6.3), respectively. Binary logistic regression revealed a small but significant decrease in the prevalence of overweight (including obesity) since 2002 (OR (95% CI) = 0.988 (0.978–0.997)), while the change in obesity alone was not significant. The most important risk factors for childhood overweight/obesity in 2017/18 were low parental education, non-Swiss origin of the parents, low physical activity of the child, and male sex. In conclusion, we have shown a small but significant declining trend in the childhood overweight/obesity prevalence over the past 15 years in Switzerland. Based on the risk factor analysis, preventive action in schoolchildren might be most effective in boys, migrant populations, and families with lower education, and should emphasize physical activity.
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Lissner L, Mehlig K, Rosengren A, Toren K, Åberg M. A Growing Social Divide in Body Mass Index, Strength, and Fitness of Swedish Male Conscripts. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:232-238. [PMID: 31028008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to monitor trends in socioeconomic inequalities in body mass index (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and muscular strength over several decades in a population of Swedish males aged 18-19 years. METHODS The cohort consists of 1.5 million young men attending military conscript examinations from late 1968 to 2005. Parental education was used as a marker for socioeconomic conditions in the conscripts' families of origin. Changing gradient in BMI, CRF, and muscular strength in sons of parents with higher and lower educational attainment was evaluated during four periods covering 36 years. RESULTS Over the course of the obesity epidemic, BMI remained higher in conscripts with lesser (vs. higher) parental education. Moreover, the absolute difference in obesity prevalence between groups showed a continuous increase, from .6% to 3.9%, indicating growing inequalities. Regarding fitness, lower CRF was consistently associated with less parental education, but with no clear secular trend in the magnitude of the difference. Finally, social differences in muscular strength changed in direction, from lower strength among conscripts with higher parental education in the initial observation period to lower strength associated with lower parental education in the final decade studied. CONCLUSIONS Among Swedish conscripts entering adulthood, social gradients in BMI and obesity widened continuously between 1968 and 2005. An apparent reversal of the earlier gradient in muscular strength in young men may be related to societal trends in occupational and leisure-time physical activity over the observation period. This cohort is being continually monitored through national registries for obesity-related comorbidities in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kirsten Mehlig
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Rosengren
- Department of Cardiovascular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kjell Toren
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Åberg
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Obesity and excess weight are a pandemic phenomenon in the modern world. Childhood and adolescent obesity often ends up in obesity in adults. The costs of obesity and its consequences are staggering for any society, crippling for countries in development. Childhood obesity is also widespread in Macedonia. Metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and carbohydrate intolerance are found in significant numbers. Parents and grandparents are often obese. Some of the children are either dysmorphic, or slightly retarded. We have already described patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome or WAGR syndrome. A genetic screening for mutations in monogenic obesity in children with early, rapid-onset or severe obesity, severe hyperphagia, hypogonadism, intestinal dysfunction, hypopigmentation of hair and skin, postprandial hypoglycaemia, diabetes insipidus, abnormal leptin level and coexistence of lean and obese siblings in the family discovers many genetic forms of obesity. There are about 30 monogenic forms of obesity. In addition, obesity is different in ethnic groups, and the types of monogenic obesity differ. In brief, an increasing number of genes and genetic mechanisms in children continue to be discovered. This sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms of obesity and potentially gives a target for new forms of treatment.
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Enö Persson J, Bohman B, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F, Ghaderi A. Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Child Health Services: Follow-Up of the PRIMROSE Trial. Child Obes 2019; 14:99-105. [PMID: 29232526 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is an urgent public health concern, and there's a need for long-term, high-quality, primary prevention trials targeting parents of young children. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the long-term effect of a parental support program based on motivational interviewing (MI). METHODS A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out in eight Swedish counties. Participating families (N = 1355) were enrolled when the child was 9 months old, and participated in nine sessions during ∼39 months. The aim was to pomote healthy food and physical activity (PA) habits using MI and principles from cognitive behavioral therapy. Nurses in Swedish child health services delivered the intervention, and the control group received usual healthcare. The current study was a 1-year follow-up of effects on children's weight-related measures. Regression analyses were conducted using generalized estimating equations, including analyses to investigate potential parental moderators of the effect. RESULTS There were no statistically significant intervention effects at follow-up [BMI difference = -0.13, p = 0.29, overweight relative risk (RR) = 0.96, p = 0.78, obesity RR = 0.57, p = 0.20]. Maternal waist circumference and unhealthy eating and paternal PA moderated the effect, but effects were small and failed to reach statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS A parent-focused primary prevention intervention based on MI delivered within child health services did not result in effects at 1-year follow-up. The results were in line with those obtained at post-assessment and indicated no late onset of effect. Further studies exploring individual and contextual factors influencing the outcome are called for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Enö Persson
- 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Bohman
- 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .,2 Centre for Psychiatry Research , Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tynelius
- 3 Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .,4 Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Health Care Services , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- 5 Department of Health Sciences, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
| | - Ata Ghaderi
- 1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Perceived child eating behaviours and maternal migrant background. Appetite 2018; 125:302-313. [PMID: 29438715 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a well-established instrument in the study of obesity-related eating behaviours among children. However, research using the CEBQ in multicultural samples is limited. This study aims to identify and examine differences in child eating behaviours as reported by Swedish-born and non-Swedish-born mothers living in Sweden. Mothers (n = 1310, 74 countries of origin, mean age 36.5 years, 63.6% with higher education, 29.2% with overweight or obesity) of children aged 3-8 years (mean age 4.8 years, 18.1% with overweight or obesity) completed the CEBQ. Responses were analysed using CEBQ subscales Food Responsiveness, Emotional Overeating, Enjoyment of Food, and Desire to Drink, clustering into Food Approach, and subscales Satiety Responsiveness, Slowness in Eating, Emotional Undereating, and Food Fussiness, clustering into Food Avoidance. Data were compared across seven regional groups, divided by maternal place of birth: (1) Sweden (n = 941), (2) Nordic and Western Europe (n = 68), (3) Eastern and Southern Europe (n = 97), (4) the Middle East and North Africa (n = 110), (5) East, South and Southeast Asia (n = 52), (6) Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 16), and (7) Central and South America (n = 26). Crude, partly and fully adjusted linear regression models controlled for child's age, gender and weight status, and mother's education, weight status and concern about child weight. The moderation effect of maternal concern about child weight was examined through interaction analyses. Results showed that while Food Approach and Food Avoidance behaviours were associated with maternal migrant background, associations for Food Fussiness were limited. Notably, mothers born in the Middle East and North Africa reported higher frequencies of both Food Approach (except for Enjoyment of Food) and Food Avoidance. The study highlights the importance of examining how regionally-specific maternal migrant background affects mothers' perceptions of child eating behaviours.
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Döring N, Zethraeus N, Tynelius P, de Munter J, Sonntag D, Rasmussen F. Economic Evaluation of PRIMROSE-A Trial-Based Analysis of an Early Childhood Intervention to Prevent Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:104. [PMID: 29593658 PMCID: PMC5861136 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a major clinical and economic health concern. Alongside the clinical understanding of obesity, there is a growing interest in designing and implementing interventions that are worth their money given the scarce resources in the health care sector. This study is one of the first efforts to provide evidence by assessing the effects and costs of a population-based primary prevention intervention targeting pre-school children attending child health centers in Sweden. METHODS The economic evaluation is based on the PRIMROSE cluster-randomized controlled trial aiming to establish healthy eating and physical activity among pre-school children (9-48 months of age) through motivational interviewing applied by trained nurses at child health centers. The cost-effectiveness is assessed over the trial period from a societal perspective. The primary outcome was BMI at age 4. Cost data was prospectively collected alongside the trial. Scenario analyses were carried out to identify uncertainty. RESULTS The estimated additional mean total costs of the PRIMROSE intervention were 342 Euro (95% CI: 334; 348) per child. During pre-school years direct costs mainly consist of training costs and costs for the additional time used by nurses to implement the intervention compared to usual care. Early indirect costs mainly consist of parents' absence from work due to their participation in the intervention. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in the base case analysis was 3,109 Euro per 1 BMI unit prevented. CONCLUSION We cannot provide evidence that the PRIMROSE intervention is cost-effective, given the uncertainty in the effect measure. Until further evidence is provided, we recommend resources to be spent elsewhere within the field of obesity prevention. Furthermore, to achieve valid and reliable cost-effectiveness results, the economic evaluation of obesity prevention programs in early childhood should incorporate the life time impact to capture all relevant costs and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Döring
- Prevention, Intervention and Mechanisms in Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Nora Döring,
| | - Niklas Zethraeus
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tynelius
- Prevention, Intervention and Mechanisms in Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeroen de Munter
- Prevention, Intervention and Mechanisms in Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Sonntag
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social Prevention and Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Further stabilization and even decrease in the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in German children and adolescents from 2005 to 2015: a cross-sectional and trend analysis. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:3075-3083. [PMID: 28931448 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017002257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently several industrialized countries reported a stabilization or even a decrease in childhood overweight and obesity prevalence rates. In Germany, this trend started in 2004. The present study therefore aimed to evaluate whether this trend has continued or even leads in a clear direction. Design/Setting/Subjects BMI (>90th percentile (overweight), >97th percentile (obesity)) from the CrescNet database was analysed in 326 834 children and adolescents according to three age groups (4-7·99, 8-11·99 and 12-16 years), gender and between time points (2005-2015). RESULTS Trend analysis from 2005 to 2010 demonstrated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity decreased significantly in boys and girls in the entire group (4-16 years) and in 4-7·99-year-olds. From 2010 to 2015 there was a significant decrease in boys for overweight and obesity in the entire group and for overweight among 8-11·99-year-olds. Within the cross-sectional analysis, prevalence rates for overweight decreased significantly for both genders in the age groups of 4-7·99 and 8-11·99 years (2005 v. 2015). For obesity, prevalence rates showed a significant decrease for boys (2005 v. 2015) and girls (2005 v. 2010) in 4-7·99-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS We observed a further stabilization of overweight and obesity prevalence rates for all age groups and even a decrease in the rates for the younger ages (4-7·99 years, 8-11·99 years). As other industrialized countries have also reported similar trends, it seems that the epidemic of childhood overweight and obesity is reaching a turning point in the industrial part of the world.
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Hassan SAU, Ahmed I, Nasrullah A, Haq S, Ghazanfar H, Sheikh AB, Zafar R, Askar G, Hamid Z, Khushdil A, Khan A. Comparison of Serum Magnesium Levels in Overweight and Obese Children and Normal Weight Children. Cureus 2017; 9:e1607. [PMID: 29075585 PMCID: PMC5654973 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Abnormalities in serum magnesium levels have been seen in obesity and its related diseases. Our aim is to determine the mean magnesium levels in overweight and obese children as compared to the levels in normal weight controls to study its relationship with obesity and overweight. The study was done at a tertiary care hospital. Methods A case-control study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar, over a 12-month period from August 7, 2015 to August 6, 2016. A total of 140 children between 2-14 years of age were included in the study. They were divided into two equal groups of 70 children each. Both of the groups were matched according to their age and sex. Children with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 85th centile and 95th centile were placed in the overweight and obese category, respectively, and termed as cases while the other 70 children with a BMI greater than or equal to 5th centile but less than 85th centile were categorized as the normal weight group and termed controls. The serum magnesium levels of both case and control groups were calculated. Results The serum magnesium levels were significantly lower in the overweight and obese group (2.08 ± 0.211 mg/dl) as compared to the normal weight group (2.55 ± 0.155 mg/dl, p<0.001). A significantly strong inverse relationship was seen between serum magnesium levels and body mass index. Conclusion Mean serum magnesium levels in overweight and obese children are lower than those in normal weight children. Further studies are required to see the effect of supplementation of diet with this essential micronutrient on the weight of children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Nasrullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shifa International Hospital
| | - Shujaul Haq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shifa International Hospital
| | | | | | - Rizwan Zafar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shifa International Hospital
| | - Ghazan Askar
- Department of Medicine, Shifa International Hospital
| | - Zamara Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Shifa International Hospital
| | | | - Amna Khan
- Pediatrics, Shifa International Hospital
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Ulijaszek SJ, Pentecost M, Marcus C, Karpe F, Frühbeck G, Nowicka P. Inequality and childhood overweight and obesity: a commentary. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:195-202. [PMID: 26990034 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Statements on childhood overweight and obesity (COO) have focused on different avenues for prevention and treatment, critical stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy and lactation, individual, family, school and community-based interventions, multidisciplinary family programmes and multicomponent interventions. This commentary is concerned with the less-addressed relationship between COO and inequality. It describes current global patterns of inequality and COO and the ways in which those inequalities are linked to COO at micro-level, meso-level and macro-level. It then describes current programmatic approaches for COO inequality, preventive and medical, and considers important pitfalls in the framing of the problem of COO and inequality. It ends with describing how childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity prevention and treatment programmes might be formulated within broader socio-political frameworks to influence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Ulijaszek
- School of Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Pentecost
- School of Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Marcus
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, CIBEROBN, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Nowicka
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Declining Well-Being in Young Swedes Born in 1990 Versus 1974. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:306-312. [PMID: 27993460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Well-being is affected by the environment, including societal changes. In this study, specific dimensions of well-being were compared in two cohorts of Swedish adolescents born 16 years apart. METHODS Two groups of 18-year-olds, "Grow up Gothenburg" 1974 and 1990 birth cohorts, completed a self-reported questionnaire including the Gothenburg Well-Being in adolescence scale (GWBa). In addition, height and weight were measured, resulting in 4,362 participants (1974 birth cohort) and 5,151 participants (1990 birth cohort) with age, height, weight, and well-being data. The GWBa consists of a total score and five dimensions: mood, physical condition, energy, self-esteem, and stress balance. RESULTS Total well-being was significantly lower in the later-born cohort, and the greatest difference was seen for the dimension stress balance (feeling calm, unconcerned, unstressed, and relaxed), although effect sizes were modest. In both boys and girls, well-being was lower for all dimensions in the later-born cohort, with the exception of Self-esteem in girls, which was higher in the later-born cohort. In both cohorts, boys reported higher well-being than girls for all dimensions. The mean body mass index z-score was higher in boys from the later-born cohort, but after adjusting for weight status, the differences in well-being between the cohorts persisted. CONCLUSIONS Well-being was lower in the later-born cohort, particularly for the dimension stress balance. Differences were not explained by the shift in weight status indicating that other societal changes have had an impact on well-being levels. Managing high levels of stress might be an area of intervention in adolescents for improved well-being.
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The rise and the recent decline of childhood obesity in Swedish boys: the BEST cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:807-812. [PMID: 28119533 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity increases the risk for adult obesity and diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate secular changes of childhood body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity in boys born during 1946-2006, using the population-based BMI Epidemiology STudy (BEST) cohort in Gothenburg, Sweden. SUBJECTS/METHODS We collected height and weight from archived school health records for boys born every 5 years 1946-2006 (birth cohort 1946 n=1584, each birth cohort 1951-2006 n=425). Childhood BMI at 8 years of age was obtained for all the participants. RESULTS Childhood BMI increased 0.18 kg m-2 (95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.20) per decade increase in birth year, during 1946-2006. The increase was significant from birth year 1971, peaked 1991 and was then followed by a stabilization or tendency to a reduction. Next, we aimed to thoroughly explore the trend after birth year 1991 and therefore expanded birth cohorts 1991 (n=1566), 2001 (n=6478) and 2006 (n=6515). Importantly, decreases in mean BMI (P<0.01), prevalences of overweight (P<0.01) and obesity (P<0.05) were observed after birth year 1991. For boys born in Sweden and with parents born in Sweden, a substantial reduction in the prevalences of overweight (-28.6%, P<0.001) and obesity (-44.3%, P<0.001) were observed between birth year 1991 and birth year 2006. CONCLUSIONS This long-term study captures both the rise and the recent decline of childhood obesity. As childhood obesity is strongly associated with subsequent adult obesity, we anticipate a similar reduction in adult obesity during the coming decades in Swedish men.
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Controlling feeding practices and maternal migrant background: an analysis of a multicultural sample. Public Health Nutr 2016; 20:848-858. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016002834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveParental feeding practices shape children’s relationships with food and eating. Feeding is embedded socioculturally in values and attitudes related to food and parenting. However, few studies have examined associations between parental feeding practices and migrant background.DesignCross-sectional study. Parental feeding practices (restriction, pressure to eat, monitoring) were assessed using the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Differences were explored in four sub-samples grouped by maternal place of birth: Sweden, Nordic/Western Europe, Eastern/Southern Europe and countries outside Europe. Crude, partly and fully adjusted linear regression models were created. Potential confounding variables included child’s age, gender and weight status, and mother’s age, weight status, education and concern about child weight.SettingMalmö and Stockholm, Sweden.SubjectsMothers (n1325, representing seventy-three countries; mean age 36·5 years; 28·1 % of non-Swedish background; 30·7 % with overweight/obesity; 62·8 % with university education) of pre-school children (mean age 4·8 years; 50·8 % boys; 18·6 % with overweight/obesity).ResultsNon-Swedish-born mothers, whether European-born or non-European-born, were more likely to use restriction. Swedish-born mothers and Nordic/Western European-born mothers reported lower levels of pressure to eat compared with mothers born in Eastern/Southern Europe and mothers born outside Europe. Differences in monitoring were small. Among the potential confounding variables, child weight status and concern about child weight were highly influential. Concern about child weight accounted for some of the effect of maternal origin on restriction.ConclusionsNon-European-born mothers were more concerned about children being overweight and more likely to report controlling feeding practices. Future research should examine acculturative and structural factors underlying differences in feeding.
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Stea TH, Haugen T, Berntsen S, Guttormsen V, Øverby NC, Haraldstad K, Meland E, Abildsnes E. Using the Intervention Mapping protocol to develop a family-based intervention for improving lifestyle habits among overweight and obese children: study protocol for a quasi-experimental trial. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1092. [PMID: 27756346 PMCID: PMC5070224 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3766-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In light of the high prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity, there is a need of developing effective prevention programs to address the rising prevalence and the concomitant health consequences. The main aim of the present study is to systematically develop and implement a tailored family-based intervention for improving lifestyle habits among overweight and obese children, aged 6–10 years old, enhancing parental self-efficacy, family engagement and parent-child interaction. A subsidiary aim of the intervention study is to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity among those participating in the intervention study. Methods/design The Intervention Mapping protocol was used to develop a tailored family-based intervention for improving lifestyle habits among overweight and obese children. In order to gather information on local opportunities and barriers, interviews with key stakeholders and a 1-year pilot study was conducted. The main study has used a quasi-experimental controlled design. Locally based Healthy Life Centers and Public Health Clinics are responsible for recruiting families and conducting the intervention. The effect of the study will be measured both at completion of the 6 months intervention study and 6 and 18 months after the intervention period. An ecological approach was used as a basis for developing the intervention. The behavioral models and educational strategies include individual family counselling meetings, workshops focusing on regulation of family life, nutrition courses, and physical activity groups providing tailored information and practical learning sessions. Parents will be educated on how to use these strategies at home, to further support their children in improving their behaviors. Discussion A systematic and evidence-based approach was used for development of this family-based intervention study targeting overweight and obese children, 6–10 years old. This program, if feasible and effective, may be adjusted to local contexts and implemented in all municipal health care institutions in Norway. Trial registration NCT02247219. Prospectively registered on October 26, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Holte Stea
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Tommy Haugen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Vigdis Guttormsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Nina Cecilie Øverby
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Eivind Meland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Abildsnes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Beckvid Henriksson G, Franzén S, Elinder LS, Nyberg G. Low socio-economic status associated with unhealthy weight in six-year-old Swedish children despite higher levels of physical activity. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1204-10. [PMID: 27008097 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Socio-economic status is an important determinant of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and body mass index, but these associations are contradictory in younger children. We investigated the associations between parental socio-economic status, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and body mass index in six-year-old children, to identify possible differences in physical activity between socio-economic groups. METHODS The study comprised 621 children from Stockholm suburbs, recruited from, A healthy school start, a cluster-randomised controlled intervention study. A cross-sectional study was performed using baseline data. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were assessed by accelerometry, body weight and height were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Sedentary behaviour was also assessed using a questionnaire. RESULTS We found that 12% of the study population were overweight and 9% were obese. Children from families with low socio-economic status were more physically active and slightly less sedentary, but were almost twice as likely to be overweight or obese than children from high socio-economic status, irrespective of the child's sex. CONCLUSION Low socio-economic status was associated with higher physical activity, lower sedentary behaviour and an unhealthier weight status compared to high socio-economic status, suggesting a role of diet as a cause of the higher overweight and obesity prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Beckvid Henriksson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society; Division of Physiotherapy; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sofie Franzén
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Liselotte Schäfer Elinder
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine; Stockholm County Council; Solna Sweden
| | - Gisela Nyberg
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine; Stockholm County Council; Solna Sweden
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de Munter JS, Friedl A, Lind S, Kark M, Carlberg M, Andersson N, Georgellis A, Rasmussen F. Stability in the prevalence of Swedish children who were overweight or obese in 2003 and 2011. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1173-80. [PMID: 26833765 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to explore the prevalence and determinants of overweight including obesity among children in Sweden in 2003 and 2011. METHODS Two population-based cross-sectional surveys included 7728 and 12 882 12-year-old children in Sweden, and 1198 and 2699 eight-year-old children in Stockholm County, in 2003 and 2011. Weighted prevalence of overweight including obesity and multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated. RESULTS In 2011, the overweight prevalence was lower for 12-year-old girls than boys (RR=0.84, CI=0.77-0.92), lower for girls and boys with a higher rather than a lower educated mother (for example, RRgirls =0.76, CI=0.65-0.88), but higher for girls and boys in smaller rather than main cities (RRgirls =1.52, CI=1.28-1.82). There was no difference in overweight prevalence between 2003 and 2011 among the 12-year-old children. However, eight-year-old girls had a lower overweight prevalence in 2011 than in 2003 (RR=0.76, CI=0.59-0.97). The strongest decrease in overweight was among eight-year-old girls with mothers with lower levels of education (RR=0.63, CI=0.47-0.86). CONCLUSION The prevalence of overweight including obesity was stable among Swedish children between 2003 and 2011. Gradients in the determinants of overweight persisted. There was some evidence of a less steep socio-economic gradient in overweight in eight-year-old girls over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S. de Munter
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology; Department of Public Health Sciences; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andrea Friedl
- Child and Adolescent Health Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine; Stockholm County Council; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Simon Lind
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology; Department of Public Health Sciences; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Malin Kark
- Public Health Agency of Sweden; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magdalena Carlberg
- Child and Adolescent Health Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine; Stockholm County Council; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Antonis Georgellis
- Unit of Environmental Medicine; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Stockholm County Council; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology; Department of Public Health Sciences; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Health Unit; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine; Stockholm County Council; Stockholm Sweden
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Miqueleiz E, Lostao L, Regidor E. Stabilisation of the trend in prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain: 2001-11. Eur J Public Health 2016; 26:960-963. [PMID: 27335329 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS To ascertain whether the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity had stabilised in Spain, in the same way as in other developed countries. METHODS Data were drawn from the 2001, 2006 and 2011 Spanish National Health Surveys. We estimated overweight and obesity on the basis of body mass index, and then calculated the prevalence of overweight and obesity for each year studied among boys and girls, respectively, in two different age groups; 5 -9 and 10 -15 years. The statistical significance of the trend in prevalence was evaluated using the chi-squared test. RESULTS The trend in the prevalence of overweight was not significant, with the magnitude generally proving similar in 2006 and 2011, e.g. prevalence among girls was 37.2% in 2006 and 37.5% in 2011 in the 5-9 age group, and 17.7% in 2006 and 17.5% in 2011 in the 10-15 age group. The magnitude of the prevalence of obesity in each sex and age group was similar across the 3 years of study, except in the case of boys aged 5-9 years, among whom a significant downward trend was observed, with prevalence declining from 16.8% in 2001 to 14.4% in 2006 and 12.6% in 2011. CONCLUSION In Spain, the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity stabilised during the first decade of the present century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Miqueleiz
- Department of Sociology, Sociology of Health, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lourdes Lostao
- Department of Sociology, Sociology of Health, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Enrique Regidor
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Chung A, Backholer K, Wong E, Palermo C, Keating C, Peeters A. Trends in child and adolescent obesity prevalence in economically advanced countries according to socioeconomic position: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2016; 17:276-95. [PMID: 26693831 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent obesity trends in children and adolescents suggest a plateau. However, it is unclear whether such trends have been experienced across socioeconomic groups. We analysed whether recent trends in child and adolescent overweight and obesity differ by socioeconomic position (SEP) across economically advanced countries. Eligible studies reported overweight and obesity prevalence in children and/or adolescents (2-18 years), for at least two time points since 1990, stratified by SEP. Socioeconomic differences in trends in child and adolescent overweight and obesity over time were analysed. Differences in trends between SEP groups were observed across a majority of studies. Over half the studies indicated increasing prevalence among low SEP children and adolescents compared to a third of studies among children and adolescents with a high SEP. Around half the studies indicated widening socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity. Since 2000 a majority of studies demonstrated no change or a decrease in prevalence among both high and low SEP groups. However around 40% of studies indicated widening of socioeconomic inequalities post-2000. While our study provides grounds for optimism, socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity continue to widen. These findings highlight the need for greater consideration of different population groups when implementing obesity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chung
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K Backholer
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Wong
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C Palermo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Australia
| | - C Keating
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Population Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Peeters
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Vinck J, Brohet C, Roillet M, Dramaix M, Borys J, Beysens J, Jacobs N, Jebb S, De Laet C, Nève J. Downward trends in the prevalence of childhood overweight in two pilot towns taking part in the VIASANO community-based programme in Belgium: data from a national school health monitoring system. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:61-7. [PMID: 25829145 PMCID: PMC6680259 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multilevel approaches involving environmental strategies are considered to be good practice to help reduce the prevalence of childhood overweight. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of VIASANO, a community-based programme using the EPODE methodology, on the prevalence of overweight in two pilot towns in Belgium. METHODS We analysed data from a national school health monitoring system to compare changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity over a 3-year period (2007-2010) in children aged 3-4 and 5-6 years in the pilot towns with those of children of the same ages from the whole French-speaking community of Belgium. Heights and weights of all participants were measured by trained school nurses using a standardized method. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight (-2.1%) and overweight + obesity (-2.4%) decreased in the pilot towns, but remained stable in the comparison population (+0.1% and +0.2%, respectively). After adjustment for lack of homogeneity between the study populations, there was a trend towards a decrease in overweight (P = 0.054) and overweight + obesity (P = 0.058) in the pilot towns compared with the general population. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a community-based programme, such as VIASANO, may be a promising strategy for reducing the prevalence of childhood overweight even over a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Vinck
- Department of Human SciencesHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - C. Brohet
- Cardiovascular DepartmentSaint‐Luc University HospitalBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - M. Dramaix
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public HealthUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | | | | | | | - S. Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences Section of Metabolism and NutritionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - C. De Laet
- Department of Metabolism and NutritionHôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine FabiolaBrusselsBelgium
| | - J. Nève
- Department of Therapeutic ChemistryUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
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Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Body Mass Index, Underweight and Obesity among English Children, 2007-2008 to 2011-2012. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147614. [PMID: 26812152 PMCID: PMC4727904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity have been reported in most developed countries, with obesity more common in deprived groups. Whether inequalities are found in the prevalence of underweight, the rest of the body mass index (BMI) distribution, or have changed across time is not clear. Methods and Findings The sample comprised 5,027,128 children on entry (4 to 5 years old) and leaving (10 to 11 years) state primary (elementary) school who participated in the National Child Measurement Programme (England, United Kingdom). We used area-level deprivation (Indices of Multiple Deprivation at the lower super output area) as a measure of socioeconomic deprivation. From 2007–2008 to 2011–2012 inequalities in obesity between the most compared to least deprived group increased (from 7.21% to 8.30%; p<0.001), whereas inequalities in the prevalence of underweight (1.50% to 1.21%; p = 0.15) were stable during this period. There were no differences by age group or by sex, but a three-way interaction suggested inequalities in obesity had increased at a faster rate for 10 to 11 year old girls, than 4 to 5 year old boys, (2.03% vs 0.07%; p<0.001 for interaction). Investigating inequalities across the distribution of zBMI showed increases in mean zBMI (0.18 to 0.23, p<0.001) could be attributed to increases in inequalities between the 50th and 75th centiles of BMI. Using the 2011 to 2012 population attributable risk estimates, if inequalities were halved, 14.04% (95% CI 14.00% to 14.07%) of childhood obesity could be avoided. Conclusions Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity and zBMI increased in England between 2007–2008 and 2011–2012. Inequalities in the prevalence of underweight did not change. Traditional methods of examining inequalities only at the clinical thresholds of overweight and obesity may have led the magnitude of inequalities in childhood BMI to be underestimated.
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Nyberg G, Norman Å, Sundblom E, Zeebari Z, Elinder LS. Effectiveness of a universal parental support programme to promote health behaviours and prevent overweight and obesity in 6-year-old children in disadvantaged areas, the Healthy School Start Study II, a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26795378 PMCID: PMC4721005 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence for the effectiveness of parental support programmes to promote healthy behaviours and prevent obesity in children, but only few studies have been conducted among groups with low socio-economic status. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a parental support programme to promote healthy dietary and physical activity habits and to prevent overweight and obesity in six-year-old children in disadvantaged areas. Methods A cluster-randomised controlled trial was carried out in disadvantaged areas in Stockholm. Participants were six-year-old children (n = 378) and their parents. Thirty-one school classes from 13 schools were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 16) and control groups (n = 15). The intervention lasted for 6 months and included: 1) Health information for parents, 2) Motivational Interviewing with parents and 3) Teacher-led classroom activities with children. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, dietary intake and screen time with a questionnaire, body weight and height were measured and BMI standard deviation score was calculated. Measurements were conducted at baseline, post-intervention and at 5months follow-up. Group effects were examined using Mixed-effect Regression analyses adjusted for sex, parental education and baseline values. Results Fidelity to all three intervention components was satisfactory. Significant intervention effects were found regarding consumption of unhealthy foods (p = 0.01) and unhealthy drinks (p = 0.01). At follow-up, the effect on intake of unhealthy foods was sustained for boys (p = 0.03). There was no intervention effect on physical activity. Further, the intervention had no apparent effect on BMI sds for the whole sample, but a significant difference between groups was detected among children who were obese at baseline (p = 0.03) which was not sustained at follow-up. Conclusions The Healthy School Start study shows that it is possible to influence intake of unhealthy foods and drinks and weight development in obese children by providing individual parental support in a school context. However, the effects were short-lived. Therefore, the programme needs to be prolonged and/or intensified in order to obtain stronger and sustainable effects. This study is an important contribution to the further development of evidence-based parental support programmes to prevent overweight and obesity in children in disadvantaged areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nyberg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Box 1497, 171 29, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Norman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Elinor Sundblom
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Box 1497, 171 29, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Zangin Zeebari
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Box 1497, 171 29, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Liselotte Schäfer Elinder
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Box 1497, 171 29, Solna, Sweden.
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31
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One size does not fit all-qualitative process evaluation of the Healthy School Start parental support programme to prevent overweight and obesity among children in disadvantaged areas in Sweden. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:37. [PMID: 26769240 PMCID: PMC4712479 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parental support interventions have shown some effectiveness in improving children’s dietary and physical activity habits and preventing overweight and obesity. To date, there is limited research on barriers and facilitators of school-based parental support interventions targeting overweight and obesity. This study aimed to describe barriers and facilitators influencing implementation of the Healthy School Start (HSS) intervention in disadvantaged areas in Stockholm, Sweden, from the perspective of parents and teachers. Methods Focus groups and individual interviews with teachers (n = 10) and focus groups with parents (n = 14) in the intervention group of the HSS were undertaken, guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Transcriptions were analysed using qualitative content analysis in two steps: deductive sorting in two domains of the CFIR (intervention characteristics and process), and subsequent inductive analysis. Results The overarching theme “tailoring the intervention to increase participant engagement” was found. Among teachers, barriers and facilitators were related to how the intervention was introduced, perceptions of the usefulness of the classroom material, preparation ahead of the start of the intervention, cooperation between home and school and children’s and parents’ active engagement in the intervention activities. For parents, barriers and facilitators were related to the perceived relevance of the intervention, usefulness of the material, experiences of the Motivational Interviewing (MI) sessions, the family member targeted by the intervention, cooperation between home and school and parents’ ability to act as good role models. Conclusion It seems important to tailor the intervention to the abilities of the target group in order to increase participant engagement. Including activities that focus on parents as role models and cooperation between parents seems important to bring about changes in the home environment. It also appears important to include activities that target cooperation between home and school.
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Bahk J, Khang YH. Trends in childhood obesity and central adiposity between 1998-2001 and 2010-2012 according to household income and urbanity in Korea. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:18. [PMID: 26744297 PMCID: PMC4705619 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined trends in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and childhood overweight and obesity prevalence between 1998-2001 and 2010-2012 according to household income and urbanity among nationally representative Korean children and adolescents aged 10-19. METHODS The repeated cross-sectional data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in 1998-2001 and 2010-2012 were used. Gender specific trends in age-adjusted means of WC and BMI by household equivalized income and urbanity were compared between years. The age-standardized prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity was calculated using three international criteria (International Obesity Task Force, World Health Organization, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and a Korean national reference standard. RESULTS Among boys, overall BMI and overweight prevalence increased between 1998-2001 and 2010-2012, while overall WC decreased. Clear gender differences were found in the relationship of childhood obesity metrics with household income and urbanity and the time trends of those relationships. Positive relationships between these parameters were found for boys while negative relationships appeared for girls. In addition, compared with the childhood obesity prevalence among boys in rural areas, the prevalence among boys in urban areas were slightly lower in 1998-2001 but became greater in 2010-2012. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed gender difference in the association of childhood obesity with household income and urbanity and its time trends. The long-term gender-specific monitoring of socioeconomic and urban-rural differences in childhood obesity measures is warranted in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Bahk
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Young-Ho Khang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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Pedersen DC, Aarestrup J, Pearson S, Baker JL. Ethnic Inequalities in Overweight and Obesity Prevalence among Copenhagen Schoolchildren from 2002 to 2007. Obes Facts 2016; 9:284-95. [PMID: 27577690 PMCID: PMC5644825 DOI: 10.1159/000446482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stabilization in levels of childhood overweight has masked increasing gaps among different ethnic and socioeconomic groups in several countries. OBJECTIVE To examine if levels and trends in childhood overweight and obesity differed by ethnicity and socioeconomic areas in Copenhagen schoolchildren. METHODS From measured heights and weights of 32,951 children 5-8 and 14-16 years of age, the prevalence of overweight (including obesity) and obesity were estimated using International Obesity Task Force criteria. Differences in prevalence levels and trends across six school years by ethnicity and socioeconomic areas were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight significantly decreased from 2002 to 2007 among the youngest Western girls and boys, showed no significant changes among the oldest non-Western girls and increased among the oldest non-Western boys. In all years, the youngest non-Western children had significantly higher levels of overweight than Western children. Although the prevalence of overweight tended to be higher in low socioeconomic areas as compared with high socioeconomic areas, few differences were statistically significant. Consistent trends in overweight across the years by socioeconomic area were not observed. CONCLUSION Ethnic and social inequalities exist in childhood overweight among Copenhagen schoolchildren; thus appropriate interventions targeting high-risk groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Aarestrup
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seija Pearson
- Pediatric Practice for Children and Adolescents, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Jennifer Lyn Baker
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Dr. Jennifer L. Baker, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Nordre Fasanvej 57, Hovedvejen, entrance 5, 1st floor, 2000 Copenhagen/Frederiksberg, Denmark,
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Abstract
Many cross-sectional analyses and longitudinal studies have examined the association between adiposity and pubertal development. In addition, the impact of an increased fat mass on reproduction and fertility in human obese men and in male animal models of obesity has been studied. A trend toward earlier pubertal development and maturation in both sexes has been shown, and the notion that obese boys might progress to puberty at a slower pace than their nonobese peers can no longer be substantiated. Impaired fertility markers and reduced reproductive functions have been observed in obesity. Obesity affects both pubertal development and fertility in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Kiess
- Department of Women & Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, Leipzig D 04103, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Centre, LIFE, Leipzig Civilization Diseases Research Centre, LIFE Child, Centre for Paediatric Research, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Isabel V Wagner
- Department of Women & Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, Leipzig D 04103, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Centre, LIFE, Leipzig Civilization Diseases Research Centre, LIFE Child, Centre for Paediatric Research, Leipzig, Germany; IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, Leipzig D 04103, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Paul-List-Street 13-15, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Department of Women & Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, Leipzig D 04103, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Centre, LIFE, Leipzig Civilization Diseases Research Centre, LIFE Child, Centre for Paediatric Research, Leipzig, Germany; IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, Leipzig D 04103, Germany
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Moraeus L, Lissner L, Olsson L, Sjöberg A. Age and time effects on children's lifestyle and overweight in Sweden. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:355. [PMID: 25884997 PMCID: PMC4404241 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High physical activity, low sedentary behavior and low consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages can be markers of a healthy lifestyle. We aim to observe longitudinal changes and secular trends in these lifestyle variables as well as in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 7-to-9-year-old schoolchildren related to gender and socioeconomic position. METHODS Three cross-sectional surveys were carried out on schoolchildren in grades 1 and 2 (7-to-9-year-olds) in 2008 (n = 833), 2010 (n = 1085), and 2013 (n = 1135). Information on children's level of physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet, and parent's education level was collected through parental questionnaires. Children's height and weight were also measured. Longitudinal measurements were carried out on a subsample (n = 678) which was included both in 2008 (7-to-9-year-olds) and 2010 (9-to-11-year-olds). BMI was used to classify children into overweight (including obese) and obese based on the International Obesity Task Force reference. Questionnaire reported maternal education level was used as a proxy for socioeconomic position (SEP). RESULTS Longitudinally, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages ≥ 4 days/week increased from 7% to 16% in children with low SEP. Overall, sedentary behavior > 4 hours/day doubled from 14% to 31% (p < 0.001) and sport participation ≥ 3 days/week increased from 17% to 37% (p < 0.001). No longitudinal changes in overweight or obesity were detected. In the repeated cross-sectional observations sedentary behavior increased (p = 0.001) both in high and low SEP groups, and overweight increased from 13.8% to 20.9% in girls (p < 0.05). Overall, children with high SEP were less-often overweight (p < 0.001) and more physically active (p < 0.001) than children with low SEP. CONCLUSIONS Children's lifestyles changed longitudinally in a relatively short period of two years. Secular trends were also observed, indicating that 7-9-year-olds could be susceptible to actions that promote a healthy lifestyle. Socioeconomic differences were consistent and even increasing when it came to sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Decreasing the socioeconomic gap in weight status and related lifestyle variables should be prioritized. Primary school is an arena where most children could be reached and where their lifestyle could be influenced by health promoting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Moraeus
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 300, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden.
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Linda Olsson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 300, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Sjöberg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 300, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden.
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Murer SB, Saarsalu S, Zimmermann J, Herter-Aeberli I. Risk factors for overweight and obesity in Swiss primary school children: results from a representative national survey. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:621-629. [PMID: 25796625 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a global epidemic affecting around 10 % of 5- to 17-year olds. With the causes for obesity being multifactorial, a better understanding of the influencing factors is essential for effective treatment and prevention programs. The aim of this study was therefore to identify specific risk factors for overweight and obesity in children in Switzerland. METHODS A nationally representative sample of children aged 6-12 years was recruited (n = 2724). Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI (kg/m(2)). In addition, a questionnaire was distributed to all children asking about their physical activity, media consumption, and dietary habits as well as some parental factors. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys was 11.8 and 7.5 %, respectively, and in girls, it was 11.9 and 5.7 %. In univariate analyses, a number of parental, dietary, and activity factors were shown to be associated with BMI category. Based on a multinomial logistic regression, parent nationality and media consumption were the most important factors predicting obesity in boys, while in girls it was parental education, nationality, and physical activity. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that parental nationality and education play an important role in the development of childhood obesity, together with media consumption and physical activity. However, risk factors are also different according to child gender. Thus, an important target group for the treatment and prevention of childhood obesity in Switzerland are immigrant families, and the problem needs to be tackled differently in boys and girls as their risk factors are not the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie B Murer
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, LFV D22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Siret Saarsalu
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, LFV D22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Zimmermann
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, LFV D22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Herter-Aeberli
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, LFV D22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Effectiveness of a universal parental support programme to promote healthy dietary habits and physical activity and to prevent overweight and obesity in 6-year-old children: the Healthy School Start Study, a cluster-randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116876. [PMID: 25680096 PMCID: PMC4332680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a parental support programme to promote healthy dietary and physical activity habits and to prevent overweight and obesity in Swedish children. Methods A cluster-randomised controlled trial was carried out in areas with low to medium socio-economic status. Participants were six-year-old children (n = 243) and their parents. Fourteen pre-school classes were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 7) and control groups (n = 7). The intervention lasted for 6 months and included: 1) Health information for parents, 2) Motivational Interviewing with parents and 3) Teacher-led classroom activities with children. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, dietary and physical activity habits and parental self-efficacy through a questionnaire. Body weight and height were measured and BMI standard deviation score was calculated. Measurements were conducted at baseline, post-intervention and at 6-months follow-up. Group differences were examined using analysis of covariance and Poisson regression, adjusted for gender and baseline values. Results There was no significant intervention effect in the primary outcome physical activity. Sub-group analyses showed a significant gender-group interaction in total physical activity (TPA), with girls in the intervention group demonstrating higher TPA during weekends (p = 0.04), as well as in sedentary time, with boys showing more sedentary time in the intervention group (p = 0.03). There was a significantly higher vegetable intake (0.26 servings) in the intervention group compared to the control group (p = 0.003). At follow-up, sub-group analyses showed a sustained effect for boys. The intervention did not affect the prevalence of overweight or obesity. Conclusions It is possible to influence vegetable intake in children and girls’ physical activity through a parental support programme. The programme needs to be intensified in order to increase effectiveness and sustain the effects long-term. These findings are an important contribution to the further development of evidence-based parental support programmes to prevent overweight and obesity in children. Trial Registration Controlled-trials.com ISRCTN32750699
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Lafontan M, Visscher TL, Farpour-Lambert N, Yumuk V. Opportunities for intervention strategies for weight management: global actions on fluid intake patterns. Obes Facts 2015; 8:54-76. [PMID: 25765164 PMCID: PMC5644897 DOI: 10.1159/000375103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is an essential nutrient for all physiological functions and particularly important for thermoregulation. About 60% of our body weight is made of water. Under standard conditions (18-20 °C and moderate activity), water balance is regulated within 0.2 % of body weight over a 24-hour period. Water requirement varies between individuals and according to environmental conditions. Concerning considerations related to obesity, the health impact of fluid intake is commonly overlooked. Fluid intake advices are missing in most of food pyramids offered to the public, and water requirements and hydration challenges remain often neglected. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize and discuss the role of water consumption in the context of other important public health measures for weight management. Attention will be focused on fluid intake patterns and hydration-related questions in the context of global interventions and/or physical activity programs settled in weight management protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lafontan
- Inserm/University Paul Sabatier UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse cedex, France
- *Dr. Max Lafontan, D. Sc., Inserm/UPS UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Rangueil, 1, Avenue Jean Poulhès — BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France,
| | - Tommy L.S. Visscher
- Research Centre for the Prevention of Overweight, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences and VU University, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Farpour-Lambert
- Service of Therapeutic Education for Chronic Diseases, Department of Community Health, Primary Care and Emergency, University Hospital of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Volkan Yumuk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Children's weight status, body esteem, and self-concept after maternal gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2014; 11:927-32. [PMID: 25813751 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little research on the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on the patients' offspring's weight and psychosocial well-being. The present study investigates how children are affected in terms of weight status, body esteem, and self-concept after maternal RYGB. METHODS Sixty-nine women and their families were recruited from RYGB waiting lists at 5 Swedish hospitals. Data was collected during home visits 3 months before and 12 months after RYGB. Anthropometrical measures were taken, and the children completed the Body Esteem Scale (BES) and the Beck Self-Concept Inventory (BYI-S). RESULTS Prevalence or relative risk in weight status between the time points were explored using Poisson regression models (General Estimating Equations). We found stronger statistical evidence for a decreased risk of overweight (RR = .85, 57.0% versus 48.6%, P = .048), than for obesity (RR = .87, 18.2% versus 15.9%, P = .447). The boys' body esteem increased slightly, whilst the girls' did not. There were no significant differences in mean BYI-S scores. CONCLUSIONS The reasons behind the statistically significant decrease in overweight but not obesity risk in children after maternal RYGB may be caused by insufficient statistical power to detect changes in obesity risk alone. Body esteem seems to be slightly positively affected in boys 9 months after maternal RYGB. Longer follow-up times and larger samples would be useful in future research.
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Moraeus L, Lissner L, Sjöberg A. Stable prevalence of obesity in Swedish schoolchildren from 2008 to 2013 but widening socio-economic gap in girls. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:1277-84. [PMID: 25164863 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to follow the 5-year prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness in 7- to 9-year-old children in West Sweden and to investigate whether trends differed according to gender and socio-economic status. METHODS Cross-sectional anthropometric measurements of three cohorts in grades one and two were performed in 3492 7- to 9-year-old children in 2008, 2010 and 2013. For body mass index classification, the IOTF/Cole and WHO 2007 references were used. Percentage of inhabitants with high education in the school area was used for socio-economic classification. RESULTS Between 2008, 2010 and 2013, the overall time-trends in overweight 17.7%, 19.3% and 18.8%, obesity 3.2%, 3.3% and 3.1%, and thinness 6.5%, 4.7% and 6.9%, respectively, were fairly stable using the IOTF/Cole references. Thinness defined by the Cole reference increased in girls. The socio-economic gradient for overweight and obesity was clear by both references, but using the IOTF reference, the gap increased for obesity among girls (p = 0.024). No significant trends were observed with the WHO reference. CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was stable over 5 years, but we detected growing inequality in obesity and increasing prevalence of thinness in girls. With these regionally representative data, we can draw conclusions about West Sweden, despite an absence of continued national surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Moraeus
- Public Health Epidemiology Unit; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Public Health Epidemiology Unit; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Agneta Sjöberg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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Gomes TN, Katzmarzyk PT, dos Santos FK, Souza M, Pereira S, Maia JAR. Overweight and obesity in Portuguese children: prevalence and correlates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:11398-417. [PMID: 25372884 PMCID: PMC4245619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111111398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There are widespread differences in overweight/obesity prevalence in children, and understanding the reasons for this is very important. The present study aims: (I) to conduct a meta-analysis on overweight/obesity prevalence in Portuguese children; (II) to identify differences in biological and behavioural characteristics between normal-weight and overweight/obese children; and (III) to investigate the importance of individual- and school-level correlates of variation in children's BMI using multilevel modelling. A search was done for all published papers including Portuguese children during the last decade; further, 686 Portuguese children (9-11 years old) were sampled and their BMI, family income, maturity offset, nutritional habits, physical activity, sedentariness, sleep time, and school environment information were collected. Results showed a stabilization of overweight/obesity during the last decade, 30.6% (95%CI: 0.287-0.34) for boys, 28.4% (95%CI: 0.23-0.35) for girls, and 30.3% (95%CI: 0.27-0.34) for boys and girls together. Differences between weight groups were only found in individual-level biological traits. The multilevel analysis did not identify significant contributions of school-level variables to children's BMI variation. In conclusion, no increase was found in the prevalence of overweight/obesity among Portuguese children since 2000. Normal-weight and overweight/obese children only differ in individual-level characteristics, and school context variables were not related to variation in BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Natacha Gomes
- CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Fernanda K dos Santos
- CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Michele Souza
- CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sara Pereira
- CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José A R Maia
- CIFID, Kinanthropometry Lab, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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Besharat Pour M, Bergström A, Bottai M, Magnusson J, Kull I, Wickman M, Moradi T. Body mass index development from birth to early adolescence; effect of perinatal characteristics and maternal migration background in a Swedish cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109519. [PMID: 25303283 PMCID: PMC4193784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Well documented diversity in risk of developing overweight and obesity between children of immigrant and of native mothers, might be explained by different body mass index (BMI) development trajectories in relation to maternal and perinatal characteristics of offspring. Objectives To assess BMI development trajectories among children born to immigrant and to Swedish mothers from birth to adolescence in relation to perinatal characteristics. Methods A cohort of 2517 children born in Stockholm during 1994 to 1996 was followed with repeated measurement of height and weight at eleven time points until age 12 years. We estimated changes over time for BMI in relation to maternal and perinatal characteristics of offspring using mixed linear model analysis for repeated measure data. Results We observed a significant BMI change over time in children and time interaction with maternal migration status (P<0.0001). Estimated BMI over time adjusted for maternal and perinatal characteristics of offspring, showed slower BMI growth before age of 5, followed by an earlier plateau and steeper BMI growth after 5 years among children of immigrant mothers compared with children of Swedish mothers. These differences in BMI growth were more prominent among children with mothers from outside Europe. Conclusion Beside reinforcing early childhood as a crucial period in development of overweight, the observed slower BMI development at early childhood among children of immigrants followed by a steeper increase in BMI compared with children of Swedish mothers is important for further studies and for planning of preventive public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Besharat Pour
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Bergström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Magnusson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Kull
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Stockholm South General Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tahereh Moradi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chaparro MP, Koupil I. The impact of parental educational trajectories on their adult offspring's overweight/obesity status: a study of three generations of Swedish men and women. Soc Sci Med 2014; 120:199-207. [PMID: 25259658 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of grandparental and parental education and parental educational trajectory on their adult offspring's overweight/obesity. We used register data from the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study, based on a representative cohort born in Sweden 1915-1929 (G1). Our sample included 5122 women and 11,204 men who were grandchildren of G1 (G3), their parents (G2), and grandparents. G3's overweight/obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m2) was based on pre-pregnancy weight/height for women before their first birth (average age=26 years), and measured weight/height at conscription for men (average age=18 years). G1's, G2's, and G3's highest educational attainment was obtained from routine registers and classified as low, intermediate, or high based on respective sample distributions. Parental (G2) educational trajectory was defined as change in education between their own and their highest educated parent (G1), classified into 5 categories: always advantaged (AA), upward trajectory (UT), stable-intermediate (SI), downward trajectory (DT), and always disadvantaged (AD). We used hierarchical gender-stratified logistic regression models adjusted for G3's age, education, year of BMI collection, lineage and G2's year of birth and income. Grandparental and parental education were negatively associated with men's odds of overweight/obesity and parental education affected women's overweight/obesity risk. Furthermore, men and women whose parents belonged to the UT, SI, DT, and AD groups had greater odds of overweight/obesity compared to men and women whose parents belonged to the AA group (adjusted for G3's age, year of BMI collection, lineage, and G2's year of birth). These associations were attenuated when further adjusting for parental income and G3's own education. Socioeconomic inequalities can have long-term consequences and impact the health of future generations. For overweight/obesity in concurrent young cohorts, this inequality is not fully offset by upward educational trajectory in their parent's generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Chaparro
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University & Karolinska Institutet, Sveavägen 160, Floor 5, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ilona Koupil
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University & Karolinska Institutet, Sveavägen 160, Floor 5, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Elinder LS, Heinemans N, Zeebari Z, Patterson E. Longitudinal changes in health behaviours and body weight among Swedish school children--associations with age, gender and parental education--the SCIP school cohort. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:640. [PMID: 24958251 PMCID: PMC4079619 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to develop health promotion initiatives it is important to identify at what age gender and socioeconomic inequalities in health-related behaviours emerge. The aim of this longitudinal study was to analyse how health-related behaviours and weight status differed by age-group, gender, family socio-economic status and over time in three cohorts of school children. Methods All children in grades 2, 4 and 7 in a Swedish semi-urban municipality were invited to participate (n = 1,359) of which 813 (60%) consented. At baseline and after 2 years a health questionnaire was answered by all children. Height and weight was measured. Fourteen outcomes were analysed. The main and interaction effects of time, gender and parental educational level on the health-related behaviours, weight status and body mass index standard deviation score (BMIsds) were analysed by the Weighted Least Squares method for categorical repeated measures and Analysis of Variance. Results Nine of 12 health behaviours deteriorated over the two years: consumption of breakfast and lunch, vegetables and fruit, intake of sweetened drinks, TV viewing, club membership, being outdoors, and school recess activity; two behaviours were unchanged: intake of sweets, and active transport. Only sports participation increased with time. Girls consumed more vegetables, less sweetened drinks, performed less sports, were less physically active during recess, and had lower BMIsds, compared to boys. Those with more highly educated parents had more favourable or similar behaviours compared to those with less educated parents in 10 out of 12 health behaviours, the only exception being intake of sweets and being outdoors, and had lower BMIsds. Conclusions This study adds to our knowledge regarding the temporal development of health behaviours and weight status in school children. Differences with regard to gender and socioeconomic status were seen already at a young age. These results contribute to our understanding of several important determinants of obesity and chronic diseases and may inform future interventions regarding how to decrease gender and social inequalities in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte Schäfer Elinder
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
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Visscher TLS, Heitmann BL, Rissanen A, Lahti-Koski M, Lissner L. A break in the obesity epidemic? Explained by biases or misinterpretation of the data? Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:189-98. [PMID: 24909829 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic papers are presenting prevalence data suggesting breaks and decreases in obesity rates. However, before concluding that the obesity epidemic is not increasing anymore, the validity of the presented data should be discussed more thoroughly. We had a closer look into the literature presented in recent reviews to address the major potential biases and distortions, and to develop insights about how to interpret the presented suggestions for a potential break in the obesity epidemic. Decreasing participation rates, the use of reported rather than measured data and small sample sizes, or lack of representativeness, did not seem to explain presented breaks in the obesity epidemic. Further, available evidence does not suggest that stabilization of obesity rates is seen in higher socioeconomic groups only, or that urbanization could explain a potential break in the obesity epidemic. However, follow-ups of short duration may, in part, explain the apparent break or decrease in the obesity epidemic. On the other hand, a single focus on body mass index (BMI) ⩾25 or ⩾30 kg m(-)(2) is likely to mask a real increase in the obesity epidemic. And, in both children and adults, trends in waist circumferences were generally suggesting an increase, and were stronger than those reported for trends in BMI. Studies concluding that there is a recent break in the obesity epidemic need to be interpreted with caution. Reported studies presenting a break were mostly of short duration. Further, focusing on trends in waist circumference rather than BMI leads to a less optimistic conclusion: the public health problem of obesity is still increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L S Visscher
- 1] Research Centre for the Prevention of Overweight (Zwolle), Windesheim University of Applied Sciences and VU University, Zwolle, The Netherlands [2] Institute of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [3] Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, European Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK
| | - B L Heitmann
- 1] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Rissanen
- 1] Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, European Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK [2] Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Lahti-Koski
- 1] Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, European Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK [2] Finnish Heart Association, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Lissner
- 1] Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, European Association for the Study of Obesity, London, UK [2] Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Garmy P, Clausson EK, Nyberg P, Jakobsson U. Overweight and television and computer habits in Swedish school-age children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci 2014; 16:143-8. [PMID: 23796145 PMCID: PMC4237184 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents (6-16 years), and relationships between being overweight and sleep, experiencing of fatigue, enjoyment of school, and time spent in watching television and in sitting at the computer. Trained school nurses measured the weight and height of 2891 children aged 6, 7, 10, 14, and 16, and distributed a questionnaire to them regarding television and computer habits, sleep, and enjoyment of school. Overweight, obesity included, was present in 16.1% of the study population. Relationships between lifestyle factors and overweight were studied using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Having a bedroom television and spending more than 2 h a day watching television were found to be associated with overweight (OR 1.26 and 1.55 respectively). No association was found between overweight and time spent at the computer, short sleep duration, enjoyment of school, tiredness at school, or difficulties in sleeping and waking up. It is recommended that the school health service discuss with pupils their media habits so as to promote their maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Garmy
- Department of Health Science, Kristianstad UniversityKristianstad, Sweden
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - Eva K Clausson
- Department of Health Science, Kristianstad UniversityKristianstad, Sweden
| | - Per Nyberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Jakobsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
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Döring N, Hansson LM, Andersson ES, Bohman B, Westin M, Magnusson M, Larsson C, Sundblom E, Willmer M, Blennow M, Heitmann BL, Forsberg L, Wallin S, Tynelius P, Ghaderi A, Rasmussen F. Primary prevention of childhood obesity through counselling sessions at Swedish child health centres: design, methods and baseline sample characteristics of the PRIMROSE cluster-randomised trial. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:335. [PMID: 24717011 PMCID: PMC3995501 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a growing concern in Sweden. Children with overweight and obesity run a high risk of becoming obese as adults, and are likely to develop comorbidities. Despite the immense demand, there is still a lack of evidence-based comprehensive prevention programmes targeting pre-school children and their families in primary health care settings. The aims are to describe the design and methodology of the PRIMROSE cluster-randomised controlled trial, assess the relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire, and describe the baseline characteristics of the eligible young children and their mothers. METHODS/DESIGN The PRIMROSE trial targets first-time parents and their children at Swedish child health centres (CHC) in eight counties in Sweden. Randomisation is conducted at the CHC unit level. CHC nurses employed at the participating CHC received training in carrying out the intervention alongside their provision of regular services. The intervention programme, starting when the child is 8-9 months of age and ending at age 4, is based on social cognitive theory and employs motivational interviewing. Primary outcomes are children's body mass index and waist circumference at four years. Secondary outcomes are children's and mothers' eating habits (assessed by a food frequency questionnaire), and children's and mothers' physical activity (measured by accelerometer and a validated questionnaire), and mothers' body mass index and waist circumference. DISCUSSION The on-going population-based PRIMROSE trial, which targets childhood obesity, is embedded in the regular national (routine) preventive child health services that are available free-of-charge to all young families in Sweden. Of the participants (n = 1369), 489 intervention and 550 control mothers (75.9%) responded to the validated physical activity and food frequency questionnaire at baseline (i.e., before the first intervention session, or, for children in the control group, before they reached 10 months of age). The food frequency questionnaire showed acceptable relative validity when compared with an 8-day food diary. We are not aware of any previous RCT, concerned with the primary prevention of childhood obesity through sessions at CHC that addresses healthy eating habits and physical activity in the context of a routine child health services programme. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN16991919.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Döring
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Lena M Hansson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Elina Scheers Andersson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Bohman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Westin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Magnusson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel Larsson
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elinor Sundblom
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Willmer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Margareta Blennow
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Child Health Services, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit L Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorder, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Forsberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Centre of Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Wallin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Per Tynelius
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ata Ghaderi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Division of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Triunfo S, Lanzone A. Impact of overweight and obesity on obstetric outcomes. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:323-9. [PMID: 24515300 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal nutritional status is an increasingly common complication in developed countries and, as reproductive age women are a part of this trend, the effect of maternal obesity on the pregnancy and neonate must be investigated. Pregestational obesity or overweight condition or an excessive gestational weight gain can be an independent risk factor for feto-maternal complications and long-term risks in adult life for the fetus. The selected risks include infertility, miscarriage, congenital anomalies, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, intrauterine fetal death, macrosomia, and delivery complications. From an etiological point of view, the causes of the adverse outcomes include maternal body habitus, proinflammatory state of obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. Actually, a weight management guidance for obese pregnant women is limited, recommending a gain between 5 and 9 kg during the pregnancy period, while weight loss is discouraged. Mainly, therapeutic approach is prevention using specific programs of reducing weight before pregnant status. In addition, mechanistic studies, in animal models especially, have identified potential areas for intervention which might limit adverse risk factors for obesity from mothers to infants during pregnancy. In this article, a review of the literature on selected obstetrical risks associated with maternal overweight and obesity has been performed and both the target prevention and management strategies have been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Triunfo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Vito, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy,
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49
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Matthiessen J, Stockmarr A, Biltoft-Jensen A, Fagt S, Zhang H, Groth MV. Trends in overweight and obesity in Danish children and adolescents: 2000-2008--exploring changes according to parental education. Scand J Public Health 2014; 42:385-92. [PMID: 24516062 DOI: 10.1177/1403494813520356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the hypotheses that an overall levelling off in the prevalence of overweight and obesity during the period 2000-2008 has occurred, and that increasing social inequality in overweight and obesity exists in a nationally representative sample of Danish children and adolescents. METHODS The population comprised a random sample of 1849 children aged 4-14 years who participated in the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity in 2000-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2008. Parental education was chosen as an indicator of children's socioeconomic status. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from parent-reported weight and height. Subjects were classified as overweight and obese according to the International Obesity Task Force age- and gender-specific BMI cut-off values. Crude prevalence estimates and logistic regression models were used to analyse trends in overweight and obesity as the main outcome measures. RESULTS An increase was found in the crude prevalence of overweight (including obesity) in boys (12.8-21.7%, p = 0.0006), but not in girls (17.6-15.9%, p = 0.56), between 2000-2002 and 2005-2008. The prevalence of overweight increased significantly in boys of parents with low educational level only. A strong inverse social gradient in overweight and obesity was documented for boys and girls during the whole survey period. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed an increase in the prevalence of overweight in Danish boys, but not in girls. This increase was due to increasing social inequality in overweight among boys. Public health initiatives aimed at preventing and reducing overweight and obesity should consider gender difference and especially target boys with parents of low educational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Matthiessen
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Stockmarr
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark,. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Biltoft-Jensen
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Sisse Fagt
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark,. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Margit Velsing Groth
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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50
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White J, Jago R, Thompson JL. Dietary risk factors for the development of insulin resistance in adolescent girls: a 3-year prospective study. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:361-8. [PMID: 23158020 PMCID: PMC10282440 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012004983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying risk factors for insulin resistance in adolescence could provide valuable information for early prevention. The study sought to identify risk factors for changes in insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose levels. DESIGN Prospective cohort of girls participating in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. SETTING USA SUBJECTS Adolescent girls (n 774) assessed at the ages of 16-17 and 18-19 years. Over a 3-year period, measurements of fasting blood glucose and insulin and serum cotinine were taken, and dietary intake (3 d food diary), smoking status and physical activity levels were self-reported. RESULTS Improvements in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were associated with increases in the percentage of energy intake from polyunsaturated fats (β = -3·33, 95% CI -6·28, -0·39, P = 0·03) and grams of soluble fibre (β = -5·20, 95% CI -9·81, -0·59, P = 0·03) between the ages of 16-17 and 18-19 years; with similar findings for insulin. Transitioning into obesity was associated with an increase in insulin (β = 6·34, 95% CI 2·78, 9·91, P < 0·001) and HOMA-IR (β = 28·77, 95% CI 8·13, 49·40, P = 0·006). Serum cotinine concentrations at 16-17 years, indicating exposure to tobacco, were associated with large increases (β = 15·43, 95% CI 6·09, 24·77, P < 0·001) in fasting blood glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Increases in the percentage of energy from polyunsaturated fat and fibre, and avoidance of excess weight gain and tobacco exposure, could substantially reduce the risk of insulin resistance in late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James White
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Janice L Thompson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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