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Podolska MJ, Grützmann R, Pilarsky C, Bénard A. IL-3: key orchestrator of inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1411047. [PMID: 38938573 PMCID: PMC11208316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1411047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-3 has long been known for its hematopoietic properties. However, recent evidence has expanded our understanding of IL-3 function by identifying IL-3 as a critical orchestrator of inflammation in a wide array of diseases. Depending on the type of disease, the course of inflammation, the cell or the tissue involved, IL-3 promotes either pathologic inflammation or its resolution. Here, we describe the cell-specific functions of IL-3 and summarize its role in diseases. We discuss the current treatments targeting IL-3 or its receptor, and highlight the potential and the limitations of targeting IL-3 in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan Bénard
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Miyake K, Ito J, Karasuyama H. Novel insights into the ontogeny of basophils. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1402841. [PMID: 38803659 PMCID: PMC11128600 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1402841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Basophils are the least common granulocytes, accounting for <1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. In the last 20 years, analytical tools for mouse basophils have been developed, and we now recognize that basophils play critical roles in various immune reactions, including the development of allergic inflammation and protective immunity against parasites. Moreover, the combined use of flow cytometric analyses and knockout mice has uncovered several progenitor cells committed to basophils in mice. Recently, advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have challenged the classical view of the differentiation of various hematopoietic cell lineages. This is also true for basophil differentiation, and studies using scRNA-seq analysis have provided novel insights into basophil differentiation, including the association of basophil differentiation with that of erythrocyte/megakaryocyte and the discovery of novel basophil progenitor cells in the mouse bone marrow. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of basophil ontogeny in both mice and humans, mainly focusing on studies using scRNA-seq analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Park J, Kang SJ. The ontogenesis and heterogeneity of basophils. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 3:kyae003. [PMID: 38567293 PMCID: PMC10941320 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Basophils are the rarest leukocytes, but they have essential roles in protection against helminths, allergic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and some cancers. For years, the clinical significance of basophils has been neglected because of the lack of proper experimental tools to study them. The development of basophil-specific antibodies and animal models, along with genomic advances like single-cell transcriptomics, has greatly enhanced our understanding of basophil biology. Recent discoveries regarding basophils prompted us to write this review, emphasizing the basophil developmental pathway. In it, we chronologically examine the steps of basophil development in various species, which reveals the apparent advent of basophils predating IgE and basophil's IgE-independent regulatory role in primitive vertebrates. Then, we cover studies of basophil development in adult bone marrow, and compare those of murine and human basophils, introducing newly identified basophil progenitors and mature basophil subsets, as well as the transcription factors that regulate the transitions between them. Last, we discuss the heterogeneity of tissue-resident basophils, which may develop through extramedullary hematopoiesis. We expect that this review will contribute to a deeper understanding of basophil biology from the intricate aspects of basophil development and differentiation, offering valuable insights for both researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
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4
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Aintablian A, Strozniak S, Heuer M, Lutz MB. M-MDSC in vitro generation from mouse bone marrow with IL-3 reveals high expression and functional activity of arginase 1. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130600. [PMID: 37275910 PMCID: PMC10235456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) represent major regulators of immune responses, which can control T cells via their inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)- and arginase 1 (Arg1)-mediated effector functions. While GM-CSF is well documented to promote MDSC development, little is known about this potential of IL-3, an established growth factor for mast cells. Here, we show that IL-3, similar to GM-CSF, generates monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) from murine bone marrow (BM) cells after 3 days of in vitro culture. At this time point, predominantly CD11b+ CD49a+ monocytic and CD11b+ CD49a- FcεR I- neutrophilic cells were detectable, while CD11blow/neg FcεR I+ mast cells accumulated only after extended culture periods. Both growth factors were equivalent in generating M-MDSC with respect to phenotype, cell yield and typical surface markers. However, IL-3 generated M-MDSC produced less TNF, IL-1β and IL-10 after activation with LPS + IFN-γ but showed higher Arg1 expression compared to GM-CSF generated M-MDSC. Arg1 was further induced together with iNOS after MDSC activation. Accordingly, an increased Arg1-dependent suppressor activity by the IL-3 generated M-MDSC was observed using respective iNOS and Arg1 inhibitors. Together, these data indicate that M-MDSC can be generated in vitro by IL-3, similar to GM-CSF, but with increased Arg1 expression and Arg1-mediated suppression capacity. This protocol now allows further in vitro studies on the role of IL-3 for MDSC biology.
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5
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Hachem CE, Marschall P, Hener P, Karnam A, Bonam SR, Meyer P, Flatter E, Birling MC, Bayry J, Li M. IL-3 produced by T cells is crucial for basophil extravasation in hapten-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151468. [PMID: 37180157 PMCID: PMC10169741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils have been recognized as a characterized cellular player for Th2 immune responses implicated in allergic diseases, but the mechanisms responsible for basophil recruitment to allergic skin remain not well understood. Using a hapten fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) mouse model, we show that basophils in FITC-treated IL-3-knockout mice are defective in crossing the vascular endothelium to enter the inflamed skin. By generating mice in which IL-3 is selectively ablated in T cells, we further demonstrate that IL-3 produced by T cells mediates basophil extravasation. Moreover, basophils sorted from FITC-treated IL-3-knockout mice exhibit a decreased expression of integrins Itgam, Itgb2, Itga2b and Itgb7, which are potentially implicated in extravasation process. Interestingly, we observed that these basophils had a reduced expression of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (Aldh1a2), an enzyme responsible for the production of retinoic acid (RA), and administration of all-trans RA restored partially the extravasation of basophils in IL-3-knockout mice. Finally, we validate that IL-3 induces the expression of ALDH1A2 in primary human basophils, and provide further evidence that IL-3 stimulation induces the expression of integrins particularly ITGB7 in an RA-dependent manner. Together, our data propose a model that IL-3 produced by T cells activates ALDH1A2 expression by basophils, leading to the production of RA, which subsequently induces the expression of integrins crucially implicated in basophil extravasation to inflamed ACD skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole El Hachem
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Marschall
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Hener
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anupama Karnam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Meyer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Eric Flatter
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India
| | - Mei Li
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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6
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Targeted deletion of Interleukin-3 results in asthma exacerbations. iScience 2022; 25:104440. [PMID: 35707726 PMCID: PMC9189047 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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7
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Oyesola OO, Früh SP, Webb LM, Tait Wojno ED. Cytokines and beyond: Regulation of innate immune responses during helminth infection. Cytokine 2020; 133:154527. [PMID: 30241895 PMCID: PMC6422760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infection elicits a type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. During type 2 inflammation, damaged or stimulated epithelial cells exposed to helminths and their products produce alarmins and cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These factors promote innate immune cell activation that supports the polarization of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Activated innate and Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, -5, -9, and -13 that perpetuate immune activation and act back on the epithelium to cause goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial cell turnover. Together, these events facilitate worm expulsion and wound healing processes. While the role of Th2 cells in this context has been heavily studied, recent work has revealed that epithelial cell-derived cytokines are drivers of key innate immune responses that are critical for type 2 anti-helminth responses. Cutting-edge studies have begun to fully assess how other factors and pathways, including lipid mediators, chemokines, Fc receptor signaling, danger-associated molecular pattern molecules, and direct cell-cell interactions, also participate in shaping innate cell-mediated type 2 inflammation. In this review, we discuss how these pathways intersect and synergize with pathways controlled by epithelial cell-derived cytokines to coordinate innate immune responses that drive helminth-induced type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O Oyesola
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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8
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Deem TL, Collins JB, DeVost MH, Parker CO, Saroka SC, Zoldork RJ, Gutierrez F, Russell JM, Lantz CS. Assessment of faithful interleukin-3 production by novel bicistronic interleukin-3 reporter mice. Immunol Lett 2020; 221:18-26. [PMID: 32084428 PMCID: PMC7157941 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is an important hematopoietic growth factor and immunregulatory cytokine. Although activated T helper cells represent a main source of IL-3, other cell types have been reported to express this cytokine. However, precise identification and quantification of the cells that produce IL-3 in vivo have not been performed. Therefore, we used a CRISPR/Cas approach to engineer mice containing a bicistronic mRNA linking a readily identifiable reporter, enhanced green fluorescent protein (ZsGreen1), to IL-3 expression. To characterize these novel reporter mice, we first examined ZsGreen1 expression by CD4 T cells subsets primed and activated in vitro. We found that activated Th1 cells expressed ∼4-fold higher levels of ZsGreen1 as compared to Th0 and Th2 cells. Endogenous IL-3 expression remained intact although reporter Th1 cells secreted ∼33 % less IL-3 than similarly activated wild-type cells. To characterize the ability of reporter mice to accurately mark IL-3-producing cells in vivo, we infected mice with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Low but significant numbers of ZsGreen1+ CD4 T cells were detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes and lung following both primary and secondary infection. No difference in basophil and intestinal mast cell numbers were observed between infected reporter and wild-type mice indicating that reporter mice secreted IL-3 levels in vivo that results in IL-3-driven biological activities which are indistinguishable from those observed in corresponding wild-type mice. These IL-3 reporter mice will be a valuable resource to investigate IL-3-dependent immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Deem
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA; Department of Biology, Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA, 22812, USA
| | - James B Collins
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Madison H DeVost
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Chandler O Parker
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA; Department of Biology, Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA, 22812, USA
| | - Shelby C Saroka
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Ryan J Zoldork
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Fernando Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Jenny M Russell
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Chris S Lantz
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
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9
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Olivera A, Rivera J. Paradigm Shifts in Mast Cell and Basophil Biology and Function: An Emerging View of Immune Regulation in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2163:3-31. [PMID: 32766962 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0696-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of the mast cell and basophil has for many years remained enigmatic. In this chapter, we briefly summarize some of the more recent studies that shed new light on the role of mast cells and basophils in health and disease. What we gain from these studies is a new appreciation for mast cells and basophils as sentinels in host defense and a further understanding that dysregulation of mast cell and basophil function can be a component of various diseases other than allergies. Perhaps the most important insight reaped from this work is the increasing awareness that mast cells and basophils can function as immunoregulatory cells that modulate the immune response in health and disease. Collectively, the recent knowledge provides new challenges and opportunities toward the development of novel therapeutic strategies to augment host protection and modify disease through manipulation of mast cell and basophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olivera
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Juan Rivera
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Balam S, Schiechl-Brachner G, Buchtler S, Halbritter D, Schmidbauer K, Talke Y, Neumayer S, Salewski JN, Winter F, Karasuyama H, Yamanishi Y, Renner K, Geissler EK, Mack M. IL-3 Triggers Chronic Rejection of Cardiac Allografts by Activation of Infiltrating Basophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3514-3523. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Sharma M, Das M, Stephen-Victor E, Galeotti C, Karnam A, Maddur MS, Bruneval P, Kaveri SV, Bayry J. Regulatory T cells induce activation rather than suppression of human basophils. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/23/eaan0829. [PMID: 29802207 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are a rare granulocyte population that has been associated with allergic and inflammatory responses. It is essential to understand the regulatory mechanisms by which basophils are kept in check, considering the impact of dysregulated basophil function on immune responses under different pathological conditions. Among immunoregulatory cells, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the key players that maintain immune tolerance. The mechanisms by which Tregs regulate and suppress diverse immune cell subsets have been studied extensively, but the impact of Tregs on basophil functions is not well understood. We report that human basophils are refractory to Treg-mediated suppression and found that Tregs stimulate resting basophils to induce the expression of activation markers including CD69, CD203c, and CD13 and the release of basophil cytokines including IL-13, IL-8, and IL-4. Mechanistically, Tregs could induce human basophil activation via IL-3 and STAT5 activation, whereas cellular contact was dispensable. Inhibition of either IL-3-IL-3 receptor interactions or STAT5 phosphorylation abrogated Treg-mediated activation of basophils. These results provide evidence of direct positive effects that human Tregs have on basophil activation and reveal a previously unrecognized feature of this cell subset well known for immunosuppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Sharma
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75006, France.,Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne F-60205, France
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Caroline Galeotti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Anupama Karnam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Mohan S Maddur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Srini V Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75006, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France
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12
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Reitz M, Brunn ML, Voehringer D, Breloer M. Basophils are dispensable for the establishment of protective adaptive immunity against primary and challenge infection with the intestinal helminth parasite Strongyloides ratti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006992. [PMID: 30496188 PMCID: PMC6289456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with helminth parasites are controlled by a concerted action of innate and adaptive effector cells in the frame of a type 2 immune response. Basophils are innate effector cells that may also contribute to the initiation and amplification of adaptive immune responses. Here, we use constitutively basophil-deficient Mcpt8-Cre mice to analyze the impact of basophils during initiation and execution of the protective type 2 responses to both, a primary infection and a challenge infection of immune mice with the helminth parasite Strongyloides ratti. Basophil numbers expanded during parasite infection in blood and mesenteric lymph nodes. Basophil deficiency significantly elevated intestinal parasite numbers and fecal release of eggs and larvae during a primary infection. However, basophils were neither required for the initiation of a S. ratti-specific cellular and humoral type 2 immune response nor for the efficient protection against a challenge infection. Production of Th2 cytokines, IgG1 and IgE as well as mast cell activation were not reduced in basophil-deficient Mcpt8-Cre mice compared to basophil-competent Mcpt8-WT littermates. In addition, a challenge infection of immune basophil-deficient and WT mice resulted in a comparable reduction of tissue migrating larvae, parasites in the intestine and fecal release of eggs and L1 compared to mice infected for the first time. We have shown previously that S. ratti infection induced expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells that interfered with efficient parasite expulsion. Here we show that depletion of regulatory T cells reduced intestinal parasite burden also in absence of basophils. Thus basophils were not targeted specifically by S. ratti-mediated immune evasive mechanisms. Our collective data rather suggests that basophils are non-redundant innate effector cells during murine Strongyloides infections that contribute to the early control of intestinal parasite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Reitz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Inclan-Rico JM, Siracusa MC. First Responders: Innate Immunity to Helminths. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:861-880. [PMID: 30177466 PMCID: PMC6168350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections represent a significant public health concern resulting in devastating morbidity and economic consequences across the globe. Helminths migrate through mucosal sites causing tissue damage and the induction of type 2 immune responses. Antihelminth protection relies on the mobilization and activation of multiple immune cells, including type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s), basophils, mast cells, macrophages, and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Further, epithelial cells and neurons have been recognized as important regulators of type 2 immunity. Collectively, these pathways stimulate host-protective responses necessary for worm expulsion and the healing of affected tissues. In this review we focus on the innate immune pathways that regulate immunity to helminth parasites and describe how better understanding of these pathways may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Inclan-Rico
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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14
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Salman TM, Alagbonsi IA, Feyitimi ARA, Ajayi PO. Telfairia occidentalis Hook.f. - associated haematopoietic effect is mediated by cytokines but independent of testosterone: A preliminary report. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 216:157-161. [PMID: 29353002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Telfairia occidentalis Hook.f. (TO) is popular in Nigeria for the ethnopharmacological use of its leaves to improve haematological parameters in normal and anaemic subjects. Cytokines are well-known to regulate haematopoiesis. However, their involvement in TO-associated haematopoietic effect is not known and necessitated this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five (25) male rats were randomly divided into 3 oral treatment groups as follows: Group 1 (control, n=5) received 0.2 ml/kg normal saline for 14 days. Groups 2 and 3 (n= 10 each) were subdivided into 2 (n=5) and received 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of aqueous extract of TO respectively for 7 or 14 days. RESULTS TO had dose- and duration-dependent effects on the estimated parameters. Both doses of TO increased the RBC, WBC and erythropoietin concentrations at 14 but not 7 days. Moreover, its 100 mg/kg increased haemoglobin, neutrophil, and interleukin-3 concentrations at 7 days, while 200 mg/kg increased PCV and neutrophils at 14 days, lymphocytes at 7 days, and haemoglobin at both durations. CONCLUSION The haematopoietic effect of TO might be partly mediated by cytokines (interleukin-3 and erythropoietin) but independent of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyin Mohammed Salman
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Isiaka Abdullateef Alagbonsi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Gitwe, Gitwe, P.O. Box 1 Nyanza, Ruhango District, Southern Province, Republic of Rwanda.
| | | | - Peter O Ajayi
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
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Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Goldberg MF, Saini NK, Johndrow CT, Ng TW, Johnson AJ, Xu J, Chan J, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. Transcriptome Analysis of Mycobacteria-Specific CD4 + T Cells Identified by Activation-Induced Expression of CD154. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2596-2606. [PMID: 28821584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in mycobacterial infections at the transcriptome level is informative but technically challenging. Although several methods exist for identifying Ag-specific T cells, including intracellular cytokine staining, cell surface cytokine-capture assays, and staining with peptide:MHC class II multimers, all of these have significant technical constraints that limit their usefulness. Measurement of activation-induced expression of CD154 has been reported to detect live Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, but this approach remains underexplored and, to our knowledge, has not previously been applied in mycobacteria-infected animals. In this article, we show that CD154 expression identifies adoptively transferred or endogenous Ag-specific CD4+ T cells induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. We confirmed that Ag-specific cytokine production was positively correlated with CD154 expression by CD4+ T cells from bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated mice and show that high-quality microarrays can be performed from RNA isolated from CD154+ cells purified by cell sorting. Analysis of microarray data demonstrated that the transcriptome of CD4+ CD154+ cells was distinct from that of CD154- cells and showed major enrichment of transcripts encoding multiple cytokines and pathways of cellular activation. One notable finding was the identification of a previously unrecognized subset of mycobacteria-specific CD4+ T cells that is characterized by the production of IL-3. Our results support the use of CD154 expression as a practical and reliable method to isolate live Ag-specific CD4+ T cells for transcriptomic analysis and potentially for a range of other studies in infected or previously immunized hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Neeraj K Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Christopher T Johndrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Tony W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Alison J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
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16
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Differences in the Importance of Mast Cells, Basophils, IgE, and IgG versus That of CD4 + T Cells and ILC2 Cells in Primary and Secondary Immunity to Strongyloides venezuelensis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00053-17. [PMID: 28264908 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that mast cells, basophils, and IgE can contribute to immune responses to parasites; however, the relative levels of importance of these effector elements in parasite immunity are not fully understood. Previous work in Il3-deficient and c-kit mutant KitW/W-v mice indicated that interleukin-3 and c-Kit contribute to expulsion of the intestinal nematode Strongyloides venezuelensis during primary infection. Our findings in mast cell-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice and two types of mast cell-deficient mice that have normal c-kit ("Hello Kitty" and MasTRECK mice) confirmed prior work in KitW/W-v mice that suggested that mast cells play an important role in S. venezuelensis egg clearance in primary infections. We also assessed a possible contribution of basophils in immune responses to S. venezuelensis By immunohistochemistry, we found that numbers of basophils and mast cells were markedly increased in the jejunal mucosa during primary infections with S. venezuelensis Studies in basophil-deficient Mcpt8DTR mice revealed a small but significant contribution of basophils to S. venezuelensis egg clearance in primary infections. Studies in mice deficient in various components of immune responses showed that CD4+ T cells and ILC2 cells, IgG, FcRγ, and, to a lesser extent, IgE and FcεRI contribute to effective immunity in primary S. venezuelensis infections. These findings support the conclusion that the hierarchy of importance of immune effector mechanisms in primary S. venezuelensis infection is as follows: CD4+ T cells/ILC2 cells, IgG, and FcRγ>mast cells>IgE and FcεRI>basophils. In contrast, in secondary S. venezuelensis infection, our evidence indicates that the presence of CD4+ T cells is of critical importance but mast cells, antibodies, and basophils have few or no nonredundant roles.
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17
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Mucosal mast cells are indispensable for the timely termination of Strongyloides ratti infection. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:481-492. [PMID: 27381924 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are innate immune cells with overlapping functions that contribute to anti-helminth immunity. Mast cell function during helminth infection was previously studied using mast cell-deficient Kit-mutant mice that display additional mast cell-unrelated immune deficiencies. Here, we use mice that lack basophils or mucosal and connective tissue mast cells in a Kit-independent manner to re-evaluate the impact of each cell type during helminth infection. Neither mast cells nor basophils participated in the immune response to tissue-migrating Strongyloides ratti third-stage larvae, but both cell types contributed to the early expulsion of parasitic adults from the intestine. The termination of S. ratti infection required the presence of mucosal mast cells: Cpa3Cre mice, which lack mucosal and connective tissue mast cells, remained infected for more than 150 days. Mcpt5Cre R-DTA mice, which lack connective tissue mast cells only, and basophil-deficient Mcpt8Cre mice terminated the infection after 1 month with wild-type kinetics despite their initial increase in intestinal parasite burden. Because Cpa3Cre mice showed intact Th2 polarization and efficiently developed protective immunity after vaccination, we hypothesize that mucosal mast cells are non-redundant terminal effector cells in the intestinal epithelium that execute anti-helminth immunity but do not orchestrate it.
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18
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The Evolution of Human Basophil Biology from Neglect towards Understanding of Their Immune Functions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8232830. [PMID: 28078302 PMCID: PMC5204076 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8232830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Being discovered long ago basophils have been neglected for more than a century. During the past decade evidence emerged that basophils share features of innate and adaptive immunity. Nowadays, basophils are best known for their striking effector role in the allergic reaction. They hence have been used for establishing new diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches and for characterizing natural and recombinant allergens as well as hypoallergens, which display lower or diminished IgE-binding activity. However, it was a long way from discovery in 1879 until identification of their function in hypersensitivity reactions, including adverse drug reactions. Starting with a historical background, this review highlights the modern view on basophil biology.
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19
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Innate cell communication kick-starts pathogen-specific immunity. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:356-63. [PMID: 27002843 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate cells are responsible for the rapid recognition of infection and mediate essential mechanisms of pathogen elimination, and also facilitate adaptive immune responses. We review here the numerous intricate interactions among innate cells that initiate protective immunity. The efficient eradication of pathogens depends on the coordinated actions of multiple cells, including innate cells and epithelial cells. Rather than acting as isolated effector cells, innate cells are in constant communication with other responding cells of the immune system, locally and distally. These interactions are critically important for the efficient control of primary infections as well for the development of 'trained' innate cells that facilitate the rapid elimination of homologous or heterologous infections.
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20
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Eberle JU, Voehringer D. Role of basophils in protective immunity to parasitic infections. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:605-13. [PMID: 27116557 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Basophils have been recognized as important players for protective immunity against a variety of different endo- and ectoparasites. Although basophils represent a relatively rare and short-lived cell type, they produce large quantities of effector molecules including histamine, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators which promote type 2 immune responses. Basophils can be activated either directly by parasite-derived factors or indirectly by recognition of parasite-derived antigens via IgE bound to its high-affinity receptor FcεRI on the cell surface. Many parasitic infections cause expansion and tissue recruitment of basophils, but the role of basophils for protective immunity remains poorly understood. The development of basophil-deficient mouse models over the past few years makes it possible to study their contributions in various infections. We review here the current knowledge regarding the role of basophils for protective or immunomodulatory functions of basophils mainly during infections of mice with protozoan parasites, helminths, and ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg U Eberle
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
The human pathogenic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis infects approximately 30-100 million people worldwide. Analysis of the adaptive immune response to S. stercoralis beyond descriptive studies is challenging, as no murine model for the complete infection cycle is available. However, the combined employment of different models each capable of modelling some features of S. stercoralis life cycle and pathology has advanced our understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in host defence. Here we review: (i) studies using S. stercoralis third stage larvae implanted in diffusion chambers in the subcutaneous tissue of mice that allow analysis of the immune response to the human pathogenic Strongyloides species; (ii) studies using Strongyloides ratti and Strongyloides venezuelensis that infect mice and rats to extend the analysis to the parasites intestinal life stage and (iii) studies using S. stercoralis infected gerbils to analyse the hyperinfection syndrome, a severe complication of human strongyloidiasis that is not induced by rodent specific Strongyloides spp. We provide an overview of the information accumulated so far showing that Strongyloides spp. elicits a classical Th2 response that culminates in different, site specific, effector functions leading to either entrapment and killing of larvae in the tissues or expulsion of parasitic adults from the intestine.
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22
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Monovalent Fc receptor blockade by an anti–Fcγ receptor/albumin fusion protein ameliorates murine ITP with abrogated toxicity. Blood 2016; 127:132-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-664656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
We generated a novel monovalent anti-FcγRIII/albumin fusion protein that ameliorates antibody-mediated murine ITP. Severe adverse events by anti-FcγR antibodies because of FcγR cross-linking are overcome by monovalent FcγR blockade.
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23
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Paradigm shifts in mast cell and basophil biology and function: an emerging view of immune regulation in health and disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1192:3-31. [PMID: 25149480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1173-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of the mast cell and basophil has for many years remained enigmatic. In this chapter we briefly summarize some of the more recent studies that shed new light on the role of mast cells and basophils in health and disease. What we gain from these studies is a new appreciation for mast cells and basophils as sentinels in host defense and a further understanding that dysregulation of mast cell and basophil function can be a component of various diseases other than allergies. Perhaps, the most important insight reaped from this work is the increasing awareness that mast cells and basophils can function as immunoregulatory cells that modulate the immune response in health and disease. Collectively, the recent knowledge provides new challenges and opportunities towards the development of novel therapeutic strategies to augment host protection and modify disease through manipulation of mast cell and basophil function.
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24
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Cysteine protease antigens cleave CD123, the α subunit of murine IL-3 receptor, on basophils and suppress IL-3-mediated basophil expansion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:261-6. [PMID: 25778870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Th2 type immune responses are essential for protective immunity against parasites and play crucial roles in allergic disorders. Helminth parasites secrete a variety of proteases for their infectious cycles including for host entry, tissue migration, and suppression of host immune effector cell function. Furthermore, a number of pathogen-derived antigens, as well as allergens such as papain, belong to the family of cysteine proteases. Although the link between protease activity and Th2 type immunity is well documented, the mechanisms by which proteases regulate host immune responses are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the cysteine proteases papain and bromelain selectively cleave the α subunit of the IL-3 receptor (IL-3Rα/CD123) on the surface of murine basophils. The decrease in CD123 expression on the cell surface, and the degradation of the extracellular domain of recombinant CD123 were dependent on the protease activity of papain and bromelain. Pre-treatment of murine basophils with papain resulted in inhibition of IL-3-IL-3R signaling and suppressed IL-3- but not thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced expansion of basophils in vitro. Our unexpected findings illuminate a novel mechanism for the regulation of basophil functions by protease antigens. Because IL-3 plays pivotal roles in the activation and proliferation of basophils and in protective immunity against helminth parasites, pathogen-derived proteases might contribute to the pathogenesis of infections by regulating IL-3-mediated functions in basophils.
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25
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Skin thymic stromal lymphopoietin initiates Th2 responses through an orchestrated immune cascade. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2847. [PMID: 24284909 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has emerged as a key initiator in Th2 immune responses, but the TSLP-driven immune cascade leading to Th2 initiation remains to be delineated. Here, by dissecting the cellular network triggered by mouse skin TSLP in vivo, we uncover that TSLP-promoted IL-4 induction in CD4(+) T cells in skin-draining lymph nodes is driven by an orchestrated 'DC-T-Baso-T' cascade, which represents a sequential cooperation of dendritic cells (DCs), CD4(+) T cells and basophils. Moreover, we reveal that TSLP-activated DCs prime naive CD4(+) T cells to produce IL-3 via OX40L signalling and demonstrate that the OX40L-IL-3 axis has a critical role in mediating basophil recruitment, CD4(+) T-cell expansion and Th2 priming. These findings thus add novel insights into the cellular network and signal axis underlying the initiation of Th2 immune responses.
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26
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Auclair SR, Roth KE, Saunders BL, Ogborn KM, Sheikh AA, Naples J, Young AMP, Boisen DK, Tavangar AT, Welch JE, Lantz CS. Interleukin-3-deficient mice have increased resistance to blood-stage malaria. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1308-14. [PMID: 24379292 PMCID: PMC3957999 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01140-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of interleukin-3 (IL-3), a hematopoietic growth factor and immunoregulatory cytokine, to resistance to blood-stage malaria was investigated by infecting IL-3-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Male IL-3 KO mice, but not female mice, were more resistant to infection than wild-type (WT) mice, as evidenced by lower peak parasitemia and prolonged survival. Both male and female IL-3 KO mice had increased splenomegaly and were more anemic than corresponding WT mice. Anemia was compensated for by an increase in bone marrow and splenic erythropoiesis in IL-3 KO mice, as evidenced by higher levels of erythroid progenitors. Plasma levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and CXCL9 (monokine induced by IFN-γ [MIG]) were found to be significantly reduced in IL-3 KO mice during early stages of infection. In contrast, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels were significantly higher, and the percentage of peripheral blood neutrophils lower, in infected IL-3 KO mice than in WT counterparts. Overall, our results indicate that IL-3 plays a critical role in suppressing protective immunity to P. berghei NK65 infection and that it is involved in inhibiting the development of splenomegaly, anemia, and erythropoiesis. IL-3 also influences IFN-γ, CXCL9, and G-CSF production in response to infection. The abnormal responses seen in infected IL-3 KO mice may be due to the lack of IL-3 during development, to the lack of IL-3 in the infected mature mice, or to both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Auclair
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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27
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Bischof A, Brumshagen C, Ding N, Kirchhof G, Briles DE, Gessner JE, Welte T, Mack M, Maus UA. Basophil Expansion Protects Against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Mice. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:14-24. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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28
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Abstract
Basophils have emerged in recent years as a small but potent subpopulation of leukocytes capable of bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They can be activated through IgE-dependent and IgE-independent mechanisms to release preformed mediators and to produce Th2 cytokines. In addition to their role in protective immunity to helminths, basophils are major participants in allergic reactions as diverse as anaphylaxis and immediate hypersensitivity reactions, late-phase hypersensitivity reactions, and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Additionally, basophils have been implicated in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases such as lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and the modulation of immune responses to bacterial infections, as well as being a feature of myelogenous leukemias. Distinct signals for activation, degranulation, transendothelial migration, and immune regulation are being defined, and demonstrate the important role of basophils in promoting a Th2 microenvironment. These mechanistic insights are driving innovative approaches for diagnostic testing and therapeutic targeting of basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cromheecke
- Departments of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology and Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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29
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Righetti RF, Pigati PADS, Possa SS, Habrum FC, Xisto DG, Antunes MA, Leick EA, Prado CM, Martins MDA, Rocco PRM, Tibério IDFLC. Effects of Rho-kinase inhibition in lung tissue with chronic inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 192:134-46. [PMID: 24373838 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether Rho-kinase inhibition (Y-27632) modulated distal lung responsiveness, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling and oxidative stress activation in guinea pigs (GPs) with chronic allergic inflammation. GPs were submitted to inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA-2×/week/4 weeks). From the 5th inhalation on, the Rho-kinase inhibitor group animals were submitted to Y-27632 inhalation 10min before each inhalation of OVA. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation, the oscillatory mechanics of the distal lung strips were assessed under the baseline condition and after the ovalbumin challenge. Subsequently, the lung slices were submitted to morphometry. Rho-kinase inhibition in the ovalbumin-exposed animals attenuated distal lung elastance and resistance, eosinophils, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TIMP-1, MMP-9, TGF-β, IFN-γ, NF-κB and iNOS-positive cells and the volume fraction of 8-iso-PGF2α, elastic, collagen and actin in alveolar walls compared with the OVA group (P<0.05). Rho-kinase inhibition contributed to the control of distal lung responsiveness, eosinophilic and Th1/Th2 responses and extracellular matrix remodeling in an animal model of chronic allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Fraga Righetti
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Samantha Souza Possa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Cetinic Habrum
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Débora Gonçalves Xisto
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Alves Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Edna Aparecida Leick
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mílton de Arruda Martins
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
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30
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Siracusa MC, Kim BS, Spergel JM, Artis D. Basophils and allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:789-801; quiz 788. [PMID: 24075190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Basophils were discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 and represent the least abundant granulocyte population in mammals. The relative rarity of basophils and their phenotypic similarities with mast cells resulted in this cell lineage being historically overlooked, both clinically and experimentally. However, recent studies in human subjects and murine systems have shown that basophils perform nonredundant effector functions and significantly contribute to the development and progression of TH2 cytokine-mediated inflammation. Although the potential functions of murine and human basophils have provoked some controversy, recent genetic approaches indicate that basophils can migrate into lymphoid tissues and, in some circumstances, cooperate with other immune cells to promote optimal TH2 cytokine responses in vivo. This article provides a brief historical perspective on basophil-related research and discusses recent studies that have identified previously unappreciated molecules and pathways that regulate basophil development, activation, and function in the context of allergic inflammation. Furthermore, we highlight the unique effector functions of basophils and discuss their contributions to the development and pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in human disease. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting basophils in preventing or alleviating the development and progression of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
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Abstract
The Ikaros gene (Ikzf1) encodes a family of zinc-finger transcription factors implicated in hematopoietic cell differentiation. Here we show that Ikaros suppresses the development of basophils, which are proinflammatory cells of the myeloid lineage. In the absence of extrinsic basophil-inducing signals, Ikaros(-/-) (Ik(-/-)) mice exhibit increases in basophil numbers in blood and bone marrow and in their direct precursors in bone marrow and the spleen, as well as decreased numbers of intestinal mast cells. In vitro culture of Ik(-/-) bone marrow under mast cell differentiation conditions also results in predominance of basophils. Basophil expansion is associated with an increase in basophil progenitors, increased expression of Cebpa and decreased expression of mast cell-specifying genes Hes1 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf). Ikaros directly associates with regulatory sites within Cebpa and Hes1 and regulates the acquisition of permissive H3K4 tri-methylation marks at the Cebpa locus and reduces H3K4 tri-methylation at the Hes1 promoter. Ikaros blockade in cultured cells or transfer of Ik(-/-) bone marrow into irradiated Ik(+/+) recipients also results in increased basophils confirming a cell-intrinsic effect of Ikaros on basophil development. We conclude that Ikaros is a suppressor of basophil differentiation under steady-state conditions and that it acts by regulating permissive chromatin modifications of Cebpa.
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Siracusa MC, Wojno EDT, Artis D. Functional heterogeneity in the basophil cell lineage. Adv Immunol 2013; 115:141-59. [PMID: 22608258 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394299-9.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells, characterized by their expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, are required for immunity to helminth parasites and promote the pathological inflammation associated with asthma and allergic diseases. Recent reports from a number of laboratories have indicated that basophils can influence the induction and/or effector stages of Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation. However, the impact of basophils appears to depend on the anatomical location and nature of the infectious or inflammatory stimulus. This review highlights the factors that regulate basophil development and activation and describes known basophil effector functions. Further, we discuss the recent identification of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within murine and human basophil populations and discuss how these findings may explain the context-dependent influence of basophils on either the propagation, regulation, or effector phases of Th2 cytokine-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Giacomin PR, Siracusa MC, Walsh KP, Grencis RK, Kubo M, Comeau MR, Artis D. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-dependent basophils promote Th2 cytokine responses following intestinal helminth infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4371-8. [PMID: 23024277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) Th2 cytokine responses promote the development of allergic inflammation and are critical for immunity to parasitic helminth infection. Recent studies highlighted that basophils can promote Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation and that phenotypic and functional heterogeneity exists between classical IL-3-elicited basophils and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-elicited basophils. However, whether distinct basophil populations develop after helminth infection and their relative contributions to anti-helminth immune responses remain to be defined. After Trichinella spiralis infection of mice, we show that basophil responses are rapidly induced in multiple tissue compartments, including intestinal-draining lymph nodes. Trichinella-induced basophil responses were IL-3-IL-3R independent but critically dependent on TSLP-TSLPR interactions. Selective depletion of basophils after Trichinella infection impaired infection-induced CD4(+) Th2 cytokine responses, suggesting that TSLP-dependent basophils augment Th2 cytokine responses after helminth infection. The identification and functional classification of TSLP-dependent basophils in a helminth infection model, coupled with their recently described role in promoting atopic dermatitis, suggests that these cells may be a critical population in promoting Th2 cytokine-associated inflammation in a variety of inflammatory or infectious settings. Collectively, these data suggest that the TSLP-basophil pathway may represent a new target in the design of therapeutic intervention strategies to promote or limit Th2 cytokine-dependent immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Giacomin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Basophils are powerful mediators of Th2 immunity and are present in increased numbers during allergic inflammation and helminth infection. Despite their ability to potentiate Th2 immunity the mechanisms regulating basophil development remain largely unknown. We have found a unique role for isotype-switched antibodies in promoting helminth-induced basophil production following infection of mice with Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. H. polygyrus bakeri-induced basophil expansion was found to occur within the bone marrow, and to a lesser extent the spleen, and was IL-3 dependent. IL-3 was largely produced by CD4(+)CD49b(+)NK1.1(-) effector T cells at these sites, and required the IL-4Rα chain. However, antibody-deficient mice exhibited defective basophil mobilization despite intact T-cell IL-3 production, and supplementation of mice with immune serum could promote basophilia independently of required IL-4Rα signaling. Helminth-induced eosinophilia was not affected by the deficiency in isotype-switched antibodies, suggesting a direct effect on basophils rather than through priming of Th2 responses. Although normal type 2 immunity occurred in the basopenic mice following primary infection with H. polygyrus bakeri, parasite rejection following challenge infection was impaired. These data reveal a role for isotype-switched antibodies in promoting basophil expansion and effector function following helminth infection.
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Innate immune cells in liver inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:949157. [PMID: 22933833 PMCID: PMC3425885 DOI: 10.1155/2012/949157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune system is the first line of defence against invading pathogens that is critical for the overall survival of the host. Human liver is characterised by a dual blood supply, with 80% of blood entering through the portal vein carrying nutrients and bacterial endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract. The liver is thus constantly exposed to antigenic loads. Therefore, pathogenic microorganism must be efficiently eliminated whilst harmless antigens derived from the gastrointestinal tract need to be tolerized in the liver. In order to achieve this, the liver innate immune system is equipped with multiple cellular components; monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells which coordinate to exert tolerogenic environment at the same time detect, respond, and eliminate invading pathogens, infected or transformed self to mount immunity. This paper will discuss the innate immune cells that take part in human liver inflammation, and their roles in both resolution of inflammation and tissue repair.
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Abstract
Runx1(P1N/P1N) mice are deficient in the transcription factor distal promoter-derived Runt-related transcription factor 1 (P1-Runx1) and have a > 90% reduction in the numbers of basophils in the BM, spleen, and blood. In contrast, Runx1(P1N/P1N) mice have normal numbers of the other granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils). Although basophils and mast cells share some common features, Runx1(P1N/P1N) mice have normal numbers of mast cells in multiple tissues. Runx1(P1N/P1N) mice fail to develop a basophil-dependent reaction, IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation of the skin, but respond normally when tested for IgE- and mast cell-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo or IgE-dependent mast cell degranulation in vitro. These results demonstrate that Runx1(P1N/P1N) mice exhibit markedly impaired function of basophils, but not mast cells. Infection with the parasite Strongyloides venezuelensis and injections of IL-3, each of which induces marked basophilia in wild-type mice, also induce modest expansions of the very small populations of basophils in Runx1(P1N/P1N) mice. Finally, Runx1(P1N/P1N) mice have normal numbers of the granulocyte progenitor cells, SN-Flk2(+/-), which can give rise to all granulocytes, but exhibit a > 95% reduction in basophil progenitors. The results of the present study suggest that P1-Runx1 is critical for a stage of basophil development between SN-Flk2(+/-) cells and basophil progenitors.
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Abstract
Early studies that used parasite-infected interleukin-4 (IL-4) reporter animals led us to identify basophils as the primary source of IL-4 and hence propose the hypothesis that basophils trigger the development of antigen-specific T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses in vivo. These findings appeared to resolve a long-standing puzzle underlying Th2 immunity, that is, 'what is the source of the initial IL-4 necessary for CD4 T-cell differentiation into Th2 effector cells?'. However, results from extensive investigations of the contribution of basophils to Th2 immunity unveiled some controversial data that cast doubt on the initial hypothesis. In this review, the consensus and the controversy regarding the roles of basophils in infection and immunity, as well as outstanding questions for the future, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Booki Min
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Vukman KV, Visnovitz T, Adams PN, Metz M, Maurer M, O'Neill SM. Mast cells cultured from IL-3-treated mice show impaired responses to bacterial antigen stimulation. Inflamm Res 2011; 61:79-85. [PMID: 22068549 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study exploits the biological activity of interleukin (IL)-3 to generate high yields of peritoneal mast cells ex vivo in order to examine pro-inflammatory immune responses in ex-vivo culture. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS Mast cells were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice. TREATMENT Mice were injected intraperitoneally twice per day for 5 days with IL-3 (40-50 μg/ml) to increase mast cell numbers. METHODS Histological studies examined mast cell numbers in the peritoneal cavity, intestine, lung, spleen and skeletal muscle. Peritoneal mast cells cultured ex vivo (PCMCs) were stimulated for 24 h with lipopolysaccharide and Bordetella pertussis antigen and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and interferon-γ into supernatant was measured by commercial ELISA. Cell surface marker expression of FcεRI, c-kit, OX40L and TLR2 was measured by flow cytometry. Mast cell degranulation was measured using a β-hexosaminidase assay. RESULTS IL-3 treatment increases mast cell numbers in the peritoneal cavity, spleen and muscle but not intestine and lung of C57BL/6 mice. PCMCs generated from IL-3-treated mice exhibit impaired growth, differentiation and responses to activation as measured by decreased cytokine secretion and cell surface marker expression. CONCLUSION Mast cells cultured from IL-3-treated mice show impaired responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina V Vukman
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
After approximately 130 years since their discovery as rare granulocytes that circulate in blood, basophils are just now gaining respect as significant contributors in the pathogenesis underlying allergic inflammation and disease. While long known for secreting preformed and newly synthesized mediators and for selectively infiltrating tissue during immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation, their role has largely been viewed as redundant to that of tissue mast cells in functioning as effector cells. This line of thought has persisted even though it has been known in humans for approximately 20 years that basophils additionally produce relatively large quantities of cytokines, e.g. interleukin-4 (IL-4)/IL-13, that are central for the manifestations of allergic disease. Studies using novel IL-4 reporter mice have significantly added to the in vivo importance of basophils as IL-4 producing cells, with recent findings indicating that these cells also function as antigen-presenting cells essential in initiating T-helper 2 responses. If confirmed and translated to humans, these provocative findings will give new meaning to the role basophils have in allergic disease, and in immunology overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Bosch X, Lozano F, Cervera R, Ramos-Casals M, Min B. Basophils, IgE, and autoantibody-mediated kidney disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6083-90. [PMID: 21597041 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are of interest in immunology due to their ability to produce a Th2-signature cytokine, IL-4, following activation. A new understanding of the role of basophils in immunity shows novel functions at a cellular level through which basophils influence adaptive immunity. This review summarizes new advances in basophil biology and discusses new roles for basophils in human disease, especially in the mediation of the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Recently, basophils have been shown to contribute to self-reactive Ab production in systemic lupus erythematosus and may enhance pre-existing loss of B cell tolerance, suggesting that basophils, IL-4, and IgE mediate the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis by promoting the Th2 environment and activating autoreactive B cells. In addition to envisaging exciting therapeutic prospects, these novel findings open the way for the study of basophils in other autoimmune and renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bosch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Bimoèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Sullivan BM, Liang HE, Bando JK, Wu D, Cheng LE, McKerrow JK, Allen CDC, Locksley RM. Genetic analysis of basophil function in vivo. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:527-35. [PMID: 21552267 PMCID: PMC3271435 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Contributions by basophils to allergic and helminth immunity remain incompletely defined. Using sensitive interleukin 4 (Il4) reporter alleles, we demonstrate here that basophil IL-4 production occurs by a CD4(+) T cell-dependent process restricted to the peripheral tissues affected. We genetically marked and achieved specific deletion of basophils and found that basophils did not mediate T helper type 2 (T(H)2) priming in vivo. Two-photon imaging confirmed that basophils did not interact with antigen-specific T cells in lymph nodes but engaged in prolonged serial interactions with T cells in lung tissues. Although targeted deletion of IL-4 and IL-13 in either CD4(+) T cells or basophils had a minimal effect on worm clearance, deletion from both lineages demonstrated a nonredundant role for basophil cytokines in primary helminth immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basophils/immunology
- Basophils/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Helminthiasis, Animal/immunology
- Helminthiasis, Animal/metabolism
- Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitology
- Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/immunology
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/parasitology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/parasitology
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
- Nippostrongylus/immunology
- Nippostrongylus/physiology
- Schistosoma mansoni/immunology
- Schistosoma mansoni/physiology
- Strongylida Infections/immunology
- Strongylida Infections/metabolism
- Strongylida Infections/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Sullivan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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42
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Abstract
Despite that basophils represent less than 0.5% of circulating leukocytes, recent studies have begun to unveil their potent immunoregulatory functions, i.e., induction of Th2 immunity. It is believed that basophils are capable of doing so primarily by secreting key Th2-inducing cytokines, namely IL-4 and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), and by functioning as professional antigen presenting cells. However, we have recently demonstrated that Th2 immunity can develop in the absence of basophils or IL-4 during helminth infection. In this review, how basophils may (and may not) contribute to the development of Th2 immunity in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Booki Min
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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43
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Siracusa MC, Comeau MR, Artis D. New insights into basophil biology: initiators, regulators, and effectors of type 2 inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:166-77. [PMID: 21276006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that basophils perform essential functions in multiple models of Th2 cytokine-dependent immunity and inflammation. In addition to their role as late phase effector cells, basophil populations can express MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, migrate into draining lymph nodes, present antigen to naive CD4(+) T cells, and promote Th2 cell differentiation. In this context, basophils have been shown to contribute to the induction and propagation of Th2 cytokine responses following exposure to some helminth parasites or allergens. In this review, we discuss recent studies that provide new insights into basophil development, regulation, and effector function. In addition, we discuss the ability of basophils to act both independently and cooperatively with dendritic cells to support Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Siracusa
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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44
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Kuroda E, Antignano F, Ho VW, Hughes MR, Ruschmann J, Lam V, Kawakami T, Kerr WG, McNagny KM, Sly LM, Krystal G. SHIP Represses Th2 Skewing by Inhibiting IL-4 Production from Basophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:323-32. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that basophils perform essential, non-redundant functions in multiple models of acute and chronic Th2 cytokine-dependent immunity and inflammation. In particular, recent studies have shown that basophils are rapidly recruited to the lymph nodes, can function as antigen-presenting cells and are critical for the induction of Th2 cell differentiation and the associated inflammatory responses after exposure to helminth parasites or allergens. In this review, we discuss recent studies that provide new insights into the pathways that control basophil development, regulation and effector function.
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46
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Zaidi AK, MacGlashan DW. Regulation of Fc epsilon RI expression during murine basophil maturation: the interplay between IgE, cell division, and Fc epsilon RI synthetic rate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1463-74. [PMID: 20042574 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Fc epsilonRI on basophils and mast cells is modulated by IgE Ab. Previous studies have noted in vivo receptor expression dynamics that are discordant with expectations derived from in vitro studies. The current study presents a formal hypothesis to explain the discordant observations and tests two assumptions that underlie a proposed model of receptor dynamics. After first showing that a murine model of receptor expression on basophils recapitulates observations made using human basophils, the effect of changes in IgE on basophil egress rates was examined. In the proposed model, egress rates from bone marrow (BM) were assumed to be unaffected by changes in IgE concentration. Egress was tested by examining the labeling of BM and peripheral blood (BL) basophils at various times after injection of BrdU with and without injection with IgE. The IgE Ab did not alter the appearance of BrdU label in peripheral BL basophils. In addition, BM and BL basophils were responsive to the elevations in IgE, with receptor expression increasing on BM basophils before BL basophils. It was also noted that BL basophils expressed approximately 50% of the receptor density of BM basophils. There was a 3-fold greater synthetic rate of Fc epsilonRI on BM basophils that readily explained the difference. These results provide support for the proposed hypothesis of rapid changes in receptor expression being controlled by cell replacement. The studies also support a model whereby receptor expression is limited by cell division and that basophils, once mature, slow their rate of receptor synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa K Zaidi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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47
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Kuroda E, Ho V, Ruschmann J, Antignano F, Hamilton M, Rauh MJ, Antov A, Flavell RA, Sly LM, Krystal G. SHIP Represses the Generation of IL-3-Induced M2 Macrophages by Inhibiting IL-4 Production from Basophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3652-60. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
The role of basophils, the rarest of blood granulocytes, in host immunity has been a mystery. Long considered the poor relative of mast cells, basophils have received much recent attention because of the availability of new reagents and models that reveal unique properties of these cells. Basophils are known to have distinct roles in allergic hypersensitivity reactions and in the immune response to intestinal helminthes. In this review, we highlight these advances and summarize our current understanding of the repertoire of functions attributed to these cells. Despite these recent insights, we are likely only beginning to gain a full understanding of how and where these cells lend effector functions to vertebrate immunity. Advances are likely to come only with the development of specific reagents that enable the finer study of basophil lineage and function. Although many fundamental aspects of basophil biology remain unanswered, the prospects remain bright for unmasking new contributions by these unusual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Sullivan
- UCSF School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
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