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Hazell AS. Stem Cell Therapy and Thiamine Deficiency-Induced Brain Damage. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1450-1467. [PMID: 38720090 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a major central nervous system disorder resulting from thiamine deficiency (TD) in which a number of brain regions can develop serious damage including the thalamus and inferior colliculus. Despite decades of research into the pathophysiology of TD and potential therapeutic interventions, little progress has been made regarding effective treatment following the development of brain lesions and its associated cognitive issues. Recent developments in our understanding of stem cells suggest they are capable of repairing damage and improving function in different maladys. This article puts forward the case for the potential use of stem cell treatment as a therapeutic strategy in WE by first examining the effects of TD on brain functional integrity and its consequences. The second half of the paper will address the future benefits of treating TD with these cells by focusing on their nature and their potential to effectively treat neurodegenerative diseases that share some overlapping pathophysiological features with TD. At the same time, some of the obstacles these cells will have to overcome in order to become a viable therapeutic strategy for treating this potentially life-threatening illness in humans will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Hazell
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, 2335 Bennett Avenue, Montreal, QC, H1V 2T6, Canada.
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Rhea EM, Babin A, Thomas P, Omer M, Weaver R, Hansen K, Banks WA, Talbot K. Brain uptake pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, and DA5-CH in the search for new treatments of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Tissue Barriers 2023:2292461. [PMID: 38095516 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2292461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of peptide incretin receptor agonists (IRAs) show promise as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one way for IRAs to act directly within the brain. To determine which IRAs are high priority candidates for treating these disorders, we have studied their brain uptake pharmacokinetics. METHODS We quantitatively measure the ability of four IRAs to cross the BBB. We injected adult male CD-1 mice intravenously with 125I- or 14C-labeled albiglutide, dulaglutide, DA5-CH, or tirzepatide and used multiple-time regression analyses to measure brain kinetics up to 1 hour. For those IRAs failing to enter the brain 1 h after intravenous injection, we also investigated their ability to enter over a longer time frame (i.e., 6 h). RESULTS Albiglutide and dulaglutide had the fastest brain uptake rates within 1 hour. DA5-CH appears to enter the brain rapidly, reaching equilibrium quickly. Tirzepatide does not appear to cross the BBB within 1 h after iv injection but like albumin, did so slowly over 6 h, presumably via the extracellular pathways. CONCLUSIONS We find that IRAs can cross the BBB by two separate processes; one that is fast and one that is slow. Three of the four IRAs investigated here have fast rates of transport and should be taken into consideration for testing as AD and PD therapeutics as they would have the ability to act quickly and directly on the brain as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alice Babin
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Thomas
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohamed Omer
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Riley Weaver
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim Hansen
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pathology and Human Anatomy, and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Logsdon AF, Erickson MA, Herbert MJ, Noonan C, Foresi BD, Qiu J, Lim YP, Banks WA, Stonestreet BS. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption in neonatal mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114563. [PMID: 37806514 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of information regarding efficacious pharmacological neuroprotective strategies to attenuate or reduce brain injury in neonates. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in adult rodents and increases inflammation in adults and neonates. Human blood-derived Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) are neuroprotective, improve neonatal survival after LPS, and attenuate LPS-induced disruption of the BBB in adult male mice. We hypothesized that LPS also disrupts the function of the BBB in neonatal mice and that IAIPs attenuate the LPS-induced BBB disruption in male and female neonatal mice. IAIPs were administered to neonatal mice after LPS and BBB permeability quantified with intravenous 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin. Although repeated high doses (3 mg/kg) of LPS in neonates resulted in high mortality rates and a robust increase in BBB permeability, repeated lower doses (1 mg/kg) of LPS resulted in lower mortality rates and disruption of the BBB in both male and female neonates. IAIP treatment attenuated disruption of the BBB similarly to sucrose and albumin after exposure to low-dose LPS in neonatal mice. Exposure to low-dose LPS elevated IAIP concentrations in blood, but it did not appear to increase the systemic levels of Pre-alpha inhibitor (PaI), one of the family members of the IAIPs that contains heavy chain 3. We conclude that IAIPs attenuate LPS-related disruption of the BBB in both male and female neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melanie J Herbert
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Cassidy Noonan
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Brian D Foresi
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Joseph Qiu
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Purohit P, Dutta P, Roy PK. Empirically validated theoretical analysis of visual-spatial perception under change of nervous system arousal. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1136985. [PMID: 37251600 PMCID: PMC10213702 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1136985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Visual-spatial perception is a process for extracting the spatial relationship between objects in the environment. The changes in visual-spatial perception due to factors such as the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (hyperactivation) or parasympathetic nervous system (hypoactivation) can affect the internal representation of the external visual-spatial world. We formulated a quantitative model of the modulation of visual-perceptual space under action by hyperactivation or hypoactivation-inducing neuromodulating agents. We showed a Hill equation based relationship between neuromodulator agent concentration and alteration of visual-spatial perception utilizing the metric tensor to quantify the visual space. Methods We computed the dynamics of the psilocybin (hyperactivation-inducing agent) and chlorpromazine (hypoactivation-inducing agent) in brain tissue. Then, we validated our quantitative model by analyzing the findings of different independent behavioral studies where subjects were assessed for alterations in visual-spatial perception under the action of psilocybin and under chlorpromazine. To validate the neuronal correlates, we simulated the effect of the neuromodulating agent on the computational model of the grid-cell network, and also performed diffusion MRI-based tractography to find the neural tracts between the cortical areas involved: V2 and the entorhinal cortex. Results We applied our computational model to an experiment (where perceptual alterations were measured under psilocybin) and found that for n (Hill-coefficient) = 14.8 and k = 1.39, the theoretical prediction followed experimental observations very well (χ2 test robustly satisfied, p > 0.99). We predicted the outcome of another psilocybin-based experiment using these values (n = 14.8 and k = 1.39), whereby our prediction and experimental outcomes were well corroborated. Furthermore, we found that also under hypoactivation (chlorpromazine), the modulation of the visual-spatial perception follows our model. Moreover, we found neural tracts between the area V2 and entorhinal cortex, thus providing a possible brain network responsible for encoding visual-spatial perception. Thence, we simulated the altered grid-cell network activity, which was also found to follow the Hill equation. Conclusion We developed a computational model of visuospatial perceptual alterations under altered neural sympathetic/parasympathetic tone. We validated our model using analysis of behavioral studies, neuroimaging assessment, and neurocomputational evaluation. Our quantitative approach may be probed as a potential behavioral screening and monitoring methodology in neuropsychology to analyze perceptual misjudgment and mishaps by highly stressed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Purohit
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Prasun Dutta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Prasun K. Roy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University (SNU), Greater Noida, India
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Akashi T, Noguchi S, Takahashi Y, Nishimura T, Tomi M. L-type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (SLC7A5)-Mediated Transport of Pregabalin at the Rat Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier and its Sensitivity to Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acids. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1137-1144. [PMID: 36627052 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pregabalin is an anti-neuropathic pain drug inhibiting the α2δ subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channel in the spinal cord. The aim of this study is to characterize the transport mechanism of pregabalin at the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) by means of in vivo experiments in rats and in vitro studies using primary-cultured rat spinal cord endothelial cells. We isolated endothelial cells by culturing rat spinal cord tissue in the presence of puromycin, and confirmed the expression of BSCB markers such as Cd31, Mdr1a, and Claudin-5. The uptake of pregabalin by primary-cultured rat spinal cord endothelial cells was sodium-independent and was significantly inhibited by L-leucine, 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, and JPH203. These results suggest the involvement of L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) 1. LAT1 mRNA and protein was expressed in primary-cultured rat spinal cord endothelial cells, which is consistent with LAT1 expression at the BSCB. In the in vivo study, the transfer of pregabalin to rat spinal cord and brain was significantly decreased by the pre-administration of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), which are endogenous substrates of LAT1. Our results indicate that pregabalin transport across the BSCB is mediated at least in part by LAT1 and is inhibited by plasma BCAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Akashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Saki Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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Goto A, Yamamoto S, Igari T, Matsumoto SI, Chisaki I, Iida K, Nakayama M, Oda A, Kakoi Y, Uchida A, Miyata K, Nishikawa M, Nagata T, Kusuhara H, Yokota T, Hirabayashi H. Quantitative Model Analysis and Simulation of Pharmacokinetics and Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma 1 RNA Knockdown Effect After Systemic Administration of Cholesterol-Conjugated DNA/RNA Heteroduplex Oligonucleotide Crossing Blood-Brain Barrier of Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:197-204. [PMID: 36273821 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-conjugated heteroduplex oligonucleotide (Chol-HDO) is a double-stranded complex; it comprises an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and its complementary strand with a cholesterol ligand. Chol-HDO is a powerful tool for achieving target RNA knockdown in the brains of mice after systemic injection. Here, a quantitative model analysis was conducted to characterize the relationship between the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma 1 (Malat1) RNA, of Chol-HDO, in a time-dependent manner. The established PK model could describe regional differences in the observed brain concentration-time profiles. Incorporating the PD model enabled the unique knockdown profiles in the brain to be explained in terms of the time delay after single dosing and enhancement following repeated dosing. Moreover, sensitivity analysis of PK exposure/persistency, target RNA turnover, and knockdown potency identified key factors for the efficient and sustained target RNA knockdown in the brain. The simulation of an adequate dosing regimen quantitatively supported the benefit of Chol-HDO in terms of achieving a suitable dosing interval. This was achieved via sufficient and sustained brain exposure and subsequent strong and sustained target RNA knockdown in the brain, even after systemic injection. The present study provides new insights into drug discoveries and development strategies for HDO in patients with neurogenic disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The quantitative model analysis presented here characterized the PK/PD relationship of Chol-HDO, enabled its simulation under various conditions or assumptions, and identified key factors for efficient and sustained RNA knockdown, such as PK exposure and persistency. Chol-HDO appears to be an efficient drug delivery system for the systemic administration of desired drugs to brain targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Goto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Tomoko Igari
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Shin-Ichi Matsumoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Ikumi Chisaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Koichi Iida
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Miyu Nakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Akira Oda
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Yuuichi Kakoi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Akio Uchida
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Kenichi Miyata
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Tetsuya Nagata
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
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Quaranta DV, Weaver RR, Baumann KK, Fujimoto T, Williams LM, Kim HC, Logsdon AF, Omer M, Reed MJ, Banks WA, Erickson MA. Transport of the Proinflammatory Chemokines C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (MCP-1) and C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (RANTES) across the Intact Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier Is Inhibited by Heparin and Eprodisate and Increased with Systemic Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:205-223. [PMID: 36310035 PMCID: PMC9827507 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One important function of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) is to facilitate neuroimmune communication. The BBB fulfills this function, in part, through its ability to transport cytokines and chemokines. C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCL2) (MCP-1) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCL5) (RANTES) are proinflammatory chemokines that mediate neuroimmune responses to acute insults and aspects of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases; however, a blood-to-brain transport system has not been evaluated for either chemokine in vivo. Therefore, we determined whether CCL2 and CCL5 in blood can cross the intact BBB and enter the brain. Using CD-1 mice, we found that 125I-labeled CCL2 and CCL5 crossed the BBB and entered the brain parenchyma. We next aimed to identify the mechanisms of 125I-CCL2 and 125I-CCL5 transport in an in situ brain perfusion model. We found that both heparin and eprodisate inhibited brain uptake of 125I-CCL2 and 125I-CCL5 in situ, whereas antagonists of their receptors, CCR2 or CCR5, respectively, did not, suggesting that heparan sulfates at the endothelial surface mediate BBB transport. Finally, we showed that CCL2 and CCL5 transport across the BBB increased following a single injection of 0.3 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide. These data demonstrate that CCL2 and CCL5 in the brain can derive, in part, from the circulation, especially during systemic inflammation. Further, binding to the BBB-associated heparan sulfate is a mechanism by which both chemokines can cross the intact BBB, highlighting a novel therapeutic target for treating neuroinflammation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our work demonstrates that C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) can cross the intact blood-brain barrier and that transport is robustly increased during inflammation. These data suggest that circulating CCL2 and CCL5 can contribute to brain levels of each chemokine. We further show that the transport of both chemokines is inhibited by heparin and eprodisate, suggesting that CCL2/CCL5-heparan sulfate interactions could be therapeutically targeted to limit accumulation of these chemokines in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Quaranta
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Riley R Weaver
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Kristen K Baumann
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Takashi Fujimoto
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Lindsey M Williams
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Hyung Chan Kim
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Mohamed Omer
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - May J Reed
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
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Characteristics of Exosomes and the Vascular Landscape Regulate Exosome Sequestration by Peripheral Tissues and Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012513. [PMID: 36293369 PMCID: PMC9603979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes mediate intercellular communication, shuttling messages between cells and tissues. We explored whether exosome tissue sequestration is determined by the exosomes or the tissues using ten radiolabeled exosomes from human or murine, cancerous or noncancerous cell lines. We measured sequestration of these exosomes by the liver, kidney, spleen, and lung after intravenous injection into male CD-1 mice. Except for kidney sequestration of three exosomes, all exosomes were incorporated by all tissues, but sequestration levels varied greatly among exosomes and tissues. Species of origin (mouse vs. human) or source (cancerous vs. noncancerous cells) did not influence tissue sequestration. Sequestration of J774A.1 exosomes by liver involved the mannose-6 phosphate (M6P) receptor. Wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatments enhanced sequestration of exosomes by brain and lung but inhibited sequestration by liver and spleen. Response to LPS was not predictive of response to WGA. Path and heat map analyses included our published results for brain and found distinct clusters among the exosomes and the tissues. In conclusion, we found no evidence for a universal binding site controlling exosome-tissue interactions. Instead, sequestration of exosomes by tissues is differentially regulated by both exosomes and tissues and may be stimulated or inhibited by WGA and inflammation.
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Modeling Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability to Solutes and Drugs In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081696. [PMID: 36015323 PMCID: PMC9414534 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the pharmacokinetic principles governing the uptake of endogenous substances, xenobiotics, and biologicals across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has advanced significantly over the past few decades. There is now a spectrum of experimental techniques available in experimental animals and humans which, together with pharmacokinetic models of low to high complexity, can be applied to describe the transport processes at the BBB of low molecular weight agents and macromolecules. This review provides an overview of the models in current use, from initial rate uptake studies over compartmental models to physiologically based models and points out the advantages and shortcomings associated with the different methods. A comprehensive pharmacokinetic profile of a compound with respect to brain exposure requires the knowledge of BBB uptake clearance, intra-brain distribution, and extent of equilibration across the BBB. The application of proper pharmacokinetic analysis and suitable models is a requirement not only in the drug development process, but in all of the studies where the brain uptake of drugs or markers is used to make statements about the function or integrity of the BBB.
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Brown C, Pemberton S, Babin A, Abdulhameed N, Noonan C, Brown MB, Banks WA, Rhea EM. Insulin blood-brain barrier transport and interactions are greater following exercise in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:824-834. [PMID: 35175106 PMCID: PMC8917914 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00866.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has multiple beneficial effects including improving peripheral insulin sensitivity, improving central function such as memory, and restoring a dysregulated blood-brain barrier (BBB). Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is a common feature of cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease. Delivery of insulin to the brain can improve memory. Endogenous insulin must cross the BBB to directly act within the CNS and this transport system can be affected by various physiological states and serum factors. Therefore, the current study sought to investigate whether exercise could enhance insulin BBB transport as a mechanism for the underlying benefits of exercise on cognition. We investigated radioactive insulin BBB pharmacokinetics following an acute bout of exercise in young, male and female CD-1 mice. In addition, we investigated changes in serum levels of substrates that are known to affect insulin BBB transport. Finally, we measured the basal level of a downstream protein involved in insulin receptor signaling in various brain regions as well as muscle. We found insulin BBB transport in males was greater following exercise, and in males and females to both enhance the level of insulin vascular binding and alter CNS insulin receptor signaling, independent of changes in serum factors known to alter insulin BBB transport.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Central nervous system (CNS) insulin and exercise are beneficial for cognition. CNS insulin resistance is present in Alzheimer's disease. CNS insulin levels are regulated by transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We show that exercise can enhance insulin BBB transport and binding of insulin to the brain's vasculature in mice. There were no changes in serum factors known to alter insulin BBB pharmacokinetics. We conclude exercise could impact cognition through regulation of insulin BBB transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Brown
- 1Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- 1Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington,2Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alice Babin
- 1Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Noor Abdulhameed
- 1Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington,2Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cassidy Noonan
- 1Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington,2Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary Beth Brown
- 3Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William A. Banks
- 4Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,5Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- 4Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,5Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
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11
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Rodríguez-Massó SR, Erickson MA, Banks WA, Ulrich H, Martins AH. The Bradykinin B2 Receptor Agonist (NG291) Causes Rapid Onset of Transient Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Without Evidence of Early Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:791709. [PMID: 34975388 PMCID: PMC8715084 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.791709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) describes the brain's highly specialized capillaries, which form a dynamic interface that maintains central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. The BBB supports the CNS, in part, by preventing the entry of potentially harmful circulating molecules into the brain. However, this specialized function is challenging for the development of CNS therapeutics. Several strategies to facilitate drug delivery into the brain parenchyma via disruption of the BBB have been proposed. Bradykinin has proven effective in disrupting mechanisms across the blood-tumor barrier. Unfortunately, bradykinin has limited therapeutic value because of its short half-life and the undesirable biological activity elicited by its active metabolites. Objective: To evaluate NG291, a stable bradykinin analog, with selective agonist activity on the bradykinin-B2 receptor and its ability to disrupt the BBB transiently. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats and CD-1 mice were subjected to NG291 treatment (either 50 or 100 μg/kg, intravenously). Time and dose-dependent BBB disruption were evaluated by histological analysis of Evans blue (EB) extravasation. Transcellular and paracellular BBB leakage were assessed by infiltration of 99mTc-albumin (66.5 KDa) and 14C-sucrose (340 Da) radiolabeled probes into the brains of CD-1 mice treated with NG291. NG291 influence on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump activity was evaluated by quantifying the brain accumulation of 3H-verapamil, a known P-gp substrate, in CD-1 mice. Results: NG291-mediated BBB disruption was localized, dose-dependent, and reversible as measured by EB extravasation. 99mTc-albumin leakage was significantly increased by 50 μg/kg of NG291, whereas 100 μg/kg of NG291 significantly augmented both 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin leakage. NG291 enhanced P-gp efflux transporter activity and was unable to increase brain uptake of the P-gp substrate pralidoxime. NG291 did not evoke significant short-term neurotoxicity, as it did not increase brain water content, the number of Fluoro-Jade C positive cells, or astrocyte activation. Conclusion: Our findings strongly suggest that NG291 increases BBB permeability by two different mechanisms in a dose-dependent manner and increases P-gp efflux transport. This increased permeability may facilitate the penetration into the brain of therapeutic candidates that are not P-gp substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R. Rodríguez-Massó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Henrique Martins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
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12
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Rhea EM, Hansen K, Pemberton S, Torres ERS, Holden S, Raber J, Banks WA. Effects of apolipoprotein E isoform, sex, and diet on insulin BBB pharmacokinetics in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18636. [PMID: 34545146 PMCID: PMC8452709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age, apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoform, sex, and diet can independently affect the risk for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Additionally, synergy between some of these risk factors have been observed. However, the relation between the latter three risk factors has not been investigated. Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is commonly involved in each of these risk factors. CNS insulin is primarily derived from the periphery in which insulin must be transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, insulin can bind the brain endothelial cell to affect intracellular signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized CNS access to insulin could be affected by the combination of apoE isoform, sex, and diet. We analyzed insulin BBB pharmacokinetics in aged apoE targeted replacement (E3 and E4) male and female mice on a low-fat and high-fat diet. There were differences within males and females due to apoE genotype and diet in insulin interactions at the BBB. These sex-, diet-, and apoE isoform-dependent differences could contribute to the cognitive changes observed due to altered CNS insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
| | - Kim Hansen
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Eileen Ruth S Torres
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
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Nguyen S, Banks WA, Rhea EM. Effects of Rapamycin on Insulin Brain Endothelial Cell Binding and Blood-Brain Barrier Transport. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9030056. [PMID: 34449653 PMCID: PMC8395935 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin is an exogenous compound that has been shown to improve cognition in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models and can regulate pathways downstream of the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Insulin is also known to improve cognition in rodent models of Alzheimer’s disease. Central nervous system (CNS) insulin must first cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a specialized network of brain endothelial cells. This transport process is regulated by physiological factors, such as insulin itself, triglycerides, cytokines, and starvation. Since rapamycin treatment can alter the metabolic state of rodents, increase the circulating triglycerides, and acts as a starvation mimetic, we hypothesized rapamycin could alter the rate of insulin transport across the BBB, providing a potential mechanism for the beneficial effects of rapamycin on cognition. Using young male and female CD-1 mice, we measured the effects of rapamycin on the basal levels of serum factors, insulin receptor signaling, vascular binding, and BBB pharmacokinetics. We found chronic rapamycin treatment was able to affect basal levels of circulating serum factors and endothelial cell insulin receptor signaling. In addition, while acute rapamycin treatment did affect insulin binding at the BBB, overall transport was unaltered. Chronic rapamycin slowed insulin BBB transport non-significantly (p = 0.055). These results suggest that rapamycin may not directly impact the transport of insulin at the BBB but could be acting to alter insulin signaling within brain endothelial cells, which can affect downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William A. Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sprowls SA, Saralkar P, Arsiwala T, Adkins CE, Blethen KE, Pizzuti VJ, Shah N, Fladeland R, Lockman PR. A Review of Mathematics Determining Solute Uptake at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050756. [PMID: 34069733 PMCID: PMC8160855 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits movement of solutes from the lumen of the brain microvascular capillary system into the parenchyma. The unidirectional transfer constant, Kin, is the rate at which transport across the BBB occurs for individual molecules. Single and multiple uptake experiments are available for the determination of Kin for new drug candidates using both intravenous and in situ protocols. Additionally, the single uptake method can be used to determine Kin in heterogeneous pathophysiological conditions such as stroke, brain cancers, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we briefly cover the anatomy and physiology of the BBB, discuss the impact of efflux transporters on solute uptake, and provide an overview of the single-timepoint method for determination of Kin values. Lastly, we compare preclinical Kin experimental results with human parallels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Sprowls
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Pushkar Saralkar
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Tasneem Arsiwala
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | | | - Kathryn E. Blethen
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Vincenzo J. Pizzuti
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Neal Shah
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ross Fladeland
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
| | - Paul R. Lockman
- Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (S.A.S.); (P.S.); (T.A.); (K.E.B.); (V.J.P.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-304-293-0944
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15
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Rhea EM, Banks WA. A historical perspective on the interactions of insulin at the blood-brain barrier. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12929. [PMID: 33433042 PMCID: PMC8052275 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Subsequent to the discovery of insulin in 1921, the role of insulin in the brain has been investigated throughly. The ability of insulin to act within the brain to regulate peripheral glucose levels helped evolve the research surrounding the ability of insulin to be transported into the brain. Investigations aiming to determine the transport of insulin into the brain from the circulation soon followed. Once it was established that insulin could enter the brain, the ability of insulin to bind brain microvessels and regulators of this process were determined. As technology advanced, quantitative measurements to specify the transport rate of insulin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the impact of physiological conditions and diseases were the logical next steps. Lastly, with the advent of genetic mouse models and high-specificity antagonists, the specific role of the insulin receptor in mediating insulin transport could begin to be explored. In this review, we summarise the main findings throughout the decades regarding the interactions of insulin at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA 98159
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington, USA 98108
- Corresponding author: Elizabeth M. Rhea;
| | - William A. Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA 98159
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington, USA 98108
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16
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Rhea EM, Logsdon AF, Hansen KM, Williams LM, Reed MJ, Baumann KK, Holden SJ, Raber J, Banks WA, Erickson MA. The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier in mice. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:368-378. [PMID: 33328624 PMCID: PMC8793077 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019, can enter the brain. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 binds to cells via the S1 subunit of its spike protein. We show that intravenously injected radioiodinated S1 (I-S1) readily crossed the blood-brain barrier in male mice, was taken up by brain regions and entered the parenchymal brain space. I-S1 was also taken up by the lung, spleen, kidney and liver. Intranasally administered I-S1 also entered the brain, although at levels roughly ten times lower than after intravenous administration. APOE genotype and sex did not affect whole-brain I-S1 uptake but had variable effects on uptake by the olfactory bulb, liver, spleen and kidney. I-S1 uptake in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb was reduced by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Mechanistic studies indicated that I-S1 crosses the blood-brain barrier by adsorptive transcytosis and that murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is involved in brain and lung uptake, but not in kidney, liver or spleen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kim M. Hansen
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lindsey M. Williams
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA
| | - May J. Reed
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kristen K. Baumann
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Sarah J. Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA,Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine; Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA,Corresponding author: WAB, 1/810C, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 Phone: 206 764 2701,
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
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17
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Hazell AS, Butterworth RF. Region-selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier to α-aminoisobutyric acid during thiamine deficiency and following its reversal. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:239-246. [PMID: 33245475 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00644-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine deficiency (TD) results in focal lesions in several regions of the rat brain including the thalamus and inferior colliculus. Since alterations in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity may play a role in this damage, we have examined the influence of TD on the unidirectional blood-to-brain transfer constant (Ki) of the low molecular weight species α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) in vulnerable and non-vulnerable brain regions at different stages during progression of the disorder, and following its reversal with thiamine. Analysis of the regional distribution of Ki values showed early (day 10) increased transfer of [14C]-AIB across the BBB in the vulnerable medial thalamus as well as the non-vulnerable caudate and hippocampus. At the acute symptomatic stage (day 14), more widespread BBB permeability changes were detected in most areas including the lateral thalamus, inferior colliculus, and non-vulnerable cerebellum and pons. Twenty-four hours following thiamine replenishment, a heterogeneous pattern of increased BBB permeability was observed in which many structures maintained increased uptake of [14C]-AIB. No increase in the [3H]-dextran space, a marker of intravascular volume, was detected in brain regions during the progress of TD, suggesting that BBB permeability to this large tracer was unaffected. These results indicate that BBB opening i) occurs early during TD, ii) is not restricted to vulnerable areas of the brain, iii) is progressive, iv) persists for at least 24 h following treatment with thiamine, and v) is likely selective in nature, depending on the molecular species being transported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Hazell
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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18
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Ineichen BV, Di Palma S, Laczko E, Liddelow SA, Neumann S, Schwab ME, Mosberger AC. Regional Differences in Penetration of the Protein Stabilizer Trimethoprim (TMP) in the Rat Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:167. [PMID: 33013318 PMCID: PMC7496896 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating gene expression at the protein level is becoming increasingly important for answering basic questions in neurobiology. Several techniques using destabilizing domains (DD) on transgenes, which can be activated or deactivated by specific drugs, have been developed to achieve this goal. A DD from bacterial dihydrofolate reductase bound and stabilized by trimethoprim (TMP) represents such a tool. To control transgenic protein levels in the brain, the DD-regulating drugs need to have sufficient penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). Yet, very limited information is available on TMP pharmacokinetics in the CNS following systemic injection. Here, we performed a pharmacokinetic study on the penetration of TMP into different CNS compartments in the rat. We used mass spectrometry to measure TMP concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tissue samples of different CNS regions upon intraperitoneal TMP injection. We show that TMP quickly (within 10 min) penetrates from serum to CSF through the blood-CSF barrier. TMP also shows quick penetration into brain tissue but concentrations were an order of magnitude lower compared to serum or CSF. TMP concentration in spinal cord was lower than in any other analyzed CNS area. Nevertheless, effective levels of TMP to stabilize DDs can be reached in the CNS with half-lives around 2 h. These data show that TMP has good and fast penetration properties into the CNS and is therefore a valuable ligand for precisely controlling protein expression in the CNS in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin V Ineichen
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Di Palma
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Endre Laczko
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alice C Mosberger
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Salameh TS, Rhea EM, Talbot K, Banks WA. Brain uptake pharmacokinetics of incretin receptor agonists showing promise as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114187. [PMID: 32755557 PMCID: PMC7606641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the more promising treatments proposed for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are those reducing brain insulin resistance. The antidiabetics in the class of incretin receptor agonists (IRAs) reduce symptoms and brain pathology in animal models of AD and PD, as well as glucose utilization in AD cases and clinical symptoms in PD cases after their systemic administration. At least 9 different IRAs are showing promise as AD and PD therapeutics, but we still lack quantitative data on their relative ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) reaching the brain parenchyma. We consequently compared brain uptake pharmacokinetics of intravenous 125I-labeled IRAs in adult CD-1 mice over the course of 60 min. We tested single IRAs (exendin-4, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide), which bind receptors for one incretin (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1]), and dual IRAs, which bind receptors for two incretins (GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]), including unbranched, acylated, PEGylated, or C-terminally modified forms (Finan/Ma Peptides 17, 18, and 20 and Hölscher peptides DA3-CH and DA-JC4). The non-acylated and non-PEGylated IRAs (exendin-4, lixisenatide, Peptide 17, DA3-CH and DA-JC4) had significant rates of blood-to-brain influx (Ki), but the acylated IRAs (liraglutide, semaglutide, and Peptide 18) did not measurably cross the BBB. The brain influx of the non-acylated, non-PEGylated IRAs were not saturable up to 1 μg of these drugs and was most likely mediated by adsorptive transcytosis across brain endothelial cells, as observed for exendin-4. Of the non-acylated, non-PEGylated IRAs tested, exendin-4 and DA-JC4 were best able to cross the BBB based on their rate of brain influx, percentage reaching the brain that accumulated in brain parenchyma, and percentage of the systemic dose taken up per gram of brain tissue. Exendin-4 and DA-JC4 thus merit special attention as IRAs well-suited to enter the central nervous system (CNS), thus reaching areas pathologic in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S Salameh
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurosurgery, Basic Sciences, and Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA.
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20
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Focused ultrasound for opening blood-brain barrier and drug delivery monitored with positron emission tomography. J Control Release 2020; 324:303-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Sheng L, Stewart T, Yang D, Thorland E, Soltys D, Aro P, Khrisat T, Xie Z, Li N, Liu Z, Tian C, Bercow M, Matsumoto J, Zabetian CP, Peskind E, Quinn JF, Shi M, Zhang J. Erythrocytic α-synuclein contained in microvesicles regulates astrocytic glutamate homeostasis: a new perspective on Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:102. [PMID: 32641150 PMCID: PMC7346449 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the transmission and accumulation of toxic species of α-synuclein (α-syn). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are believed to play a vital role in the spread of toxic α-syn species. Recently, peripheral α-syn pathology has been investigated, but little attention has been devoted to erythrocytes, which contain abundant α-syn. In this study, we first demonstrated that erythrocyte-derived EVs isolated from Parkinson's disease patients carried elevated levels of oligomeric α-syn, compared to those from healthy controls. Moreover, human erythrocyte-derived EVs, when injected into peripheral blood in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, were found to readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These EVs accumulated in astrocyte endfeet, a component of the BBB, where they impaired glutamate uptake, likely via interaction between excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and oligomeric α-syn. These data suggest that erythrocyte-derived EVs and the oligomeric α-syn carried in them may play critical roles in the progression or even initiation of Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the mechanisms involved are attributable at least in part to dysfunction of astrocytes induced by these EVs. These observations provide new insight into the understanding of the mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Sheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dishun Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Thorland
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Soltys
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patrick Aro
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tarek Khrisat
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zhiying Xie
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zongran Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew Bercow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine Peskind
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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22
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Galindo DC, Banks WA, Rhea EM. The impact of acute rosiglitazone on insulin pharmacokinetics at the blood-brain barrier. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00149. [PMID: 32704569 PMCID: PMC7375048 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CNS insulin levels are decreased and insulin receptor signalling is dampened in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing CNS insulin levels through a variety of methods has been shown to improve memory. Indeed, medications routinely used to improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes are now being repurposed for memory enhancement. CNS insulin is primarily derived from the circulation, by an active transport system at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The goal of this study was to determine whether rosiglitazone (RSG), a drug used to improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, could enhance insulin transport at the BBB, as a potential therapeutic for improving memory. METHODS Using radioactively labelled insulin and the multiple-time regression analysis technique, we measured the rate of insulin BBB transport and level of vascular binding in mice pretreated with vehicle or 10 µg RSG in the presence or absence of an insulin receptor inhibitor. RESULTS Although we found acute RSG administration does not affect insulin transport at the BBB, it does restore BBB vascular binding of insulin in an insulin receptor-resistant state. CONCLUSIONS Acute RSG treatment does not alter insulin BBB transport in healthy mice but can restore insulin receptor binding at the BBB in an insulin-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William A. Banks
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Research and DevelopmentVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare SystemSeattleWAUSA
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Research and DevelopmentVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare SystemSeattleWAUSA
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Transport of Extracellular Vesicles across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Brain Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124407. [PMID: 32575812 PMCID: PMC7352415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), but little is known about passage. Here, we used multiple-time regression analysis to examine the ability of 10 exosome populations derived from mouse, human, cancerous, and non-cancerous cell lines to cross the BBB. All crossed the BBB, but rates varied over 10-fold. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an activator of the innate immune system, enhanced uptake independently of BBB disruption for six exosomes and decreased uptake for one. Wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA) modulated transport of five exosome populations, suggesting passage by adsorptive transcytosis. Mannose 6-phosphate inhibited uptake of J774A.1, demonstrating that its BBB transporter is the mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Uptake rates, patterns, and effects of LPS or WGA were not predicted by exosome source (mouse vs. human) or cancer status of the cell lines. The cell surface proteins CD46, AVβ6, AVβ3, and ICAM-1 were variably expressed but not predictive of transport rate nor responses to LPS or WGA. A brain-to-blood efflux mechanism variably affected CNS retention and explains how CNS-derived exosomes enter blood. In summary, all exosomes tested here readily crossed the BBB, but at varying rates and by a variety of vesicular-mediated mechanisms involving specific transporters, adsorptive transcytosis, and a brain-to-blood efflux system.
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24
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Logsdon AF, Schindler AG, Meabon JS, Yagi M, Herbert MJ, Banks WA, Raskind MA, Marshall DA, Keene CD, Perl DP, Peskind ER, Cook DG. Nitric oxide synthase mediates cerebellar dysfunction in mice exposed to repetitive blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9420. [PMID: 32523011 PMCID: PMC7287110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in mediating blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and peripheral immune cell infiltration in the cerebellum following blast exposure. Repetitive, but not single blast exposure, induced delayed-onset BBB disruption (72 hours post-blast) in cerebellum. The NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administered after blast blocked BBB disruption and prevented CD4+ T-cell infiltration into cerebellum. L-NAME also blocked blast-induced increases in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a molecule that plays a critical role in regulating blood-to-brain immune cell trafficking. Blocking NOS-mediated BBB dysfunction during this acute/subacute post-blast interval (24-71 hours after the last blast) also prevented sensorimotor impairment on a rotarod task 30 days later, long after L-NAME cleared the body. In postmortem brains from Veterans/military Servicemembers with blast-related TBI, we found marked Purkinje cell dendritic arbor structural abnormalities, which were comparable to neuropathologic findings in the blast-exposed mice. Taken collectively, these results indicate that blast provokes delayed-onset of NOS-dependent pathogenic cascades that can later emerge as behavioral dysfunction. These results also further implicate the cerebellum as a brain region vulnerable to blast-induced mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F. Logsdon
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Abigail G. Schindler
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - James S. Meabon
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7VA Northwest Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Melanie J. Herbert
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - William A. Banks
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Murray A. Raskind
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7VA Northwest Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Desiree A. Marshall
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Daniel P. Perl
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Department of Pathology, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Elaine R. Peskind
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7VA Northwest Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - David G. Cook
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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25
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Logsdon AF, Erickson MA, Chen X, Qiu J, Lim YP, Stonestreet BS, Banks WA. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and downregulate circulating interleukin 6 in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1090-1102. [PMID: 31234704 PMCID: PMC7181088 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19859465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating levels of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins change dramatically in acute inflammatory disorders, which suggest an important contribution to the immunomodulatory system. Human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins are neuroprotective and improve survival of neonatal mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide augments inflammatory conditions and disrupts the blood-brain barrier. There is a paucity of therapeutic strategies to treat blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and the neuroprotective effects of human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins are not fully understood. To examine the therapeutic potential of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins, we administered human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins to male and female CD-1 mice after lipopolysaccharide exposure and quantified blood-brain barrier permeability of intravenously injected 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin. We hypothesized that human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment would attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and associated inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide increased blood-brain barrier permeability to both 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin, but human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment only attenuated increases in 14C-sucrose blood-brain barrier permeability in male mice. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated a more robust elevation of male serum inter-alpha inhibitor protein concentration compared to the elevation measured in female serum. Lipopolysaccharide administration also increased multiple inflammatory factors in serum and brain tissue, including interleukin 6. Human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment downregulated serum interleukin 6 levels, which were inversely correlated with serum inter-alpha inhibitor protein concentration. We conclude that inter-alpha inhibitor proteins may be neuroprotective through mechanisms of blood-brain barrier disruption associated with systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of RI, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joseph Qiu
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of RI, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Insulin BBB pharmacokinetics in young apoE male and female transgenic mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228455. [PMID: 32004344 PMCID: PMC6993976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to age, apolipoprotein E4 (E4), female sex, or a combination of both synergistically increase the risk for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Why these risk factors predispose an individual to developing AD later in life is the target of the current investigation. Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is associated with cognitive impairment and AD. CNS insulin is acquired primarily from the circulation and therefore must negotiate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, changes in BBB transport of insulin could lead to alterations in CNS insulin signaling and resistance, which would then lead to changes in cognition. There has been recent evidence suggesting the relationship between CNS insulin; E4, a risk factor to develop AD as compared to E3; and the female sex in aged individuals and in pre-clinical models. However, this relationship has been largely unexplored at a younger age, in which some of these risk factors could predispose an individual to dysregulation of CNS insulin later in life. Here, we present the first findings of BBB insulin pharmacokinetics in young E3 and E4 male and female targeted replacement (TR) mice. We found that levels of insulin binding the vasculature at the BBB are different due to genotype and sex which could impact the function of the brain endothelial cell. These early alterations could contribute to or fully explain the age-related cognitive changes observed due to CNS insulin signaling in E4 and/or female individuals.
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Banks W, Engelke K, Hansen KM, Bullock KM, Calias P. Modest Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of the Cyclodextrin Kleptose: Modification by Efflux and Luminal Surface Binding. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:121-129. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Jauw YW, O’Donoghue JA, Zijlstra JM, Hoekstra OS, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, Morschhauser F, Carrasquillo JA, Zweegman S, Pandit-Taskar N, Lammertsma AA, van Dongen GA, Boellaard R, Weber WA, Huisman MC. 89Zr-Immuno-PET: Toward a Noninvasive Clinical Tool to Measure Target Engagement of Therapeutic Antibodies In Vivo. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1825-1832. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.224568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Methods to Quantify Nanomaterial Association with, and Distribution Across, the Blood-Brain Barrier In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1894:281-299. [PMID: 30547467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8916-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role and functional anatomy of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is summarized to enable the investigator to appropriately address evaluation of nanomaterial interaction with, and distribution across, it into brain tissue (parenchyma). Transport mechanisms across the BBB are presented, in relation to nanomaterial physicochemical properties. Measures and test substances to assess BBB integrity/disruption/permeation are introduced, along with how they are used to interpret the results obtained with the presented methods. Experimental pitfalls and misinterpretation of results of studies of brain nanomaterial uptake are briefly summarized, that can be avoided with the methods presented in this chapter. Two methods are presented. The in situ brain perfusion technique is used to determine rate and extent of nanomaterial distribution into the brain. The capillary depletion method separates brain parenchymal tissue from the endothelial cells that contribute to the BBB. It is used to verify nanomaterial brain tissue entry. These methods are best used together, the latter refining the results obtained with the former. Details of the materials and equipment needed to conduct these methods, and description of the procedures and data interpretation, are provided.
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Rhea EM, Salameh TS, Gray S, Niu J, Banks WA, Tong J. Ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier can occur independently of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Mol Metab 2018; 18:88-96. [PMID: 30293893 PMCID: PMC6308033 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the entry of substrates and peptides into the brain. Ghrelin is mainly produced in the stomach but exerts its actions in the central nervous system (CNS) by crossing the BBB. Once present in the CNS, ghrelin can act in the hypothalamus to regulate food intake, in the hippocampus to regulate neurogenesis, and in the olfactory bulb to regulate food-seeking behavior. The goal of this study was to determine whether the primary signaling receptor for ghrelin, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), mediates the transport of ghrelin from blood to brain. METHODS We utilized the sensitive and quantitative multiple-time regression analysis technique to determine the transport rate of mouse and human acyl ghrelin (AG) and desacyl ghrelin (DAG) in wildtype and Ghsr null mice. We also measured the regional distribution of these ghrelin peptides throughout the brain. Lastly, we characterized the transport characteristics of human DAG by measuring the stability in serum and brain, saturability of transport, and the complete transfer across the brain endothelial cell. RESULTS We found the transport rate across the BBB of both forms of ghrelin, AG, and DAG, were not affected by the loss of GHSR. We did find differences in the transport rate between the two isoforms, with DAG being faster than AG; this was dependent on the species of ghrelin, human being faster than mouse. Lastly, based on the ubiquitous properties of ghrelin throughout the CNS, we looked at regional distribution of ghrelin uptake and found the highest levels of uptake in the olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS The data presented here suggest that ghrelin transport can occur independently of the GHSR, and ghrelin uptake varies regionally throughout the brain. These findings better our understanding of the gut-brain communication and may lead to new understandings of ghrelin physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Gray
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jingjing Niu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William A Banks
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Rhea EM, Rask-Madsen C, Banks WA. Insulin transport across the blood-brain barrier can occur independently of the insulin receptor. J Physiol 2018; 596:4753-4765. [PMID: 30044494 DOI: 10.1113/jp276149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Insulin enters the brain from the blood via a saturable transport system. It is unclear how insulin is transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Using two models of the signalling-related insulin receptor loss or inhibition, we show insulin transport can occur in vivo without the signalling-related insulin receptor. Insulin in the brain has multiple roles including acting as a metabolic regulator and improving memory. Understanding how insulin is transported across the BBB will aid in developing therapeutics to further increase CNS concentrations. ABSTRACT A saturable system transports insulin from blood across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the central nervous system. Whether or not the classic or signalling-related insulin receptor plays a role in mediating this transport in vivo is controversial. Here, we employed kinetics methods that distinguish between transport across the brain endothelial cell and reversible luminal surface receptor binding. Using a previously established line of mice with endothelial-specific loss of the signalling-related insulin receptor (EndoIRKO) or inhibiting the insulin receptor with the selective antagonist S961, we show insulin transport across the BBB is maintained. Rates of insulin transport were similar in all groups and transport was still saturable. Unlike transport, binding of insulin to the brain endothelial cell was decreased with the loss or inhibition of the signalling-related insulin receptor. These findings demonstrate that the signalling-related insulin receptor is not required for insulin transport across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Research and Development, VA Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - William A Banks
- Research and Development, VA Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Logsdon AF, Meabon JS, Cline MM, Bullock KM, Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Banks WA, Cook DG. Blast exposure elicits blood-brain barrier disruption and repair mediated by tight junction integrity and nitric oxide dependent processes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11344. [PMID: 30054495 PMCID: PMC6063850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. However, the mechanisms whereby blast disrupts BBB integrity are not well understood. To address this issue BBB permeability to peripherally injected 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin was quantified in ten brain regions at time points ranging from 0.25 to 72 hours. In mice, repetitive (2X) blast provoked BBB permeability to 14C-sucrose that persisted in specific brain regions from 0.25 to 72 hours. However, 99mTc-albumin revealed biphasic BBB disruption (open-closed-open) over the same interval, which was most pronounced in frontal cortex and hippocampus. This indicates that blast initiates interacting BBB disruption and reparative processes in specific brain regions. Further investigation of delayed (72 hour) BBB disruption revealed that claudin-5 (CLD5) expression was disrupted specifically in the hippocampus, but not in dorsal striatum, a brain region that showed no blast-induced BBB permeability to sucrose or albumin. In addition, we found that delayed BBB permeability and disrupted CLD5 expression were blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). These data argue that latent nitric oxide-dependent signaling pathways initiate processes that result in delayed BBB disruption, which are manifested in a brain-region specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - James S Meabon
- Veterans Affairs Northwest Network, Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Marcella M Cline
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Murray A Raskind
- Veterans Affairs Northwest Network, Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- Veterans Affairs Northwest Network, Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David G Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Differential Diagnosis between Low-Grade and High-Grade Astrocytoma Using System A Amino Acid Transport PET Imaging with C-11-MeAIB: A Comparison Study with C-11-Methionine PET Imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:1292746. [PMID: 30026674 PMCID: PMC6031168 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1292746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introductions [N-methyl-C-11]α-Methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) is an artificial amino acid radiotracer used for PET study, which is metabolically stable in vivo. In addition, MeAIB is transported by system A neutral amino acid transport, which is observed ubiquitously in all types of mammalian cells. It has already been shown that MeAIB-PET is useful for malignant lymphoma, head and neck cancers, and lung tumors. However, there have been no reports evaluating the usefulness of MeAIB-PET in the diagnosis of brain tumors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of system A amino acid transport PET imaging, MeAIB-PET, in clinical brain tumor diagnosis compared to [S-methyl-C-11]-L-methionine (MET)-PET. Methods Thirty-one consecutive patients (male: 16, female: 15), who were suspected of having brain tumors, received both MeAIB-PET and MET-PET within a 2-week interval. All patients were classified into two groups: Group A as a benign group, which included patients who were diagnosed as low-grade astrocytoma, grade II or less, or other low-grade astrocytoma (n=12) and Group B as a malignant group, which included patients who were diagnosed as anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or recurrent GBM despite prior surgery or chemoradiotherapy (n=19). PET imaging was performed 20 min after the IV injection of MeAIB and MET, respectively. Semiquantitative analyses of MeAIB and MET uptake using SUVmax and tumor-to-contralateral normal brain tissue (T/N) ratio were evaluated to compare these PET images. ROC analyses for the diagnostic accuracy of MeAIB-PET and MET-PET were also calculated. Results In MeAIB-PET imaging, the SUVmax was 1.20 ± 1.29 for the benign group and 2.94 ± 1.22 for the malignant group (p < 0.005), and the T/N ratio was 3.77 ± 2.39 for the benign group and 16.83 ± 2.39 for the malignant group (p < 0.001). In MET-PET, the SUVmax was 3.01 ± 0.94 for the benign group and 4.72 ± 1.61 for the malignant group (p < 0.005), and the T/N ratio was 2.64 ± 1.40 for the benign group and 3.21 ± 1.14 for the malignant group (n.s.). For the analysis using the T/N ratio, there was a significant difference between the benign and malignant groups with MeAIB-PET with p < 0.001. The result of ROC analysis using the T/N ratio indicated a better diagnosis accuracy for MeAIB-PET for brain tumors than MET-PET (p < 0.01). Conclusions MeAIB, a system A amino acid transport-specific radiolabeled agents, could provide better assessments for detecting malignant type brain tumors. In a differential diagnosis between low-grade and high-grade astrocytoma, MeAIB-PET is a useful diagnostic imaging tool, especially in evaluations using the T/N ratio. Clinical trial registration This trial was registered with UMIN000032498.
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Banks WA, Kovac A, Majerova P, Bullock KM, Shi M, Zhang J. Tau Proteins Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:411-419. [PMID: 27662303 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injuries. It has been demonstrated that amyloid-beta peptides, alpha-synuclein, and prion proteins cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), contributing to their abilities to induce disease. Very little is known about whether tau proteins can cross the BBB. Here we systematically characterized several key forms of tau proteins to cross the BBB, including Tau-441 (2N4R), Tau-410 (2N3R), truncated tau 151-391 (0N4R), and truncated tau 121-227. All of these tau proteins crossed the BBB readily and bidirectonally; however, only Tau-410 had a saturable component to its influx. The tau proteins also entered the blood after their injection into the brain, with Tau 121-227 having the slowest exit from brain. The tau proteins varied in regards to their enzymatic stability in brain and blood and in their peripheral pharmacokinetics. These results show that blood-borne tau proteins could contribute to brain tauopathies. The result also suggest that the CNS can contribute to blood levels of tau, raising the possibility that, as suggested for other misfolded proteins, blood levels of tau proteins could be used as a biomarker of CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,AXON Neuroscience SE, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center and Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Rhea EM, Bullock KM, Banks WA. Effect of controlled cortical impact on the passage of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) across the blood-brain barrier. Peptides 2018; 99:8-13. [PMID: 29107653 PMCID: PMC5756113 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the central nervous system can affect the blood-brain barrier (BBB), including disruption and influencing peptide transport across the BBB. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38) is a potent neurotrophic and neuroprotective peptide currently being investigated for its therapeutic role following injury to the central nervous system and can cross the BBB in a saturable manner. The goal of the current study was to investigate for the first time PACAP38 uptake by the brain following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using radioactively labeled PACAP38, we measured the levels of PACAP38 present in the injured, ipsilateral cortex in Sham-treated mice compared to mice receiving a controlled cortical impact (CCI), a model of TBI. Experiments were conducted at 6 different time points (from 2h up to 4 weeks) following CCI to determine temporal changes in PACAP38 transport. PACAP38 uptake was increased at 2 and 72h post-CCI compared to Sham. We did not detect changes in PACAP38 uptake in the contralateral cortex and cerebellum between Sham and CCI-treatment. The rate of PACAP38 transport into the ipsilateral cortex following CCI was increased 3.6-fold 72h after compared to 2h post-CCI. In addition, the rate of transport into the cerebellum was greater than that of the cortices. The data presented here shows PACAP38 transport is temporally altered following CCI-treatment and PACAP38 uptake is greater in the cerebellum compared to the cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William A Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, United States
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Lerner RP, Francardo V, Fujita K, Bimpisidis Z, Jourdain VA, Tang CC, Dewey SL, Chaly T, Cenci MA, Eidelberg D. Levodopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements correlate with altered permeability of the blood-brain-barrier in the basal ganglia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16005. [PMID: 29167476 PMCID: PMC5700135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic levodopa treatment leads to the appearance of dyskinesia in the majority of Parkinson’s disease patients. Neurovascular dysregulation in putaminal and pallidal regions is thought to be an underlying feature of this complication of treatment. We used microPET to study unilaterally lesioned 6-hydroxydopamine rats that developed levodopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) after three weeks of drug treatment. Animals were scanned with [15O]-labeled water and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose, to map regional cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism, and with [11C]-isoaminobutyric acid (AIB), to assess blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, following separate injections of levodopa or saline. Multitracer scan data were acquired in each animal before initiating levodopa treatment, and again following the period of daily drug administration. Significant dissociation of vasomotor and metabolic levodopa responses was seen in the striatum/globus pallidus (GP) of the lesioned hemisphere. These changes were accompanied by nearby increases in [11C]-AIB uptake in the ipsilateral GP, which correlated with AIMs scores. Histopathological analysis revealed high levels of microvascular nestin immunoreactivity in the same region. The findings demonstrate that regional flow-metabolism dissociation and increased BBB permeability are simultaneously induced by levodopa within areas of active microvascular remodeling, and that such changes correlate with the severity of dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata P Lerner
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Koji Fujita
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Zisis Bimpisidis
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vincent A Jourdain
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Chris C Tang
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Stephen L Dewey
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Thomas Chaly
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Eidelberg
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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Matsumoto J, Stewart T, Sheng L, Li N, Bullock K, Song N, Shi M, Banks WA, Zhang J. Transmission of α-synuclein-containing erythrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles across the blood-brain barrier via adsorptive mediated transcytosis: another mechanism for initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease? Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:71. [PMID: 28903781 PMCID: PMC5598000 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathophysiology develops in part from the formation, transmission, and aggregation of toxic species of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). Recent evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play a vital role in the transport of toxic α-syn between brain regions. Moreover, increasing evidence has highlighted the participation of peripheral molecules, particularly inflammatory species, which may influence or exacerbate the development of PD-related changes to the central nervous system (CNS), although detailed characterization of these species remains to be completed. Despite these findings, little attention has been devoted to erythrocytes, which contain α-syn concentrations ~1000-fold higher than the cerebrospinal fluid, as a source of potentially pathogenic α-syn. Here, we demonstrate that erythrocytes produce α-syn-rich EVs, which can cross the BBB, particularly under inflammatory conditions provoked by peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide. This transport likely occurs via adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, with EVs that transit the BBB co-localizing with brain microglia. Examination of microglial reactivity upon exposure to α-syn-containing erythrocyte EVs in vitro and in vivo revealed that uptake provoked an increase in microglial inflammatory responses. EVs derived from the erythrocytes of PD patients elicited stronger responses than did those of control subjects, suggesting that inherent characteristics of EVs arising in the periphery might contribute to, or even initiate, CNS α-syn-related pathology. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms by which the brain and periphery communicate throughout the process of synucleinopathy pathogenesis.
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Erickson MA, Jude J, Zhao H, Rhea EM, Salameh TS, Jester W, Pu S, Harrowitz J, Nguyen N, Banks WA, Panettieri RA, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Serum amyloid A: an ozone-induced circulating factor with potentially important functions in the lung-brain axis. FASEB J 2017; 31:3950-3965. [PMID: 28533327 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600857rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that O3 exposure may contribute to CNS dysfunction. Here, we posit that inflammatory and acute-phase proteins in the circulation increase after O3 exposure and systemically convey signals of O3 exposure to the CNS. To model acute O3 exposure, female Balb/c mice were exposed to 3 ppm O3 or forced air for 2 h and were studied after 6 or 24 h. Of 23 cytokines and chemokines, only KC/CXCL1 was increased in blood 6 h after O3 exposure. The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (A-SAA) was significantly increased by 24 h, whereas C-reactive protein was unchanged. A-SAA in blood correlated with total leukocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage from O3-exposed mice. A-SAA mRNA and protein were increased in the liver. We found that both isoforms of A-SAA completely crossed the intact blood-brain barrier, although the rate of SAA2.1 influx was approximately 5 times faster than that of SAA1.1. Finally, A-SAA protein, but not mRNA, was increased in the CNS 24 h post-O3 exposure. Our findings suggest that A-SAA is functionally linked to pulmonary inflammation in our O3 exposure model and that A-SAA could be an important systemic signal of O3 exposure to the CNS.-Erickson, M. A., Jude, J., Zhao, H., Rhea, E. M., Salameh, T. S., Jester, W., Pu, S., Harrowitz, J., Nguyen, N., Banks, W. A., Panettieri, R. A., Jr., Jordan-Sciutto, K. L. Serum amyloid A: an ozone-induced circulating factor with potentially important functions in the lung-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph Jude
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hengjiang Zhao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William Jester
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelley Pu
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna Harrowitz
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ngan Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Meng Y, Wiseman JA, Nemtsova Y, Moore DF, Guevarra J, Reuhl K, Banks WA, Daneman R, Sleat DE, Lobel P. A Basic ApoE-Based Peptide Mediator to Deliver Proteins across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Long-Term Efficacy, Toxicity, and Mechanism. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1531-1543. [PMID: 28456380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated delivery of protein therapeutics from the bloodstream into the brain using a mouse model of late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL), a lysosomal disease due to deficiencies in tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1). Supraphysiological levels of TPP1 are delivered to the mouse brain by acute intravenous injection when co-administered with K16ApoE, a peptide that in trans mediates passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Chronic treatment of LINCL mice with TPP1 and K16ApoE extended the lifespan from 126 to >294 days, diminished pathology, and slowed locomotor dysfunction. K16ApoE enhanced uptake of a fixable biotin tracer by brain endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that its mechanism involves stimulation of endocytosis. Pharmacokinetic experiments indicated that K16ApoE functions without disrupting the BBB, with minimal effects on overall clearance or uptake by the liver and kidney. K16ApoE has a narrow therapeutic index, with toxicity manifested as lethargy and/or death in mice. To address this, we evaluated variant peptides but found that efficacy and toxicity are associated, suggesting that desired and adverse effects are mechanistically related. Toxicity currently precludes direct clinical application of peptide-mediated delivery in its present form but it remains a useful approach to proof-of-principle studies for biologic therapies to the brain in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32050, China
| | - Jennifer A Wiseman
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yuliya Nemtsova
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Dirk F Moore
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jenieve Guevarra
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kenneth Reuhl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David E Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Peter Lobel
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Mittapalli RK, Adkins CE, Bohn KA, Mohammad AS, Lockman JA, Lockman PR. Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy Measures Vascular Pore Size in Primary and Metastatic Brain Tumors. Cancer Res 2016; 77:238-246. [PMID: 27815391 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumors residing in the central nervous system (CNS) compromise the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via increased vascular permeability, with the magnitude of changes dependent on the tumor type and location. Current studies determine penetrability of a cancer therapeutic by administering progressively larger molecules until cutoff is observed where little to no tumor accumulation occurs. However, decades-old experimental work and mathematical modeling document methods to calculate both the size of the vascular opening (pore) with solute permeability values. In this study, we updated this classic mathematical modeling approach with quantitative fluorescence microscopy in two preclinical tumor models, allowing simultaneous administration of multiple sized tracers to determine vascular permeability at a resolution of nearly one micron. We observed that three molecules ranging from 100 Da to 70 kDa permeated into a preclinical glioblastoma model at rates proportional to their diffusion in water. This suggests the solutes freely diffused from blood to glioma across vascular pores without steric restriction, which calculates to a pore size of >140 nm in diameter. In contrast, the calculated pore size of a brain metastasis of breast cancer was approximately 10-fold smaller than glioma vasculature. This difference explains why antibodies are effective against glioblastoma but generally fail in brain metastases of breast cancer. On the basis of our observations, we hypothesize that trastuzumab most likely fails in the treatment of brain metastases of breast cancer because of poor CNS penetration, while the similar sized antibody bevacizumab is effective in the same tumor type not because it penetrates the CNS degree better, but because it scavenges VEGF in the vascular compartment, which reduces edema and permeation. Cancer Res; 77(2); 238-46. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendar K Mittapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Chris E Adkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kaci A Bohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas
| | - Afroz S Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Julie A Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Paul R Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
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41
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Harris NM, Ritzel R, Mancini NS, Jiang Y, Yi X, Manickam DS, Banks WA, Kabanov AV, McCullough LD, Verma R. Nano-particle delivery of brain derived neurotrophic factor after focal cerebral ischemia reduces tissue injury and enhances behavioral recovery. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:48-56. [PMID: 27619636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are linked to delayed neurological recovery, depression, and cognitive impairment following stroke. Supplementation with BDNF reverses these effects. Unfortunately, systemically administered BDNF in its native form has minimal therapeutic value due to its poor blood brain barrier permeability and short serum half-life. In this study, a novel nano-particle polyion complex formulation of BDNF (nano-BDNF) was administered to mice after experimental ischemic stroke. METHODS Male C57BL/6J (8-10weeks) mice were randomly assigned to receive nano-BDNF, native-BDNF, or saline treatment after being subjected to 60min of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Mice received the first dose at 3 (early treatment), 6 (intermediate treatment), or 12h (delayed treatment) following stroke onset; a second dose was given in all cohorts at 24h after stroke onset. Post-stroke outcome was evaluated by behavioral, histological, and molecular analysis for 15days after stroke. RESULTS Early and intermediate nano-BDNF treatment led to a significant reduction in cerebral tissue loss. Delayed treatment led to improved memory/cognition, reduced post-stroke depressive phenotypes, and maintained myelin basic protein and brain BDNF levels, but had no effect on tissue atrophy. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that administration of a novel nano-particle formulation of BDNF leads to both neuroprotective and neuro-restorative effects after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia M Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Nickolas S Mancini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Devika S Manickam
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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In-vivo imaging of blood–brain barrier permeability using positron emission tomography with 2-amino-[3-11C]isobutyric acid. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 36:1239-48. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Alpha Adrenergic Induction of Transport of Lysosomal Enzyme across the Blood-Brain Barrier. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142347. [PMID: 26545208 PMCID: PMC4636227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The impermeability of the adult blood-brain barrier (BBB) to lysosomal enzymes impedes the ability to treat the central nervous system manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases. Here, we found that simultaneous stimulation of the alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoreceptor restores in adult mice the high rate of transport for the lysosomal enzyme P-GUS that is seen in neonates but lost with development. Beta adrenergics, other monoamines, and acetylcholine did not restore this transport. A high dose (500 microg/mouse) of clonidine, a strong alpha2 and weak alpha1 agonist, was able to act as monotherapy in the stimulation of P-GUS transport. Neither use of alpha1 plus alpha2 agonists nor the high dose clonidine disrupted the BBB to albumin. In situ brain perfusion and immunohistochemistry studies indicated that adrengerics act on transporters already at the luminal surface of brain endothelial cells. These results show that adrenergic stimulation, including monotherapy with clonidine, could be key for CNS enzyme replacement therapy.
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44
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Ewing JR, Nagaraja TN, Aryal MP, Keenan KA, Elmghirbi R, Bagher-Ebadian H, Panda S, Lu M, Mikkelsen T, Cabral G, Brown SL. Peritumoral tissue compression is predictive of exudate flux in a rat model of cerebral tumor: an MRI study in an embedded tumor. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1557-69. [PMID: 26423316 PMCID: PMC4656050 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
MRI estimates of extracellular volume and tumor exudate flux in peritumoral tissue are demonstrated in an experimental model of cerebral tumor. Peritumoral extracellular volume predicted the tumor exudate flux. Eighteen RNU athymic rats were inoculated intracerebrally with U251MG tumor cells and studied with dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) approximately 18 days post implantation. Using a model selection paradigm and a novel application of Patlak and Logan plots to DCE-MRI data, the distribution volume (i.e. tissue porosity) in the leaky rim of the tumor and that in the tissue external to the rim (the outer rim) were estimated, as was the tumor exudate flow from the inner rim of the tumor through the outer rim. Distribution volume in the outer rim was approximately half that of the inner adjacent region (p < 1 × 10(-4)). The distribution volume of the outer ring was significantly correlated (R(2) = 0.9) with tumor exudate flow from the inner rim. Thus, peritumoral extracellular volume predicted the rate of tumor exudate flux. One explanation for these data is that perfusion, i.e. the delivery of blood to the tumor, was regulated by the compression of the mostly normal tissue of the tumor rim, and that the tumor exudate flow was limited by tumor perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Ewing
- Dept. of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Dept. of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
- Dept. of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI
- Corresponding Author: James R. Ewing;
| | | | - Madhava P. Aryal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Rasha Elmghirbi
- Dept. of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Dept. of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI
| | - Hassan Bagher-Ebadian
- Dept. of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Dept. of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Dept. of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Dept. of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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Opp MR, George A, Ringgold KM, Hansen KM, Bullock KM, Banks WA. Sleep fragmentation and sepsis differentially impact blood-brain barrier integrity and transport of tumor necrosis factor-α in aging. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50. [PMID: 26218294 PMCID: PMC4831867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors by which aging predisposes to critical illness are varied, complex, and not well understood. Sepsis is considered a quintessential disease of old age because the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis increases in old and the oldest old individuals. Aging is associated with dramatic changes in sleep quality and quantity and sleep increasingly becomes fragmented with age. In healthy adults, sleep disruption induces inflammation. Multiple aspects of aging and of sleep dysregulation interact via neuroimmune mechanisms. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), a cytokine involved in sleep regulation and neuroimmune processes, exerts some of its effects on the CNS by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study we examined the impact of sepsis, sleep fragmentation, and aging on BBB disruption and TNF transport into brain. We used the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis in young and aged mice that were either undisturbed or had their sleep disrupted. There was a dichotomous effect of sepsis and sleep disruption with age: sepsis disrupted the BBB and increased TNF transport in young mice but not in aged mice, whereas sleep fragmentation disrupted the BBB and increased TNF transport in aged mice, but not in young mice. Combining sleep fragmentation and CLP did not produce a greater effect on either of these BBB parameters than did either of these manipulations alone. These results suggest that the mechanisms by which sleep fragmentation and sepsis alter BBB functions are fundamentally different from one another and that a major change in the organism's responses to those insults occurs with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Opp
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Amrita George
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Kristyn M. Ringgold
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Kim M. Hansen
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, United States,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - Kristin M. Bullock
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - William A. Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, United States,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States,Corresponding author at: WAB, Rm 810A, Bldg 1, VAPSHCS, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States. (W.A. Banks)
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Pan W. From blood to brain through BBB and astrocytic signaling. Peptides 2015; 72:121-7. [PMID: 26111490 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this Festschrift, I discuss the career and guiding principles to which Abba J. Kastin has adhered during the last 20 years we worked together. I briefly describe the history of our joint laboratory group, the context of studies of peptide permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and newer developments in the BBB Group as Abba steps down after serving 35 years as the founding Editor-in-Chief for Peptides. Abba's BBB studies on peptides have contributed to concepts in the neuroendocrinology of feeding and developed information on molecular trafficking across BBB cells. The astroglial leptin signaling studies and the interactions of sleep and BBB are two major directions, whereas the long-term MIF-1 project demarcates a tortuous road on translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Biopotentials Sleep Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA.
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47
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Chodobski A, Ghersi-Egea JF, Nicholson C, Nagaraja TN, Szmydynger-Chodobska J. The quest for a better insight into physiology of fluids and barriers of the brain: the exemplary career of Joseph D. Fenstermacher. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:1. [PMID: 25745556 PMCID: PMC4350980 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2014 Dr. Joseph D. Fenstermacher celebrated his 80th birthday, which was honored by the symposium held in New London, NH, USA. This review discusses Fenstermacher's contribution to the field of fluids and barriers of the CNS. Specifically, his fundamental work on diffusion of molecules within the brain extracellular space and the research on properties of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease are described. Fenstermacher's early research on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and the regulation of cerebral blood flow is also reviewed, followed by the discussion of his more recent work involving the use of magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Chodobski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro Center West, Room 112, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- Blood-Brain Interface Group, Oncoflam Team and BIP Platform INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR5292 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Rue Guillaume Paradin, Cedex 08, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Charles Nicholson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, MSB 460, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Tavarekere N Nagaraja
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48202-2689 USA
| | - Joanna Szmydynger-Chodobska
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro Center West, Room 112, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903 USA
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48
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Chen X, Sadowska GB, Zhang J, Kim JE, Cummings EE, Bodge CA, Lim YP, Makeyev O, Besio WG, Gaitanis J, Threlkeld SW, Banks WA, Stonestreet BS. Neutralizing anti-interleukin-1β antibodies modulate fetal blood-brain barrier function after ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:118-29. [PMID: 25258170 PMCID: PMC4252260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that increases in blood-brain barrier permeability represent an important component of ischemia-reperfusion related brain injury in the fetus. Pro-inflammatory cytokines could contribute to these abnormalities in blood-brain barrier function. We have generated pharmacological quantities of mouse anti-ovine interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody and shown that this antibody has very high sensitivity and specificity for interleukin-1β protein. This antibody also neutralizes the effects of interleukin-1β protein in vitro. In the current study, we hypothesized that the neutralizing anti-interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody attenuates ischemia-reperfusion related fetal blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Instrumented ovine fetuses at 127 days of gestation were studied after 30 min of carotid occlusion and 24h of reperfusion. Groups were sham operated placebo-control- (n=5), ischemia-placebo- (n=6), ischemia-anti-IL-1β antibody- (n=7), and sham-control antibody- (n=2) treated animals. Systemic infusions of placebo (0.154M NaCl) or anti-interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody (5.1±0.6 mg/kg) were given intravenously to the same sham or ischemic group of fetuses at 15 min and 4h after ischemia. Concentrations of interleukin-1β protein and anti-interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody were measured by ELISA in fetal plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and parietal cerebral cortex. Blood-brain barrier permeability was quantified using the blood-to-brain transfer constant (Ki) with α-aminoisobutyric acid in multiple brain regions. Interleukin-1β protein was also measured in parietal cerebral cortices and tight junction proteins in multiple brain regions by Western immunoblot. Cerebral cortical interleukin-1β protein increased (P<0.001) after ischemia-reperfusion. After anti-interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody infusions, plasma anti-interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody was elevated (P<0.001), brain anti-interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody levels were higher (P<0.03), and interleukin-1β protein concentrations (P<0.03) and protein expressions (P<0.001) were lower in the monoclonal antibody-treated group than in placebo-treated-ischemia-reperfusion group. Monoclonal antibody infusions attenuated ischemia-reperfusion-related increases in Ki across the brain regions (P<0.04), and Ki showed an inverse linear correlation (r= -0.65, P<0.02) with anti-interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody concentrations in the parietal cortex, but had little effect on tight junction protein expression. We conclude that systemic anti-interleukin-1β monoclonal antibody infusions after ischemia result in brain anti-interleukin-1β antibody uptake, and attenuate ischemia-reperfusion-related interleukin-1β protein up-regulation and increases in blood-brain barrier permeability across brain regions in the fetus. The pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β, contributes to impaired blood-brain barrier function after ischemia in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Grazyna B Sadowska
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Erin E Cummings
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Courtney A Bodge
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI, USA
| | - Oleksandr Makeyev
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Walter G Besio
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - John Gaitanis
- Department of Neurology, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steven W Threlkeld
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA.
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49
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Sui YT, Bullock KM, Erickson MA, Zhang J, Banks WA. Alpha synuclein is transported into and out of the brain by the blood-brain barrier. Peptides 2014; 62:197-202. [PMID: 25278492 PMCID: PMC4378645 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), a small protein with multiple physiological and pathological functions, is one of the dominant proteins found in Lewy Bodies, a pathological hallmark of Lewy body disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). More recently, α-Syn has been found in body fluids, including blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and is likely produced by both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Exchange of α-Syn between the brain and peripheral tissues could have important pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications. However, little is known about the ability of α-Syn to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we found that radioactively labeled α-Syn crossed the BBB in both the brain-to-blood and the blood-to-brain directions at rates consistent with saturable mechanisms. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), but not p-glycoprotein, may be involved in α-Syn efflux and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation could increase α-Syn uptake by the brain by disrupting the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Sui
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Ave, HMC Box 359635, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Room 810 Bldg 1, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Room 810 Bldg 1, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Ave, HMC Box 359635, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - W A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Room 810 Bldg 1, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States.
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50
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Yi X, Yuan D, Farr SA, Banks WA, Poon CD, Kabanov AV. Pluronic modified leptin with increased systemic circulation, brain uptake and efficacy for treatment of obesity. J Control Release 2014; 191:34-46. [PMID: 24881856 PMCID: PMC4197010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modification of hydrophilic proteins with amphiphilic block copolymers capable of crossing cell membranes is a new strategy to improve protein delivery to the brain. Leptin, a candidate for the treatment of epidemic obesity, has failed in part because of impairment in its transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that develops with obesity. We posit that modification of leptin with poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), Pluronic P85 (P85) might permit this protein to penetrate the BBB independently of its transporter, thereby overcoming peripheral leptin resistance. Here we report that peripherally administered leptin-P85 conjugates exhibit biological activity by reducing food intake in mouse models of obesity (ob/ob, and diet-induced obese mouse). We further generated two new leptin-P85 conjugates: one, Lep(ss)-P85(L), containing one P85 chain and another, Lep(ss)-P85(H), containing multiple P85 chains. We report data on their purification, analytical characterization, peripheral and brain pharmacokinetics (PK). Lep(ss)-P85(L) crosses the BBB using the leptin transporter, and exhibits improved peripheral PK along with increased accumulation in the brain compared to unmodified leptin. Lep(ss)-P85(H) also has improved peripheral PK but in a striking difference to the first conjugate penetrates the BBB independently of the leptin transporter via a non-saturable mechanism. The results demonstrate that leptin analogs can be developed through chemical modification of the native leptin with P85 to overcome leptin resistance at the level of the BBB, thus improving the potential for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development, VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia.
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