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Yu S, Wang H, Cui L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Lin X, He N, Zou Y, Li S. Pectic oligosaccharides ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in association with modulating gut microbiota in mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:9892-9906. [PMID: 37853813 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02168h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that gut microbiota and its metabolites have important significance in the etiology of obesity and related disorders. Prebiotics prevent and alleviate obesity by modulating the gut microbiota. However, how pectin oligosaccharides (POS) derived from pectin degradation affect gut microbiota and obesity remains unclear. To investigate the potential anti-obesity effects of POS, mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and a POS supplement with drinking water during the last 8 weeks. The outcomes demonstrated that POS supplementation in HFD-fed mice decreased body weight (P < 0.01), improved glucose tolerance (P < 0.001), reduced fat accumulation (P < 0.0001) and hepatic steatosis, protected intestinal barrier, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. After fecal metagenomic sequencing, the POS corrected the gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by the HFD, as shown by the increased populations of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus taiwanensis, and Bifidobacterium animalis, and decreased populations of Alistipes and Erysipelatoclostridium, which were previously considered harmful bacteria. Notably, the changed gut microbiota was associated with the obesity prevention of POS. These findings demonstrate that POS regulates particular gut microbiota, which is essential owing to its ability to prevent disorders associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Luwen Cui
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jingyi Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhinan Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | | | - Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuanqiang Zou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Shangyong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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2
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Park SH, Helsley RN, Fadhul T, Willoughby JLS, Noetzli L, Tu HC, Solheim MH, Fujisaka S, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Bons J, Rose J, King CD, Schilling B, Lusis AJ, Pan C, Gupta M, Kulkarni RN, Fitzgerald K, Kern PA, Divanovic S, Kahn CR, Softic S. Fructose induced KHK-C can increase ER stress independent of its effect on lipogenesis to drive liver disease in diet-induced and genetic models of NAFLD. Metabolism 2023; 145:155591. [PMID: 37230214 PMCID: PMC10752375 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome, and is estimated to affect one billion individuals worldwide. An increased intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) and sugar-sweetened beverages are risk-factors for NAFLD development, but how their combined intake promotes progression to a more severe form of liver injury is unknown. Here we show that fructose metabolism via ketohexokinase (KHK) C isoform leads to unresolved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress when coupled with a HFD intake. Conversely, a liver-specific knockdown of KHK in mice consuming fructose on a HFD is adequate to improve the NAFLD activity score and exert a profound effect on the hepatic transcriptome. Overexpression of KHK-C in cultured hepatocytes is sufficient to induce ER stress in fructose free media. Upregulation of KHK-C is also observed in mice with genetically induced obesity or metabolic dysfunction, whereas KHK knockdown in these mice improves metabolic function. Additionally, in over 100 inbred strains of male or female mice hepatic KHK expression correlates positively with adiposity, insulin resistance, and liver triglycerides. Similarly, in 241 human subjects and their controls, hepatic Khk expression is upregulated in early, but not late stages of NAFLD. In summary, we describe a novel role of KHK-C in triggering ER stress, which offers a mechanistic understanding of how the combined intake of fructose and a HFD propagates the development of metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Taghreed Fadhul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Leila Noetzli
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ho-Chou Tu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marie H Solheim
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanna Bons
- Proteomics and Aging Center, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Jacob Rose
- Proteomics and Aging Center, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Christina D King
- Proteomics and Aging Center, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Birgit Schilling
- Proteomics and Aging Center, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Department of Human Genetics, A2-237 Center for the Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Department of Human Genetics, A2-237 Center for the Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samir Softic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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3
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Guo Q, Xin M, Lu Q, Feng D, Yang V, Peng LF, Whelan KA, Hu W, Wu S, Yang X, Wang H, Rothberg BS, Gamero AM, Gerhard GS, Gao B, Yang L. A novel NEDD4L-TXNIP-CHOP axis in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Theranostics 2023; 13:2210-2225. [PMID: 37153733 PMCID: PMC10157740 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. There is a pressing clinical need to identify potential therapeutic targets for NASH treatment. Thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) is a stress responsive gene that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NASH, but its exact role is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the liver- and gene-specific role of Txnip and its upstream/downstream signaling in the pathogenesis of NASH. Methods and Results: Using four independent NASH mouse models, we found that TXNIP protein abnormally accumulated in NASH mouse livers. A decrease in E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4L resulted in impaired TXNIP ubiquitination and its accumulation in the liver. TXNIP protein levels were positively correlated with that of CHOP, a major regulator of ER stress-mediated apoptosis, in NASH mouse liver. Moreover, gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that TXNIP increased protein not mRNA levels of Chop both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the C-terminus of TXNIP associated with the N-terminus of the α-helix domain of CHOP and decreased CHOP ubiquitination, thus increasing the stability of CHOP protein. Lastly, selective knockdown of Txnip by adenovirus-mediated shRNA (not targets Txnip antisense lncRNA) delivery in the livers of both young and aged NASH mice suppressed the expression of CHOP and its downstream apoptotic pathway, and ameliorated NASH by reducing hepatic apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Conclusions: Our study revealed a pathogenic role of hepatic TXNIP in NASH and identified a novel NEDD4L-TXNIP-CHOP axis in the pathogenesis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingyang Xin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qingchun Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vicky Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lee F. Peng
- Division of Hepatology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences/Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheng Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences/Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences/Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences/Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brad S. Rothberg
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana M. Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Glenn S. Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Liraglutide Attenuates Hepatic Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice by Modulating the Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:8974960. [PMID: 36756089 PMCID: PMC9899592 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8974960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liraglutide has been extensively applied in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and also has hepatoprotective effects. However, the role of liraglutide treatment on liver injury in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and its underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, diabetes was initiated in experimental animals by single-dose intraperitoneal inoculation of STZ. Forty female C57BL/6J mice were equally assigned into five groups: diabetic group, insulin+diabetic group, liraglutide+diabetic group, insulin+liraglutide+diabetic group, and control group for eight weeks. Diabetic mice exhibited a significantly elevated blood glucose level and decreased body weight, and morphological changes of increased steatosis and apoptosis were observed in the liver compared with the control. Furthermore, a significant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde and inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and the proapoptotic proteins caspase-3 and Bax were observed in the livers of diabetic mice, together with marked increases in antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, all of which were significantly mitigated by treatment with liraglutide, insulin, and their combinations. Interestingly, liraglutide monotherapy showed better efficacy in ameliorating liver injury in T1DM mice than insulin monotherapy, similar to the combined drug therapy. Furthermore, the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-associated molecules was upregulated in the liver of mice treated with liraglutide or insulin. The results of the present study suggested that liraglutide improves T1DM-induced liver injury and may have important implications for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with T1DM.
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5
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Park SH, Helsley RN, Fadhul T, Willoughby JL, Noetzli L, Tu HC, Solheim MH, Fujisaka S, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Bons J, Rose J, King CD, Schilling B, Lusis AJ, Pan C, Gupta M, Kulkarni RN, Fitzgerald K, Kern PA, Divanovic S, Kahn CR, Softic S. Fructose Induced KHK-C Increases ER Stress and Modulates Hepatic Transcriptome to Drive Liver Disease in Diet-Induced and Genetic Models of NAFLD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525605. [PMID: 36747758 PMCID: PMC9900898 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome, and is estimated to affect one billion individuals worldwide. An increased intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) and sugar-sweetened beverages are risk-factors for NAFLD development, but how their combined intake promotes progression to a more severe form of liver injury is unknown. Here we show that fructose metabolism via ketohexokinase (KHK) C isoform increases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in a dose dependent fashion, so when fructose is coupled with a HFD intake it leads to unresolved ER stress. Conversely, a liver-specific knockdown of KHK in C57BL/6J male mice consuming fructose on a HFD is adequate to improve the NAFLD activity score and exert a profound effect on the hepatic transcriptome. Overexpression of KHK-C in cultured hepatocytes is sufficient to induce ER stress in fructose free media. Upregulation of KHK-C is also observed in genetically obesity ob/ob, db/db and lipodystrophic FIRKO male mice, whereas KHK knockdown in these mice improves metabolic function. Additionally, in over 100 inbred strains of male or female mice hepatic KHK expression correlates positively with adiposity, insulin resistance, and liver triglycerides. Similarly, in 241 human subjects and their controls, hepatic Khk expression is upregulated in early, but not late stages of NAFLD. In summary, we describe a novel role of KHK-C in triggering ER stress, which offers a mechanistic understanding of how the combined intake of fructose and a HFD propagates the development of metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY. 40536
| | - Robert N. Helsley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY. 40536
| | - Taghreed Fadhul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY. 40536
| | | | | | - Ho-Chou Tu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA. 02142
| | - Marie H. Solheim
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 02215
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 02215
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan M. Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joanna Bons
- Proteomics and Aging Center, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Jacob Rose
- Proteomics and Aging Center, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Christina D. King
- Proteomics and Aging Center, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Birgit Schilling
- Proteomics and Aging Center, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Department of Human Genetics, A2-237 Center for the Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Department of Human Genetics, A2-237 Center for the Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Philip A. Kern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY. 40536
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 02215
| | - Samir Softic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY. 40536
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 02215
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY. 40536
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021703. [PMID: 36675217 PMCID: PMC9865319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver disease, affecting up to 70% of patients with diabetes. Currently, there are no specific drugs available for its treatment. Beyond their anti-hyperglycemic effect and the surprising role of cardio- and nephroprotection, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have shown a significant impact on body weight and clinical, biochemical and histological markers of fatty liver and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Therefore, GLP-1 RAs could be a weapon for the treatment of both diabetes mellitus and NAFLD. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence currently available on the role of GLP-1 RAs in the treatment of NAFLD and to hypothesize potential future scenarios.
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7
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Li R, Ye Z, She D, Fang P, Zong G, Hu K, Kong D, Xu W, Li L, Zhou Y, Zhang K, Xue Y. Semaglutide May Alleviate Hepatic Steatosis in T2DM Combined with NFALD Mice via miR-5120/ABHD6. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3557-3572. [PMID: 36238196 PMCID: PMC9553160 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s384884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been extensively studied, the role of its underlying pathogenesis remains unclear, and there is currently no approved therapeutic strategy for NAFLD. The purpose of this study was to observe the beneficial effects of Semaglutide on NAFLD in vivo and in vitro, as well as its potential molecular mechanisms. Methods Semaglutide was used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with NAFLD mice for 12 weeks. Hepatic function and structure were evaluated by liver function, blood lipids, liver lipids, H&E staining, oil red staining and Sirius staining. The expression of α/β hydrolase domain-6 (ABHD6) was measured by qPCR and Western blotting in vivo and in vitro. Then, dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the regulation of the upstream miR-5120 on ABHD6. Results Our data revealed that Semaglutide administration significantly improved liver function and hepatic steatosis in T2DM combined with NAFLD mice. Furthermore, compared with controls, up-regulation of ABHD6 and down-regulation of miR-5120 were found in the liver of T2DM+NAFLD mice and HG+FFA-stimulated Hepa 1-6 hepatocytes. Interestingly, after Semaglutide intervention, ABHD6 expression was significantly decreased in the liver of T2DM+NAFLD mice and in HG+FFA-stimulated Hepa 1-6 hepatocytes, while miR-5120 expression was increased. We also found that miR-5120 could regulate the expression of ABHD6 in hepatocytes, while Semaglutide could modulate the expression of ABHD6 through miR-5120. In addition, GLP-1R was widely expressed in mouse liver tissues and Hepa 1-6 cells. Semaglutide could regulate miR-5120/ABHD6 expression through GLP-1R. Conclusion Our data revealed the underlying mechanism by which Semaglutide improves hepatic steatosis in T2DM+NAFLD, and might shed new light on the pathological role of miR-5120/ABHD6 in the pathogenesis of T2DM+NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengqin Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dunmin She
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guannan Zong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kerong Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dehong Kong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Ying Xue; Keqin Zhang, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-021-66111061, Email ;
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8
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Jiang J, Ma Y, Liu Y, Lu D, Gao X, Krausz KW, Desai D, Amin SG, Patterson AD, Gonzalez FJ, Xie C. Glycine-β-muricholic acid antagonizes the intestinal farnesoid X receptor-ceramide axis and ameliorates NASH in mice. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:3363-3378. [PMID: 36196594 PMCID: PMC9701488 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a rapidly developing pathology around the world, with limited treatment options available. Some farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists have been applied in clinical trials for NASH, but side effects such as pruritus and low-density lipoprotein elevation have been reported. Intestinal FXR is recognized as a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Glycine-β-muricholic acid (Gly-MCA) is an intestine-specific FXR antagonist previously shown to have favorable metabolic effects on obesity and insulin resistance. Herein, we identify a role for Gly-MCA in the pathogenesis of NASH, and explore the underlying molecular mechanism. Gly-MCA improved lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, and collagen deposition in two different NASH models. Mechanistically, Gly-MCA decreased intestine-derived ceramides by suppressing ceramide synthesis-related genes via decreasing intestinal FXR signaling, leading to lower liver endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proinflammatory cytokine production. The role of bile acid metabolism and adiposity was excluded in the suppression of NASH by Gly-MCA, and a correlation was found between intestine-derived ceramides and NASH severity. This study revealed that Gly-MCA, an intestine-specific FXR antagonist, has beneficial effects on NASH by reducing ceramide levels circulating to liver via lowering intestinal FXR signaling, and ceramide production, followed by decreased liver ER stress and NASH progression. Intestinal FXR is a promising drug target and Gly-MCA a novel agent for the prevention and treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina,State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yuandi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Shantu G. Amin
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and CarcinogenesisThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Cen Xie
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina,State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
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9
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Flessa C, Kyrou I, Nasiri‐Ansari N, Kaltsas G, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in nonalcoholic (metabolic associated) fatty liver disease (NAFLD/MAFLD). J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1585-1606. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina‐Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM) University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust Coventry UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM) University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust Coventry UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing Coventry University Coventry UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences Aston University Birmingham UK
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Narjes Nasiri‐Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM) University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust Coventry UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry UK
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10
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Duwaerts CC, Maiers JL. ER Disposal Pathways in Chronic Liver Disease: Protective, Pathogenic, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:804097. [PMID: 35174209 PMCID: PMC8841999 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.804097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a central player in liver pathophysiology. Chronic injury to the ER through increased lipid content, alcohol metabolism, or accumulation of misfolded proteins causes ER stress, dysregulated hepatocyte function, inflammation, and worsened disease pathogenesis. A key adaptation of the ER to resolve stress is the removal of excess or misfolded proteins. Degradation of intra-luminal or ER membrane proteins occurs through distinct mechanisms that include ER-associated Degradation (ERAD) and ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD), which includes macro-ER-phagy, micro-ER-phagy, and Atg8/LC-3-dependent vesicular delivery. All three of these processes are critical for removing misfolded or unfolded protein aggregates, and re-establishing ER homeostasis following expansion/stress, which is critical for liver function and adaptation to injury. Despite playing a key role in resolving ER stress, the contribution of these degradative processes to liver physiology and pathophysiology is understudied. Analysis of publicly available datasets from diseased livers revealed that numerous genes involved in ER-related degradative pathways are dysregulated; however, their roles and regulation in disease progression are not well defined. Here we discuss the dynamic regulation of ER-related protein disposal pathways in chronic liver disease and cell-type specific roles, as well as potentially targetable mechanisms for treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Duwaerts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L. Maiers
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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11
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Rodríguez-Antonio I, López-Sánchez GN, Uribe M, Chávez-Tapia NC, Nuño-Lámbarri N. Role of the inflammasome, gasdermin D, and pyroptosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:2720-2727. [PMID: 34050551 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death mediated by a multiprotein complex called the inflammasome through the pro-inflammatory activity of gasdermin D. This study aimed to recognize the final biological product that leads to pore formation in the cell membrane, lysis, pro-inflammatory cytokines release, and the establishment of an immune response. An exhaustive search engine investigation of an elevated immune response can induce a sustained inflammation that directly links this mechanism to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical studies and systematic reviews suggest that gasdermin D is a critical molecule between the immune response and the disease manifestation, which could be considered a therapeutic target for highly prevalent diseases characterized by presenting perpetuated inflammatory processes. Both basic and clinical research show evidence on the expression and regulation of the inflammasome-gasdermin D-pyroptosis trinomial for the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Misael Uribe
- Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit, Médica Sur Clinic Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norberto C Chávez-Tapia
- Traslational Research Unit, Médica Sur Clinic Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico.,Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit, Médica Sur Clinic Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Chen Q, Fang W, Cui K, Chen Q, Xiang X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Mai K, Ai Q. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces hepatic steatosis by transcriptional upregulating lipid droplet protein perilipin2. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21900. [PMID: 34547130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100739rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to hepatic steatosis in several manners. However, how lipid droplet (LD) proteins participate in this process has rarely been reported. In the present study, ER stress was induced at both in vitro and in vivo levels with tunicamycin in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Effects of LD protein perilipin2 (PLIN2) on hepatic lipid accumulation and lipoprotein transport under normal physiological condition and ER stress were then explored using dsRNA mediated knockdown. Subsequently, the transcriptional regulation of plin2 expression by transcription factors generated in the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. We demonstrated that ER stress could promote LDs accumulation and inhibit lipoprotein transport by transcriptionally upregulating PLIN2 in liver. Among the transcription factors generated by UPR, spliced X-box binding protein1 can directly upregulated the expression of plin2, whereas C/EBP homologous protein can upregulate the expression of plin2 through peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor α. These results revealed that the LD protein PLIN2 played an important role in ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis, which might be a novel mechanism explaining hepatic steatosis triggered by ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchi Chen
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cui
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhi Zhang
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqiang Zhang
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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13
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Identifying potential biomarkers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via genome-wide analysis of copy number variation. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:171. [PMID: 33853536 PMCID: PMC8045212 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing and emerging as a global health burden. In addition to environmental factors, numerous studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in the development of NAFLD. Copy number variation (CNV) as a genetic variation plays an important role in the evaluation of disease susceptibility and genetic differences. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of CNV to the evaluation of NAFLD in a Chinese population. METHODS Genome-wide analysis of CNV was performed using high-density comparative genomic hybridisation microarrays (ACGH). To validate the CNV regions, TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized. RESULTS A total of 441 CNVs were identified, including 381 autosomal CNVs and 60 sex chromosome CNVs. By merging overlapping CNVs, a genomic CNV map of NAFLD patients was constructed. A total of 338 autosomal CNVRs were identified, including 275 CNVRs with consistent trends (197 losses and 78 gains) and 63 CNVRs with inconsistent trends. The length of the 338 CNVRs ranged from 5.7 kb to 2.23 Mb, with an average size of 117.44 kb. These CNVRs spanned 39.70 Mb of the genome and accounted for ~ 1.32% of the genome sequence. Through Gene Ontology and genetic pathway analysis, we found evidence that CNVs involving nine genes may be associated with the pathogenesis of NAFLD progression. One of the genes (NLRP4 gene) was selected and verified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) method with large sample size. We found the copy number deletion of NLRP4 was related to the risk of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS This study indicate the copy number variation is associated with NAFLD. The copy number deletion of NLRP4 was related to the risk of NAFLD. These results could prove valuable for predicting patients at risk of developing NAFLD.
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14
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Kořínková L, Pražienková V, Černá L, Karnošová A, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH in Experimental Models: The Role of Food Intake Regulating Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597583. [PMID: 33324348 PMCID: PMC7726422 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, sedentary lifestyle, and Western diet are the key factors underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common liver diseases in developed countries. In many cases, NAFLD further progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and to hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatic lipotoxicity and non-liver factors, such as adipose tissue inflammation and gastrointestinal imbalances were linked to evolution of NAFLD. Nowadays, the degree of adipose tissue inflammation was shown to directly correlate with the severity of NAFLD. Consumption of higher caloric intake is increasingly emerging as a fuel of metabolic inflammation not only in obesity-related disorders but also NAFLD. However, multiple causes of NAFLD are the reason why the mechanisms of NAFLD progression to NASH are still not well understood. In this review, we explore the role of food intake regulating peptides in NAFLD and NASH mouse models. Leptin, an anorexigenic peptide, is involved in hepatic metabolism, and has an effect on NAFLD experimental models. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), another anorexigenic peptide, and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1R), represent potential therapeutic agents to prevent NAFLD progression to NASH. On the other hand, the deletion of ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, prevents age-associated hepatic steatosis in mice. Because of the increasing incidence of NAFLD and NASH worldwide, the selection of appropriate animal models is important to clarify aspects of pathogenesis and progression in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Kořínková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - V. Pražienková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - L. Černá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - A. Karnošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - B. Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - J. Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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15
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Yang M, Zhang D, Zhao Z, Sit J, Saint-Sume M, Shabandri O, Zhang K, Yin L, Tong X. Hepatic E4BP4 induction promotes lipid accumulation by suppressing AMPK signaling in response to chemical or diet-induced ER stress. FASEB J 2020; 34:13533-13547. [PMID: 32780887 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903292rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged ER stress has been known to be one of the major drivers of impaired lipid homeostasis during the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). However, the downstream mediators of ER stress pathway in promoting lipid accumulation remain poorly understood. Here, we present data showing the b-ZIP transcription factor E4BP4 in both the hepatocytes and the mouse liver is potently induced by the chemical ER stress inducer tunicamycin or by high-fat, low-methionine, and choline-deficient (HFLMCD) diet. We showed that such an induction is partially dependent on CHOP, a known mediator of ER stress and requires the E-box element of the E4bp4 promoter. Tunicamycin promotes the lipid droplet formation and alters lipid metabolic gene expression in primary mouse hepatocytes from E4bp4flox/flox but not E4bp4 liver-specific KO (E4bp4-LKO) mice. Compared with E4bp4flox/flox mice, E4bp4-LKO female mice exhibit reduced liver lipid accumulation and partially improved liver function after 10-week HFLMCD diet feeding. Mechanistically, we observed elevated AMPK activity and the AMPKβ1 abundance in the liver of E4bp4-LKO mice. We have evidence supporting that E4BP4 may suppress the AMPK activity via promoting the AMPKβ1 ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, acute depletion of the Ampkβ1 subunit restores lipid droplet formation in E4bp4-LKO primary mouse hepatocytes. Our study highlighted hepatic E4BP4 as a key factor linking ER stress and lipid accumulation in the liver. Targeting E4BP4 in the liver may be a novel therapeutic avenue for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichan Yang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zifeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Julian Sit
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Omar Shabandri
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Jin M, Niu X, Liu Y, Zhang D, Yuan D, Shen H. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on adipokine level of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats fed high-fat diet. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:689-696. [PMID: 33336025 PMCID: PMC7712363 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of liver disease worldwide, and no effective treatment exists until now. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are becoming the preferred therapeutic option for the management of obesity and are becoming the preferred treatment options for the management of both NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Methods Forty-five healthy male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: normal control, high-fat diet (HFD) group, HFD + liraglutide (100 mg/kg body weight) group. Biochemical parameters and adipokine levels were examined in the serum of rats. In order to judge the degree of steatosis of NAFLD, the magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology of the liver were also studied. Results and conclusion Liraglutide caused a significant decrease in the serum fasting glucose and improved the insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and liver enzymes. It reduced the adipokine level, and alleviated the histopathology of liver of rats in the steatosis, ballooning, and lobular inflammation when compared to the HFD group. Thus, liraglutide demonstrated amelioration of NAFLD by decreasing the adipokine levels in this animal model and seems to be a promising molecule for the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Heji Affiliated Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, 271 Taihang East Street, Luzhou District, Changzhi 046011, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Heji Affiliated Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, 271 Taihang East Street, Luzhou District, Changzhi 046011, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Heji Affiliated Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046011, Shanxi, China
| | - Danni Yuan
- Department of Pathology, The Heji Affiliated Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046011, Shanxi, China
| | - Huimin Shen
- Department of Laboratory, The Heji Affiliated Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046011, Shanxi, China
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17
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Yang M, Ma X, Xuan X, Deng H, Chen Q, Yuan L. Liraglutide Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice by Regulating the Local Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:432. [PMID: 32322207 PMCID: PMC7156971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and represents a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling has been shown to regulate the RAS within various local tissues. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional relationship between GLP-1 and the local RAS in the liver during NAFLD. Wild-type and ACE2 knockout mice were used to establish a high-fat-induced NAFLD model. After the mice were treated with liraglutide (a GLP-1 analogue) for 4 weeks, the key RAS component genes were up-regulated in the liver of NAFLD mice. Liraglutide treatment regulated the RAS balance, preventing a reduction in fatty acid oxidation gene expression and increasing gluconeogenesis and the expression of inflammation-related genes caused by NAFLD, which were impaired in ACE2 knockout mice. Liraglutide-treated HepG2 cells exhibited activation of the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis, increased fatty acid oxidation gene expression, and decreased inflammation, which could be reversed by A779 and AngII. These results indicate that the local RAS in the liver becomes overactivated in response to NAFLD. Moreover, ACE2 knockout increases the severity of liver steatosis. Liraglutide has a negative and antagonistic effect on the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis, a positive impact on the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis, and is mediated through the PI3K/AKT pathway. This may represent a potential new mechanism by which liraglutide improves NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuping Xuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjun Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Yu X, Hao M, Liu Y, Ma X, Lin W, Xu Q, Zhou H, Shao N, Kuang H. Liraglutide ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis activation via mitophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172715. [PMID: 31593687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a key step in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which causes serious health problems worldwide. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and pyroptosis play crucial roles in the progression of NASH. Our team has provided clinical evidence of the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on the improvement in liver function and histological resolution of NAFLD. Preliminary work has demonstrated that GLP-1 inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a mouse model of NAFLD. We further explored the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of liraglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 analog, in the treatment of NASH. We established a HepG2 cell model of NASH using double stimulation with palmitic acid and lipopolysaccharide to assess NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptotic cell activity and to evaluate mitochondrial function and mitophagy. Liraglutide reduced lipid accumulation, inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis activation, attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species generation, augmented mitophagy in hepatocytes. Mitophagy inhibition with 3-methyladenine/PINK1-directed siRNA weakened the liraglutide-mediated suppression of inflammatory injury. We propose that liraglutide suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome-induced hepatocyte pyroptosis via mitophagy to slow the progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenjian Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huanran Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ning Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - HongYu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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19
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Newsome P, Francque S, Harrison S, Ratziu V, Van Gaal L, Calanna S, Hansen M, Linder M, Sanyal A. Effect of semaglutide on liver enzymes and markers of inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50:193-203. [PMID: 31246368 PMCID: PMC6617813 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type 2 diabetes are drivers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues effectively treat obesity and type 2 diabetes and may offer potential for NAFLD treatment. AIM To evaluate the effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, semaglutide, on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in subjects at risk of NAFLD. METHODS Data from a 104-week cardiovascular outcomes trial in type 2 diabetes (semaglutide 0.5 or 1.0 mg/week) and a 52-week weight management trial (semaglutide 0.05-0.4 mg/day) were analysed. Treatment ratios vs placebo were estimated for ALT (both trials) and hsCRP (weight management trial only) using a mixed model for repeated measurements, with or without adjustment for change in body weight. RESULTS Elevated baseline ALT (men >30 IU/L; women >19 IU/L) was present in 52% (499/957) of weight management trial subjects. In this group with elevated ALT, end-of-treatment ALT reductions were 6%-21% (P<0.05 for doses≥0.2 mg/day) and hsCRP reductions 25%-43% vs placebo (P < 0.05 for 0.2 and 0.4 mg/day). Normalisation of elevated baseline ALT occurred in 25%-46% of weight management trial subjects, vs 18% on placebo. Elevated baseline ALT was present in 41% (1325/3268) of cardiovascular outcomes trial subjects. In this group with elevated ALT, no significant ALT reduction was noted at end-of-treatment for 0.5 mg/week, while a 9% reduction vs placebo was seen for 1.0 mg/week (P = 0.0024). Treatment ratios for changes in ALT and hsCRP were not statistically significant after adjustment for weight change. CONCLUSIONS Semaglutide significantly reduced ALT and hsCRP in clinical trials in subjects with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre and Liver Unit at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK,Centre for Liver & Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAntwerp University HospitalEdegem, AntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Vlad Ratziu
- ICAN – Institute for Cardiometabolism and NutritionHôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and MetabolismAntwerp University HospitalEdegem, AntwerpBelgium
| | | | | | | | - Arun Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
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Lee YS, Riopel M, Cabrales P, Bandyopadhyay GK. Hepatocyte-specific HIF-1α ablation improves obesity-induced glucose intolerance by reducing first-pass GLP-1 degradation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw4176. [PMID: 31281892 PMCID: PMC6609217 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in incretin effects is an important etiologic component of type 2 diabetes with unknown mechanisms. In an attempt to understand obesity-induced changes in liver oxygen homeostasis, we found that liver HIF-1α expression was increased mainly by soluble factors released from obese adipocytes, leading to decreased incretin effects. Deletion of hepatocyte HIF-1α protected obesity-induced glucose intolerance without changes in body weight, liver steatosis, or insulin resistance. In-depth mouse metabolic phenotyping revealed that obesity increased first-pass degradation of an incretin hormone GLP-1 with increased liver DPP4 expression and decreased sinusoidal blood flow rate, reducing active GLP-1 levels in peripheral circulation. Hepatocyte HIF-1α KO blocked these changes induced by obesity. Deletion of hepatocyte HIF-2α did not change liver DPP4 expression but improved hepatic steatosis. Our results identify a previously unknown pathway for obesity-induced impaired beta cell glucose response (incretin effects) and the development of glucose intolerance through inter-organ communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Riopel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Guatam K. Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to liver disease and hepatic fibrosis, but the role it plays varies depending on the cause and progression of the disease. Furthermore, ER stress plays a distinct role in hepatocytes versus hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which adds to the complexity of understanding ER stress and its downstream signaling through the unfolded protein response (UPR) in liver disease. Here, the authors focus on the current literature of ER stress in nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases, how ER stress impacts hepatocyte injury, and the role of ER stress in HSC activation and hepatic fibrosis. This review provides insight into the complex signaling and regulation of the UPR, parallels and distinctions between different liver diseases, and how ER stress may be targeted as an antisteatotic or antifibrotic therapy to limit the progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Maiers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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22
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Yu P, Xu X, Zhang J, Xia X, Xu F, Weng J, Lai X, Shen Y. Liraglutide Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through Adjusting Lipid Metabolism via SHP1/AMPK Signaling Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:1567095. [PMID: 31236111 PMCID: PMC6545813 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1567095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist liraglutide (LR) had been experimentally and clinically shown to ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of LR on NAFLD in vivo and in vitro and its underlying molecular mechanism. The effects of LR were examined on the high-fat diet-induced in vivo model in mice and in vitro model of NAFLD in human HepG2 cells. Liver tissues and HepG2 cells were procured for measuring lipid metabolism, histological examination, and western blot analysis. LR administration significantly lowered the serum lipid profile and lipid disposition in vitro and in vivo because of the altered expression of enzymes on hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. Moreover, LR significantly decreased Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP1) and then increased the expression of phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). However, the overexpression of SHP1 mediated by lentivirus vector reversed LR-induced improvement in lipid deposition. Moreover, SHP1 silencing could further increase the expression of p-AMPK to ameliorate lipid metabolism and relative lipogenic gene induced by LR. In addition, abrogation of AMPK by Compound C eliminated the protective effects of LR on lipid metabolism without changing the expression of SHP1. LR markedly prevented NAFLD through adjusting lipid metabolism via SHP1/AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jiangxi Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jiangxi Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunfeng Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jiangxi Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Asiatic acid from Potentilla chinensis alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipid metabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:256-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Liu S, Yuan J, Yue W, Bi Y, Shen X, Gao J, Xu X, Lu Z. GCN2 deficiency protects against high fat diet induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3257-3267. [PMID: 30006154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic lipid deposition and oxidative stress. It has been demonstrated that general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is required to maintain hepatic fatty acid homeostasis under conditions of amino acid deprivation. However, the impact of GCN2 on the development of NAFLD has not been investigated. In this study, we used Gcn2-/- mice to investigate the effect of GCN2 on high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis. After HFD feeding for 12 weeks, Gcn2-/- mice were less obese than wild-type (WT) mice, and Gcn2-/- significantly attenuated HFD-induced liver dysfunction, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. In the livers of the HFD-fed mice, GCN2 deficiency resulted in higher levels of lipolysis genes, lower expression of genes related to FA synthesis, transport and lipogenesis, and less induction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of GCN2 attenuated, whereas overexpression of GCN2 exacerbated, palmitic acid-induced steatosis, oxidative & ER stress, and changes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and metallothionein (MT) expression in HepG2 cells. Collectively, our data provide evidences that GCN2 deficiency protects against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by inhibiting lipogenesis and reducing oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that strategies to inhibit GCN2 activity in the liver may provide a novel approach to attenuate NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juntao Yuan
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhui Yue
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Cardiology, Pan-Vascular Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yanwei Bi
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiyue Shen
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junling Gao
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Zhongbing Lu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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25
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Ipsen DH, Rolin B, Rakipovski G, Skovsted GF, Madsen A, Kolstrup S, Schou-Pedersen AM, Skat-Rørdam J, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Liraglutide Decreases Hepatic Inflammation and Injury in Advanced Lean Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:704-713. [PMID: 29953740 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although commonly associated with obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also present in the lean population representing a unique disease phenotype. Affecting 25% of the world's population, NAFLD is associated with increased mortality especially when progressed to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, no approved pharmacological treatments exist. Current research focuses mainly on NASH associated with obesity, leaving the effectiveness of promising treatments in lean NASH virtually unknown. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of liraglutide (glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue) and dietary intervention, alone and in combination, in guinea pigs with non-obese NASH. After 20 weeks of high-fat feeding (20% fat, 15% sucrose, 0.35% cholesterol), 40 female guinea pigs were block-randomized based on weight into four groups receiving one of four treatments for 4 weeks: continued high-fat diet (HF, control), high-fat diet and liraglutide treatment (HFL), chow diet (4% fat, 0% sucrose, 0% cholesterol; HFC) or chow diet and liraglutide treatment (HFCL). High-fat feeding induced NASH with severe fibrosis. Liraglutide decreased inflammation (p < 0.05) and hepatocyte ballooning (p < 0.05), while increasing hepatic α-tocopherol (p = 0.0154). Dietary intervention did not improve liver histopathology significantly, but decreased liver weight (p = 0.004), plasma total cholesterol (p = 0.0175), LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0063), VLDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0034), hepatic cholesterol (p < 0.0001) and increased hepatic vitamin C (p = 0.0099). Combined liraglutide and dietary intervention induced a rapid weight loss, necessitating periodical liraglutide dose adjustment/discontinuation, limiting the strength of the findings from this group. Collectively, this pre-clinical study supports the beneficial effect of liraglutide on NASH and extends this notion to lean NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bidda Rolin
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Günaj Rakipovski
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Gry F Skovsted
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Madsen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kolstrup
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Schou-Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Josephine Skat-Rørdam
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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26
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Metabolic Disorders. Cells 2018; 7:cells7060063. [PMID: 29921793 PMCID: PMC6025008 DOI: 10.3390/cells7060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have become among the most serious threats to human health, leading to severe chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as cardiovascular diseases. Interestingly, despite the fact that each of these diseases has different physiological and clinical symptoms, they appear to share certain pathological traits such as intracellular stress and inflammation induced by metabolic disturbance stemmed from over nutrition frequently aggravated by a modern, sedentary life style. These modern ways of living inundate cells and organs with saturating levels of sugar and fat, leading to glycotoxicity and lipotoxicity that induce intracellular stress signaling ranging from oxidative to ER stress response to cope with the metabolic insults (Mukherjee, et al., 2015). In this review, we discuss the roles played by cellular stress and its responses in shaping metabolic disorders. We have summarized here current mechanistic insights explaining the pathogenesis of these disorders. These are followed by a discussion of the latest therapies targeting the stress response pathways.
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathophysiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9547613. [PMID: 29991976 PMCID: PMC6016172 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9547613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver steatosis without alcohol consumption, namely, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a common hepatic condition that encompasses a wide spectrum of presentations, ranging from simple accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatocytes without any liver damage to inflammation, necrosis, ballooning, and fibrosis (namely, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) up to severe liver disease and eventually cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiology of fatty liver and its progression is influenced by multiple factors (environmental and genetics), in a “multiple parallel-hit model,” in which oxidative stress plays a very likely primary role as the starting point of the hepatic and extrahepatic damage. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive insight on the present researches and findings on the role of oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of NAFLD. With this aim, we evaluated the available data in basic science and clinical studies in this field, reviewing the most recent works published on this topic.
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Kovalic AJ, Satapathy SK, Chalasani N. Targeting incretin hormones and the ASK-1 pathway as therapeutic options in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Int 2018; 12:97-106. [PMID: 29600430 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-018-9854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently one of the leading forms of chronic liver disease, and its rising frequency worldwide has reached epidemic proportions. NAFLD, particularly its progressive variant NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), can lead to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. The pathophysiologic mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH are complex, and as such myriad therapies are under investigation targeting different pathophysiological mechanisms. Incretin-based therapies, including GLP-1RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors and the inhibition of ASK1 pathway have provided two such novel mechanisms in the management of this disease, and will remain focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kovalic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sanjaya K Satapathy
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Tølbøl KS, Kristiansen MNB, Hansen HH, Veidal SS, Rigbolt KTG, Gillum MP, Jelsing J, Vrang N, Feigh M. Metabolic and hepatic effects of liraglutide, obeticholic acid and elafibranor in diet-induced obese mouse models of biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:179-194. [PMID: 29375204 PMCID: PMC5768937 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of compounds in clinical development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in obese mouse models of biopsy-confirmed NASH.
METHODS Male wild-type C57BL/6J mice (DIO-NASH) and Lepob/ob (ob/ob-NASH) mice were fed a diet high in trans-fat (40%), fructose (20%) and cholesterol (2%) for 30 and 21 wk, respectively. Prior to treatment, all mice underwent liver biopsy for confirmation and stratification of liver steatosis and fibrosis, using the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) and fibrosis staging system. The mice were kept on the diet and received vehicle, liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg, SC, BID), obeticholic acid (OCA, 30 mg/kg PO, QD), or elafibranor (30 mg/kg PO, QD) for eight weeks. Within-subject comparisons were performed on changes in steatosis, inflammation, ballooning degeneration, and fibrosis scores. In addition, compound effects were evaluated by quantitative liver histology, including percent fractional area of liver fat, galectin-3, and collagen 1a1.
RESULTS Liraglutide and elafibranor, but not OCA, reduced body weight in both models. Liraglutide improved steatosis scores in DIO-NASH mice only. Elafibranor and OCA reduced histopathological scores of hepatic steatosis and inflammation in both models, but only elafibranor reduced fibrosis severity. Liraglutide and OCA reduced total liver fat, collagen 1a1, and galectin-3 content, driven by significant reductions in liver weight. The individual drug effects on NASH histological endpoints were supported by global gene expression (RNA sequencing) and liver lipid biochemistry.
CONCLUSION DIO-NASH and ob/ob-NASH mouse models show distinct treatment effects of liraglutide, OCA, and elafibranor, being in general agreement with corresponding findings in clinical trials for NASH. The present data therefore further supports the clinical translatability and utility of DIO-NASH and ob/ob-NASH mouse models of NASH for probing the therapeutic efficacy of compounds in preclinical drug development for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine S Tølbøl
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Section for Metabolic Imaging and Liver Metabolism, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Maria NB Kristiansen
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Matthew P Gillum
- Section for Metabolic Imaging and Liver Metabolism, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
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Naringenin inhibits alcoholic injury by improving lipid metabolism and reducing apoptosis in zebrafish larvae. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2877-2884. [PMID: 29048675 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) includes a spectrum of hepatic abnormalities that range from isolated alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Naringenin, a predominant flavanone in grapefruit, increases resistance to oxidative stress and inflammation and protects against multiple organ injury in various animal models. However, the specific mechanisms responsible for protection against alcoholic injury are poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of naringenin on alcoholic events and the molecular regulatory mechanisms of naringenin in the liver and whole body of zebrafish larvae following exposure to 350 mmol/l ethanol for 32 h. Zebrafish larvae {4 days post‑fertilization (dpf); wild-type (WT) and a transgenic line with liver-specific eGFP expression [Tg(lfabp10α-eGFP)]} were used to establish an alcoholic fatty liver model in order to evaluate the effects of naringenin treatment on anti-alcoholic injury. Naringenin significantly reduced alcoholic liver morphological phenotypes and the expression of alcohol and lipid metabolism-related genes, including cyp2y3, cyp3a65, hmgcra, hmgcrb, fasn, fabp10α, fads2 and echs1, in zebrafish larvae. Naringenin also attenuated hepatic apoptosis in larvae as detected by TUNEL staining, consistent with the expression of critical biomarkers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and of DNA damage genes (chop, gadd45αa and edem1). The present study showed that naringenin inhibited alcohol-induced liver steatosis and injury in zebrafish larvae by reducing apoptosis and DNA damage and by harmonizing alcohol and lipid metabolism.
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Dhir G, Cusi K. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the management of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel therapeutic option. J Investig Med 2017; 66:7-10. [PMID: 28918389 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and is associated with a cluster of metabolic factors that lead to poor cardiovascular outcomes. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fat (triglyceride) accumulation closely mirrors adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance in obesity and T2DM. It is now recognized as the most common chronic liver disease in Westernized societies, often progressing to more severe forms of the disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, NAFLD remains largely overlooked by healthcare providers although it affects about two-thirds of patients with obesity and it promotes the development of T2DM. NAFLD mirrors adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance, the liver being a 'barometer' of metabolic health. Although pioglitazone is emerging as the treatment of choice for NASH in patients with insulin-resistance, or those with T2DM, many other options are being tested. Due to their overall safety and efficacy, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are becoming one of the cornerstones for the management of both obesity and T2DM, and a novel alternative for the treatment of NAFLD. In this review, we will briefly summarize the status of GLP-1RA for the treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Dhir
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Hansen HH, Feigh M, Veidal SS, Rigbolt KT, Vrang N, Fosgerau K. Mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in preclinical drug development. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1707-1718. [PMID: 28687459 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world. NAFLD is a complex spectrum of liver diseases ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to its more aggressive necroinflammatory manifestation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH pathogenesis is multifactorial and risk factors are almost identical to those of the metabolic syndrome. This has prompted substantial efforts to identify novel drug therapies for correcting underlying metabolic deficits, and to prevent or alleviate hepatic fibrosis in NASH. Available mouse models of NASH address different aspects of the disease, have varying clinical translatability, and, therefore, also show different utility in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik H Hansen
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark.
| | - Michael Feigh
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Sanne S Veidal
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Keld Fosgerau
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11b, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
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Porras D, Nistal E, Martínez-Flórez S, Pisonero-Vaquero S, Olcoz JL, Jover R, González-Gallego J, García-Mediavilla MV, Sánchez-Campos S. Protective effect of quercetin on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice is mediated by modulating intestinal microbiota imbalance and related gut-liver axis activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 102:188-202. [PMID: 27890642 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is involved in obesity, metabolic syndrome and the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It has been recently suggested that the flavonoid quercetin may have the ability to modulate the intestinal microbiota composition, suggesting a prebiotic capacity which highlights a great therapeutic potential in NAFLD. The present study aims to investigate benefits of experimental treatment with quercetin on gut microbial balance and related gut-liver axis activation in a nutritional animal model of NAFLD associated to obesity. C57BL/6J mice were challenged with high fat diet (HFD) supplemented or not with quercetin for 16 weeks. HFD induced obesity, metabolic syndrome and the development of hepatic steatosis as main hepatic histological finding. Increased accumulation of intrahepatic lipids was associated with altered gene expression related to lipid metabolism, as a result of deregulation of their major modulators. Quercetin supplementation decreased insulin resistance and NAFLD activity score, by reducing the intrahepatic lipid accumulation through its ability to modulate lipid metabolism gene expression, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-dependent lipoperoxidation and related lipotoxicity. Microbiota composition was determined via 16S ribosomal RNA Illumina next-generation sequencing. Metagenomic studies revealed HFD-dependent differences at phylum, class and genus levels leading to dysbiosis, characterized by an increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and in Gram-negative bacteria, and a dramatically increased detection of Helicobacter genus. Dysbiosis was accompanied by endotoxemia, intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut-liver axis alteration and subsequent inflammatory gene overexpression. Dysbiosis-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-NF-κB signaling pathway activation was associated with inflammasome initiation response and reticulum stress pathway induction. Quercetin reverted gut microbiota imbalance and related endotoxemia-mediated TLR-4 pathway induction, with subsequent inhibition of inflammasome response and reticulum stress pathway activation, leading to the blockage of lipid metabolism gene expression deregulation. Our results support the suitability of quercetin as a therapeutic approach for obesity-associated NAFLD via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and prebiotic integrative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Porras
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Esther Nistal
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.
| | | | | | - José Luis Olcoz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain.
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Victoria García-Mediavilla
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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