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Luo P, Wang F, Li J, Liu G, Xiong Q, Yan B, Cao X, Liu B, Wang Y, Wu G, Shi C. The stress-responsive gene ATF3 drives fibroblast activation and collagen production through transcriptionally activating TGF-β receptor Ⅱ in skin wound healing. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024:110134. [PMID: 39181381 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Skin wound is an emerging health challenge on account of the high-frequency trauma, surgery and chronic refractory ulcer. Further study on the disease biology will help to develop new effective approaches for wound healing. Here, we identified a wound-stress responsive gene, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), and then investigated its biological action and mechanism in wound healing. In the full-thickness skin wound model, ATF3 was found to promote fibroblast activation and collagen production, resulted in accelerated wound healing. Mechanically, ATF3 transcriptionally activated TGF-β receptor Ⅱ via directly binding to its specific promoter motif, followed by the enhanced TGF-β/Smad pathway in fibroblasts. Moreover, the increased ATF3 upon skin injury was partly resulted from hypoxia stimulation with Hif-1α dependent manner. Altogether, this work gives novel insights into the biology and mechanism of stress-responsive gene ATF3 in wound healing, and provides a potential therapeutic target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fulong Wang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jialun Li
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gaoyu Liu
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Benhuang Yan
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Institute of Medicine and Equipment for High Altitude Region, Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine of Ministry of Education, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Institute of Medicine and Equipment for High Altitude Region, Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine of Ministry of Education, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Kim S, Park J, Choi Y, Jeon H, Lim N. Investigating the Relevance of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein to the Wound Healing Process: An In Vivo Study Using Photobiomodulation Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4838. [PMID: 38732058 PMCID: PMC11084265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring inflammatory cytokines is crucial for assessing healing process and photobiomodulation (PBM) enhances wound healing. Meanwhile, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a regulator of cellular metabolism and proliferation. This study explored potential links between inflammatory cytokines and the activity of CREB in PBM-treated wounds. A total of 48 seven-week-old male SD rats were divided into four groups (wound location, skin or oral; treatment method, natural healing or PBM treatment). Wounds with a 6 mm diameter round shape were treated five times with an 808 nm laser every other day (total 60 J). The wound area was measured with a caliper and calculated using the elliptical formula. Histological analysis assessed the epidermal regeneration and collagen expression of skin and oral tissue with H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. Pro-inflammatory (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β) cytokines were quantified by RT-PCR. The ratio of phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) to unphosphorylated CREB was identified through Western blot. PBM treatment significantly reduced the size of the wounds on day 3 and day 7, particularly in the skin wound group (p < 0.05 on day 3, p < 0.001 on day 7). The density of collagen expression was significantly higher in the PBM treatment group (in skin wound, p < 0.05 on day 3, p < 0.001 on day 7, and p < 0.05 on day 14; in oral wound, p < 0.01 on day 7). The TGF-β/TNF-α ratio and the p-CREB/CREB ratio showed a parallel trend during wound healing. Our findings suggested that the CREB has potential as a meaningful marker to track the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyeon Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Jion Park
- Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - Younghoon Choi
- Institute of Medical Science, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hongbae Jeon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.)
- Dankook Physician Scientist Research Center (DPSRC), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyu Lim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.)
- Dankook Physician Scientist Research Center (DPSRC), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang L, Zhou J, Kong L, Ying G, Sha J, Yi D, Zeng J, Xiong W, Wen T. Fibroblast-specific knockout of METTL1 attenuates myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis. Life Sci 2023; 329:121926. [PMID: 37437652 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, a common pathology in inherited and acquired heart diseases, necessitates the identification of diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Methyltransferase Like 1 (METTL1), an enzyme responsible for RNA modification by methylating guanosine to form m7G, is an emerging area of research in understanding cellular processes and disease pathogenesis. Dysregulation of m7G modification has been implicated in various diseases. However, the role of METTL1 in cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of METTL1 in myocardial infarction-induced heart failure and cardiac fibrosis. Our findings demonstrate that elevated METTL1-mediated RNA m7G methylation is observed in cardiac fibrosis tissues and TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast transformation. Furthermore, fibroblast-specific knockout of METTL1 attenuated myocardial infarction-induced heart failure and cardiac fibrosis. Additionally, METTL1 knockout decreased m7G methylated fibrotic genes and impaired their translation efficiency. These results suggest a novel pro-fibrosis role of METTL1-mediated RNA m7G methylation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jiamin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Liming Kong
- Department of Outpatient clinic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Guoqiu Ying
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Juan Sha
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Dasong Yi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Junyi Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Wenjun Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Tong Wen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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Sim SL, Kumari S, Kaur S, Khosrotehrani K. Macrophages in Skin Wounds: Functions and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1659. [PMID: 36359009 PMCID: PMC9687369 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages regulate cutaneous wound healing by immune surveillance, tissue repair and remodelling. The depletion of dermal macrophages during the early and middle stages of wound healing has a detrimental impact on wound closure, characterised by reduced vessel density, fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferation, delayed re-epithelization and abated post-healing fibrosis and scar formation. However, in some animal species, oral mucosa and foetal life, cutaneous wounds can heal normally and remain scarless without any involvement of macrophages. These paradoxical observations have created much controversy on macrophages' indispensable role in skin wound healing. Advanced knowledge gained by characterising macrophage subsets, their plasticity in switching phenotypes and molecular drivers provides new insights into their functional importance during cutaneous wound healing. In this review, we highlight the recent findings on skin macrophage subsets, their functional role in adult cutaneous wound healing and the potential benefits of targeting them for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seen Ling Sim
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Snehlata Kumari
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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5
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McAndrews KM, Miyake T, Ehsanipour EA, Kelly PJ, Becker LM, McGrail DJ, Sugimoto H, LeBleu VS, Ge Y, Kalluri R. Dermal αSMA + myofibroblasts orchestrate skin wound repair via β1 integrin and independent of type I collagen production. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109470. [PMID: 35212000 PMCID: PMC8982612 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound repair is essential for organismal survival and failure of which leads to non-healing wounds, a leading health issue worldwide. However, mechanistic understanding of chronic wounds remains a major challenge due to lack of appropriate genetic mouse models. αSMA+ myofibroblasts, a unique class of dermal fibroblasts, are associated with cutaneous wound healing but their precise function remains unknown. We demonstrate that genetic depletion of αSMA+ myofibroblasts leads to pleiotropic wound healing defects, including lack of reepithelialization and granulation, dampened angiogenesis, and heightened hypoxia, hallmarks of chronic non-healing wounds. Other wound-associated FAP+ and FSP1+ fibroblasts do not exhibit such dominant functions. While type I collagen (COL1) expressing cells play a role in the repair process, COL1 produced by αSMA+ myofibroblasts is surprisingly dispensable for wound repair. In contrast, we show that β1 integrin from αSMA+ myofibroblasts, but not TGFβRII, is essential for wound healing, facilitating contractility, reepithelization, and vascularization. Collectively, our study provides evidence for the functions of myofibroblasts in β1 integrin-mediated wound repair with potential implications for treating chronic non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Toru Miyake
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ehsan A Ehsanipour
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Patience J Kelly
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Lisa M Becker
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Department of Systems BiologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA,Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA,Kellogg School of ManagementNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA,Department of BioengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTXUSA,Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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6
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Bio-engineering a prevascularized human tri-layered skin substitute containing a hypodermis. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:215-227. [PMID: 34303011 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe injuries to skin including hypodermis require full-thickness skin replacement. Here, we bioengineered a tri-layered human skin substitute (TLSS) containing the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The hypodermal layer was generated by differentiation of human adipose stem cells (ASC) in a collagen type I hydrogel and combined with a prevascularized dermis consisting of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts, which arranged into a dense vascular network. Subsequently, keratinocytes were seeded on top to generate the epidermal layer of the TLSS. The differentiation of ASC into adipocytes was confirmed in vitro on the mRNA level by the presence of adiponectin, as well as by the expression of perilipin and FABP-4 proteins. Moreover, functional characteristics of the hypodermis in vitro and in vivo were evaluated by Oil Red O, BODIPY, and AdipoRed stainings visualizing intracellular lipid droplets. Further, we demonstrated that both undifferentiated ASC and mature adipocytes present in the hypodermis influenced the keratinocyte maturation and homeostasis in the skin substitutes after transplantation. In particular, an enhanced secretion of TGF-β1 by these cells affected the epidermal morphogenesis as assessed by the expression of key proteins involved in the epidermal differentiation including cytokeratin 1, 10, 19 and cornified envelope formation such as involucrin. Here, we propose a novel functional hypodermal-dermo-epidermal tri-layered skin substitute containing blood capillaries that efficiently promote regeneration of skin defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The main objective of this study was to develop and assess the usefulness of a tri-layered human prevascularized skin substitute (TLSS) containing an epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The bioengineered hypodermis was generated from human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) and combined with a prevascularized dermis and epidermis. The TLSS represents an exceptional model for studying the role of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we observed that enhanced secretion of TGF-β1 in the hypodermis exerted a profound impact on fibroblast and keratinocyte differentiation, as well as epidermal barrier formation and homeostasis. Therefore, improved understanding of the cell-cell interactions in such a physiological skin model is essential to gain insights into different aspects of wound healing.
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7
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Chen H, Luo T, He S, Sa G. Regulatory mechanism of oral mucosal rete peg formation. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:859-868. [PMID: 34463917 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rete pegs are finger-like structures that are formed during the development and wound healing process of the skin and oral mucosa, and they provide better mechanical resistance and nutritional supply between the epithelium and dermis. An increasing number of studies have shown that rete pegs have physiological functions, such as resisting bacterial invasion, body fluid loss, and other harmful changes, which indicate that rete pegs are important structures in natural skin and oral mucosa. Although a great deal of progress has been made in scaffold materials and construction methods for tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa in recent years, construction of the oral mucosa with functional rete pegs remains a major challenge. In this review, we summarized current research on the progress on formation of rete pegs in human oral mucosa as well as its molecular basis and regulatory mechanism, which might provide new ideas for functional construction of tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Sangang He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China.
| | - Guoliang Sa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China.
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8
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Plikus MV, Wang X, Sinha S, Forte E, Thompson SM, Herzog EL, Driskell RR, Rosenthal N, Biernaskie J, Horsley V. Fibroblasts: Origins, definitions, and functions in health and disease. Cell 2021; 184:3852-3872. [PMID: 34297930 PMCID: PMC8566693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are diverse mesenchymal cells that participate in tissue homeostasis and disease by producing complex extracellular matrix and creating signaling niches through biophysical and biochemical cues. Transcriptionally and functionally heterogeneous across and within organs, fibroblasts encode regional positional information and maintain distinct cellular progeny. We summarize their development, lineages, functions, and contributions to fibrosis in four fibroblast-rich organs: skin, lung, skeletal muscle, and heart. We propose that fibroblasts are uniquely poised for tissue repair by easily reentering the cell cycle and exhibiting a reversible plasticity in phenotype and cell fate. These properties, when activated aberrantly, drive fibrotic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Elvira Forte
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Sean M Thompson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Ryan R Driskell
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK.
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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9
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Blum KM, Roby LC, Zbinden JC, Chang YC, Mirhaidari GJM, Reinhardt JW, Yi T, Barker JC, Breuer CK. Sex and Tamoxifen confound murine experimental studies in cardiovascular tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8037. [PMID: 33850181 PMCID: PMC8044102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineered vascular grafts hold promise for the creation of functional blood vessels from biodegradable scaffolds. Because the precise mechanisms regulating this process are still under investigation, inducible genetic mouse models are an important and widely used research tool. However, here we describe the importance of challenging the baseline assumption that tamoxifen is inert when used as a small molecule inducer in the context of cardiovascular tissue engineering. Employing a standard inferior vena cava vascular interposition graft model in C57BL/6 mice, we discovered differences in the immunologic response between control and tamoxifen-treated animals, including occlusion rate, macrophage infiltration and phenotype, the extent of foreign body giant cell development, and collagen deposition. Further, differences were noted between untreated males and females. Our findings demonstrate that the host-response to materials commonly used in cardiovascular tissue engineering is sex-specific and critically impacted by exposure to tamoxifen, necessitating careful model selection and interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Blum
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Lauren C Roby
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Jacob C Zbinden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Yu-Chun Chang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Gabriel J M Mirhaidari
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - James W Reinhardt
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Tai Yi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Jenny C Barker
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Christopher K Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA.
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10
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McArdle C, Abbah SA, Bhowmick S, Collin E, Pandit A. Localized temporal co-delivery of interleukin 10 and decorin genes using amediated by collagen-based biphasic scaffold modulates the expression of TGF-β1/β2 in a rabbit ear hypertrophic scarring model. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3136-3149. [PMID: 33725045 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01928c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring (HS) is an intractable complication associated with cutaneous wound healing. Although transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has long been documented as a central regulatory cytokine in fibrogenesis and fibroplasia, there is currently no cure. Gene therapy is emerging as a powerful tool to attenuate the overexpression of TGF-β1 and its signaling activities. An effective approach may require transferring multiple genes to regulate different aspects of TGF-β1 signaling activities in a Spatio-temporal manner. Herein we report the additive anti-fibrotic effects of two plasmid DNAs encoding interleukin 10 (IL-10) and decorin (DCN) co-delivered via a biphasic 3D collagen scaffold reservoir platform. Combined gene therapy significantly attenuated inflammation and extracellular matrix components' accumulation in a rabbit ear ulcer model; and suppressed the expressions of genes associated with fibrogenesis, including collagen type I, as well as TGF-β1 and TGF-β2, while enhancing the genes commonly associated with regenerative healing including collagen type III. These findings may serve to provide a non-viral gene therapy platform that is safe, optimized, and effective to deliver multiple genes onto the diseased tissue in a wider range of tissue fibrosis-related maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarstan McArdle
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Sunny Akogwu Abbah
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Sirsendu Bhowmick
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Estelle Collin
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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11
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Rezaei F, Damoogh S, Reis RL, Kundu SC, Mottaghitalab F, Farokhi M. Dual drug delivery system based on pH-sensitive silk fibroin/alginate nanoparticles entrapped in PNIPAM hydrogel for treating severe infected burn wound. Biofabrication 2020; 13:015005. [PMID: 33078712 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abbb82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the pH-sensitive vancomycin (VANCO) loaded silk fibroin-sodium alginate nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel containing epidermal growth factor (EGF) are introduced for treating chronic burn wound infections. The hybrid system was developed to control the release rates of an antibiotic and growth factor for optimal treatment of burn infections. VANCO had a pH responsive release behavior from the nanoparticle (NP) and showed higher release rate in an alkaline pH compared to the neutral pH during 10 d. About 30% of EGF was also released from the hydrogel within 20 d. The released VANCO and EGF preserved their bioactivity more than ∼ 80%. The suitable physico-chemical properties and cellular behaviors of PNIPAM hydrogel supported the proliferation and growth of the fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the higher re-epithelialization with good wound contraction rate, neovascular formation, and expression of transforming growth factor-beta were observed in S. aureus infected rat burn wound by using the hydrogel containing VANCO and EGF compared with untreated wounds and hydrogel alone. The wound infection was also significantly reduced in the groups treated with the hydrogels containing VANCO. Overall, in vitro and in vivo results suggested that developed hybrid system would be a promising construct to treat severe wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875/4413, Iran. These authors contributed equally to this work
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12
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Searching for Promoters to Drive Stable and Long-Term Transgene Expression in Fibroblasts for Syngeneic Mouse Tumor Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176098. [PMID: 32847094 PMCID: PMC7504129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor is a complex system of interactions between cancer cells and other cells of the tumor microenvironment. The cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) of the tumor microenvironment remain in close contact with the cancer cells and play an important role in cancer progression. Genetically, CAFs are more stable than cancer cells, making them an attractive target for genetic modification in gene therapy. However, the efficiency of various promoters for transgene expression in fibroblasts is scarcely studied. We performed a comparative analysis of transgene long-term expression under the control of strong cytomegalovirus promoter (pCMV), constitutive cell promoter of the PCNA gene (pPCNA), and the potentially fibroblast-specific promoter of the IGFBP2 gene (pIGFBP2). In vitro expression of the transgene under the control of pCMV in fibroblasts was decreased soon after transduction, whereas the expression was more stable under the control of pIGFBP2 and pPCNA. The efficiency of transgene expression was higher under pPCNA than that under pIGFBP2. Additionally, in a mouse model, pPCNA provided more stable and increased transgene expression in fibroblasts as compared to that under pCMV. We conclude that PCNA promoter is the most efficient for long-term expression of transgenes in fibroblasts both in vitro and in vivo.
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13
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Kleiser S, Nyström A. Interplay between Cell-Surface Receptors and Extracellular Matrix in Skin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1170. [PMID: 32796709 PMCID: PMC7465455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin consists of the epidermis and dermis, which are connected by a specialized basement membrane-the epidermal basement membrane. Both the epidermal basement membrane and the underlying interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) created by dermal fibroblasts contain distinct network-forming macromolecules. These matrices play various roles in order to maintain skin homeostasis and integrity. Within this complex interplay of cells and matrices, cell surface receptors play essential roles not only for inside-out and outside-in signaling, but also for establishing mechanical and biochemical properties of skin. Already minor modulations of this multifactorial cross-talk can lead to severe and systemic diseases. In this review, major epidermal and dermal cell surface receptors will be addressed with respect to their interactions with matrix components as well as their roles in fibrotic, inflammatory or tumorigenic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Kleiser
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Gibb AA, Lazaropoulos MP, Elrod JW. Myofibroblasts and Fibrosis: Mitochondrial and Metabolic Control of Cellular Differentiation. Circ Res 2020; 127:427-447. [PMID: 32673537 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is mediated by the activation of resident cardiac fibroblasts, which differentiate into myofibroblasts in response to injury or stress. Although myofibroblast formation is a physiological response to acute injury, such as myocardial infarction, myofibroblast persistence, as occurs in heart failure, contributes to maladaptive remodeling and progressive functional decline. Although traditional pathways of activation, such as TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and AngII (angiotensin II), have been well characterized, less understood are the alterations in mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism that are necessary to initiate and sustain myofibroblast formation and function. In this review, we highlight recent reports detailing the mitochondrial and metabolic mechanisms that contribute to myofibroblast differentiation, persistence, and function with the hope of identifying novel therapeutic targets to treat, and potentially reverse, tissue organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Gibb
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael P Lazaropoulos
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John W Elrod
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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15
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Komi DEA, Khomtchouk K, Santa Maria PL. A Review of the Contribution of Mast Cells in Wound Healing: Involved Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:298-312. [PMID: 30729428 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), apart from their classic role in allergy, contribute to a number of biologic processes including wound healing. In particular, two aspects of their histologic distribution within the skin have attracted the attention of researchers to study their wound healing role; they represent up to 8% of the total number of cells within the dermis and their cutaneous versions are localized adjacent to the epidermis and the subdermal vasculature and nerves. At the onset of a cutaneous injury, the accumulation of MCs and release of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators have been well documented. The role of MC-derived mediators has been investigated through the stages of wound healing including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. They contribute to hemostasis and clot formation by enhancing the expression of factor XIIIa in dermal dendrocytes through release of TNF-α, and contribute to clot stabilization. Keratinocytes, by secreting stem cell factor (SCF), recruit MCs to the site. MCs in return release inflammatory mediators, including predominantly histamine, VEGF, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8, that contribute to increase of endothelial permeability and vasodilation, and facilitate migration of inflammatory cells, mainly monocytes and neutrophils to the site of injury. MCs are capable of activating the fibroblasts and keratinocytes, the predominant cells involved in wound healing. MCs stimulate fibroblast proliferation during the proliferative phase via IL-4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to produce a new extracellular matrix (ECM). MC-derived mediators including fibroblast growth factor-2, VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TGF-β, nerve growth factor (NGF), IL-4, and IL-8 contribute to neoangiogenesis, fibrinogenesis, or reepithelialization during the repair process. MC activation inhibition and targeting the MC-derived mediators are potential therapeutic strategies to improve wound healing through reduced inflammatory responses and scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kelly Khomtchouk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 801 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Luke Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 801 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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16
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Kopcewicz M, Walendzik K, Bukowska J, Kur-Piotrowska A, Machcinska S, Gimble JM, Gawronska-Kozak B. Cutaneous wound healing in aged, high fat diet-induced obese female or male C57BL/6 mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7066-7111. [PMID: 32294622 PMCID: PMC7202484 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since there are limited studies analyzing the impact of age, sex and obesity on cutaneous repair, the current study evaluated excisional skin wound healing as a function of age, sex and diet in C57BL/6 mice subjected to either low (LFD) or high (HFD) fat diet. Older mice accumulated increased body fat relative to younger mice under HFD. Skin wound healing at particular stages was affected by age in the aspect of Tgfβ-1, MCP-1, Mmp-9 and Mmp-13 expression. The most profound, cumulative effect was observed for the combination of two parameters: age and sex. While skin of younger males displayed extremely high collagen 1 and collagen 3 expression, younger females showed exceptionally high Mmp-13 expression at day 3 and 7 after injury. Diet as a single variable modified the thickness of dermis due to increased dermal White Adipose Tissue (dWAT) accumulation in mice fed HFD. The combination of age and diet affected the re-epithelialization and inflammatory response of injured skin. Overall, our data indicate that age has the most fundamental impact although all components (age, sex and diet) contribute to skin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Bukowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Kur-Piotrowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Machcinska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- LaCell LLC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Obatala Sciences Inc., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Structural and Cellular Biology, and Surgery and Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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17
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Bageghni SA, Hemmings KE, Yuldasheva NY, Maqbool A, Gamboa-Esteves FO, Humphreys NE, Jackson MS, Denton CP, Francis S, Porter KE, Ainscough JF, Pinteaux E, Drinkhill MJ, Turner NA. Fibroblast-specific deletion of interleukin-1 receptor-1 reduces adverse cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125074. [PMID: 31393855 PMCID: PMC6777910 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α) is released from damaged cardiomyocytes following myocardial infarction (MI) and activates cardiac fibroblasts via its receptor (IL-1R1) to drive the early stages of cardiac remodeling. This study aimed to definitively test this hypothesis using cell type-specific IL-1α and IL-1R1 knockout (KO) mouse models. A floxed Il1α mouse was created and used to generate a cardiomyocyte-specific IL-1α KO mouse line (MIL1AKO). A tamoxifen-inducible fibroblast-specific IL-1R1 hemizygous KO mouse line (FIL1R1KO) was also generated. Mice underwent experimental MI (permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation) and cardiac function was determined 4 weeks later by conductance pressure-volume catheter analysis. Molecular markers of remodeling were evaluated at various time points by real-time RT-PCR and histology. MIL1AKO mice showed no difference in cardiac function or molecular markers of remodeling post-MI compared with littermate controls. In contrast, FIL1R1KO mice showed improved cardiac function and reduced remodeling markers post-MI compared with littermate controls. In conclusion, these data highlight a key role for the IL-1R1/cardiac fibroblast signaling axis in regulating post-MI remodeling and provide support for the continued development of anti-IL-1 therapies for improving cardiac function after MI. Cardiomyocyte-derived IL-1α was not an important contributor to post-MI remodeling in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumia A. Bageghni
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Hemmings
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nadira Y. Yuldasheva
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Azhar Maqbool
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil E. Humphreys
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maj Simonsen Jackson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London and Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Francis
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Porter
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Justin F.X. Ainscough
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Drinkhill
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Turner
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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Richmond JM, Strassner JP, Essien KI, Harris JE. T-cell positioning by chemokines in autoimmune skin diseases. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:186-204. [PMID: 30977191 PMCID: PMC6553463 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune skin diseases are complex processes in which autoreactive cells must navigate through the skin tissue to find their targets. Regulatory T cells in the skin help to mitigate autoimmune inflammation and may in fact be responsible for the patchy nature of these conditions. In this review, we will discuss chemokines that are important for global recruitment of T cell populations to the skin during disease, as well as signals that fine-tune their localization and function. We will describe prototypical disease responses and chemokine families that mediate these responses. Lastly, we will include an overview of chemokine-targeting drugs that have been tested as new treatment strategies for autoimmune skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - James P Strassner
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kingsley I Essien
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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19
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de Aragão Tavares E, de Medeiros WMTQ, de Assis Pontes TP, Barbosa MM, de Araújo AA, de Araújo RF, Figueiredo JG, Leitão RC, da Silva Martins C, da Silva FON, de Brito Pontes ACF, de Lima Pontes D, de Medeiros CACX. Chitosan Membrane Modified With a New Zinc(II)-Vanillin Complex Improves Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1511. [PMID: 30670966 PMCID: PMC6331443 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of chronic wounds is considered a public health problem. When the condition affects at-risk groups such as those with diabetics, it becomes a great clinical challenge. In this work, we evaluated the healing effects of a new zinc complex, [Zn(phen)(van)2], identified as ZPV, which was synthesized, characterized and associated with chitosan (CS) membranes and tested on cutaneous wounds of diabetic rats. Chitosan membranes were modified by Schiff base reaction with the complex under two experimental conditions (14 and 21 days), resulting in membranes with concentrations of complex equal to 0.736 μmol cm-2 (CS-ZPV1) and 1.22 μmol cm-2 (CS-ZPV2). Release assays in aqueous medium indicated that the membranes release the complex gradually when exposed to an aqueous medium. Diabetes was inducted in Wistar rats using 40 mg/kg (i.v.) streptozotocin. On the 7th day after diabetic induction, a circular excision on the skin (1.0 cm) was performed with a punch. The lesions were treated with the pure chitosan membrane and the membrane associated with the zinc-vanillin complex in two different doses. Skin samples were subjected to macroscopic and histopathological analyses, cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10) quantification and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (TGF-β and VEGF) assays. The analyses showed a decrease in wound size, reepithelialization, angiogenic stimulus, collagen deposition, and reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-1β as well as increased IL-10 and gene expression of TGF-β and VEGF. The evaluated parameters suggest that CS-ZPV in the two concentrations tested may be effective in the treatment of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maisie Mitchele Barbosa
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology RENORBIO, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Aurigena Antunes de Araújo
- Post Graduation Program Public Health/Post Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo
- Post Graduation Program in Functional and Structural Biology/Post Graduation Program Health Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Carvalho Leitão
- Post Graduation Program of Morphological Science, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Conceição da Silva Martins
- Post Graduation Program of Morphological Science, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Addison Carvalho Xavier de Medeiros
- Post Graduation Program in Biological Sciences/Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology RENORBIO, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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20
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Zhou Y, Peng J, Cao X, Yan C, Huang F, Shen L, Long C, Liu X, Wei G. Retardation of Preputial Wound Healing in Rats with Hypospadias Induced by Flutamide. J INVEST SURG 2018; 33:164-171. [PMID: 30380353 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2018.1483448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinpu Peng
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xining Cao
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyuan Huang
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
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21
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Bageghni SA, Hemmings KE, Zava N, Denton CP, Porter KE, Ainscough JFX, Drinkhill MJ, Turner NA. Cardiac fibroblast-specific p38α MAP kinase promotes cardiac hypertrophy via a putative paracrine interleukin-6 signaling mechanism. FASEB J 2018; 32:4941-4954. [PMID: 29601781 PMCID: PMC6629170 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701455rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that cardiac fibroblast-specific p38α MAPK contributes to the development of cardiac hypertrophy, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Our study used a novel fibroblast-specific, tamoxifen-inducible p38α knockout (KO) mouse line to characterize the role of fibroblast p38α in modulating cardiac hypertrophy, and we elucidated the mechanism. Myocardial injury was induced in tamoxifen-treated Cre-positive p38α KO mice or control littermates via chronic infusion of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol. Cardiac function was assessed by pressure-volume conductance catheter analysis and was evaluated for cardiac hypertrophy at tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Isoproterenol infusion in control mice promoted overt cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction (reduced ejection fraction, increased end systolic volume, increased cardiac weight index, increased cardiomyocyte area, increased fibrosis, and up-regulation of myocyte fetal genes and hypertrophy-associated microRNAs). Fibroblast-specific p38α KO mice exhibited marked protection against myocardial injury, with isoproterenol-induced alterations in cardiac function, histology, and molecular markers all being attenuated. In vitro mechanistic studies determined that cardiac fibroblasts responded to damaged myocardium by secreting several paracrine factors known to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, including IL-6, whose secretion was dependent upon p38α activity. In conclusion, cardiac fibroblast p38α contributes to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction, potentially via a mechanism involving paracrine fibroblast-to-myocyte IL-6 signaling.-Bageghni, S. A., Hemmings, K. E., Zava, N., Denton, C. P., Porter, K. E., Ainscough, J. F. X., Drinkhill, M. J., Turner, N. A. Cardiac fibroblast-specific p38α MAP kinase promotes cardiac hypertrophy via a putative paracrine interleukin-6 signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumia A. Bageghni
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karen E. Hemmings
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ngonidzashe Zava
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Porter
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Justin F. X. Ainscough
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark J. Drinkhill
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Neil A. Turner
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
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22
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Sundaram GM, Quah S, Sampath P. Cancer: the dark side of wound healing. FEBS J 2018; 285:4516-4534. [PMID: 29905002 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to rapidly resolve epithelial injuries. Epithelial integrity is critical to maintaining internal homeostasis. An epithelial breach represents the potential for pathogen ingress and fluid loss, both of which may have severe consequences if not limited. The mammalian wound healing response involves a finely tuned, self-limiting series of cellular and molecular events orchestrated by the transient activation of specific signalling pathways. Accurate regulation of these events is essential; failure to initiate key steps at the right time delays healing and leads to chronic wounds, while aberrant initiation of wound healing processes may produce cell behaviours that promote cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how wound healing pathways co-opted in cancer lose their stringent regulation and become compromised in their reversibility. We hypothesize on how the commandeering of wound healing 'master regulators' is involved in this process, and also highlight the implications of these findings in the treatment of both chronic wounds and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath M Sundaram
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shan Quah
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Prabha Sampath
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
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Amini-Nik S, Yousuf Y, Jeschke MG. Scar management in burn injuries using drug delivery and molecular signaling: Current treatments and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:135-154. [PMID: 28757325 PMCID: PMC5742037 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, there have been tremendous improvements in burn care that have allowed patients to survive severe burn injuries that were once fatal. However, a major limitation of burn care currently is the development of hypertrophic scars in approximately 70% of patients. This significantly decreases the quality of life for patients due to the physical and psychosocial symptoms associated with scarring. Current approaches to manage scarring include surgical techniques and non-surgical methods such as laser therapy, steroid injections, and compression therapy. These treatments are limited in their effectiveness and regularly fail to manage symptoms. As a result, the development of novel treatments that aim to improve outcomes and quality of life is imperative. Drug delivery that targets the molecular cascades of wound healing to attenuate or prevent hypertrophic scarring is a promising approach that has therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss current treatments for scar management after burn injury, and how drug delivery targeting molecular signaling can lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Amini-Nik
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yusef Yousuf
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Ross-Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.
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24
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Fibromodulin reduces scar formation in adult cutaneous wounds by eliciting a fetal-like phenotype. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2. [PMID: 29201497 PMCID: PMC5661627 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blocking transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 signal transduction has been a central strategy for scar reduction; however, this approach appears to be minimally effective. Here, we show that fibromodulin (FMOD), a 59-kD small leucine-rich proteoglycan critical for normal collagen fibrillogenesis, significantly reduces scar formation while simultaneously increasing scar strength in both adult rodent models and porcine wounds, which simulate human cutaneous scar repair. Mechanistically, FMOD uncouples pro-migration/contraction cellular signals from pro-fibrotic signaling by selectively enhancing SMAD3-mediated signal transduction, while reducing AP-1-mediated TGFβ1 auto-induction and fibrotic extracellular matrix accumulation. Consequently, FMOD accelerates TGFβ1-responsive adult fibroblast migration, myofibroblast conversion, and function. Furthermore, our findings strongly indicate that, by delicately orchestrating TGFβ1 activities rather than indiscriminately blocking TGFβ1, FMOD elicits fetal-like cellular and molecular phenotypes in adult dermal fibroblasts in vitro and adult cutaneous wounds in vivo, which is a unique response of living system undescribed previously. Taken together, this study illuminates the signal modulating activities of FMOD beyond its structural support functions, and highlights the potential for FMOD-based therapies to be used in cutaneous wound repair.
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25
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MicroRNA-132 promotes fibroblast migration via regulating RAS p21 protein activator 1 in skin wound healing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7797. [PMID: 28798331 PMCID: PMC5552762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-132 has been identified as a top up-regulated miRNA during skin wound healing and its inhibition impairs wound repair. In a human in vivo surgical wound model, we showed that miR-132 was induced in epidermal as well as in dermal wound-edge compartments during healing. Moreover, in a panel of cells isolated from human skin wounds, miR-132 was found highly expressed in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). In HDFs, miR-132 expression was upregulated by TGF-β1. By overexpression or inhibition of miR-132, we showed that miR-132 promoted HDF migration. Mechanistically, global transcriptome analysis revealed that RAS signaling pathway was regulated by miR-132 in HDFs. We found that RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1), a known target of miR-132, was downregulated in HDFs upon miR-132 overexpression. Silencing of RASA1 phenocopied the pro-migratory effect of miR-132. Collectively, our study reveals an important role for miR-132 in HDFs during wound healing and indicates a therapeutic potential of miR-132 in hard-to-heal skin wounds.
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26
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MicroRNAs in the skin: role in development, homoeostasis and regeneration. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1923-1940. [PMID: 28705953 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system and possesses a vast number of functions. Due to the distinct layers of the skin and the variety of cells which populate each, a tightly regulated network of molecular signals control development and regeneration, whether due to programmed cell termination or injury. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a relatively recent discovery; they are a class of small non-coding RNAs which possess a multitude of biological functions due to their ability to regulate gene expression via post-transcriptional gene silencing. Of interest, is that a plethora of data demonstrates that a number of miRs are highly expressed within the skin, and are evidently key regulators of numerous vital processes to maintain non-aberrant functioning. Recently, miRs have been targeted as therapeutic interventions due to the ability of synthetic 'antagomiRs' to down-regulate abnormal miR expression, thereby potentiating wound healing and attenuating fibrotic processes which can contribute to disease such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). This review will provide an introduction to the structure and function of the skin and miR biogenesis, before summarizing the literature pertaining to the role of miRs. Finally, miR therapies will also be discussed, highlighting important future areas of research.
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27
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Soares-Lopes LR, Soares-Lopes IM, Filho LL, Alencar AP, da Silva BB. Morphological and morphometric analysis of the effects of intralesional tamoxifen on keloids. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:926-929. [PMID: 28440733 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217700524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intralesional tamoxifen on keloids, particularly on the concentration of fibroblasts, dermal inflammatory infiltrate, and collagen degeneration. A prospective study was carried out to evaluate keloids in 13 patients of both genders pre- and post-treatment with intralesional tamoxifen. Two samples of keloid lesions were obtained by 4-mm punch biopsies during the study: the first at the time of diagnostic confirmation of keloid and the other eight weeks later at the end of intralesional tamoxifen treatment. The biopsy samples were placed in 10% buffered formalin for HE staining and morphological and morphometric study. The degree of collagen fiber reduction and inflammatory infiltration were analyzed. Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis of the mean number of fibroblasts before and following tamoxifen treatment ( P < 0.05). The degree of collagen fiber reduction and inflammatory infiltration were absent before treatment and present in 100% of cases after treatment, while the mean number of fibroblasts was significantly lower after intralesional tamoxifen treatment ( P < 0.0001). We conclude that intralesional administration of tamoxifen promoted an inflammatory stimulus and collagen fiber reduction as well as a significant reduction in the number of fibroblasts that produce collagen. Impact statement Effective treatment of keloid that is a commonly recurrent dermatosis is very difficult, even after standard treatment. Standard treatment consists of partial resection of the lesion (shaving excision), in addition to local corticosteroid injection. Therefore, there is interest in alternative forms of topical treatment, e.g., selective estrogen receptor modulators, particularly tamoxifen has demonstrated in vitro studies to be a promising drug. Nevertheless, there is scarcity of publications on the effects of intralesional tamoxifen on keloids have been found, leading us to the conception of the present study. In this study, tamoxifen has proven to be an interesting alternative drug for the topical treatment of keloid, allowing us to conclude that the intralesional application of tamoxifen in keloids promotes a variable but ever-present inflammatory stimulus, associated with intense reduction of collagen fiber, in addition to a significant decrease in the number of fibroblasts that produce collagen and are involved in disease maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro R Soares-Lopes
- 1 Postgraduate Science and Health Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui 64001-020, Brazil.,2 Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piaui 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Ione M Soares-Lopes
- 1 Postgraduate Science and Health Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui 64001-020, Brazil.,3 Departament of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Lauro Ll Filho
- 1 Postgraduate Science and Health Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui 64001-020, Brazil.,2 Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piaui 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Airlane P Alencar
- 4 Departament of Statistics, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 03178-200, Brazil
| | - Benedito B da Silva
- 1 Postgraduate Science and Health Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui 64001-020, Brazil.,3 Departament of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piaui 64049-550, Brazil
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Lee S, Elaskandrany M, Ahad A, Chaqour B. Analysis of CCN Protein Expression and Activities in Vasoproliferative Retinopathies. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1489:543-556. [PMID: 27734405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6430-7_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The retina is a complex neurovascular structure that conveys light/visual image through the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain. Neuronal and vascular activities in the retina are physically and functionally intertwined, and vascular alterations are consequential to the proper function of the entire visual system. In particular, alteration of the structure and barrier function of the retinal vasculature is commonly associated with the development of vasoproliferative ischemic retinopathy, a set of clinically well-defined chronic ocular microvascular complications causing blindness in all age groups. Experimentally, the retinal tissue provides researchers with a convenient, easily accessible, and directly observable model suitable to investigate whether and how newly identified genes regulate vascular development and regeneration. The six mammalian CCN gene-encoded proteins are part of an extracellular network of bioactive molecules that regulate various aspects of organ system development and diseases. Whether and how these molecules regulate the fundamental aspects of blood vessel development and pathology and subsequently the neurovascular link in the retina are open-ended questions. Sophisticated methods have been developed to gain insight into the pathogenesis of retinal vasculopathy. This chapter describes several useful methodologies and animal models to investigate the regulation and potential relevance of the CCN proteins in vasoproliferative diseases of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine and SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine and SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Menna Elaskandrany
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine and SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine and SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Afruja Ahad
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine and SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine and SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine and SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine and SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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29
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Jain N, Kalailingam P, Tan KW, Tan HB, Sng MK, Chan JSK, Tan NS, Thanabalu T. Conditional knockout of N-WASP in mouse fibroblast caused keratinocyte hyper proliferation and enhanced wound closure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38109. [PMID: 27909303 PMCID: PMC5133560 DOI: 10.1038/srep38109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural-Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein (N-WASP) is expressed ubiquitously, regulates actin polymerization and is essential during mouse development. We have previously shown that N-WASP is critical for cell-ECM adhesion in fibroblasts. To characterize the role of N-WASP in fibroblast for skin development, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model in which fibroblast N-WASP was ablated using the Cre recombinase driven by Fibroblast Specific Protein promoter (Fsp-Cre). N-WASPFKO (N-WASPfl/fl; Fsp-cre) were born following Mendelian genetics, survived without any visible abnormalities for more than 1 year and were sexually reproductive, suggesting that expression of N-WASP in fibroblast is not critical for survival under laboratory conditions. Histological sections of N-WASPFKO mice skin (13 weeks old) showed thicker epidermis with higher percentage of cells staining for proliferation marker (PCNA), suggesting that N-WASP deficient fibroblasts promote keratinocyte proliferation. N-WASPFKO mice skin had elevated collagen content, elevated expression of FGF7 (keratinocyte growth factor) and TGFβ signaling proteins. Wound healing was faster in N-WASPFKO mice compared to control mice and N-WASP deficient fibroblasts were found to have enhanced collagen gel contraction properties. These results suggest that N-WASP deficiency in fibroblasts improves wound healing by growth factor-mediated enhancement of keratinocyte proliferation and increased wound contraction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Jain
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Pazhanichamy Kalailingam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kai Wei Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Bing Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jeremy Soon Kiat Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Agency for Science Technology &Research, 138673, Singapore.,KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore
| | - Thirumaran Thanabalu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
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Abstract
Wounds are among the most common, painful, debilitating and costly conditions in older adults. Disruption of the angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1R), has been associated with impaired wound healing, suggesting a critical role for AT1R in this repair process. Biological functions of angiotensin type 2 receptors (AT2R) are less studied. We investigated effects of genetically disrupting AT2R on rate and quality of wound healing. Our results suggest that AT2R effects on rate of wound closure depends on the phase of wound healing. We observed delayed healing during early phase of wound healing (inflammation). An accelerated healing rate was seen during later stages (proliferation and remodeling). By day 12, fifty percent of AT2R−/− mice had complete wound closure as compared to none in either C57/BL6 or AT1R−/− mice. There was a significant increase in AT1R, TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 expression during the proliferative and remodeling phases in AT2R−/− mice. Despite the accelerated closure rate, AT2R−/− mice had more fragile healed skin. Our results suggest that in the absence of AT2R, wound healing rate is accelerated, but yielded worse skin quality. Elucidating the contribution of both of the angiotensin receptors may help fine tune future intervention aimed at wound repair in older individuals.
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Turner NA. Inflammatory and fibrotic responses of cardiac fibroblasts to myocardial damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 94:189-200. [PMID: 26542796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) are well-established as key regulators of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover in the context of myocardial remodelling and fibrosis. Recently, this cell type has also been shown to act as a sensor of myocardial damage by detecting and responding to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) upregulated with cardiac injury. CF express a range of innate immunity pattern recognition receptors (TLRs, NLRs, IL-1R1, RAGE) that are stimulated by a host of different DAMPs that are evident in the injured or remodelling myocardium. These include intracellular molecules released by necrotic cells (heat shock proteins, high mobility group box 1 protein, S100 proteins), proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1α), specific ECM molecules up-regulated in response to tissue injury (fibronectin-EDA, tenascin-C) or molecules modified by a pathological environment (advanced glycation end product-modified proteins observed with diabetes). DAMP receptor activation on fibroblasts is coupled to altered cellular function including changes in proliferation, migration, myofibroblast transdifferentiation, ECM turnover and production of fibrotic and inflammatory paracrine factors, which directly impact on the heart's ability to respond to injury. This review gives an overview of the important role played by CF in responding to myocardial DAMPs and how the DAMP/CF axis could be exploited experimentally and therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Gutiérrez J, Droppelmann CA, Contreras O, Takahashi C, Brandan E. RECK-Mediated β1-Integrin Regulation by TGF-β1 Is Critical for Wound Contraction in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135005. [PMID: 26247610 PMCID: PMC4527692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are critical for wound contraction; a pivotal step in wound healing. They produce and modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) required for the proper tissue remodeling. Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) is a key regulator of ECM homeostasis and turnover. However, its role in wound contraction is presently unknown. Here we describe that Transforming growth factor type β1 (TGF-β1), one of the main pro-fibrotic wound-healing promoting factors, decreases RECK expression in fibroblasts through the Smad and JNK dependent pathways. This TGF-β1 dependent downregulation of RECK occurs with the concomitant increase of β1-integrin, which is required for fibroblasts adhesion and wound contraction through the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Loss and gain RECK expression experiments performed in different types of fibroblasts indicate that RECK downregulation mediates TGF-β1 dependent β1-integrin expression. Also, reduced levels of RECK potentiate TGF-β1 effects over fibroblasts FAK-dependent contraction, without affecting its cognate signaling. The above results were confirmed on fibroblasts derived from the Reck+/- mice compared to wild type-derived fibroblasts. We observed that Reck+/- mice heal dermal wounds more efficiently than wild type mice. Our results reveal a critical role for RECK in skin wound contraction as a key mediator in the axis: TGF-β1—RECK- β1-integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Gutiérrez
- Cellular Signaling and Differentiation Laboratory (CSDL), School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (JG); (EB)
| | - Cristian A. Droppelmann
- Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Contreras
- Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (JG); (EB)
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a multisystem disorder with a high associated mortality. The hallmark abnormalities of the disease are in the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue. Systemic sclerosis occurs in susceptible individuals and is stimulated by initiating events that are poorly understood at present. In order for the disease phenotype to appear there is dysfunction in the homoeostatic mechanisms of immune tolerance, endothelial physiology, and extracellular matrix turnover. The progression of disease is not sequential but requires simultaneous dysfunction in these normal regulatory mechanisms. Better understanding of the interplay of these factors is likely to contribute to improved treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Stern
- Centre for Rheumatology, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Skeff MA, Brito GAC, de Oliveira MG, Braga CM, Cavalcante MM, Baldim V, Holanda-Afonso RC, Silva-Boghossian CM, Colombo AP, Ribeiro RA, Moura-Neto V, Leitão RFC. S-nitrosoglutathione accelerates recovery from 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113378. [PMID: 25478918 PMCID: PMC4257535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucositis induced by anti-neoplastic drugs is an important, dose-limiting and costly side-effect of cancer therapy. Aim To evaluate the effect of the topical application of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a nitric oxide donor, on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced oral mucositis in hamsters. Materials and Methods Oral mucositis was induced in male hamsters by two intraperitoneal administrations of 5-FU on the first and second days of the experiment (60 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) followed by mechanical trauma on the fourth day. Animals received saline, HPMC or HPMC/GSNO (0.1, 0.5 or 2.0 mM) 1 h prior to the 5-FU injection and twice a day for 10 or 14 days. Samples of cheek pouches were harvested for: histopathological analysis, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, immunohistochemical staining for iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, Ki67 and TGF-β RII and a TUNEL assay. The presence and levels of 39 bacterial taxa were analyzed using the Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. The profiles of NO released from the HPMC/GSNO formulations were characterized using chemiluminescence. Results The HPMC/GSNO formulations were found to provide sustained release of NO for more than 4 h at concentration-dependent rates of 14 to 80 nmol/mL/h. Treatment with HPMC/GSNO (0.5 mM) significantly reduced mucosal damage, inflammatory alterations and cell death associated with 5-FU-induced oral mucositis on day 14 but not on day 10. HPMC/GSNO administration also reversed the inhibitory effect of 5-FU on cell proliferation on day 14. In addition, we observed that the chemotherapy significantly increased the levels and/or prevalence of several bacterial species. Conclusion Topical HPMC/GSNO accelerates mucosal recovery, reduces inflammatory parameters, speeds up re-epithelization and decreases levels of periodontopathic species in mucosal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adriana Skeff
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gerly A. C. Brito
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Cintia M. Braga
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Matheus M. Cavalcante
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Victor Baldim
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosenilde C. Holanda-Afonso
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carina M. Silva-Boghossian
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Colombo
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A. Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata F. C. Leitão
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Günschmann C, Chiticariu E, Garg B, Hiz MM, Mostmans Y, Wehner M, Scharfenberger L. Transgenic mouse technology in skin biology: inducible gene knockout in mice. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1-4. [PMID: 24924765 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Günschmann
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), SFB829 "Molecular Mechanism Regulating Skin Homeostasis," University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Elena Chiticariu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes," Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bhavuk Garg
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Merve Meliha Hiz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Arts, anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, anakkale, Turkey
| | - Yora Mostmans
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Brussels, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Wehner
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Scharfenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), SFB829 "Molecular Mechanism Regulating Skin Homeostasis," University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abnormally differentiating keratinocytes in the epidermis of systemic sclerosis patients show enhanced secretion of CCN2 and S100A9. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2693-2702. [PMID: 24933320 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skin involvement with dermal fibrosis is a hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc), and keratinocytes may be critical regulators of fibroblast function through secretion of chemo-attracting agents, as well as through growth factors and cytokines influencing the phenotype and proliferation rate of fibroblasts. Epithelial-fibroblast interactions have an important role in fibrosis in general. We have characterized the SSc epidermis and asked whether SSc-injured epidermal cells release factors capable of promoting fibrosis. Our results show that the SSc epidermis is hypertrophic, and has altered expression of terminal differentiation markers involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin. Multiplex profiling revealed that SSc epidermal explants release increased levels of CCN2 and S100A9. CCN2 induction was found to spread into the upper papillary dermis, whereas S100A9 was shown to induce fibroblast proliferation and to enhance fibroblast CCN2 expression via Toll-like receptor 4. These data suggest that the SSc epidermis provides an important source of pro-fibrotic CCN2 and proinflammatory S100A9 in SSc skin, and therefore contributes to the fibrosis and inflammation seen in the disease.
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Zheng Z, Lee KS, Zhang X, Nguyen C, Hsu C, Wang JZ, Rackohn TM, Enjamuri DR, Murphy M, Ting K, Soo C. Fibromodulin-deficiency alters temporospatial expression patterns of transforming growth factor-β ligands and receptors during adult mouse skin wound healing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90817. [PMID: 24603701 PMCID: PMC3948369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromodulin (FMOD) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan required for scarless fetal cutaneous wound repair. Interestingly, increased FMOD levels have been correlated with decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression in multiple fetal and adult rodent models. Our previous studies demonstrated that FMOD-deficiency in adult animals results in delayed wound closure and increased scar size accompanied by loose package collagen fiber networks with increased fibril diameter. In addition, we found that FMOD modulates in vitro expression and activities of TGF-β ligands in an isoform-specific manner. In this study, temporospatial expression profiles of TGF-β ligands and receptors in FMOD-null and wild-type (WT) mice were compared by immunohistochemical staining and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using a full-thickness, primary intention wound closure model. During the inflammatory stage, elevated inflammatory infiltration accompanied by increased type I TGF-β receptor levels in individual inflammatory cells was observed in FMOD-null wounds. This increased inflammation was correlated with accelerated epithelial migration during the proliferative stage. On the other hand, significantly more robust expression of TGF-β3 and TGF-β receptors in FMOD-null wounds during the proliferative stage was associated with delayed dermal cell migration and proliferation, which led to postponed granulation tissue formation and wound closure and increased scar size. Compared with WT controls, expression of TGF-β ligands and receptors by FMOD-null dermal cells was markedly reduced during the remodeling stage, which may have contributed to the declined collagen synthesis capability and unordinary collagen architecture. Taken together, this study demonstrates that a single missing gene, FMOD, leads to conspicuous alternations in TGF-β ligand and receptor expression at all stages of wound repair in various cell types. Therefore, FMOD critically coordinates temporospatial distribution of TGF-β ligands and receptors in vivo, suggesting that FMOD modulates TGF-β bioactivity in a complex way beyond simple physical binding to promote proper wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin S. Lee
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Calvin Nguyen
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chingyun Hsu
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joyce Z. Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate/Kings Country Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Todd Matthew Rackohn
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dwarak Reddy Enjamuri
- Department of Psychobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maxwell Murphy
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Pakyari M, Farrokhi A, Maharlooei MK, Ghahary A. Critical Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Different Phases of Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:215-224. [PMID: 24527344 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE This review highlights the critical role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)1-3 within different phases of wound healing, in particular, late-stage wound healing. It is also very important to identify the TGF-β1-controlling factors involved in slowing down the healing process upon wound epithelialization. RECENT ADVANCES TGF-β1, as a growth factor, is a known proponent of dermal fibrosis. Several strategies to modulate or regulate TGF's actions have been thoroughly investigated in an effort to create successful therapies. This study reviews current discourse regarding the many roles of TGF-β1 in wound healing by modulating infiltrated immune cells and the extracellular matrix. CRITICAL ISSUES It is well established that TGF-β1 functions as a wound-healing promoting factor, and thereby if in excess it may lead to overhealing outcomes, such as hypertrophic scarring and keloid. Thus, the regulation of TGF-β1 in the later stages of the healing process remains as critical issue of which to better understand. FUTURE DIRECTIONS One hypothesis is that cell communication is the key to regulate later stages of wound healing. To elucidate the role of keratinocyte/fibroblast cross talk in controlling the later stages of wound healing we need to: (1) identify those keratinocyte-released factors which would function as wound-healing stop signals, (2) evaluate the functionality of these factors in controlling the outcome of the healing process, and (3) formulate topical vehicles for these antifibrogenic factors to improve or even prevent the development of hypertrophic scarring and keloids as a result of deep trauma, burn injuries, and any type of surgical incision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Farrokhi
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mohsen Khosravi Maharlooei
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada . ; Professional Fire Fighters' Burn & Wound Healing Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
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Finnson KW, Arany PR, Philip A. Transforming Growth Factor Beta Signaling in Cutaneous Wound Healing: Lessons Learned from Animal Studies. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:225-237. [PMID: 24761336 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Wound healing is a complex physiological process involving a multitude of growth factors, among which transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has the broadest spectrum of effects. Animal studies have provided key information on the mechanisms of TGF-β action in wound healing and have guided the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the TGF-β pathway to improve wound healing and scarring outcome. RECENT ADVANCES Development of tissue-specific expression systems for overexpression or knockout of TGF-β signaling pathway components has led to novel insight into the role of TGF-β signaling in wound healing. This work has also identified molecules that might serve as molecular targets for the treatment of pathological skin conditions such as chronic wounds and excessive scarring (fibrosis). CRITICAL ISSUES Many of the mouse models with genetic alterations in the TGF-β signaling pathway develop an underlying skin abnormality, which may pose some limitations on the interpretation of wound-healing results obtained in these animals. Also, TGF-β's pleiotropic effects on many cell types throughout all phases of wound healing present a challenge in designing specific strategies for targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway to promote wound healing or reduce scarring. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further characterization of TGF-β signaling pathway components using inducible tissue-specific overexpression or knockout technology will be needed to corroborate results obtained in mouse models that display a skin phenotype, and to better understand the role of TGF-β signaling during distinct phases of the wound-healing process. Such studies will also provide a better understanding of how TGF-β mediates its autocrine, paracrine, and double paracrine effects on cellular responses in vivo during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Finnson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Praveen R. Arany
- Cell Regulation and Control Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anie Philip
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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Wang T, Feng Y, Sun H, Zhang L, Hao L, Shi C, Wang J, Li R, Ran X, Su Y, Zou Z. miR-21 regulates skin wound healing by targeting multiple aspects of the healing process. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 181:1911-20. [PMID: 23159215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the clarification of the important roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in diverse physiologic and pathologic processes, the effects of miRNAs in wound healing have attracted more attention recently. However, the global pattern of miRNA expression in wound tissue is still unknown. In the present study, we depicted the miRNA profile and identified at least 54 miRNAs, including miR-21, changed for more than twofold at the stage of granulation formation during wound healing. These miRNAs were closely related to the major events of wound healing, including cell migration and proliferation, angiogenesis, and matrix remolding. Furthermore, we found that miR-21 was up-regulated after skin injury, mainly in activated and migrating epithelial cells of epidermis and mesenchymal cells of dermis. Locally antagonizing miR-21 by directly injecting antagomir to wound edge caused significant delay of wound closure with impaired collagen deposition. Unexpectedly, we found wounds treated with miR-21 antagomir had an obvious defect in wound contraction at an early stage of wound healing. The significant role of miR-21 in wound contraction was further confirmed by in vivo gain-of-function and in vitro loss-of-function experiments. In conclusion, the present study has for the first time depicted miRNA profiling of wound healing and demonstrated the involvement of miR-21 in regulating the wound contraction and collagen deposition. These results suggest that miR-21 may be a new medical target in skin wound manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Vorstenbosch J, Gallant-Behm C, Trzeciak A, Roy S, Mustoe T, Philip A. Transgenic mice overexpressing CD109 in the epidermis display decreased inflammation and granulation tissue and improved collagen architecture during wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:235-46. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Vorstenbosch
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic Surgery; McGill University; Montréal; Quebec; Canada
| | - Corrie Gallant-Behm
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Northwestern University; Chicago; Illinois
| | - Alissa Trzeciak
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic Surgery; McGill University; Montréal; Quebec; Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Faculté de Médecine Dentaire; Université de Montréal; Montréal; Quebec; Canada
| | - Thomas Mustoe
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Northwestern University; Chicago; Illinois
| | - Anie Philip
- Department of Surgery; Division of Plastic Surgery; McGill University; Montréal; Quebec; Canada
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Lokmic Z, Musyoka J, Hewitson TD, Darby IA. Hypoxia and hypoxia signaling in tissue repair and fibrosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:139-85. [PMID: 22559939 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Following injury, vascular damage results in the loss of perfusion and consequent low oxygen tension (hypoxia) which may be exacerbated by a rapid influx of inflammatory and mesenchymal cells with high metabolic demands for oxygen. Changes in systemic and cellular oxygen concentrations induce tightly regulated response pathways that attempt to restore oxygen supply to cells and modulate cell function in hypoxic conditions. Most of these responses occur through the induction of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) which regulates many processes needed for tissue repair during ischemia in the damaged tissue. HIF-1 transcriptionally upregulates expression of metabolic proteins (GLUT-1), adhesion proteins (integrins), soluble growth factors (TGF-β and VEGF), and extracellular matrix components (type I collagen and fibronectin), which enhance the repair process. For these reasons, HIF-1 is viewed as a positive regulator of wound healing and a potential regulator of organ repair and tissue fibrosis. Understanding the complex role of hypoxia in the loss of function in scarring tissues and biology of chronic wound, and organ repair will aid in the development of pharmaceutical agents that can redress the detrimental outcomes often seen in repair and scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Lokmic
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Cutaneous wound healing: recruiting developmental pathways for regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2059-81. [PMID: 23052205 PMCID: PMC3663196 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Following a skin injury, the damaged tissue is repaired through the coordinated biological actions that constitute the cutaneous healing response. In mammals, repaired skin is not identical to intact uninjured skin, however, and this disparity may be caused by differences in the mechanisms that regulate postnatal cutaneous wound repair compared to embryonic skin development. Improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in these processes is essential to generate new therapies for wound healing complications. Here we focus on the roles of several key developmental signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, Notch) in mammalian cutaneous wound repair, and compare this to their function in skin development. We discuss the varying responses to cutaneous injury across the taxa, ranging from complete regeneration to scar tissue formation. Finally, we outline how research into the role of developmental pathways during skin repair has contributed to current wound therapies, and holds potential for the development of more effective treatments.
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Hu B, Wu Z, Nakashima T, Phan SH. Mesenchymal-specific deletion of C/EBPβ suppresses pulmonary fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2257-67. [PMID: 22503555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) regulates a variety of factors and cellular responses associated with pulmonary fibrosis. To distinguish its role in the mesenchyme from that in other compartments, the effects of mesenchymal-specific deletion of C/EBPβ on pulmonary fibrosis was examined. Crossing of mice with the floxed C/EBPβ gene with α2(I) collagen enhancer-CreER(T)-bearing mice successfully generated progeny with a conditional knockout (CKO) of C/EBPβ in collagen I-expressing ("mesenchymal") cells only on treatment with tamoxifen (C/EBPβ CKO). When treated with an endotracheal bleomycin injection, C/EBPβ CKO mice showed significant attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis relative to control C/EBPβ-intact mice. C/EBPβ CKO mice also had reduced myofibroblasts in the lung. However, no significant differences in inflammatory/immune cell influx were noted in the mutant mice relative to the control mice. DNA microarray and real-time PCR analyses identified a series of myofibroblast differentiation regulators as novel target genes of C/EBPβ. Interestingly, C/EBPβ deficiency caused a marked induction of matrix metalloproteinase 12 expression, suggesting its potential role as a repressor, which could account for the noted reduction in fibrosis in the C/EBPβ-deficient mice. Thus, these findings indicate an essential role for C/EBPβ in the mesenchymal compartment in pulmonary fibrosis that is independent of its effects on inflammation or immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Liang X, Bhattacharya S, Bajaj G, Guha G, Wang Z, Jang HS, Leid M, Indra AK, Ganguli-Indra G. Delayed cutaneous wound healing and aberrant expression of hair follicle stem cell markers in mice selectively lacking Ctip2 in epidermis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29999. [PMID: 22383956 PMCID: PMC3283611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COUP-TF interacting protein 2 [(Ctip2), also known as Bcl11b] is an important regulator of skin homeostasis, and is overexpressed in head and neck cancer. Ctip2(ep-/-) mice, selectively ablated for Ctip2 in epidermal keratinocytes, exhibited impaired terminal differentiation and delayed epidermal permeability barrier (EPB) establishment during development, similar to what was observed in Ctip2 null (Ctip2(-/-)) mice. Considering that as an important role of Ctip2, and the fact that molecular networks which underlie cancer progression partially overlap with those responsible for tissue remodeling, we sought to determine the role of Ctip2 during cutaneous wound healing. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Full thickness excisional wound healing experiments were performed on Ctip2(L2/L2) and Ctip2(ep-/-) animals per time point and used for harvesting samples for histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblotting. Results demonstrated inherent defects in proliferation and migration of Ctip2 lacking keratinocytes during re-epithelialization. Mutant mice exhibited reduced epidermal proliferation, delayed keratinocyte activation, altered cell-cell adhesion and impaired ECM development. Post wounding, Ctip2(ep-/-) mice wounds displayed lack of E-Cadherin suppression in the migratory tongue, insufficient expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA) in the dermis, and robust induction of K8. Importantly, dysregulated expression of several hair follicle (HF) stem cell markers such as K15, NFATc1, CD133, CD34 and Lrig1 was observed in mutant skin during wound repair. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Results confirm a cell autonomous role of keratinocytic Ctip2 to modulate cell migration, proliferation and/or differentiation, and to maintain HF stem cells during cutaneous wounding. Furthermore, Ctip2 in a non-cell autonomous manner regulated granulation tissue formation and tissue contraction during wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Bajaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Gunjan Guha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Zhixing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Hyo-Sang Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
| | - Mark Leid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Environmental Health Science Centre, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Arup Kumar Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Environmental Health Science Centre, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States of America
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Jain M, Lam A, Gottardi CJ. Tissue-specific knockout/knockdown of type 2 TGF-β receptor and protection against bleomycin injury/fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:983; author reply 983-4. [PMID: 22003151 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.184.8.983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Jain M, Lam A, Gottardi CJ. Tissue-Specific Knockout/Knockdown of Type 2 TGF-β Receptor and Protection against Bleomycin Injury/Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.184.8.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manu Jain
- Northwestern UniversityChicago, Illinois
| | - Anna Lam
- Northwestern UniversityChicago, Illinois
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Lovgren AK, Kovacs JJ, Xie T, Potts EN, Li Y, Foster WM, Liang J, Meltzer EB, Jiang D, Lefkowitz RJ, Noble PW. β-arrestin deficiency protects against pulmonary fibrosis in mice and prevents fibroblast invasion of extracellular matrix. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:74ra23. [PMID: 21411739 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease that causes unremitting extracellular matrix deposition with resulting distortion of pulmonary architecture and impaired gas exchange. β-Arrestins regulate G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptors through receptor desensitization while also acting as signaling scaffolds to facilitate numerous effector pathways. Here, we examine the role of β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 in the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. In the bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis model, loss of either β-arrestin1 or β-arrestin2 resulted in protection from mortality, inhibition of matrix deposition, and protected lung function. Fibrosis was prevented despite preserved recruitment of inflammatory cells and fibroblast chemotaxis. However, isolated lung fibroblasts from bleomycin-treated β-arrestin-null mice failed to invade extracellular matrix and displayed altered expression of genes involved in matrix production and degradation. Furthermore, knockdown of β-arrestin2 in fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis attenuated the invasive phenotype. These data implicate β-arrestins as mediators of fibroblast invasion and the development of pulmonary fibrosis, and as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Kern Lovgren
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Delayed wound closure in fibromodulin-deficient mice is associated with increased TGF-β3 signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:769-78. [PMID: 21191417 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibromodulin (FMOD), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, mediates scarless fetal skin wound repair through, in part, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) modulation. Using an adult fmod-null (fmod(-/-)) mouse model, this study further elucidates the interplay between FMOD and TGF-β expression during cutaneous repair and scar formation. Full-thickness skin wounds on fmod(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were closed primarily and analyzed. Histomorphometry revealed delayed dermal cell migration leading to delayed wound closure and significantly increased scar size in fmod(-/-) mice relative to WT, which was partially rescued by exogenous FMOD administration. In addition, fmod(-/-) wounds exhibited early elevation (within 24 hours post-wounding) of type I and type II TGF-β receptors as well as unexpectedly high fibroblast expression of TGF-β3, a molecule with reported antifibrotic and antimigratory effects. Consistent with elevated fibroblastic TGF-β3, fmod(-/-) fibroblasts were significantly less motile than WT fibroblasts. fmod(-/-) fibroblasts were also more susceptible to migration inhibition by TGF-β3, leading to profound delays in dermal cell migration. Increased scarring in fmod(-/-) mice indicates that TGF-β3's antimotility effects predominate over its antifibrotic effects when high TGF-β3 levels disrupt early fibroblastic wound ingress. These studies demonstrate that FMOD presence is critical for proper temporospatial coordination of wound healing events and normal TGF-β bioactivity.
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts play a critical role in maintenance of normal cardiac function. They are indispensable for damage control and tissue remodeling on myocardial injury and principal mediators of pathological cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. Despite their manyfold functions, cardiac fibroblasts remain poorly characterized in molecular terms. Evidence is evolving that cardiac fibroblasts are a heterogeneous population and likely derive from various distinct tissue niches in health and disease. Here, we review our emerging understanding of where cardiac fibroblasts come from, as well as how we can possibly use this knowledge to develop novel therapies for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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