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Mignini I, Blasi V, Termite F, Esposto G, Borriello R, Laterza L, Scaldaferri F, Ainora ME, Gasbarrini A, Zocco MA. Fibrostenosing Crohn's Disease: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Horizons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6326. [PMID: 38928032 PMCID: PMC11204249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bowel strictures are well recognized as one of the most severe complications in Crohn's disease, with variable impacts on the prognosis and often needing surgical or endoscopic treatment. Distinguishing inflammatory strictures from fibrotic ones is of primary importance due to the different therapeutic approaches required. Indeed, to better understand the pathogenesis of fibrosis, it is crucial to investigate molecular processes involving genetic factors, cytokines, alteration of the intestinal barrier, and epithelial and endothelial damage, leading to an increase in extracellular matrix synthesis, which ultimately ends in fibrosis. In such a complex mechanism, the gut microbiota also seems to play a role. A better comprehension of molecular processes underlying bowel fibrosis, in addition to radiological and histopathological findings, has led to the identification of high-risk patients for personalized follow-up and testing of new therapies, primarily in preclinical models, targeting specific pathways involving Transforming Growth Factor-β, interleukins, extracellular matrix balance, and gut microbiota. Our review aims to summarize current evidence about molecular factors involved in intestinal fibrosis' pathogenesis, paving the way for potential diagnostic biomarkers or anti-fibrotic treatments for stricturing Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Assunta Zocco
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (V.B.); (G.E.); (R.B.); (L.L.); (F.S.); (M.E.A.); (A.G.)
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2
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Estrada AC, Irons L, Tellides G, Humphrey JD. Multiscale computational model of aortic remodeling following postnatal disruption of TGFβ signaling. J Biomech 2024; 169:112152. [PMID: 38763809 PMCID: PMC11141772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The healthy adult aorta is a remarkably resilient structure, able to resist relentless cardiac-induced and hemodynamic loads under normal conditions. Fundamental to such mechanical homeostasis is the mechano-sensitive cell signaling that controls gene products and thus the structural integrity of the wall. Mouse models have shown that smooth muscle cell-specific disruption of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling during postnatal development compromises this resiliency, rendering the aortic wall susceptible to aneurysm and dissection under normal mechanical loading. By contrast, disruption of such signaling in the adult aorta appears to introduce a vulnerability that remains hidden under normal loading, but manifests under increased loading as experienced during hypertension. We present a multiscale (transcript to tissue) computational model to examine possible reasons for compromised mechanical homeostasis in the adult aorta following reduced TGFβ signaling in smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Estrada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Linda Irons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Rieder F, Mukherjee PK, Massey WJ, Wang Y, Fiocchi C. Fibrosis in IBD: from pathogenesis to therapeutic targets. Gut 2024; 73:854-866. [PMID: 38233198 PMCID: PMC10997492 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis resulting in stricture formation and obstruction in Crohn's disease (CD) and increased wall stiffness leading to symptoms in ulcerative colitis (UC) is among the largest unmet needs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fibrosis is caused by a multifactorial and complex process involving immune and non-immune cells, their soluble mediators and exposure to luminal contents, such as microbiota and environmental factors. To date, no antifibrotic therapy is available. Some progress has been made in creating consensus definitions and measurements to quantify stricture morphology for clinical practice and trials, but approaches to determine the degree of fibrosis within a stricture are still lacking. OBJECTIVE We herein describe the current state of stricture pathogenesis, measuring tools and clinical trial endpoints development. DESIGN Data presented and discussed in this review derive from the past and recent literature and the authors' own research and experience. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant progress has been made in better understanding the pathogenesis of fibrosis, but additional studies and preclinical developments are needed to define specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pranab K Mukherjee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William J Massey
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Trinh-Minh T, Chen CW, Tran Manh C, Li YN, Zhu H, Zhou X, Chakraborty D, Zhang Y, Rauber S, Dees C, Lin NY, Kah D, Gerum R, Bergmann C, Kreuter A, Reuter C, Groeber-Becker F, Eckes B, Distler O, Fabry B, Ramming A, Schambony A, Schett G, Distler JH. Noncanonical WNT5A controls the activation of latent TGF-β to drive fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e159884. [PMID: 38747285 PMCID: PMC11093613 DOI: 10.1172/jci159884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling is a core pathway of fibrosis, but the molecular regulation of the activation of latent TGF-β remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate a crucial role of WNT5A/JNK/ROCK signaling that rapidly coordinates the activation of latent TGF-β in fibrotic diseases. WNT5A was identified as a predominant noncanonical WNT ligand in fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis, sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, stimulating fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and tissue fibrosis by activation of latent TGF-β. The activation of latent TGF-β requires rapid JNK- and ROCK-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements and integrin αV (ITGAV). Conditional ablation of WNT5A or its downstream targets prevented activation of latent TGF-β, rebalanced TGF-β signaling, and ameliorated experimental fibrosis. We thus uncovered what we believe to be a novel mechanism for the aberrant activation of latent TGF-β in fibrotic diseases and provided evidence for targeting WNT5A/JNK/ROCK signaling in fibrotic diseases as a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong Trinh-Minh
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Cuong Tran Manh
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Yi-Nan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Debomita Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Simon Rauber
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Neng-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Delf Kah
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Richard Gerum
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Christina Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Clinic Oberhausen, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Christiane Reuter
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Florian Groeber-Becker
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Beate Eckes
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Oliver Distler
- Rheumaklinik, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Division of Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Immunotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Jörg H.W. Distler
- Department of Rheumatology and
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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5
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Kapoor A, Singh A, Kapur A, Mahajan G, Sharma S. Use of shear wave imaging with intestinal ultrasonography in patients with chronic diarrhea. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2024; 52:163-175. [PMID: 37997499 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A retrospective study was designed to determine the role of shear wave elastography (SWE) and intestinal ultrasonography to differentiate between inflammatory and fibrotic bowel strictures by determining Young's modulus (E) and shear wave dispersion (SWD) and to compare its role with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in patients with chronic diarrhea and pain abdomen. METHODS Seventy-six patients who had increased small bowel thickness (SBWT) >3 mm, and large bowel wall thickness (LBWT) >4 mm on intestinal ultrasonography (IUS) were evaluated in a two-step manner. The first step involved classifying patients with increased SBWT >3 mm and LBWT >4 mm by use of SWE and dispersion into three groups that is group I (fibrotic), group II (inflammatory) thickening, and group III (mixed-fibrosis and inflammatory) wall thickening. In the second step, etiological classification was done using six gray scale features of IUS that is length and degree of bowel thickening, presence of bowel stratification, Limberg grade of vascularity, status of mesenteric fat, juxta bowel status-nodes, fluid, and fistula formation to reach to a definitive diagnosis. These findings were compared with findings on CECT. Twenty-three patients had diagnosis confirmed by biopsy while 18 underwent surgery with histologic confirmation of operative findings. The sensitivity, specificity and AUROC for both modalities were compared. RESULTS Group I that is fibrotic group had 33 patients with fibrotic strictures of which fibrotic Crohn's disease (CD)and tuberculosis of the bowel were the dominant types followed by neoplastic and infective causes. In Group II that is inflammatory there were 32 patients with predominantly infective ileo-colitis, and ulcerative colitis patients while 11 patients were present in group III that is (mixed fibrotic and inflammatory) type of bowel wall thickening and were patients of inflammatory CD, infective ileo-colitis. The presence of length of bowel involvement, Limberg grade, mesenteric fat proliferation, and SBWT>9 mm were the statistically significant parameters on IUS which helped to reach to final diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity of combined SWE with SWD and IUS were 100% and 99% while that of CECT was 78% and 96% respectively with AUROC of 100% and 64%. CONCLUSION SWI combined with IUS in a two-step manner is an accurate way to evaluate patients with chronic diarrhea who have increased SBWT and is not only able to differentiate inflammatory from fibrotic bowel wall thickening but also helps to form an etiological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kapoor
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Diagnostics and Institute of Imaging, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, North central Institute of Gastroenterology, Pathankot, Punjab, India
| | - Aprajita Kapur
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Diagnostics and Institute of Imaging, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Goldaa Mahajan
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Diagnostics and Institute of Imaging, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shalinder Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Diagnostics and Institute of Imaging, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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6
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Gaba S, Jain U. Advanced biosensors for nanomaterial-based detection of transforming growth factor alpha and beta, a class of major polypeptide regulators. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128622. [PMID: 38065462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factors (TGFs) regulate several cellular processes including, differentiation, growth, migration, extracellular matrix production, and apoptosis. TGF alpha (TGF-α) is a heterogeneous molecule containing 160 amino acid residues. It is a potent angiogenesis promoter that is activated by JAK-STAT signaling. Whereas TGF beta (TGF-β) consists of 390-412 amino acids. Smad and non-Smad signaling both occur in TGF beta. It is linked to immune cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation. It also triggers pre-apoptotic responses and inhibits cell proliferation. Both growth factors have a promising role in the development and homeostasis of tissues. Defects such as autoimmune diseases and cancer develop mechanisms to modulate checkpoints of the immune system resulting in altered growth factors profile. An accurate amount of these growth factors is essential for normal functioning, but an exceed or fall behind the normal level is alarming as it is linked to several disorders. This demands techniques for TGF-α and TGF-β profiling to effectively diagnose diseases, monitor their progression, and assess the efficacy of immunotherapeutic drugs. Quantitative detection techniques including the emergence of biosensing technology seem to accomplish the purpose. Until the present time, few biosensors have been designed in the context of TGF-α and TGF-β for disease detection, analyzing receptor binding, and interaction with carriers. In this paper, we have reviewed the physiology of transforming growth factor alpha and beta, including the types, structure, function, latent/active forms, signaling, and defects caused. It involves the description of biosensors on TGF-α and TGF-β, advances in technology, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Gaba
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
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7
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Wawrzykowski J, Jamioł M, Kankofer M. A pilot study on the relationship between thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) in the bovine placenta during early mid-pregnancy as well as parturition with normally released and retained placenta. Mol Reprod Dev 2024; 91:e23710. [PMID: 37811864 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions for the development of the placenta and the fetus. However, during parturition, the placenta must be separated and subsequently removed as soon as possible to not expose the female to the possibility of infection. In this study, the relationship between thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) concentrations was described during bovine pregnancy (second, fourth, and sixth months; n = 3/each month), at normal parturition (NR) and parturition with fetal membrane retention (R). The presence of THBS1 and TGFβ1 was confirmed in bovine placental tissues of both maternal and fetal parts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in THBS1 concentrations (pg/mg protein) between examined parturient samples (maternal part: 5.76 ± 1.61 in R vs. 2.26 ± 1.58 in NR; fetal part: 2.62 ± 1.94 in R vs. 1.70 ± 0.23 in NR). TGFβ1 concentrations (pg/mg protein) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the retained fetal membranes compared to the released fetal membranes in the maternal part of the placenta (26.22 ± 7.53 in NR vs. 17.80 ± 5.01 in R). The participation of THBS1 in the activation of TGFβ1 in parturient bovine placental tissues leading to the normal release of fetal membranes may be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wawrzykowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Jamioł
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Kankofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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8
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Massagué J, Sheppard D. TGF-β signaling in health and disease. Cell 2023; 186:4007-4037. [PMID: 37714133 PMCID: PMC10772989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The TGF-β regulatory system plays crucial roles in the preservation of organismal integrity. TGF-β signaling controls metazoan embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and injury repair through coordinated effects on cell proliferation, phenotypic plasticity, migration, metabolic adaptation, and immune surveillance of multiple cell types in shared ecosystems. Defects of TGF-β signaling, particularly in epithelial cells, tissue fibroblasts, and immune cells, disrupt immune tolerance, promote inflammation, underlie the pathogenesis of fibrosis and cancer, and contribute to the resistance of these diseases to treatment. Here, we review how TGF-β coordinates multicellular response programs in health and disease and how this knowledge can be leveraged to develop treatments for diseases of the TGF-β system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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9
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Jakl V, Popp T, Haupt J, Port M, Roesler R, Wiese S, Friemert B, Rojewski MT, Schrezenmeier H. Effect of Expansion Media on Functional Characteristics of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2105. [PMID: 37626914 PMCID: PMC10453497 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been shown to rely on their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. In order to obtain sufficient numbers of cells for clinical applications, MSCs have to be expanded ex vivo. Expansion media with xenogeneic-free (XF) growth-promoting supplements like human platelet lysate (PL) or serum- and xenogeneic-free (SF/XF) formulations have been established as safe and efficient, and both groups provide different beneficial qualities. In this study, MSCs were expanded in XF or SF/XF media as well as in mixtures thereof. MSCs cultured in these media were analyzed for phenotypic and functional properties. MSC expansion was optimal with SF/XF conditions when PL was present. Metabolic patterns, consumption of growth factors, and secretome of MSCs differed depending on the type and concentration of supplement. The lactate per glucose yield increased along with a higher proportion of PL. Many factors in the supernatant of cultured MSCs showed distinct patterns depending on the supplement (e.g., FGF-2, TGFβ, and insulin only in PL-expanded MSC, and leptin, sCD40L PDGF-AA only in SF/XF-expanded MSC). This also resulted in changes in cell characteristics like migratory potential. These findings support current approaches where growth media may be utilized for priming MSCs for specific therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Jakl
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.)
| | - Tanja Popp
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937 Munich, Germany (J.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Julian Haupt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937 Munich, Germany (J.H.); (M.P.)
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, Army Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937 Munich, Germany (J.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Reinhild Roesler
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Benedikt Friemert
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, Army Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus T. Rojewski
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.)
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessia and University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.)
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessia and University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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10
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Zhang M, Xiao E, Liu M, Mei X, Dai Y. Retrospective Cohort Study of Shear-Wave Elastography and Computed Tomography Enterography in Crohn's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:1980. [PMID: 37296832 PMCID: PMC10252205 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing between inflammatory and fibrotic lesions drastically influences treatment decision-making regarding Crohn's disease. However, it is challenging to distinguish these two phenotypes before surgery. This study investigates the diagnostic yield of shear-wave elastography and computed tomography enterography to distinguish intestinal phenotypes in Crohn's disease. Thirty-seven patients (mean age, 29.51 ± 11.52; 31 men) were evaluated with average value of shear-wave elastography (Emean) and computed tomography enterography (CTE) scores. The results demonstrated that a positive correlation between the Emean and fibrosis (Spearman's r = 0.653, p = 0.000). The cut-off value for fibrotic lesions was 21.30 KPa (AUC: 0.877, sensitivity: 88.90%, specificity: 89.50%, 95% CI:0.755~0.999, p = 0.000). The CTE score showed a positive correlation with inflammation (Spearman's r = 0.479, p = 0.003), and a 4.5-point grading system was the optimal cut-off value for inflammatory lesions (AUC: 0.766, sensitivity: 73.70%, specificity: 77.80%, 95% CI: 0.596~0.936, p = 0.006). Combining these two metrics improved the diagnostic performance and specificity (AUC: 0.918, specificity: 94.70%, 95% CI: 0.806~1.000, p = 0.000). In conclusion, shear-wave elastography can be used to help detect fibrotic lesions and the computed tomography enterography score emerged as a feasible predictor of inflammatory lesions. The combination of these two imaging techniques is proposed to distinguish intestinal predominant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (M.Z.)
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Enhua Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (M.Z.)
| | - Minghui Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xilong Mei
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (M.Z.)
| | - Yinghuan Dai
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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11
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Altrieth AL, O’Keefe KJ, Gellatly VA, Tavarez JR, Feminella SM, Moskwa NL, Cordi CV, Turrieta JC, Nelson DA, Larsen M. Identifying fibrogenic cells following salivary gland obstructive injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1190386. [PMID: 37287453 PMCID: PMC10242138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1190386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis results from excess extracellular matrix accumulation, which alters normal tissue architecture and impedes function. In the salivary gland, fibrosis can be induced by irradiation treatment for cancer therapy, Sjögren's Disease, and other causes; however, it is unclear which stromal cells and signals participate in injury responses and disease progression. As hedgehog signaling has been implicated in fibrosis of the salivary gland and other organs, we examined contributions of the hedgehog effector, Gli1, to fibrotic responses in salivary glands. To experimentally induce a fibrotic response in female murine submandibular salivary glands, we performed ductal ligation surgery. We detected a progressive fibrotic response where both extracellular matrix accumulation and actively remodeled collagen significantly increased at 14 days post-ligation. Macrophages, which participate in extracellular matrix remodeling, and Gli1+ and PDGFRα+ stromal cells, which may deposit extracellular matrix, both increased with injury. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, Gli1 + cells were not found in discrete clusters at embryonic day 16 but were found in clusters expressing the stromal genes Pdgfra and/or Pdgfrb. In adult mice, Gli1+ cells were similarly heterogeneous but more cells co-expressed PDGFRα and PDGFRβ. Using Gli1-CreERT2; ROSA26tdTomato lineage-tracing mice, we found that Gli1-derived cells expand with ductal ligation injury. Although some of the Gli1 lineage-traced tdTomato+ cells expressed vimentin and PDGFRβ following injury, there was no increase in the classic myofibroblast marker, smooth muscle alpha-actin. Additionally, there was little change in extracellular matrix area, remodeled collagen area, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, endothelial cells, neurons, or macrophages in Gli1 null salivary glands following injury when compared with controls, suggesting that Gli1 signaling and Gli1+ cells have only a minor contribution to mechanical injury-induced fibrotic changes in the salivary gland. We used scRNA-seq to examine cell populations that expand with ligation and/or showed increased expression of matrisome genes. Some Pdgfra + /Pdgfrb + stromal cell subpopulations expanded in response to ligation, with two stromal cell subpopulations showing increased expression of Col1a1 and a greater diversity of matrisome genes, consistent with these cells being fibrogenic. However, only a few cells in these subpopulations expressed Gli1, consistent with a minor contribution of these cells to extracellular matrix production. Defining the signaling pathways driving fibrotic responses in stromal cell sub-types could reveal future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Altrieth
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Kevin J. O’Keefe
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Victoria A. Gellatly
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Joey R. Tavarez
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Sage M. Feminella
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas L. Moskwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Carmalena V. Cordi
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Judy C. Turrieta
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Deirdre A. Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
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12
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Tang H, Cai L, He X, Niu Z, Huang H, Hu W, Bian H, Huang H. Radiation-induced bystander effect and its clinical implications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124412. [PMID: 37091174 PMCID: PMC10113613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, targeted DNA damage caused by radiation has been considered the main cause of various biological effects. Based on this paradigm, any small amount of radiation is harmful to the organism. Epidemiological studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors have proposed the linear-non-threshold model as the dominant standard in the field of radiation protection. However, there is increasing evidence that the linear-non-threshold model is not fully applicable to the biological effects caused by low dose radiation, and theories related to low dose radiation require further investigation. In addition to the cell damage caused by direct exposure, non-targeted effects, which are sometimes referred to as bystander effects, abscopal effects, genetic instability, etc., are another kind of significant effect related to low dose radiation. An understanding of this phenomenon is crucial for both basic biomedical research and clinical application. This article reviews recent studies on the bystander effect and summarizes the key findings in the field. Additionally, it offers a cross-sectional comparison of bystander effects caused by various radiation sources in different cell types, as well as an in-depth analysis of studies on the potential biological mechanisms of bystander effects. This review aims to present valuable information and provide new insights on the bystander effect to enlighten both radiobiologists and clinical radiologists searching for new ways to improve clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zihe Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
| | - Huahui Bian
- Nuclear and Radiation Incident Medical Emergency Office, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
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13
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Altrieth AL, O’Keefe KJ, Gellatly VA, Tavarez JR, Feminella SM, Moskwa NL, Cordi CV, Turrieta JC, Nelson DA, Larsen M. Identifying Fibrogenic Cells Following Salivary Gland Obstructive Injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531751. [PMID: 36945483 PMCID: PMC10028956 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis results from excess extracellular matrix accumulation, which alters normal tissue architecture and impedes function. In the salivary gland, fibrosis can be induced by irradiation treatment for cancer therapy, Sjögren's Disease, and other causes; however, it is unclear which stromal cells and signals participate in injury responses and disease progression. As hedgehog signaling has been implicated in fibrosis of the salivary gland and other organs, we examined contributions of the hedgehog effector, Gli1, to fibrotic responses in salivary glands. To experimentally induce a fibrotic response in female murine submandibular salivary glands, we performed ductal ligation surgery. We detected a progressive fibrotic response where both extracellular matrix accumulation and actively remodeled collagen trended upwards at 7 days and significantly increased at 14 days post- ligation. Macrophages, which participate in extracellular matrix remodeling, Gli1 + and PDGFRα + stromal cells, which may deposit extracellular matrix, both increased with injury. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we found that a majority of Gli1 + cells at embryonic day 16 also express Pdgfra and/or Pdgfrb. However, in adult mice, only a small subset of Gli1 + cells express PDGFRα and/or PDGFRβ at the protein level. Using lineage-tracing mice, we found that Gli1-derived cells expand with ductal ligation injury. Although some of the Gli1 lineage-traced tdTomato + cells expressed vimentin and PDGFRβ following injury, there was no increase in the classic myofibroblast marker, smooth muscle alpha-actin. Additionally, there was little change in extracellular matrix area, remodeled collagen area, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, endothelial cells, neurons, or macrophages in Gli1 null salivary glands following injury when compared with controls, suggesting that Gli1 signaling and Gli1 + cells have only a minor contribution to mechanical injury-induced fibrotic changes in the salivary gland. We used scRNA-seq to examine cell populations that expand with ligation and/or showed increased expression of matrisome genes. Pdgfra + /Pdgfrb + stromal cell subpopulations both expanded in response to ligation, showed increased expression and a greater diversity of matrisome genes expressed, consistent with these cells being fibrogenic. Defining the signaling pathways driving fibrotic responses in stromal cell sub-types could reveal future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Altrieth
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kevin J. O’Keefe
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Current Location: Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Victoria A. Gellatly
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Joey R. Tavarez
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sage M. Feminella
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Current Location: Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Moskwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Current Location: The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carmalena V. Cordi
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Current Location: Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Judy C. Turrieta
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Deirdre A. Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental, and Neural Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
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14
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Trink J, Ahmed U, O'Neil K, Li R, Gao B, Krepinsky JC. Cell surface GRP78 regulates TGFβ1-mediated profibrotic responses via TSP1 in diabetic kidney disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1098321. [PMID: 36909183 PMCID: PMC9998550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1098321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure in North America, characterized by glomerular accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. High glucose (HG) induction of glomerular mesangial cell (MC) profibrotic responses plays a central role in its pathogenesis. We previously showed that the endoplasmic reticulum resident GRP78 translocates to the cell surface in response to HG, where it mediates Akt activation and downstream profibrotic responses in MC. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is recognized as a central mediator of HG-induced profibrotic responses, but whether its activation is regulated by cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78) is unknown. TGFβ1 is stored in the ECM in a latent form, requiring release for biological activity. The matrix glycoprotein thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), known to be increased in DKD and by HG in MC, is an important factor in TGFβ1 activation. Here we determined whether csGRP78 regulates TSP1 expression and thereby TGFβ1 activation by HG. Methods: Primary mouse MC were used. TSP1 and TGFβ1 were assessed using standard molecular biology techniques. Inhibitors of csGRP78 were: 1) vaspin, 2) the C-terminal targeting antibody C38, 3) siRNA downregulation of its transport co-chaperone MTJ-1 to prevent GRP78 translocation to the cell surface, and 4) prevention of csGRP78 activation by its ligand, active α2-macroglobulin (α2M*), with the neutralizing antibody Fα2M or an inhibitory peptide. Results: TSP1 transcript and promoter activity were increased by HG, as were cellular and ECM TSP1, and these required PI3K/Akt activity. Inhibition of csGRP78 prevented HG-induced TSP1 upregulation and deposition into the ECM. The HG-induced increase in active TGFβ1 in the medium was also inhibited, which was associated with reduced intracellular Smad3 activation and signaling. Overexpression of csGRP78 increased TSP-1, and this was further augmented in HG. Discussion: These data support an important role for csGRP78 in regulating HG-induced TSP1 transcriptional induction via PI3K/Akt signaling. Functionally, this enables TGFβ1 activation in response to HG, with consequent increase in ECM proteins. Means of inhibiting csGRP78 signaling represent a novel approach to preventing fibrosis in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Trink
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Usman Ahmed
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kian O'Neil
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Renzhong Li
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bo Gao
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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15
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D'Alessandro VF, Takeshita A, Yasuma T, Toda M, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Okano Y, Tharavecharak S, Inoue C, Nishihama K, Fujimoto H, Kobayashi T, Yano Y, Gabazza EC. Transforming Growth Factorβ1 Overexpression Is Associated with Insulin Resistance and Rapidly Progressive Kidney Fibrosis under Diabetic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214265. [PMID: 36430743 PMCID: PMC9693927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem. Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The clinical course, response to therapy, and prognosis of nephropathy are worse in diabetic than in non-diabetic patients. The role of transforming growth factorβ1 in kidney fibrosis is undebatable. This study assessed whether the overexpression of transforming growth factorβ1 is associated with insulin resistance and the rapid progression of transforming growth factorβ1-mediated nephropathy under diabetic conditions. Diabetes mellitus was induced with streptozotocin in wild-type mice and transgenic mice with the kidney-specific overexpression of human transforming growth factorβ1. Mice treated with saline were the controls. Glucose tolerance and kidney fibrosis were evaluated. The blood glucose levels, the values of the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and the area of kidney fibrosis were significantly increased, and the renal function was significantly impaired in the diabetic transforming growth factorβ1 transgenic mice compared to the non-diabetic transgenic mice, diabetic wild-type mice, and non-diabetic mice. Transforming growth factorβ1 impaired the regulatory effect of insulin on glucose in the hepatocyte and skeletal muscle cell lines. This study shows that transforming growth factorβ1 overexpression is associated with insulin resistance and rapidly progressive kidney fibrosis under diabetic conditions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fridman D'Alessandro
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Atsuro Takeshita
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Taro Yasuma
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Corina N D'Alessandro-Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yuko Okano
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Suphachai Tharavecharak
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Chisa Inoue
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kota Nishihama
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hajime Fujimoto
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical care Medicine, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kobayashi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical care Medicine, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yano
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Esteban C Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University Faculty and Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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16
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Ruan Q, Lin X, Wang L, Wang N, Zhao Y, Wang H, Tian FY, Hu N, Li Y, Zhao B. An engineered (CAGA)12-EGFP cell-based biosensor for high-content and accurate detection of active TGF-β. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Tang J, Liu F, Cooper ME, Chai Z. Renal fibrosis as a hallmark of diabetic kidney disease: Potential role of targeting transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and related molecules. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:721-738. [PMID: 36217308 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2133698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Currently, there is no effective treatment to completely prevent DKD progression to ESRD. Renal fibrosis and inflammation are the major pathological features of DKD, being pursued as potential therapeutic targets for DKD. AREAS COVERED Inflammation and renal fibrosis are involved in the pathogenesis of DKD. Anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed to combat DKD but without efficacy demonstrated. Thus, we have focused on the mechanisms of TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis in DKD, as well as discussing the important molecules influencing the TGF-β signaling pathway and their potential development into new pharmacotherapies, rather than targeting the ligand TGF-β and/or its receptors, such options include Smads, microRNAs, histone deacetylases, connective tissue growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein 7, hepatocyte growth factor, and cell division autoantigen 1. EXPERT OPINION TGF-β is a critical driver of renal fibrosis in DKD. Molecules that modulate TGF-β signaling rather than TGF-β itself are potentially superior targets to safely combat DKD. A comprehensive elucidation of the pathogenesis of DKD is important, which requires a better model system and access to clinical samples via collaboration between basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Tang
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhonglin Chai
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Karalko M, Pojar M, Zaloudkova L, Stejskal V, Timbilla S, Brizova P, Vojacek J. Transforming growth factor serum concentrations in patients with proven non-syndromic aortopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:980103. [PMID: 36148051 PMCID: PMC9485481 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.980103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism underlying aortic dilatation is still unknown. Vascular dilatation is thought to be the result of progressive aortic media degeneration caused by defective vascular matrix hemostasis, including TGF-β1 dysregulation. The goal of this study is to draw attention to the potential utility of TGF-β1 as a diagnostic marker in non-syndromic patients with aortic dilatation. Methods TGF-β1 levels in plasma were measured in 50 patients who had undergone surgery and had a tricuspid or bicuspid aortic valve as well as a normal or dilated ascending aorta. A pathologist also examined thirty resected aorta samples. To specify the reference range of TGF-β1, a control group of 40 volunteers was enrolled in this study. Results We discovered a significant difference in TGF-β1 levels between patients with aortic dilatation and the control group (32.5 vs. 63.92; P < 0.001), as well as between patients with non-dilated aorta but with aortic valve disease, and the control group (27.68 vs. 63.92; P < 0.001). There was no difference between the dilated ascending aorta group and the non-dilated ascending aorta group. We found a poor correlation between TGF-β1 levels and ascending aorta diameter as well as the grade of ascending aorta histopathological abnormalities. Conclusion TGF-β1 concentration does not meet the criteria to be a specific marker of aortic dilatation, but it is sensitive to aortic valvulopathy-aortopathy. A larger patient cohort study is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikita Karalko
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Marek Pojar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Marek Pojar,
| | - Lenka Zaloudkova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Vaclav Stejskal
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Salifu Timbilla
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Pavla Brizova
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Jan Vojacek
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
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19
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Peng D, Fu M, Wang M, Wei Y, Wei X. Targeting TGF-β signal transduction for fibrosis and cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:104. [PMID: 35461253 PMCID: PMC9033932 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has long been identified with its intensive involvement in early embryonic development and organogenesis, immune supervision, tissue repair, and adult homeostasis. The role of TGF-β in fibrosis and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, overexpressed TGF-β causes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) formation, which leads to fibrotic disease, and cancer. Given the critical role of TGF-β and its downstream molecules in the progression of fibrosis and cancers, therapeutics targeting TGF-β signaling appears to be a promising strategy. However, due to potential systemic cytotoxicity, the development of TGF-β therapeutics has lagged. In this review, we summarized the biological process of TGF-β, with its dual role in fibrosis and tumorigenesis, and the clinical application of TGF-β-targeting therapies.
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20
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Rodrigues-Junior DM, Tsirigoti C, Lim SK, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. Extracellular Vesicles and Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:849938. [PMID: 35493080 PMCID: PMC9043557 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.849938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexity in mechanisms that drive cancer development and progression is exemplified by the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, which suppresses early-stage hyperplasia, yet assists aggressive tumors to achieve metastasis. Of note, several molecules, including mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and proteins known to be associated with the TGF-β pathway have been reported as constituents in the cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are secreted vesicles delimited by a lipid bilayer and play critical functions in intercellular communication, including regulation of the tumor microenvironment and cancer development. Thus, this review aims at summarizing the impact of EVs on TGF-β signaling by focusing on mechanisms by which EV cargo can influence tumorigenesis, metastatic spread, immune evasion and response to anti-cancer treatment. Moreover, we emphasize the potential of TGF-β-related molecules present in circulating EVs as useful biomarkers of prognosis, diagnosis, and prediction of response to treatment in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chrysoula Tsirigoti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (A*-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Aristidis Moustakas,
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21
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Huang M, Jiang W, Luo C, Yang M, Ren Y. Atractylenolide III inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in small intestine epithelial cells by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:98. [PMID: 35088892 PMCID: PMC8809054 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with the available drugs for the treatment of fibrosis in other organs, the development of intestinal anti-fibrosis drugs is limited. Therefore, it is of practical significance to examine novel drugs to delay or block the development of intestinal fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of atractylenolide III (ATL-III) on intestinal fibrosis. An MTT assay was used to detect the effect of ATL-III on the activity of IEC-6 cells. The migration and invasion of fibrotic cells stimulated with TGF-β were determined via wound healing and Transwell assays. An immunofluorescence assay and western blotting were conducted to assess the expression levels of protein associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The role of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway was verified using compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) treatment. The results of the present study indicated that ATL-III had no effect on the cells at a dose of 1–20 µmol/l. Moreover, ATL-III can inhibit the invasion and migration of cells induced by TGF-β1, as well as block the EMT process. It was found that ATL-III could also activate the AMPK pathway. Furthermore, compound C reduced the inhibitory effect of ATL-III on stimulated cells, which indicated that the AMPK pathway plays a role in the inhibition process. In conclusion, ATL-III may inhibit the EMT of IEC-6 cells stimulated with TGF-β1 by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Huang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Chunli Luo
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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22
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Bushara O, Escobar DJ, Weinberg SE, Sun L, Liao J, Yang GY. The Possible Pathogenic Role of IgG4-Producing Plasmablasts in Stricturing Crohn's Disease. Pathobiology 2022; 89:187-197. [PMID: 35026755 DOI: 10.1159/000521259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a condition on the spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease that affects up to 20 people per 100,000 in the US annually, and with incidence increasing. One of the most significant sources of morbidity in CD is the formation of strictures, with resultant intestinal blockage a common indication for hospitalization and surgical intervention in these patients. The pathophysiology of stricture formation is not fully understood. However, the fibroplasia that leads to fibrostenotic stricture formation may have shared pathophysiology with IgG4-related fibrosis. SUMMARY Initial intestinal inflammation recruits innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, that secrete IL-1β and IL-23, which induces a type 17 CD4+ T-helper T-cell (Th17)-mediated adaptive immune response. These CD4+ Th17 T cells also contribute to inflammation by secreting proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-21. IL-21 recruits and stimulates CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which secrete more IL-21. This causes ectopic germinal center formation, recruiting and stimulating naïve B cells. The IL-17 and IL-21 produced by Th17 cells and Tfh cells also induce IgG4 plasmablast differentiation. Finally, these IgG4-producing plasmablasts secrete platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which activates local PDGF-receptor expressing fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, resulting in uncontrolled fibroplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Bushara
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Joseph Escobar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel Edward Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leyu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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23
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Silk JD, Abbott RJM, Adams KJ, Bennett AD, Brett S, Cornforth TV, Crossland KL, Figueroa DJ, Jing J, O'Connor C, Pachnio A, Patasic L, Peredo CE, Quattrini A, Quinn LL, Rust AG, Saini M, Sanderson JP, Steiner D, Tavano B, Viswanathan P, Wiedermann GE, Wong R, Jakobsen BK, Britten CM, Gerry AB, Brewer JE. Engineering Cancer Antigen-Specific T Cells to Overcome the Immunosuppressive Effects of TGF-β. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:169-180. [PMID: 34853077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy with T cells expressing affinity-enhanced TCRs has shown promising results in phase 1/2 clinical trials for solid and hematological tumors. However, depth and durability of responses to adoptive T cell therapy can suffer from an inhibitory tumor microenvironment. A common immune-suppressive agent is TGF-β, which is secreted by tumor cells and cells recruited to the tumor. We investigated whether human T cells could be engineered to be resistant to inhibition by TGF-β. Truncating the intracellular signaling domain from TGF-β receptor (TGFβR) II produces a dominant-negative receptor (dnTGFβRII) that dimerizes with endogenous TGFβRI to form a receptor that can bind TGF-β but cannot signal. We previously generated specific peptide enhanced affinity receptor TCRs recognizing the HLA-A*02-restricted peptides New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1)157-165/l-Ag family member-1A (TCR: GSK3377794, formerly NY-ESO-1c259) and melanoma Ag gene A10254-262 (TCR: ADP-A2M10, formerly melanoma Ag gene A10c796). In this article, we show that exogenous TGF-β inhibited in vitro proliferation and effector functions of human T cells expressing these first-generation high-affinity TCRs, whereas inhibition was reduced or abolished in the case of second-generation TCRs coexpressed with dnTGFβRII (e.g., GSK3845097). TGF-β isoforms and a panel of TGF-β-associated genes are overexpressed in a range of cancer indications in which NY-ESO-1 is commonly expressed, particularly in synovial sarcoma. As an example, immunohistochemistry/RNAscope identified TGF-β-positive cells close to T cells in tumor nests and stroma, which had low frequencies of cells expressing IFN-γ in a non-small cell lung cancer setting. Coexpression of dnTGFβRII may therefore improve the efficacy of TCR-transduced T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Brett
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - David J Figueroa
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | - Junping Jing
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Lea Patasic
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | - Carlos E Peredo
- Cell and Gene Therapy Product Development and Supply, Analytical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA
| | | | - Laura L Quinn
- Adaptimmune Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | - Manoj Saini
- Adaptimmune Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dylan Steiner
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Wong
- Adaptimmune Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cedrik M Britten
- Oncology Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Herts, United Kingdom; and
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24
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Kim YC, Kim J, Kim S, Bae B, Kim RL, Jeong EM, Cho SH, Kang HR. Transglutaminase 2 mediates lung inflammation and remodeling by transforming growth factor beta 1 via alveolar macrophage modulation. Exp Lung Res 2021; 47:465-475. [PMID: 34818962 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2021.1998733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) induces pulmonary fibrosis by enhancing epithelial apoptosis and affects the enzymatic activity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). The aim of this study was to determine the role of TG2 in TGF-β1-induced lung remodeling and alveolar macrophage modulation. We characterized the in vivo effects of TGF-β1 and TG2 on lung inflammation, fibrosis, and macrophage activity using transgenic C57BL/6 mice with wild and null TG2 loci. The effect of TG2 inhibition on in vitro TGF-β1-stimulated alveolar macrophages was assessed through mRNA analysis. TG2 was remarkably upregulated in the lungs of TGF-β1 transgenic (TGF-β1 Tg) mice, especially in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. In the absence of TG2, TGF-β1-induced inflammation was suppressed, decreasing the number of macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, the alveolar destruction and peribronchial fibrosis induced by TGF-β1 overexpression were significantly reduced, which correlated with decreases in the expression of fibroblast growth factor and matrix metallopeptidase 12, respectively. However, TG2 deficiency did not compromise the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages in TGF-β1 Tg mice. At the same time, TG2 contributed to the regulation of TGF-β1-induced macrophage activation. Inhibition of TG2 did not affect the TGF-β1-induced expression of CD86, an M1 marker, in macrophages, but it did reverse the TGF-β1-induced expression of CD206. This result suggests that TG2 mediates TGF-β1-induced M2-like polarization but does not contribute to TGF-β1-induced M1 polarization. In conclusion, TG2 regulates macrophage modulation and plays an important role in TGF-β1-induced lung inflammation, destruction, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boram Bae
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ruth Lee Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui-Man Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jeju National University College of Pharmacy, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Nishitsuji K, Ikezaki M, Manabe S, Uchimura K, Ito Y, Ihara Y. Thrombospondin type 1 repeat-derived C-mannosylated peptide attenuates synaptogenesis of cortical neurons induced by primary astrocytes via TGF-β. Glycoconj J 2021; 39:701-710. [PMID: 34791612 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
C-Mannosylation is a rare type of protein glycosylation and is reportedly critical for the proper folding and secretion of parental proteins. Still, the effects of C-mannosylation on the biological functions of these modified proteins remain to be elucidated. The Trp-x-x-Trp (WxxW) sequences, whose first tryptophan (Trp) can be C-mannosylated, constitute the consensus motifs for this glycosylation modification and are commonly found in thrombospondin type 1 repeats that regulate molecular functions of thrombospondin 1 in binding and activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). TGF-β plays critical roles in the control of the central nervous system including synaptogenesis. Here, we investigated whether C-mannosylation of the synthetic Trp-Ser-Pro-Trp (WSPW) peptide may confer certain functions to this peptide in TGF-β-mediated synaptogenesis. By using primary cultured rat astrocytes and cortical neurons, we found that the C-mannosylated WSPW (C-Man-WSPW) peptide, but not non-mannosylated WSPW peptide, suppressed astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM)-stimulated synaptogenesis. C-Man-WSPW peptide inhibited both ACM- and recombinant mature TGF-β1-induced activations of Smad 2, an important mediator in TGF-β signaling. Interactions of recombinant mature TGF-β with the C-Man-WSPW peptide were similar to those with non-C-mannosylated WSPW peptide. Taken together, our results reveal a novel function of C-mannosylation of the WxxW motif in signaling and synaptogenesis mediated by TGF-β. Molecular details of how C-mannosylation affects the biological functions of WxxW motifs deserve future study for clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shino Manabe
- Laboratory of Functional Molecule Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Department and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale Et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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26
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Ji M, Duan X, Han X, Sun J, Zhang D. Exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 prevents the inflow of fluoride to ameleoblasts through regulation of voltage-gated chloride channels 5 and 7. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:615. [PMID: 33936272 PMCID: PMC8082615 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental fluorosis is a global issue. Although there are multiple causes of dental fluorosis, the precise mechanism remains controversial. Previous studies have demonstrated that extracellular fluoride may promote an accumulation of fluoride ions in ameloblasts, which may induce oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses, leading to dental fluorosis. However, the exact process by which fluoride ions enter cells has not been determined. In the present study, intracellular fluoride concentration was determined using a newly developed specific fluorescent probe called probe 1. Under high extracellular fluoride concentrations, the fluorescence intensity of the ameloblasts increased, however, exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was able to inhibit the increase. Furthermore, changes in the expression of the voltage-gated chloride channels 5 and 7 (ClC5 and ClC-7), which are responsible for the transport of fluoride were investigated. The results indicated that fluoride reduced the expression of endogenous TGF-β1 and increased the expression of ClC-5 and ClC-7. Additionally, exogenous TGF-β1 reduced the expression of ClC-5 and ClC-7. The results of the present study indicate that exogenous TGF-β1 may prevent accumulation of fluoride in ameloblasts through the regulation of ClC-5 and ClC-7 under high extracellular fluoride concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ji
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xuejing Duan
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Han
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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27
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Wilson SE. TGF beta -1, -2 and -3 in the modulation of fibrosis in the cornea and other organs. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108594. [PMID: 33894227 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The TGF beta-1, -2 and -3 isoforms are transcribed from different genes but bind to the same receptors and signal through the same canonical and non-canonical signal transduction pathways. There are numerous regulatory mechanisms controlling the action of each isoform that include the organ-specific cells producing latent TGF beta growth factors, multiple effectors that activate the isoforms, ECM-associated SLRPs and basement membrane components that modulate the activity and localization of the isoforms, other interactive cytokine-growth factor receptor systems, such as PDGF and CTGF, TGF beta receptor expression on target cells, including myofibroblast precursors, receptor binding competition, positive and negative signal transduction effectors, and transcription and translational regulatory mechanisms. While there has long been the view that TGF beta-1and TGF beta-2 are pro-fibrotic, while TGF beta-3 is anti-fibrotic, this review suggests that view is too simplistic, at least in adult tissues, since TGF beta-3 shares far more similarities in its modulation of fibrotic gene expression with TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2, than it does differences, and often the differences are subtle. Rather, TGF beta-3 should be seen as a fibro-modulatory partner to the other two isoforms that modulates a nuanced and better controlled response to injury. The complex interplay between the three isoforms and numerous interactive proteins, in the context of the cellular milieu, controls regenerative non-fibrotic vs. fibrotic healing in a response to injury in a particular organ, as well as the resolution of fibrosis, when that occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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28
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Melchionna R, Trono P, Tocci A, Nisticò P. Actin Cytoskeleton and Regulation of TGFβ Signaling: Exploring Their Links. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020336. [PMID: 33672325 PMCID: PMC7926735 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissues, to maintain their architecture and function, respond to injuries by activating intricate biochemical and physical mechanisms that regulates intercellular communication crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Coordination of the communication occurs through the activity of different actin cytoskeletal regulators, physically connected to extracellular matrix through integrins, generating a platform of biochemical and biomechanical signaling that is deregulated in cancer. Among the major pathways, a controller of cellular functions is the cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which remains a complex and central signaling network still to be interpreted and explained in cancer progression. Here, we discuss the link between actin dynamics and TGFβ signaling with the aim of exploring their aberrant interaction in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Melchionna
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Paola Trono
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tocci
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0652662539
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29
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Frampton G, Reddy P, Jefferson B, Ali M, Khan D, McMillin M. Inhibition of thrombospondin-1 reduces glutathione activity and worsens acute liver injury during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115323. [PMID: 33176120 PMCID: PMC8364670 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-p-Aminophenol or APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Western Europe. Previous studies have shown that TGFβ1 is elevated during APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and promotes liver injury by reducing liver regeneration while inducing hepatocyte senescence. At this time, little is known about the role of proteins that activate latent TGFβ1 and their effects during APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is a homotrimeric protein that can not only activate latent TGFβ1 but can also interact with other proteins including Nrf2 to induce antioxidant signaling. The aim of the current study was to assess the role of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) in both TGFβ1 activation and its contribution to APAP-induced liver injury. C57Bl/6 mice or TSP1 null mice (TSP1-/-) were administered 300 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg of APAP. TGFβ1 signaling, TSP1 expression, measures of hepatic injury, Nrf2 expression, measures of oxidative/nitrosative stress and GSH metabolism were assessed. The expression of TGFβ1, TSP1 and phosphorylation of SMAD proteins increased in APAP-treated mice compared to controls. TSP1-/- mice had reduced TGFβ1 expression and phosphorylation of SMAD proteins but increased liver injury. Hepatocyte cell death was increased in TSP1-/- mice and this was associated with decreased Nrf2 activity, decreased GSH levels and increased oxidative stress in comparison to wild-type C57Bl/6 mice. Together, these data demonstrate that elimination of TSP1 protein in APAP-treated mice reduces TGFβ1 signaling but leads to increased liver injury by reducing Nrf2 expression and GSH activity, ultimately resulting in increased cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Frampton
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, TX, United States of America; The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Brandi Jefferson
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Malaika Ali
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Durreshahwar Khan
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, TX, United States of America; The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Austin, TX, United States of America.
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30
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Zhao H, Wei J, Sun J. Roles of TGF-β signaling pathway in tumor microenvirionment and cancer therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107101. [PMID: 33099067 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF- β) signaling pathway has pleiotropic effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, senescence, and apoptosis. TGF-β can be widely produced by various immune or non-immune cells and regulate cell behaviors through autocrine and paracrine. It plays essential roles in biological processes including embryological development, immune response, and tumor progression. Few cell signalings can contribute to so many pleiotropic functions as the TGF- β signaling pathway in mammals. The significant function of TGF-β signaling in tumor progression and evasion leading it to draw great attention in scientific and clinical research. Understanding the mechanism of TGF- β signaling provides us with chances to potentiate the effectiveness and selectivity of this therapeutic method. Herein, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms of TGF-β signaling in carcinomas and tumor microenvironment. Then, we enumerate main achievements of TGF-β blockades used or being evaluated in cancer therapy, providing us opportunities to improve therapeutical approaches in the tumor which thrive in a TGF-β-rich environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodi Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, PR China
| | - Jing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Zhu T, Ma Z, Wang H, Jia X, Wu Y, Fu L, Li Z, Zhang C, Yu G. YAP/TAZ affects the development of pulmonary fibrosis by regulating multiple signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 475:137-149. [PMID: 32813142 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
YAP and TAZ are important co-activators of various biological processes in human body. YAP/TAZ plays a vital role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Dysregulation of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway is one of the most important causes of pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, considering its crucial role, summary of the signal mechanism of YAP/TAZ is of certain guiding significance for the research of YAP/TAZ as a therapeutic target. The present review provided a detailed introduction to various YAP/TAZ-related signaling pathways and clarified the specific role of YAP/TAZ in these pathways. In the meantime, we summarized and evaluated possible applications of YAP/TAZ in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Overall, our study is of guiding significance for future research on the functional mechanism of YAP/TAZ underlying lung diseases as well as for identification of novel therapeutic targets specific to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Zhifeng Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yuanlin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Linhai Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Zhupeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Guangmao Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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Zhao L, Zou Y, Liu F. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:187. [PMID: 32266267 PMCID: PMC7105573 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have shown efficacy in reducing the risk of ESRD. However, patients vary in their response to RAAS blockades, and the pharmacodynamic responses to SGLT2 inhibitors decline with increasing severity of renal impairment. Thus, effective therapy for DKD is yet unmet. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), expressed by nearly all kidney cell types and infiltrating leukocytes and macrophages, is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. An overactive TGF-β1 signaling pathway has been implicated as a critical profibrotic factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease in human DKD. In animal studies, TGF-β1 neutralizing antibodies and TGF-β1 signaling inhibitors were effective in ameliorating renal fibrosis in DKD. Conversely, a clinical study of TGF-β1 neutralizing antibodies failed to demonstrate renal efficacy in DKD. However, overexpression of latent TGF-β1 led to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis effects in non-DKD. This evidence implied that complete blocking of TGF-β1 signaling abolished its multiple physiological functions, which are highly associated with undesirable adverse events. Ideal strategies for DKD therapy would be either specific and selective inhibition of the profibrotic-related TGF-β1 pathway or blocking conversion of latent TGF-β1 to active TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutong Zou
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jefferson B, Ali M, Grant S, Frampton G, Ploof M, Andry S, DeMorrow S, McMillin M. Thrombospondin-1 Exacerbates Acute Liver Failure and Hepatic Encephalopathy Pathology in Mice by Activating Transforming Growth Factor β1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:347-357. [PMID: 31734229 PMCID: PMC7013272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe hepatic insults can lead to acute liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) has been shown to contribute to HE during acute liver failure; however, TGFβ1 must be activated to bind its receptor and generate downstream effects. One protein that can activate TGFβ1 is thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess TSP-1 during acute liver failure and HE pathogenesis. C57Bl/6 or TSP-1 knockout (TSP-1-/-) mice were injected with azoxymethane (AOM) to induce acute liver failure and HE. Liver damage, neurologic decline, and molecular analyses of TSP-1 and TGFβ1 signaling were performed. AOM-treated mice had increased TSP-1 and TGFβ1 mRNA and protein expression in the liver. TSP-1-/- mice administered AOM had reduced liver injury as assessed by histology and serum transaminase levels compared with C57Bl/6 AOM-treated mice. TSP-1-/- mice treated with AOM had reduced TGFβ1 signaling that was associated with less hepatic cell death as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining and cleaved caspase 3 expression. TSP-1-/- AOM-treated mice had a reduced rate of neurologic decline, less cerebral edema, and a decrease in microglia activation in comparison with C57Bl/6 mice treated with AOM. Taken together, TSP-1 is an activator of TGFβ1 signaling during AOM-induced acute liver failure and contributes to both liver pathology and HE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malaika Ali
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Michaela Ploof
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, Texas
| | - Sarah Andry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas.
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McEntee CP, Gunaltay S, Travis MA. Regulation of barrier immunity and homeostasis by integrin-mediated transforming growth factor β activation. Immunology 2019; 160:139-148. [PMID: 31792952 PMCID: PMC7218408 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration and death dependent on cell type, developmental stage, or tissue conditions. Various cell types secrete TGF‐β, but always as an inactive complex. Hence, for TGF‐β to function, this latent complex must somehow be activated. Work in recent years has highlighted a critical role for members of the αv integrin family, including αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6 and αvβ8 that are involved in TGF‐β activation in various contexts, particularly at barrier sites such as the gut, lung and skin. The integrins facilitating this context‐ and location‐specific regulation can be dysregulated in certain diseases, so are potential therapeutic targets in a number of disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of TGF‐β at these barrier sites with a focus on how integrin‐mediated TGF‐β activation regulates tissue and immune homeostasis, and how this is altered in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P McEntee
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sezin Gunaltay
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark A Travis
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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35
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Lazarova M, Steinle A. Impairment of NKG2D-Mediated Tumor Immunity by TGF-β. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2689. [PMID: 31803194 PMCID: PMC6873348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses via multiple mechanisms. TGF-β also importantly contributes to the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment thereby promoting tumor growth. Amongst others, TGF-β impairs tumor recognition by cytotoxic lymphocytes via NKG2D. NKG2D is a homodimeric C-type lectin-like receptor expressed on virtually all human NK cells and cytotoxic T cells, and stimulates their effector functions upon engagement by NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL). While NKG2DL are mostly absent from healthy cells, their expression is induced by cellular stress and malignant transformation, and, accordingly, frequently detected on various tumor cells. Hence, the NKG2D axis is thought to play a decisive role in cancer immunosurveillance and, obviously, often is compromised in clinically apparent tumors. There is mounting evidence that TGF-β, produced by tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, plays a key role in blunting the NKG2D-mediated tumor surveillance. Here, we review the current knowledge on the impairment of NKG2D-mediated cancer immunity through TGF-β and discuss therapeutic approaches aiming at counteracting this major immune escape pathway. By reducing tumor-associated expression of NKG2DL and blinding cytotoxic lymphocytes through down-regulation of NKG2D, TGF-β is acting upon both sides of the NKG2D axis severely compromising NKG2D-mediated tumor rejection. Consequently, novel therapies targeting the TGF-β pathway are expected to reinvigorate NKG2D-mediated tumor elimination and thereby to improve the survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Lazarova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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36
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Giles BM, Underwood TT, Benhadji KA, Nelson DKS, Grobeck LM, Lin B, Wang S, Fill JA, Man M, Pitts KR, Bamberg A. Analytical Characterization of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Measurement of Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Human Plasma. J Appl Lab Med 2019; 3:200-212. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.025619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)–signaling pathway has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for many disease states including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of the pleiotropic effects of this pathway, patient selection and monitoring may be important. TGF-β1 is the most prevalent isoform, and an assay to measure plasma levels of TGF-β1 would provide a rational biomarker to assist with patient selection. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analytically validate a colorimetric ELISA for the quantification of TGF-β1 in human plasma.
Methods
A colorimetric sandwich ELISA for TGF-β1 was analytically validated per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols by assessment of precision, linearity, interfering substances, and stability. A reference range for plasma TGF-β1 was established for apparently healthy individuals and potential applicability was demonstrated in HCC patients.
Results
Precision was assessed for samples ranging from 633 to 10822 pg/mL, with total variance ranging from 28.4% to 7.2%. The assay was linear across the entire measuring range, and no interference of common blood components or similar molecules was observed. For apparently healthy individuals, the average TGF-β1 level was 1985 ± 1488 pg/mL compared to 4243 ± 2003 pg/mL for HCC patients. Additionally, the TGF-β1 level in plasma samples was demonstrated to be stable across all conditions tested, including multiple freeze–thaw cycles.
Conclusions
The ELISA described in this report is suitable for the quantification of TGF-β1 in human plasma and for investigational use in an approved clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Boris Lin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Michael Man
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN
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Holvoet S, Perrot M, de Groot N, Prioult G, Mikogami T, Verhasselt V, Nutten S. Oral Tolerance Induction to Newly Introduced Allergen is Favored by a Transforming Growth Factor-β-Enriched Formula. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2210. [PMID: 31540231 PMCID: PMC6769637 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies have become a major healthcare concern, hence preventive efforts to ensure oral tolerance induction to newly introduced antigens are particularly relevant. Given that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a key role in immune tolerance, we tested whether an infant formula enriched with TGF-β would improve oral tolerance induction. A partially hydrolyzed whey protein-based formula was enriched with cow's-milk-derived TGF-β (TGF-β-enriched formula) by adding a specific whey protein isolate (WPI). The manufacturing process was optimized to achieve a concentration of TGF-β within the range of human breast milk concentrations. Protection from allergic sensitization and immune response was assessed in a mouse model. Adult mice received the TGF-β-enriched formula, a control non-enriched formula, or water ad libitum for 13 days before sensitization and suboptimal tolerization to ovalbumin (OVA). When compared to non-tolerized mice, suboptimally-tolerized mice supplemented with the TGF-β-enriched formula showed significantly lower levels of total immunoglobulin-E (IgE) and OVA-specific (IgG1). Mouse mast-cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) and cytokine levels were also significantly decreased in suboptimally-tolerized mice fed the TGF-β-enriched formula. In conclusion, oral supplementation with cow's-milk-derived TGF-β decreased allergic responses to newly introduced allergens and thus reduced the risk of developing food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Holvoet
- Nestlé Institute of Health Science, Gastro Intestinal Health Department, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marie Perrot
- Nestlé Institute of Health Science, Gastro Intestinal Health Department, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Guénolée Prioult
- Nestlé Product Technology Center Nutrition, 3510 Konolfingen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Valérie Verhasselt
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Hopital de l'Archet, 06200 Nice, France.
| | - Sophie Nutten
- Nestlé Institute of Health Science, Gastro Intestinal Health Department, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Qu D, Zhu JP, Childs HR, Lu HH. Nanofiber-based transforming growth factor-β3 release induces fibrochondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. Acta Biomater 2019; 93:111-122. [PMID: 30862549 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrocartilage is typically found in regions subject to complex, multi-axial loads and plays a critical role in musculoskeletal function. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-mediated fibrocartilage regeneration may be guided by administration of appropriate chemical and/or physical cues, such as by culturing cells on polymer nanofibers in the presence of the chondrogenic growth factor TGF-β3. However, targeted delivery and maintenance of effective local factor concentrations remain challenges for implementation of growth factor-based regeneration strategies in clinical settings. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop and optimize the bioactivity of a biomimetic nanofiber scaffold system that enables localized delivery of TGF-β3. To this end, we fabricated TGF-β3-releasing nanofiber meshes that provide sustained growth factor delivery and demonstrated their potential for guiding synovium-derived stem cell (SDSC)-mediated fibrocartilage regeneration. TGF-β3 delivery enhanced cell proliferation and synthesis of relevant fibrocartilaginous matrix in a dose-dependent manner. By designing a scaffold that eliminates the need for exogenous or systemic growth factor administration and demonstrating that fibrochondrogenesis requires a lower growth factor dose compared to previously reported, this study represents a critical step towards developing a clinical solution for regeneration of fibrocartilaginous tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Fibrocartilage is a tissue that plays a critical role throughout the musculoskeletal system. However, due to its limited self-healing capacity, there is a significant unmet clinical need for more effective approaches for fibrocartilage regeneration. We have developed a nanofiber-based scaffold that provides both the biomimetic physical cues, as well as localized delivery of the chemical factors needed to guide stem cell-mediated fibrocartilage formation. Specifically, methods for fabricating TGF-β3-releasing nanofibers were optimized, and scaffold-mediated TGF-β3 delivery enhanced cell proliferation and synthesis of fibrocartilaginous matrix, demonstrating for the first time, the potential for nanofiber-based TGF-β3 delivery to guide stem cell-mediated fibrocartilage regeneration. This nanoscale delivery platform represents an exciting new strategy for fibrocartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovina Qu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Jennifer P Zhu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Hannah R Childs
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Helen H Lu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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Jiang N, Zhang Z, Shao X, Jing R, Wang C, Fang W, Mou S, Ni Z. Blockade of thrombospondin-1 ameliorates high glucose-induced peritoneal fibrosis through downregulation of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:364-379. [PMID: 31236971 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a profibrotic cytokine which induces mesothelial cell mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) and peritoneal fibrosis in patients receiving treatment of peritoneal dialysis. Because thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is able to activate latent TGF-β1 in vivo, we investigated whether blockade of TSP-1 could modulate mesothelial cell MMT and ameliorate peritoneal fibrosis. METHODS Human pleural mesothelial cells (Met-5A cells) were treated with TSP-1 and addition of TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody to assess the effect of TSP-1 on MMT. Furthermore, TSP-1 blocking peptide Leu-Ser-Lys-Leu (LSKL) was applied to Met-5A cells treated with 4.25% d-glucose to determine its function in high glucose-induced MMT. Consequently, a uremic dialysate injection rat model was set up to confirm the results in vivo. RESULTS Exposure of Met-5A cells to TSP-1 increased TGF-β1 secretion, expression and bioactivity, triggered Smad3 phosphorylation, upregulated the expression of mesenchymal molecules including fibronectin, collagen type III, α-smooth muscle actin, Snail, and decreased calretinin expression. The effect was partially attenuated by TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody. TSP-1 expression in Met-5A cells was increased by 4.25% d-glucose, followed by increased secretion and bioactivity of TGF-β1, the onset of Smad3 phosphorylation and induction of MMT. LSKL significantly attenuated high glucose-mediated mesothelial cell MMT and ameliorated peritoneal fibrosis in uremic rats receiving dextrose dialysate injection. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrated that TSP-1 contributes to mesothelial cell MMT by activating TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway and blockade of TSP-1 attenuates high glucose-mediated mesothelial cell MMT and peritoneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghua Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Jing
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Mou
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Bennasroune A, Romier-Crouzet B, Blaise S, Laffargue M, Efremov RG, Martiny L, Maurice P, Duca L. Elastic fibers and elastin receptor complex: Neuraminidase-1 takes the center stage. Matrix Biol 2019; 84:57-67. [PMID: 31226402 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) has for a long time being considered as a simple architectural support for cells. It is now clear that ECM presents a fundamental influence on cells driving their phenotype and fate. This complex network is highly specialized and the different classes of macromolecules that comprise the ECM determine its biological functions. For instance, collagens are responsible for the tensile strength of tissues, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans are essential for hydration and resistance to compression, and glycoproteins such as laminins facilitate cell attachment. The largest structures of the ECM are the elastic fibers found in abundance in tissues suffering high mechanical constraints such as skin, lungs or arteries. These structures present a very complex composition whose core is composed of elastin surrounded by a microfibrils mantle. Elastogenesis is a tightly regulated process involving the sialidase activity of the Neuraminidase-1 (Neu-1) sub-unit of the Elastin Receptor Complex. Interestingly, Neu-1 subunit also serves as a sensor of elastin degradation via its ability to transmit elastin-derived peptides signaling. Finally, reports showing that neuraminidase activity is able to regulate TGF-β activation raises questions about a possible role for Neu-1 in elastic fibers remodeling. In this mini review, we develop the concept of the regulation of the whole life of elastic fibers through an original scope, the key role of Neu-1 sialidase enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Bennasroune
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Sébastien Blaise
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- UMR INSERM 1048 I2MC, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Roman G Efremov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya ul. 20, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Laurent Martiny
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
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41
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Del Amo-Maestro L, Marino-Puertas L, Goulas T, Gomis-Rüth FX. Recombinant production, purification, crystallization, and structure analysis of human transforming growth factor β2 in a new conformation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8660. [PMID: 31209258 PMCID: PMC6572864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β is a disulfide-linked dimeric cytokine that occurs in three highly related isoforms (TGFβ1–TGFβ3) engaged in signaling functions through binding of cognate TGFβ receptors. To regulate this pathway, the cytokines are biosynthesized as inactive pro-TGFβs with an N-terminal latency-associated protein preceding the mature moieties. Due to their pleiotropic implications in physiology and pathology, TGFβs are privileged objects of in vitro studies. However, such studies have long been limited by the lack of efficient human recombinant expression systems of native, glycosylated, and homogenous proteins. Here, we developed pro-TGFβ2 production systems based on human Expi293F cells, which yielded >2 mg of pure histidine- or Strep-tagged protein per liter of cell culture. We assayed this material biophysically and in crystallization assays and obtained a different crystal form of mature TGFβ2, which adopted a conformation deviating from previous structures, with a distinct dimeric conformation that would require significant rearrangement for binding of TGFβ receptors. This new conformation may be reversibly adopted by a certain fraction of the mature TGβ2 population and represent a hitherto undescribed additional level of activity regulation of the mature growth factor once the latency-associated protein has been separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Del Amo-Maestro
- Proteolysis Lab; Structural Biology Unit; "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Marino-Puertas
- Proteolysis Lab; Structural Biology Unit; "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Lab; Structural Biology Unit; "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab; Structural Biology Unit; "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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42
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Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Physiology and in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1281-1324. [PMID: 30864875 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells are capable of undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a newly recognized type of cellular transdifferentiation. EndMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype displaying typical mesenchymal cell morphology and functions, including the acquisition of cellular motility and contractile properties. Endothelial cells undergoing EndMT lose the expression of endothelial cell-specific proteins such as CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, and vascular-endothelial cadherin and initiate the expression of mesenchymal cell-specific genes and the production of their encoded proteins including α-smooth muscle actin, extra domain A fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibroblast specific protein-1, also known as S100A4 protein, and fibrillar type I and type III collagens. Transforming growth factor-β1 is considered the main EndMT inducer. However, EndMT involves numerous molecular and signaling pathways that are triggered and modulated by multiple and often redundant mechanisms depending on the specific cellular context and on the physiological or pathological status of the cells. EndMT participates in highly important embryonic development processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of numerous genetically determined and acquired human diseases including malignant, vascular, inflammatory, and fibrotic disorders. Despite intensive investigation, many aspects of EndMT remain to be elucidated. The identification of molecules and regulatory pathways involved in EndMT and the discovery of specific EndMT inhibitors should provide novel therapeutic approaches for various human disorders mediated by EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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43
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Pellegatta M, Taveggia C. The Complex Work of Proteases and Secretases in Wallerian Degeneration: Beyond Neuregulin-1. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:93. [PMID: 30949030 PMCID: PMC6436609 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After damage, axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate and regrow following a process termed Wallerian degeneration, but the regenerative process is often incomplete and usually the system does not reach full recovery. Key steps to the creation of a permissive environment for axonal regrowth are the trans-differentiation of Schwann cells and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review article, we will discuss how proteases and secretases promote effective regeneration and remyelination. We will detail how they control neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) activity at the post-translational level, as the concerted action of alpha, beta and gamma secretases cooperates to balance activating and inhibitory signals necessary for physiological myelination and remyelination. In addition, we will discuss the role of other proteases in nerve repair, among which A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and gamma-secretases substrates. Moreover, we will present how matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases of the blood coagulation cascade participate in forming newly synthetized myelin and in regulating axonal regeneration. Overall, we will highlight how a deeper comprehension of secretases and proteases mechanism of action in Wallerian degeneration might be useful to develop new therapies with the potential of readily and efficiently improve the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pellegatta
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE at IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE at IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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44
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Targeting anti-fibrotic pathways in Crohn's disease - The final frontier? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2019; 38-39:101603. [PMID: 31327400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis with stricture formation affects up to half of patients with Crohn's disease (CD), resulting in impaired quality of life, increased risk of surgical intervention, and associated patient morbidity. The underlying pathophysiologic mechansisms responsible for initiating and perpetuating intestinal fibrosis are complex, dynamic, and implicate both inflammation-dependent and independent pathways. Previously thought to be an irreversible complication of long-standing inflammation unresponsive to medical therapy, fibrostenotic CD has been traditionally managed with endoscopic or surgical approaches. However, recent advances in our understanding of the humoral, cellular, and environmental pathways driving intestinal fibrosis has the potential to fundamentally change these management paradigms for CD-related strictures. Furthermore, the promise of fibrosis treatments in other organ systems has encouraged hope that anti-fibrotic treatment approaches for CD may be within reach. Here, we summarize the key breakthroughs in our molecular understanding of intestinal fibrosis, review current medical, endoscopic, and surgical treatment approaches to CD-related strictures, propose future directions for anti-fibrotic therapy in CD, and identify crucial research questions in this field that require additional investigation.
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45
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Astrocytes and the TGF-β1 Pathway in the Healthy and Diseased Brain: a Double-Edged Sword. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4653-4679. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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46
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Kelly A, Gunaltay S, McEntee CP, Shuttleworth EE, Smedley C, Houston SA, Fenton TM, Levison S, Mann ER, Travis MA. Human monocytes and macrophages regulate immune tolerance via integrin αvβ8-mediated TGFβ activation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2725-2736. [PMID: 30355614 PMCID: PMC6219736 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are crucial immune cells involved in regulation of inflammation either directly or via differentiation into macrophages in tissues. However, many aspects of how their function is controlled in health and disease are not understood. Here we show that human blood monocytes activate high levels of the cytokine TGFβ, a pathway that is not evident in mouse monocytes. Human CD14+, but not CD16+, monocytes activate TGFβ via expression of the integrin αvβ8 and matrix metalloproteinase 14, which dampens their production of TNFα in response to LPS. Additionally, when monocytes differentiate into macrophages, integrin expression and TGFβ-activating ability are maintained in anti-inflammatory macrophages but down-regulated in pro-inflammatory macrophages. In the healthy human intestine, integrin αvβ8 is highly expressed on mature tissue macrophages, with these cells and their integrin expression being significantly reduced in active inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, our data suggest that integrin αvβ8-mediated TGFβ activation plays a key role in regulation of monocyte inflammatory responses and intestinal macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Kelly
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sezin Gunaltay
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig P McEntee
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elinor E Shuttleworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Gastroenterology Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine Smedley
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephanie A Houston
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas M Fenton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Scott Levison
- Gastroenterology Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Mann
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark A Travis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK .,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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47
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Murphy-Ullrich JE, Suto MJ. Thrombospondin-1 regulation of latent TGF-β activation: A therapeutic target for fibrotic disease. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:28-43. [PMID: 29288716 PMCID: PMC6015530 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a central player in fibrotic disease. Clinical trials with global inhibitors of TGF-β have been disappointing, suggesting that a more targeted approach is warranted. Conversion of the latent precursor to the biologically active form of TGF-β represents a novel approach to selectively modulating TGF-β in disease, as mechanisms employed to activate latent TGF-β are typically cell, tissue, and/or disease specific. In this review, we will discuss the role of the matricellular protein, thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), in regulation of latent TGF-β activation and the use of an antagonist of TSP-1 mediated TGF-β activation in a number of diverse fibrotic diseases. In particular, we will discuss the TSP-1/TGF-β pathway in fibrotic complications of diabetes, liver fibrosis, and in multiple myeloma. We will also discuss emerging evidence for a role for TSP-1 in arterial remodeling, biomechanical modulation of TGF-β activity, and in immune dysfunction. As TSP-1 expression is upregulated by factors induced in fibrotic disease, targeting the TSP-1/TGF-β pathway potentially represents a more selective approach to controlling TGF-β activity in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, and Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, United States.
| | - Mark J Suto
- Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
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48
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Troncone E, Marafini I, Stolfi C, Monteleone G. Transforming Growth Factor-β1/Smad7 in Intestinal Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1407. [PMID: 29973939 PMCID: PMC6019438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In physiological conditions, the activity of the intestinal immune system is tightly regulated to prevent tissue-damaging reactions directed against components of the luminal flora. Various factors contribute to maintain immune homeostasis and diminished production and/or function of such molecules trigger and/or propagate detrimental signals, which can eventually lead to chronic colitis and colon cancer. One such a molecule is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a cytokine produced by many inflammatory and non-inflammatory cells and targeting virtually all the intestinal mucosal cell types, with the down-stream effect of activating intracellular Smad2/3 proteins and suppressing immune reactions. In patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), there is defective TGF-β1/Smad signaling due to high Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-β1 activity. Indeed, knockdown of Smad7 with a specific antisense oligonucleotide restores endogenous TGF-β1 activity, thereby inhibiting inflammatory pathways in patients with IBD and colitic mice. Consistently, mice over-expressing Smad7 in T cells develop severe intestinal inflammation in various experimental models. Smad7 expression is also upregulated in colon cancer cells, in which such a protein controls positively intracellular pathways that sustain neoplastic cell growth and survival. We here review the role of TGF-β1 and Smad7 in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Troncone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Marafini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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49
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Richter DJ, Fozouni P, Eisen MB, King N. Gene family innovation, conservation and loss on the animal stem lineage. eLife 2018; 7:34226. [PMID: 29848444 PMCID: PMC6040629 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, can provide unique insights into the changes in gene content that preceded the origin of animals. However, only two choanoflagellate genomes are currently available, providing poor coverage of their diversity. We sequenced transcriptomes of 19 additional choanoflagellate species to produce a comprehensive reconstruction of the gains and losses that shaped the ancestral animal gene repertoire. We identified ~1944 gene families that originated on the animal stem lineage, of which only 39 are conserved across all animals in our study. In addition, ~372 gene families previously thought to be animal-specific, including Notch, Delta, and homologs of the animal Toll-like receptor genes, instead evolved prior to the animal-choanoflagellate divergence. Our findings contribute to an increasingly detailed portrait of the gene families that defined the biology of the Urmetazoan and that may underpin core features of extant animals. All animals, from sea sponges and reef-building corals to elephants and humans, share a single common ancestor that lived over half a billion years ago. This single-celled predecessor evolved the ability to develop into a creature made up of many cells with specialized jobs. Reconstructing the steps in this evolutionary process has been difficult because the earliest animals were soft-bodied and microscopic and did not leave behind fossils that scientists can study. Though their bodies have since disintegrated, many of the instructions for building the first animals live on in genes that were passed on to life forms that still exist. Scientists are trying to retrace those genes back to the first animal by comparing the genomes of living animals with their closest relatives, the choanoflagellates. Choanoflagellates are single-celled, colony-forming organisms that live in waters around the world. Comparisons with choanoflagellates may help scientists identify which genes were necessary to help animals evolve and diversify into so many different species. So far, 1,000 animal and two choanoflagellate genomes have been sequenced. But the gene repertoires of most species of choanoflagellates have yet to be analyzed. Now, Richter et al. have cataloged the genes of 19 more species of choanoflagellates. This added information allowed them to recreate the likely gene set of the first animal and to identify genetic changes that occurred during animal evolution. The analyses showed that modern animals lost about a quarter of the genes present in their last common ancestor with choanoflagellates and gained an equal number of new genes. Richter et al. identified several dozen core animal genes that were gained and subsequently preserved throughout animal evolution. Many of these are necessary so that an embryo can develop properly, but the precise roles of some core genes remain a mystery. Most other genes that emerged in the first animals have been lost in at least one living animal. The study of Richter et al. also showed that some very important genes in animals, including genes essential for early development and genes that help the immune system detect pathogens, predate animals. These key genes trace back to animals’ last common ancestor with choanoflagellates and may have evolved new roles in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Richter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Équipe EPEP, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Parinaz Fozouni
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael B Eisen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Nicole King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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50
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TGFβ signaling related genes are involved in hormonal mediation during termite soldier differentiation. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007338. [PMID: 29641521 PMCID: PMC5912798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A working knowledge of the proximate factors intrinsic to sterile caste differentiation is necessary to understand the evolution of eusocial insects. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses in social hymenopteran insects have resulted in the hypothesis that sterile castes are generated by the novel function of co-opted or recruited universal gene networks found in solitary ancestors. However, transcriptome analysis during caste differentiation has not been tested in termites, and evolutionary processes associated with acquiring the caste are still unknown. Termites possess the soldier caste, which is regarded as the first acquired permanently sterile caste in the taxon. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis in termite heads during 3 molting processes, i.e., worker, presoldier and soldier molts, under natural conditions in an incipient colony of the damp-wood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis. Although similar expression patterns were observed during each molting process, more than 50 genes were shown to be highly expressed before the presoldier (intermediate stage of soldier) molt. We then performed RNA interference (RNAi) of the candidate 13 genes, including transcription factors and uncharacterized protein genes, during presoldier differentiation induced by juvenile hormone (JH) analog treatment. Presoldiers induced after RNAi of two genes related to TGFβ (Transforming growth factor beta) signaling were extremely unusual and possessed soldier-like phenotypes. These individuals also displayed aggressive behaviors similar to natural soldiers when confronted with Formica ants as hypothetical enemies. These presoldiers never molted into the next instar, presumably due to the decreased expression levels of the molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone; 20E) signaling genes. These results suggest that TGFβ signaling was acquired for the novel function of regulating between JH and 20E signaling during soldier differentiation in termites.
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