1
|
Borkúti P, Kristó I, Szabó A, Kovács Z, Vilmos P. FERM domain-containing proteins are active components of the cell nucleus. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302489. [PMID: 38296350 PMCID: PMC10830384 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The FERM domain is a conserved and widespread protein module that appeared in the common ancestor of amoebae, fungi, and animals, and is therefore now found in a wide variety of species. The primary function of the FERM domain is localizing to the plasma membrane through binding lipids and proteins of the membrane; thus, for a long time, FERM domain-containing proteins (FDCPs) were considered exclusively cytoskeletal. Although their role in the cytoplasm has been extensively studied, the recent discovery of the presence and importance of cytoskeletal proteins in the nucleus suggests that FDCPs might also play an important role in nuclear function. In this review, we collected data on their nuclear localization, transport, and possible functions, which are still scattered throughout the literature, with special regard to the role of the FERM domain in these processes. With this, we would like to draw attention to the exciting, new dimension of the role of FDCPs, their nuclear activity, which could be an interesting novel direction for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anikó Szabó
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Vilmos
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmed A, Zehra T, Moin A, Rehman Usmani SU. Battling a rarity: A case of kindler syndrome from a developing country. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2024; 12:2050313X241231518. [PMID: 38371949 PMCID: PMC10874135 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x241231518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Kindler syndrome, a rare branching of inherited epidermolysis bullosa, is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by the eruption of painful blisters and hemorrhagic vesicles in infancy. With age, the eruption of blisters are seen to decline leaving behind fibrosed, scarred, and paper-like skin, and poikilodermic features. To this date, about 400 cases have been reported worldwide for this disease only. This report aims to discuss the presence and diagnosis of Kindler Syndrome using limited resources in developing countries. It describes the presence of clinically diagnosed Kindler Syndrome in a young male of Pakistani descent that started in infancy and presented with a variety of clinical features over the years. Even though genetic analysis remains the gold standard diagnostic for Kindler syndrome, for third world countries, relying on Diagnostic clinical criteria remains helpful in establishing a diagnosis of Kindler syndrome for further management, as seen in our patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tasheen Zehra
- Geriatric Medicine, Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trusts, Mansfield, UK
| | - Alina Moin
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rousselle P, Laigle C, Rousselet G. The basement membrane in epidermal polarity, stemness, and regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1807-C1822. [PMID: 36374168 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00069.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a specialized epithelium that constitutes the outermost layer of the skin, and it provides a protective barrier against environmental assaults. Primarily consisting of multilayered keratinocytes, the epidermis is continuously renewed by proliferation of stem cells and the differentiation of their progeny, which undergo terminal differentiation as they leave the basal layer and move upward toward the surface, where they die and slough off. Basal keratinocytes rest on a basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction that is composed of specific extracellular matrix proteins organized into interactive and mechanically supportive networks. Firm attachment of basal keratinocytes, and their dynamic regulation via focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes, is essential for maintaining major skin processes, such as self-renewal, barrier function, and resistance to physical and chemical stresses. The adhesive integrin receptors expressed by epidermal cells serve structural, signaling, and mechanosensory roles that are critical for epidermal cell anchorage and tissue homeostasis. More specifically, the basement membrane components play key roles in preserving the stem cell pool, and establishing cell polarity cues enabling asymmetric cell divisions, which result in the transition from a proliferative basal cell layer to suprabasal cells committed to terminal differentiation. Finally, through a well-regulated sequence of synthesis and remodeling, the components of the dermal-epidermal junction play an essential role in regeneration of the epidermis during skin healing. Here too, they provide biological and mechanical signals that are essential to the restoration of barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Laigle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Gaelle Rousselet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duan B, Qin Z, Gu X, Li Y. Migfilin: Cell Adhesion Effect and Comorbidities. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:411-422. [PMID: 35469339 PMCID: PMC9034862 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s357355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion manifests as cell linkages to neighboring cells and/or the extracellular matrix (ECM). Migfilin is a widely expressed adhesion protein. It comprises three LIM domains in the C-terminal region and one proline-rich sequence in the N-terminal region. Through interplay with its various binding partners, such as Kindlin-2, Filamin, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) protein and the transcription factor CSX, Migfilin facilitates the dynamic association of connecting actomyosin fibers, orchestrating cell morphogenetic movement and cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion, differentiation and signal transduction. In this review, to further elucidate the functional contributions of and pathogenesis induced by Migfilin, we focused on the structure of Migfilin and the targets which it directly binds with. We also summarized the role of Migfilin and its binding partners in the progression of different diseases and malignancies. As a possible candidate for coordinating various cellular processes and because of its association with both the pathogenesis and progression of certain tumors, Migfilin likely has utility as a therapeutic target against multiple diseases in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyao Qin
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Xuefeng Gu, Department of Pharmacy, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Shanghai, 201318, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 6588 3180, Email
| | - Yanfei Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yanfei Li, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Shanghai, 201318, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 6588 3180 Email
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu J, Liu Z, Chen K, Chen W, Fang X, Li M, Zhou X, Ding N, Lei H, Guo C, Qian T, Wang Y, Liu L, Chen Y, Zhao H, Sun Y, Deng Y, Wu C. Kindlin-2 promotes rear focal adhesion disassembly and directional persistence during cell migration. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs244616. [PMID: 33277381 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration involves front-to-rear asymmetric focal adhesion (FA) dynamics, which facilitates trailing edge detachment and directional persistence. Here, we show that kindlin-2 is crucial for FA sliding and disassembly in migrating cells. Loss of kindlin-2 markedly reduced FA number and selectively impaired rear FA sliding and disassembly, resulting in defective rear retraction and reduced directional persistence during cell migration. Kindlin-2-deficient cells failed to develop serum-induced actomyosin-dependent tension at FAs. At the molecular level, kindlin-2 directly interacted with myosin light chain kinase (MYLK, hereafter referred to as MLCK), which was enhanced in response to serum stimulation. Serum deprivation inhibited rear FA disassembly, which was released in response to serum stimulation. Overexpression of the MLCK-binding kindlin-2 F0F1 fragment (amino acid residues 1-167), which inhibits the interaction of endogenous kindlin-2 with MLCK, phenocopied kindlin-2 deficiency-induced migration defects. Inhibition of MLCK, like loss of kindlin-2, also impaired trailing-edge detachment, rear FA disassembly and directional persistence. These results suggest a role of kindlin-2 in promoting actomyosin contractility at FAs, leading to increased rear FA sliding and disassembly, and directional persistence during cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhongzhen Liu
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Keng Chen
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiyuan Fang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuening Zhou
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huan Lei
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Qian
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nan Kai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yonglong Chen
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Deng
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Godbout E, Son DO, Hume S, Boo S, Sarrazy V, Clément S, Kapus A, Wehrle-Haller B, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C, Hinz B. Kindlin-2 Mediates Mechanical Activation of Cardiac Myofibroblasts. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122702. [PMID: 33348602 PMCID: PMC7766948 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We identify the focal adhesion protein kindlin-2 as player in a novel mechanotransduction pathway that controls profibrotic cardiac fibroblast to myofibroblast activation. Kindlin-2 is co-upregulated with the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in fibrotic rat hearts and in human cardiac fibroblasts exposed to fibrosis-stiff culture substrates and pro-fibrotic TGF-β1. Stressing fibroblasts using ferromagnetic microbeads, stretchable silicone membranes, and cell contraction agonists all result in kindlin-2 translocation to the nucleus. Overexpression of full-length kindlin-2 but not of kindlin-2 missing a putative nuclear localization sequence (∆NLS kindlin-2) results in increased α-SMA promoter activity. Downregulating kindlin-2 with siRNA leads to decreased myofibroblast contraction and reduced α-SMA expression, which is dependent on CC(A/T)-rich GG(CArG) box elements in the α-SMA promoter. Lost myofibroblast features under kindlin-2 knockdown are rescued with wild-type but not ∆NLS kindlin-2, indicating that myofibroblast control by kindlin-2 requires its nuclear translocation. Because kindlin-2 can act as a mechanotransducer regulating the transcription of α-SMA, it is a potential target to interfere with myofibroblast activation in tissue fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Godbout
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Dong Ok Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Stephanie Hume
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Stellar Boo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Vincent Sarrazy
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Sophie Clément
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada;
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Medical Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.B.-T.); (C.H.)
| | - Cristina Has
- Medical Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.B.-T.); (C.H.)
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-978-8728
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Binamer Y, Chisti MA. Kindler's Syndrome with Recurrent Neutropenia: Report of Two Cases from Saudi Arabia. J Pediatr Genet 2020; 12:69-72. [PMID: 36684545 PMCID: PMC9848764 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Kindler syndrome (KS) is a rare photosensitivity disorder with autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. It is characterized by acral blistering in infancy and childhood, progressive poikiloderma, skin atrophy, abnormal photosensitivity, and gingival fragility. Besides these major features, many minor presentations have also been reported in the literature. We are reporting two cases with atypical features of the syndrome and a new feature of recurrent neutropenia. Whole exome sequencing analysis was done using next-generation sequencing which detected a homozygous loss-of-function (LOF) variant of FERMT1 in both patients. The variant is classified as a pathogenic variant as per the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Homozygous LOF variants of FERMT1 are a common mechanism of KS and as such confirm the diagnosis of KS in our patients even though the presentation was atypical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Binamer
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzamil A. Chisti
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence Muzamil Amin Chisti, MD Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research CentreMBC 104, Riyadh 11211Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nahhas AF, Oberlin DM, Braunberger TL, Lim HW. Recent Developments in the Diagnosis and Management of Photosensitive Disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:707-731. [PMID: 29959757 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photodermatoses occur in males and females of all races and ages. Onset can be variable in timing and influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Photodermatoses are broadly classified as immunologically mediated, chemical- and drug-induced, photoaggravated, and genetic (defective DNA repair or chromosomal instability) diseases. Advances in the field have led to improved recognition and treatment of many photodermatoses. The purpose of this focused review is to provide an update on the diagnosis and management of a variety of photodermatoses, both common and less common, with review of recent updates in the literature pertaining to their diagnosis and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Nahhas
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - David M Oberlin
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Taylor L Braunberger
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kindlin-1 Regulates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:369-379. [PMID: 30248333 PMCID: PMC6345584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Kindler syndrome is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis that results from mutations in the FERMT1 gene encoding t kindlin-1. Kindlin-1 localizes to focal adhesion and is known to contribute to the activation of integrin receptors. Most cases of Kindler syndrome show a reduction or complete absence of kindlin-1 in keratinocytes, resulting in defective integrin activation, cell adhesion, and migration. However, roles for kindlin-1 beyond integrin activation remain poorly defined. In this study we show that skin and keratinocytes from Kindler syndrome patients have significantly reduced expression levels of the EGFR, resulting in defective EGF-dependent signaling and cell migration. Mechanistically, we show that kindlin-1 can associate directly with EGFR in vitro and in keratinocytes in an EGF-dependent, integrin-independent manner and that formation of this complex is required for EGF-dependent migration. We further show that kindlin-1 acts to protect EGFR from lysosomal-mediated degradation. This shows a new role for kindlin-1 that has implications for understanding Kindler syndrome disease pathology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nieuwenhuis B, Haenzi B, Andrews MR, Verhaagen J, Fawcett JW. Integrins promote axonal regeneration after injury of the nervous system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1339-1362. [PMID: 29446228 PMCID: PMC6055631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface receptors that form the link between extracellular matrix molecules of the cell environment and internal cell signalling and the cytoskeleton. They are involved in several processes, e.g. adhesion and migration during development and repair. This review focuses on the role of integrins in axonal regeneration. Integrins participate in spontaneous axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system through binding to various ligands that either inhibit or enhance their activation and signalling. Integrin biology is more complex in the central nervous system. Integrins receptors are transported into growing axons during development, but selective polarised transport of integrins limits the regenerative response in adult neurons. Manipulation of integrins and related molecules to control their activation state and localisation within axons is a promising route towards stimulating effective regeneration in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)1105 BAAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
| | | | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)1105 BAAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit Amsterdam1081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - James W. Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0PYU.K.
- Centre of Reconstructive NeuroscienceInstitute of Experimental Medicine142 20Prague 4Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rognoni E, Ruppert R, Fässler R. The kindlin family: functions, signaling properties and implications for human disease. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:17-27. [PMID: 26729028 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.161190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kindlin (or fermitin) family of proteins comprises three members (kindlin-1,-2 and -3) of evolutionarily conserved focal adhesion (FA) proteins, whose best-known task is to increase integrin affinity for a ligand (also referred as integrin activation) through binding of β-integrin tails. The consequence of kindlin-mediated integrin activation and integrin-ligand binding is cell adhesion, spreading and migration, assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Another hallmark of kindlins is their involvement in disease. Mutations in the KINDLIN-1 (also known as FERMT1) gene cause Kindler syndrome (KS)--in which mainly skin and intestine are affected, whereas mutations in the KINDLIN-3 (also known as FERMT3) gene cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III (LAD III), which is characterized by impaired extravasation of blood effector cells and severe, spontaneous bleedings. Also, aberrant expression of kindlins in various forms of cancer and in tissue fibrosis has been reported. Although the malfunctioning of integrins represent a major cause leading to kindlin-associated diseases, increasing evidence also point to integrin-independent functions of kindlins that play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain disease aspects. Furthermore, isoform-specific kindlin functions have been discovered, explaining, for example, why loss of kindlins differentially affects tissue stem cell homeostasis or tumor development. This Commentary focuses on new and isoform-specific kindlin functions in different tissues and discusses their potential role in disease development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Rognoni
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Raphael Ruppert
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garcia-Doval I, Ingram JR, Naldi L, Anstey A. Case reports in dermatology: loved by clinicians, loathed by editors, and occasionally important. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:449-51. [PMID: 27632956 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Garcia-Doval
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo. Meixoeiro s.n. 36200, Vigo, Spain. .,Research Unit, Fundación Piel Sana AEDV, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J R Ingram
- Department of Dermatology & Wound Healing, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, 3rd Floor Glamorgan House, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, U.K
| | - L Naldi
- Centro Studi GISED, Via Garibaldi 13/15, Azienda Ospedaliera papa Giovanni XXIII, 24100, Bergamo, Italy
| | - A Anstey
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Penrhosgarnedd, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2PY, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang G, Gu Y, Begum R, Chen H, Gao X, McGrath JA, Parsons M, Song B. Kindlin-1 Regulates Keratinocyte Electrotaxis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2229-2239. [PMID: 27427485 PMCID: PMC5756539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Kindler syndrome (KS) is an autosomal recessive blistering skin disease resulting from pathogenic mutations in FERMT1. This gene encodes kindlin-1, a focal adhesion protein involved in activation of the integrin family of extracellular matrix receptors. Most cases of KS show a marked reduction or complete absence of the kindlin-1 protein in keratinocytes, resulting in defective cell adhesion and migration. Electric fields also act as intrinsic regulators of adhesion and migration in the skin, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Here we show that keratinocytes derived from KS patients are unable to undergo electrotaxis, and this defect is restored by overexpression of wild-type kindlin-1 but not a W612A mutation that prevents kindlin-integrin binding. Moreover, deletion of the pleckstrin homology domain of kindlin-1 also failed to rescue electrotaxis in KS cells, indicating that both integrin and lipid binding are required for this function. Kindlin-1 was also required for the maintenance of lamellipodial protrusions during electrotaxis via electric field-activated β1 integrin. Indeed, inhibition of β1 integrins also leads to loss of electrotaxis in keratinocytes. Our data suggest that loss of kindlin-1 function may therefore result in epithelial insensitivity to electric fields and contribute to KS disease pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rumena Begum
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Hongduo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - John A McGrath
- St. Johns Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guys Campus, London, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Saeidian AH, Ahmadizadeh K, Has C, Uitto J. Kindler syndrome, an orphan disease of cell/matrix adhesion in the skin – molecular genetics and therapeutic opportunities. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1207519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
15
|
Maier K, He Y, Esser PR, Thriene K, Sarca D, Kohlhase J, Dengjel J, Martin L, Has C. Single Amino Acid Deletion in Kindlin-1 Results in Partial Protein Degradation Which Can Be Rescued by Chaperone Treatment. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:920-929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
16
|
Albanova VI, Smolyannikova VA, Golchenko VA. Kindler syndrome - a rare type of hereditary epidermolysis bullosa. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2015. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2015-91-4-95-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kindler syndrome is one of the types of hereditary epidermolysis bullosa with its onset related to mutations of the KIND1 gene. The authors describe a case of a family with three members suffering from this rare disease. All of these patients have typical clinical manifestations of the Kindler syndrome such as the formation of blisters on the skin and mucous membranes right after the birth, scarring with the formation of contractures, pseudosyndactyly, microstomia and ankyloglossia, progressive poikiloderma, photosensibility, affections of the gastrointestinal tract - dysphagia, esophagostenosis, stool disorders, dental pathology, phimosis vaginalis in women.
Collapse
|
17
|
A Deep-Intronic FERMT1 Mutation Causes Kindler Syndrome: An Explanation for Genetically Unsolved Cases. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2876-2879. [PMID: 26083552 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Guo B, Gao J, Zhan J, Zhang H. Kindlin-2 interacts with and stabilizes EGFR and is required for EGF-induced breast cancer cell migration. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:271-81. [PMID: 25790908 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediates multiple signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, migration and tumor invasion. Kindlin-2 has been known as a focal adhesion molecule that binds to integrin to control cell migration and invasion. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the role of Kindlin-2 in breast cancer progression remain elusive. Here we report that Kindlin-2 interacts with EGFR and mediates EGF-induced breast cancer cell migration. We found that EGF treatment dramatically increases Kindlin-2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a variety of cancer cells. Inhibitors specific for EGFR or PI3K blocked Kindlin-2 induction by EGF. Importantly, Kindlin-2 interacted with EGFR kinase domain, which was independent of Kindlin-2 binding to integrin cytoplasmic domain. Intriguingly, Kindlin-2 stabilized EGFR protein by blocking its ubiquitination and degradation. Depletion of Kindlin-2 impaired EGF-induced cell migration. Our results demonstrated that Kindlin-2 participates in EGFR signaling and regulates breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianchao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhan J, Yang M, Zhang J, Guo Y, Liu W, Zhang H. Kindler syndrome protein Kindlin-1 is mainly expressed in adult tissues originating from ectoderm/endoderm. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:432-41. [PMID: 25591451 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of integrin-interacting protein Kindlin-1 cause Kindler syndrome and deregulation of Kindlin-1 is implicated in human cancers. The Kindlin-1-related diseases are confined in limited tissue types. However, Kindlin-1 tissue distribution and the dogma that governs Kindlin-1 expression in normal human body are elusive. This study examined Kindlin-1 expression in normal human adult organs, human and mouse embryonic organs by immunohistochemical analyses. We identified a general principle that the level of Kindlin-1 expression in tissues is tightly correlated with the corresponding germ layers from which these tissues originate. We compared the expression of Kindlin-1 with Kindlin-2 and found that Kindlin-1 is highly expressed in epithelial tissues derived from ectoderm and endoderm, whereas Kindlin-2 is mainly expressed in mesoderm-derived tissues. Likewise, Kindlin-1 was also found highly expressed in endoderm/ectoderm-derived tissues in human and mouse embryos. Our findings indicate that Kindlin-1 may play an importance role in the development of endoderm/ectoderm related tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zapatero-Solana E, García-Giménez JL, Guerrero-Aspizua S, García M, Toll A, Baselga E, Durán-Moreno M, Markovic J, García-Verdugo JM, Conti CJ, Has C, Larcher F, Pallardó FV, Del Rio M. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Kindler syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:211. [PMID: 25528446 PMCID: PMC4302591 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kindler Syndrome (KS) is an autosomal recessive skin disorder characterized by skin blistering, photosensitivity, premature aging, and propensity to skin cancer. In spite of the knowledge underlying cause of this disease involving mutations of FERMT1 (fermitin family member 1), and efforts to characterize genotype-phenotype correlations, the clinical variability of this genodermatosis is still poorly understood. In addition, several pathognomonic features of KS, not related to skin fragility such as aging, inflammation and cancer predisposition have been strongly associated with oxidative stress. Alterations of the cellular redox status have not been previously studied in KS. Here we explored the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of this rare cutaneous disease. Methods Patient-derived keratinocytes and their respective controls were cultured and classified according to their different mutations by PCR and western blot, the oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed by spectrophotometry and qPCR and additionally redox biosensors experiments were also performed. The mitochondrial structure and functionality were analyzed by confocal microscopy and electron microscopy. Results Patient-derived keratinocytes showed altered levels of several oxidative stress biomarkers including MDA (malondialdehyde), GSSG/GSH ratio (oxidized and reduced glutathione) and GCL (gamma-glutamyl cysteine ligase) subunits. Electron microscopy analysis of both, KS skin biopsies and keratinocytes showed marked morphological mitochondrial abnormalities. Consistently, confocal microscopy studies of mitochondrial fluorescent probes confirmed the mitochondrial derangement. Imbalance of oxidative stress biomarkers together with abnormalities in the mitochondrial network and function are consistent with a pro-oxidant state. Conclusions This is the first study to describe mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress involvement in KS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0211-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Zapatero-Solana
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis García-Giménez
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta García
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Agustí Toll
- Servei de Dermatologia, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eulalia Baselga
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Durán-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jelena Markovic
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marcela Del Rio
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Has C, Chmel N, Levati L, Neri I, Sonnenwald T, Pigors M, Godbole K, Dudhbhate A, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Zambruno G, Castiglia D. FERMT1 promoter mutations in patients with Kindler syndrome. Clin Genet 2014; 88:248-54. [PMID: 25156791 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the FERMT1 gene, encoding the focal adhesion protein kindlin-1 underlie the Kindler syndrome (KS), an autosomal recessive skin disorder with a phenotype comprising skin blistering, photosensitivity, progressive poikiloderma with extensive skin atrophy, and propensity to skin cancer. The FERMT1 mutational spectrum comprises gross genomic deletions, splice site, nonsense, and frameshift mutations, which are scattered over the coding region spanning exon 2-15. We now report three KS families with mutations affecting the promoter region of FERMT1. Two of these mutations are large deletions (∼38.0 and 1.9 kb in size) and one is a single nucleotide variant (c.-20A>G) within the 5' untranslated region (UTR). Each mutation resulted in loss of gene expression in patient skin or cultured keratinocytes. Reporter assays showed the functional relevance of the genomic regions deleted in our patients for FERMT1 gene transcription and proved the causal role of the c.-20A>G variant in reducing transcriptional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Chmel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Levati
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - I Neri
- Department of Specialised, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - T Sonnenwald
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Pigors
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Godbole
- Divisions of Genetics and Dermatology, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital & Center Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - A Dudhbhate
- Divisions of Genetics and Dermatology, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital & Center Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - L Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Zambruno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - D Castiglia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huet-Calderwood C, Brahme NN, Kumar N, Stiegler AL, Raghavan S, Boggon TJ, Calderwood DA. Differences in binding to the ILK complex determines kindlin isoform adhesion localization and integrin activation. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4308-21. [PMID: 25086068 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindlins are essential FERM-domain-containing focal adhesion (FA) proteins required for proper integrin activation and signaling. Despite the widely accepted importance of each of the three mammalian kindlins in cell adhesion, the molecular basis for their function has yet to be fully elucidated, and the functional differences between isoforms have generally not been examined. Here, we report functional differences between kindlin-2 and -3 (also known as FERMT2 and FERMT3, respectively); GFP-tagged kindlin-2 localizes to FAs whereas kindlin-3 does not, and kindlin-2, but not kindlin-3, can rescue α5β1 integrin activation defects in kindlin-2-knockdown fibroblasts. Using chimeric kindlins, we show that the relatively uncharacterized kindlin-2 F2 subdomain drives FA targeting and integrin activation. We find that the integrin-linked kinase (ILK)-PINCH-parvin complex binds strongly to the kindlin-2 F2 subdomain but poorly to that of kindlin-3. Using a point-mutated kindlin-2, we establish that efficient kindlin-2-mediated integrin activation and FA targeting require binding to the ILK complex. Thus, ILK-complex binding is crucial for normal kindlin-2 function and differential ILK binding contributes to kindlin isoform specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina N Brahme
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nikit Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amy L Stiegler
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rognoni E, Widmaier M, Jakobson M, Ruppert R, Ussar S, Katsougkri D, Böttcher RT, Lai-Cheong JE, Rifkin DB, McGrath JA, Fässler R. Kindlin-1 controls Wnt and TGF-β availability to regulate cutaneous stem cell proliferation. Nat Med 2014; 20:350-9. [PMID: 24681597 PMCID: PMC3982140 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kindlin-1 is an integrin tail binding protein that controls integrin activation. Mutations in the FERMT-1 gene lead to Kindler Syndrome in man, which is characterized by skin blistering, premature skin ageing and skin cancer of unknown etiology. Here we show that loss of Kindlin-1 in mouse keratinocytes recapitulates Kindler Syndrome, and in addition produces enlarged and hyperactive stem cell compartments, which lead to hyperthickened epidermis, ectopic hair follicle development and increased skin tumor susceptibility. Mechanistically, Kindlin-1 controls keratinocyte adhesion through β1-class integrins and proliferation and differentiation of cutaneous epithelial stem cells by promoting αvβ6 integrin-mediated TGFβ activation and by inhibiting Wnt-β-catenin signaling through an integrin-independent regulation of Wnt ligand expression. Our findings assign Kindlin-1 the novel and essential task to control cutaneous epithelial stem cell homeostasis by balancing TGFβ mediated growth inhibitory and Wnt-β-catenin mediated growth-promoting signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Rognoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Moritz Widmaier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Madis Jakobson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Raphael Ruppert
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Despoina Katsougkri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ralph T Böttcher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joey E Lai-Cheong
- 1] Department of Dermatology, King Edward VII Hospital, Windsor, UK. [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London, UK
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- New York University, Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London, UK
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rosenthal SL, Kamboh MI. Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Genes and the Potentially Implicated Pathways. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 2:85-101. [PMID: 24829845 PMCID: PMC4013444 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-014-0034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment or cure. In addition to APOE, recent large genome-wide association studies have identified variation in over 20 loci that contribute to disease risk: CR1, BIN1, INPP5D, MEF2C, TREM2, CD2AP, HLA-DRB1/HLA-DRB5, EPHA1, NME8, ZCWPW1, CLU, PTK2B, PICALM, SORL1, CELF1, MS4A4/MS4A6E, SLC24A4/RIN3,FERMT2, CD33, ABCA7, CASS4. In addition, rare variants associated with LOAD have also been identified in APP, TREM2 and PLD3 genes. Previous research has identified inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and homeostasis, and endocytosis as the likely modes through which these gene products participate in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the clustering of these genes across a few common pathways, many of their roles in disease pathogenesis have yet to be determined. In this review, we examine both general and postulated disease functions of these genes and consider a comprehensive view of their potential roles in LOAD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Rosenthal
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hegde S, Raghavan S. A Skin-depth Analysis of Integrins: Role of the Integrin Network in Health and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:155-69. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.854334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
26
|
Brahme NN, Harburger DS, Kemp-O'Brien K, Stewart R, Raghavan S, Parsons M, Calderwood DA. Kindlin binds migfilin tandem LIM domains and regulates migfilin focal adhesion localization and recruitment dynamics. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35604-16. [PMID: 24165133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs), sites of tight adhesion to the extracellular matrix, are composed of clusters of transmembrane integrin adhesion receptors and intracellular proteins that link integrins to the actin cytoskeleton and signaling pathways. Two integrin-binding proteins present in FAs, kindlin-1 and kindlin-2, are important for integrin activation, FA formation, and signaling. Migfilin, originally identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen for kindlin-2-interacting proteins, is a LIM domain-containing adaptor protein found in FAs and implicated in control of cell adhesion, spreading, and migration. By binding filamin, migfilin provides a link between kindlin and the actin cytoskeleton. Here, using a combination of kindlin knockdown, biochemical pulldown assays, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we have established that the C-terminal LIM domains of migfilin dictate its FA localization, shown that these domains mediate an interaction with kindlin in vitro and in cells, and demonstrated that kindlin is important for normal migfilin dynamics in cells. We also show that when the C-terminal LIM domain region is deleted, then the N-terminal filamin-binding region of the protein, which is capable of targeting migfilin to actin-rich stress fibers, is the predominant driver of migfilin localization. Our work details a correlation between migfilin domains that drive kindlin binding and those that drive FA localization as well as a kindlin dependence on migfilin FA recruitment and mobility. We therefore suggest that the kindlin interaction with migfilin LIM domains drives migfilin FA recruitment, localization, and mobility.
Collapse
|
27
|
Duperret EK, Ridky TW. Focal adhesion complex proteins in epidermis and squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3272-85. [PMID: 24036537 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are large, integrin-containing, multi-protein assemblies spanning the plasma membrane that link the cellular cytoskeleton to surrounding extracellular matrix. They play critical roles in adhesion and cell signaling and are major regulators of epithelial homeostasis, tissue response to injury, and tumorigenesis. Most integrin subunits and their associated FA proteins are expressed in skin, and murine genetic models have provided insight into the functional roles of FAs in normal and neoplastic epidermis. Here, we discuss the roles of these proteins in normal epidermal proliferation, adhesion, wound healing, and cancer. While many downstream signaling mechanisms remain unclear, the critically important roles of FAs are highlighted by the development of therapeutics targeting FAs for human cancer.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kindlin-1 Mutant Zebrafish as an In Vivo Model System to Study Adhesion Mechanisms in the Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2180-90. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
29
|
Disorders of the cutaneous basement membrane zone--the paradigm of epidermolysis bullosa. Matrix Biol 2013; 33:29-34. [PMID: 23917088 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous basement membrane zone (BMZ) is a highly specialized functional complex that provides the skin with structural adhesion and resistance to shearing forces. Its regulatory functions include control of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions under physiological and pathological conditions. Mutations in genes encoding components of the BMZ are associated with inherited skin disorders of the epidermolysis bullosa (EB) group, characterized by skin fragility, mechanically induced blisters and erosions of the skin and mucous membranes. Although most disease-associated genes are known, the genetic basis of new EB subtypes linked to mutations in genes for focal adhesion proteins was uncovered only recently. The molecular mechanisms leading to blistering, abnormal wound healing, predisposition to skin cancer, and other complications in EB have been elucidated using animal models and disease proteomics. The rapid progress in understanding the molecular basis of EB has enabled the development of strategies for biologically valid causal therapies.
Collapse
|
30
|
Margadant C, Kreft M, Zambruno G, Sonnenberg A. Kindlin-1 regulates integrin dynamics and adhesion turnover. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65341. [PMID: 23776470 PMCID: PMC3679067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the integrin co-activator kindlin-1 cause Kindler syndrome. We report a novel kindlin-1-deficient keratinocyte cell line derived from a Kindler syndrome patient. Despite the expression of kindlin-2, the patient’s cells display several hallmarks related to reduced function of β1 integrins, including abnormal cell morphology, cell adhesion, cell spreading, focal adhesion assembly, and cell migration. Defective cell adhesion was aggravated by kindlin-2 depletion, indicating that kindlin-2 can compensate to a certain extent for the loss of kindlin-1. Intriguingly, β1 at the cell-surface was aberrantly glycosylated in the patient’s cells, and its expression was considerably reduced, both in cells in vitro and in the patient’s epidermis. Reconstitution with wild-type kindlin-1 but not with a β1-binding defective mutant restored the aberrant β1 expression and glycosylation, and normalized cell morphology, adhesion, spreading, and migration. Furthermore, the expression of wild-type kindlin-1, but not of the integrin-binding-defective mutant, increased the stability of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions and enhanced the redistribution of internalized integrins to the cell surface. Thus, these data uncover a role for kindlin-1 in the regulation of integrin trafficking and adhesion turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coert Margadant
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Patel H, Zich J, Serrels B, Rickman C, Hardwick KG, Frame MC, Brunton VG. Kindlin-1 regulates mitotic spindle formation by interacting with integrins and Plk-1. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2056. [PMID: 23804033 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindlin-1 binds to integrins and regulates integrin activation at cell adhesions. Here we report a new function of Kindlin-1 in regulating spindle assembly. We show that Kindlin-1 localizes to centrosomes, its concentration peaking during G2/M, where it associates with various pericentriolar material proteins, including Polo-like kinase 1. Short interfering RNA-mediated depletion of Kindlin-1 increases formation of abnormal mitotic spindles and decreases cellular survival. This effect is dependent not only on the ability of Kindlin-1 to bind integrins but also on Polo-like kinase 1-mediated Kindlin-1 phosphorylation. We demonstrate that a subcellular pool of phosphorylated Kindlin-1 is located exclusively at centrosomes. Our work identifies a novel cellular role for Kindlin-1 in ensuring mitotic spindle assembly and cellular survival that is controlled by phosphorylation via Polo-like kinase 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Patel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yates LA, Lumb CN, Brahme NN, Zalyte R, Bird LE, De Colibus L, Owens RJ, Calderwood DA, Sansom MSP, Gilbert RJC. Structural and functional characterization of the kindlin-1 pleckstrin homology domain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43246-61. [PMID: 23132860 PMCID: PMC3527912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inside-out activation of integrins is mediated via the binding of talin and kindlin to integrin β-subunit cytoplasmic tails. The kindlin FERM domain is interrupted by a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain within its F2 subdomain. Here, we present data confirming the importance of the kindlin-1 PH domain for integrin activation and its x-ray crystal structure at a resolution of 2.1 Å revealing a C-terminal second α-helix integral to the domain but found only in the kindlin protein family. An isoform-specific salt bridge occludes the canonical phosphoinositide binding site, but molecular dynamics simulations display transient switching to an alternative open conformer. Molecular docking reveals that the opening of the pocket would enable potential ligands to bind within it. Although lipid overlay assays suggested the PH domain binds inositol monophosphates, surface plasmon resonance demonstrated weak affinities for inositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (Ins(3,4,5)P(3); K(D) ∼100 μM) and no monophosphate binding. Removing the salt bridge by site-directed mutagenesis increases the PH domain affinity for Ins(3,4,5)P(3) as measured by surface plasmon resonance and enables it to bind PtdIns(3,5)P(2) on a dot-blot. Structural comparison with other PH domains suggests that the phosphate binding pocket in the kindlin-1 PH domain is more occluded than in kindlins-2 and -3 due to its salt bridge. In addition, the apparent affinity for Ins(3,4,5)P(3) is affected by the presence of PO(4) ions in the buffer. We suggest the physiological ligand of the kindlin-1 PH domain is most likely not an inositol phosphate but another phosphorylated species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Yates
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Craig N. Lumb
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Nina N. Brahme
- the Department of Cell Biology and
- the Department of Pharmacology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, and
| | - Ruta Zalyte
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Bird
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- the Oxford Protein Production Facility United Kingdom, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi De Colibus
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. Owens
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- the Oxford Protein Production Facility United Kingdom, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Calderwood
- the Department of Cell Biology and
- the Department of Pharmacology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, and
| | - Mark S. P. Sansom
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. C. Gilbert
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kindlin-1 enhances axon growth on inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and promotes sensory axon regeneration. J Neurosci 2012; 32:7325-35. [PMID: 22623678 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5472-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing and regenerating axons need to interact with the molecules in the extracellular matrix as they traverse through their environment. An important group of receptors that serve this function is the integrin superfamily of cell surface receptors, which are evolutionarily conserved αβ heterodimeric transmembrane proteins. The function of integrins is controlled by regulating the affinity for ligands (also called "integrin activation"). Previous results have shown that CNS inhibitory molecules inactivate axonal integrins, while enhancing integrin activation can promote axon growth from neurons cultured on inhibitory substrates. We tested two related molecules, kindlin-1 and kindlin-2 (Fermitin family members 1 and 2), that can activate β1, β2, and β3 integrins, for their effects on integrin signaling and integrin-mediated axon growth in rat sensory neurons. We determined that kindlin-2, but not kindlin-1, is endogenously expressed in the nervous system. Knocking down kindlin-2 levels in cultured sensory neurons impaired their ability to extend axons, but this was partially rescued by kindlin-1 expression. Overexpression of kindlin-1, but not kindlin-2, in cultured neurons increased axon growth on an inhibitory aggrecan substrate. This was found to be associated with enhanced integrin activation and signaling within the axons. Additionally, in an in vivo rat dorsal root injury model, transduction of dorsal root ganglion neurons to express kindlin-1 promoted axon regeneration across the dorsal root entry zone and into the spinal cord. These animals demonstrated improved recovery of thermal sensation following injury. Our results therefore suggest that kindlin-1 is a potential tool for improving axon regeneration after nervous system lesions.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the current review, we summarize recent progress on vasculature-specific function and regulation of integrins and integrin-associated proteins, including advances in our understanding of inside-out integrin activation. The studies on regulation of integrin activation received new impulse in 2009 with the identification of kindlin protein family members as crucial mediators of integrin inside-out signaling. In the current review, we outline the recent findings on the role of kindlins in the vascular system, as well as new studies that have begun shaping the mechanistic model of kindlins' function. RECENT FINDINGS Several tissue-specific knockout models for integrins and genes associated with the integrin functions have been recently presented, including smooth muscle-specific integrin-linked kinase and endothelial-specific focal adhesion kinase and talin-1 ablation. In the heterozygous animal knockout model, kindlin-2 has been demonstrated as a crucial modulator of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. As a number of articles have advanced our understanding of kindlin function, they are reviewed and discussed in further detail. New findings include an additional lipid-binding site within the kindlin molecule and preferential binding of the nonphosphorylated form of β-integrins. SUMMARY The role of integrins in angiogenesis has been demonstrated to include, in addition to cell adhesion and mechanotransduction, specific signaling functions. The importance of integrin inside-out pathway in vascular physiology has been unequivocally proven, and endothelial permeability is directly regulated by this process. Inhibition of kindlin-dependent steps in the inside-out pathway as an approach to block platelet aggregation should be paralog-specific, as it may have adverse effects on vascular permeability.
Collapse
|
35
|
Mizutani H, Masuda K, Nakamura N, Takenaka H, Tsuruta D, Katoh N. Cutaneous and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in mixed epidermolysis bullosa, kindler syndrome. Case Rep Dermatol 2012; 4:133-8. [PMID: 22807896 PMCID: PMC3398083 DOI: 10.1159/000339619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindler syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by trauma-induced acral blisters in infancy and childhood, photosensitivity, and progressive poikiloderma. Other clinical features include chronic erosive gingivitis, dysphagia, esophageal and urethral strictures, ectropion, and an increased risk of mucocutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. We describe a patient with Kindler syndrome associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and larynx. He had squamous cell carcinoma on his left knee with simultaneous unresectable laryngeal carcinoma at the age of 43 years. The squamous cell carcinoma on his knee was excised and the laryngeal carcinoma was treated with radiation therapy. Although pathophysiology of Kindler syndrome and its frequency of association with cancer are still not fully elucidated, we speculate that long-term erosion and regeneration of mucosal and cutaneous surfaces may have induced squamous cell carcinoma on the patient's knee and larynx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Mizutani
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xiao G, Cheng H, Cao H, Chen K, Tu Y, Yu S, Jiao H, Yang S, Im HJ, Chen D, Chen J, Wu C. Critical role of filamin-binding LIM protein 1 (FBLP-1)/migfilin in regulation of bone remodeling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21450-60. [PMID: 22556421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.331249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a complex process that must be precisely controlled to maintain a healthy life. We show here that filamin-binding LIM protein 1 (FBLP-1, also known as migfilin), a kindlin- and filamin-binding focal adhesion protein, is essential for proper control of bone remodeling. Genetic inactivation of FBLIM1 (the gene encoding FBLP-1) in mice resulted in a severe osteopenic phenotype. Primary FBLP-1 null bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) exhibited significantly reduced extracellular matrix adhesion and migration compared with wild type BMSCs. Loss of FBLP-1 significantly impaired the growth and survival of BMSCs in vitro and decreased the number of osteoblast (OB) progenitors in bone marrow and OB differentiation in vivo. Furthermore, the loss of FBLP-1 caused a dramatic increase of osteoclast (OCL) differentiation in vivo. The level of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), a key regulator of OCL differentiation, was markedly increased in FBLP-1 null BMSCs. The capacity of FBLP-1 null bone marrow monocytes (BMMs) to differentiate into multinucleated OCLs in response to exogenously supplied RANKL, however, was not different from that of WT BMMs. Finally, we show that a loss of FBLP-1 promotes activating phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation substantially suppressed the increase of RANKL induced by the loss of FBLP-1. Our results identify FBLP-1 as a key regulator of bone homeostasis and suggest that FBLP-1 functions in this process through modulating both the intrinsic properties of OB/BMSCs (i.e., BMSC-extracellular matrix adhesion and migration, cell growth, survival, and differentiation) and the communication between OB/BMSCs and BMMs (i.e., RANKL expression) that controls osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lai-Cheong JE, Moss C, Parsons M, Almaani N, McGrath JA. Revertant mosaicism in Kindler syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:730-2. [PMID: 22089829 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
38
|
Bandyopadhyay A, Rothschild G, Kim S, Calderwood DA, Raghavan S. Functional differences between kindlin-1 and kindlin-2 in keratinocytes. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2172-84. [PMID: 22328497 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-β1-null keratinocytes can adhere to fibronectin through integrin αvβ6, but form large peripheral focal adhesions and exhibit defective cell spreading. Here we report that, in addition to the reduced avidity of αvβ6 integrin binding to fibronectin, the inability of integrin β6 to efficiently bind and recruit kindlin-2 to focal adhesions directly contributes to these phenotypes. Kindlins regulate integrins through direct interactions with the integrin-β cytoplasmic tail and keratinocytes express kindlin-1 and kindlin-2. Notably, although both kindlins localize to focal adhesions in wild-type cells, only kindlin-1 localizes to the integrin-β6-rich adhesions of integrin-β1-null cells. Rescue of these cells with wild-type and chimeric integrin constructs revealed a correlation between kindlin-2 recruitment and cell spreading. Furthermore, despite the presence of kindlin-1, knockdown of kindlin-2 in wild-type keratinocytes impaired cell spreading. Our data reveal unexpected functional consequences of differences in the association of two homologous kindlin isoforms with two closely related integrins, and suggest that despite their similarities, different kindlins are likely to have unique functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bandyopadhyay
- College of Dental Medicine and Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Qu H, Wen T, Pesch M, Aumailley M. Partial loss of epithelial phenotype in kindlin-1-deficient keratinocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1581-92. [PMID: 22326752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Kindlin-1 is an adaptor protein that is expressed by most epithelial cells and has been implicated in integrin bidirectional signaling. Mutations in the gene encoding kindlin-1 are associated with Kindler syndrome, a recessively inherited disorder that is characterized by fragile skin. Functionally, a loss of kindlin-1 impairs the adhesion of basal keratinocytes to the extracellular matrix both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we show that the phenotype of mutant keratinocytes deficient in kindlin-1 is characterized by the modification of the cortical actin network and increased plasticity of the plasma membrane. At the molecular level, expression of several proteins associated with an epithelial phenotype, such as α6β4 integrin, collagen XVII, E-cadherin, and desmoglein-3, is strongly reduced, whereas, surprisingly, laminin 332 is synthesized in larger amounts than in control keratinocytes. In contrast, mesenchymal markers such as vimentin and fibronectin are increased in keratinocytes lacking kindlin-1. The switch in cell plasticity and protein expression was confirmed by siRNA-mediated down-regulation of kindlin-1 in HaCaT epithelial cells. Furthermore, there was up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines in kindlin-1-deficient keratinocytes. These results provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms that take place in Kindler syndrome. Moreover, the constellation of molecular defects associated with the loss of kindlin-1 may explain the higher incidence of skin cancer observed in patients affected with this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qu
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Larjava H, Koivisto L, Häkkinen L, Heino J. Epithelial integrins with special reference to oral epithelia. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1367-76. [PMID: 21441220 PMCID: PMC3215754 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511402207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of epithelium to the extracellular matrix is crucial for the maintenance of systemic and oral health. In the oral cavity, teeth or artificial dental implants penetrate the soft tissue of the gingiva. In this interface, gingival soft tissue needs to be well attached via the epithelial seal to the tooth or implant surface to maintain health. After injury or wounding, epithelial tissue rapidly migrates to form the initial epithelial cover to restore the barrier against infection. These events are crucially dependent on deposition of extracellular matrix and proper activation and function of integrin receptors in the epithelial cells. Recent experimental evidence suggests that epithelial integrins also participate in the regulation of periodontal inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the structure and function of epithelial integrins and their extracellular ligands and elaborate on their potential role in disease and repair processes in the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Larjava
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Das M, Ithychanda SS, Qin J, Plow EF. Migfilin and filamin as regulators of integrin activation in endothelial cells and neutrophils. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26355. [PMID: 22043318 PMCID: PMC3197140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration depend on engagement of extracellular matrix ligands by integrins. Integrin activation is dynamically regulated by interactions of various cytoplasmic proteins, such as filamin and integrin activators, talin and kindlin, with the cytoplasmic tail of the integrin β subunit. Although filamin has been suggested to be an inhibitor of integrin activation, direct functional evidence for the inhibitory role of filamin is limited. Migfilin, a filamin-binding protein enriched at cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contact sites, can displace filamin from β1 and β3 integrins and promote integrin activation. However, its role in activation and functions of different β integrins in human vascular cells is unknown. In this study, using flow cytometry, we demonstrate that filamin inhibits β1 and αIIbβ3 integrin activation, and migfilin can overcome its inhibitory effect. Migfilin protein is widely expressed in different adherent and circulating blood cells and can regulate integrin activation in naturally-occurring vascular cells, endothelial cells and neutrophils. Migfilin can activate β1, β2 and β3 integrins and promote integrin mediated responses while migfilin depletion impairs the spreading and migration of endothelial cells. Thus, filamin can act broadly as an inhibitor and migfilin is a promoter of integrin activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Das
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sujay Subbayya Ithychanda
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Edward F. Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Deconstructing the skin: cytoarchitectural determinants of epidermal morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:565-80. [PMID: 21860392 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To provide a stable environmental barrier, the epidermis requires an integrated network of cytoskeletal elements and cellular junctions. Nevertheless, the epidermis ranks among the body's most dynamic tissues, continually regenerating itself and responding to cutaneous insults. As keratinocytes journey from the basal compartment towards the cornified layers, they completely reorganize their adhesive junctions and cytoskeleton. These architectural components are more than just rivets and scaffolds - they are active participants in epidermal morphogenesis that regulate epidermal polarization, signalling and barrier formation.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kindlin-1 and -2 have overlapping functions in epithelial cells implications for phenotype modification. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:975-82. [PMID: 21356350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kindlins are a novel family of intracellular adaptor proteins in integrin-containing focal adhesions. Kindlin-1 and -2 are expressed in the skin, but whether and how they cooperate in adult epithelial cells have remained elusive. We uncovered the overlapping roles of kindlin-1 and -2 in maintaining epithelial integrity and show that the phenotype of kindlin-1-deficient cells can be modulated by regulating kindlin-2 gene expression and vice versa. The experimental evidence is provided by use of human keratinocyte cell lines that express both kindlins, just kindlin-1 or kindlin-2, or none of them. Double deficiency of kindlin-1 and -2 had significant negative effects on focal adhesion formation and actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, survival, directional migration, and activation of β(1) integrin, whereas deficiency of one kindlin only showed variable perturbation of these functions. Cell motility and formation of cell-cell contacts were particularly affected by lack of kindlin-2. These results predict that kindlin-1 and -2 can functionally compensate for each other, at least in part. The high physiologic and pathologic significance of the compensation was emphasized by the discovery of environmental regulation of kindlin-2 expression. UV-B irradiation induced loss of kindlin-2 in keratinocytes. This first example of environmental regulation of kindlin expression has implications for phenotype modulation in Kindler syndrome, a skin disorder caused by kindlin-1 deficiency.
Collapse
|
44
|
The integrin coactivator kindlin-2 plays a critical role in angiogenesis in mice and zebrafish. Blood 2011; 117:4978-87. [PMID: 21378273 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-321182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kindlin-2, a widely distributed cytoskeletal protein, has been implicated in integrin activation, and its absence is embryonically lethal in mice and causes severe developmental defects in zebrafish. Knockdown of kindlin-2 levels in endothelial cells resulted in defective adhesive and migratory responses, suggesting that angiogenesis might be aberrant even with partial reduction of kindlin-2. This hypothesis has now been tested in the kindlin-2(+/-) mice. RM1 prostate tumors grown in kindlin-2(+/-) mice had fewer blood vessels, which were thinner and shorter and supported less tumor growth compared with wild-type littermates. The vessels that did form in the kindlin-2(+/-) mice lacked smooth muscle cells and pericytes and had thinner basement membranes, indicative of immature vessels. VEGF-induced angiogenesis in matrigel implants was also abnormal in the kindlin-2(+/-) mice. Vessels in the kindlin-2(+/-) mice were leaky, and BM transplantation from kindlin-2(+/-) to WT mice did not correct this defect. Endothelial cells derived from kindlin-2(+/-) mice had integrin expression levels similar to WT mice but reduced αVβ3-dependent signaling, migration, adhesion, spreading, and tube formation. Developmental angiogenesis was markedly impaired by kindlin-2 morpholinos in zebrafish. Taken together, kindlin-2 plays an important role in pathologic and developmental angiogenesis, which arises from defective activation of integrin αVβ3.
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Ratzinger S, Grässel S, Dowejko A, Reichert TE, Bauer RJ. Induction of type XVI collagen expression facilitates proliferation of oral cancer cells. Matrix Biol 2011; 30:118-25. [PMID: 21251976 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Type XVI collagen belongs to the family of fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACIT). Recently, high affinity to integrin alpha1beta1 has been shown allowing cells expressing those integrins to attach and spread on recombinant type XVI collagen. Here, we show that type XVI collagen is overexpressed in dysplastic areas of mucosal epithelium from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Induction of its expression in OSCC cell lines (COLXVI cells) leads to an increased expression of Kindlin-1. Moreover, we demonstrate a significantly increased Kindlin-1/beta1-integrin interaction. Additionally, we detected a higher number of activated beta1-integrins in COLXVI cells and found a neo-expression of alpha1 integrin subunit on these cells. FACS analysis revealed a significantly higher amount of COLXVI cells in S-phase and G2/M-phase 6h after synchronisation leading to a markedly higher proliferation activity. Blocking beta1-integrins with a specific antibody resulted in reduced proliferation of COLXVI cells. In summary, we demonstrate that overexpression of type XVI collagen in aberrant oral keratinocytes leads to Kindlin-1 induction, increased Kindlin-1/beta1-integrin interaction, integrin activation and subsequently to a proliferative cellular phenotype.
Collapse
|
47
|
Gong X, An Z, Wang Y, Guan L, Fang W, Strömblad S, Jiang Y, Zhang H. Kindlin-2 controls sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to cisplatin-induced cell death. Cancer Lett 2010; 299:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
48
|
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a scaffold and tyrosine kinase protein that binds to itself and cellular partners through its four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domain. Recent structural work reveals that regulatory protein partners convert auto-inhibited FAK into its active state by binding to its FERM domain. Further, the identity of FAK FERM domain-interacting proteins yields clues as to how FAK coordinates diverse cellular responses, including cell adhesion, polarization, migration, survival and death, and suggests that FERM domains might mediate information transfer between the cell cortex and nucleus. Importantly, the FAK FERM domain might act as a paradigm for the actions of other FERM domain-containing proteins.
Collapse
|
49
|
Thijs T, Nuyttens BP, Deckmyn H, Broos K. Platelet physiology and antiplatelet agents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48 Suppl 1:S3-13. [PMID: 21054192 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the central beneficial role platelets play in hemostasis, they are also involved in atherothrombotic diseases. Here, we review the current knowledge of platelet intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in platelet adhesion, activation, amplification of the activation signal and aggregation, as well as pathways limiting platelet aggregation. A thorough understanding of these pathways allows explanation of the mechanism of action of existing antiplatelet agents, but also helps to identify targets for novel drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Thijs
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Karaköse
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Am Klopferspitz 18a, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Herbert B. Schiller
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Am Klopferspitz 18a, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Am Klopferspitz 18a, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| |
Collapse
|