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Nunes M, Vlok M, Proal A, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Data-independent LC-MS/MS analysis of ME/CFS plasma reveals a dysregulated coagulation system, endothelial dysfunction, downregulation of complement machinery. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:254. [PMID: 39014464 PMCID: PMC11253362 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic condition that is characterized by unresolved fatigue, post-exertion symptom exacerbation (PESE), cognitive dysfunction, orthostatic intolerance, and other symptoms. ME/CFS lacks established clinical biomarkers and requires further elucidation of disease mechanisms. A growing number of studies demonstrate signs of hematological and cardiovascular pathology in ME/CFS cohorts, including hyperactivated platelets, endothelial dysfunction, vascular dysregulation, and anomalous clotting processes. To build on these findings, and to identify potential biomarkers that can be related to pathophysiology, we measured differences in protein expression in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) samples from 15 ME/CFS study participants and 10 controls not previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, using DIA LC-MS/MS. We identified 24 proteins that are significantly increased in the ME/CFS group compared to the controls, and 21 proteins that are significantly downregulated. Proteins related to clotting processes - thrombospondin-1 (important in platelet activation), platelet factor 4, and protein S - were differentially expressed in the ME/CFS group, suggestive of a dysregulated coagulation system and abnormal endothelial function. Complement machinery was also significantly downregulated, including C9 which forms part of the membrane attack complex. Additionally, we identified a significant upregulation of lactotransferrin, protein S100-A9, and an immunoglobulin variant. The findings from this experiment further implicate the coagulation and immune system in ME/CFS, and bring to attention the pathology of or imposed on the endothelium. This study highlights potential systems and proteins that require further research with regards to their contribution to the pathogenesis of ME/CFS, symptom manifestation, and biomarker potential, and also gives insight into the hematological and cardiovascular risk for ME/CFS individuals affected by diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Mare Vlok
- Central Analytical Facility: Mass Spectrometry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, Room 6054, Clinical Building, Francie Van Zijl Drive Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Amy Proal
- PolyBio Research Foundation, 7900 SE 28th ST, Suite 412, Mercer Island, DC, 98040, USA
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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2
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Hu Y, Han Y, He M, Zhang Y, Zou X. S100 proteins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 26:362. [PMID: 37545618 PMCID: PMC10398633 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common tumor affecting the head and neck is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The characteristics of HNSCC include a rapid onset, a lack of early diagnosis, drug resistance, relapse and systemic adverse effects, leading to inadequate prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Notably, previous research suggests that there is an association between S100 proteins and HNSCC. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A14 interfere with tumor cell proliferation by blocking the cell cycle. The present review discusses this association. S100A4 enhances cancer stem cell properties, and interacts with actin and tropomyosin to promote tumor cell migration. S100A1, S100A8, S100A9, S100A10, S100A14 and S100P are involved in the initiation and progression of HNSCC via Hippo, nuclear factor κB, phosphatidylinositol kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin and other signaling pathways. In addition, certain long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs are involved in regulating the expression of S100 proteins in HNSCC. Reducing the expression of certain members of the S100 protein family may enhance the chemosensitivity of HNSCC. Collectively, it is suggested that S100 proteins may function as markers and targets for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Minhui He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xianqiong Zou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
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3
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Kumar N, Pestrak MJ, Wu Q, Ahumada OS, Dellos-Nolan S, Saljoughian N, Shukla RK, Mitchem CF, Nagareddy PR, Ganesan LP, William LP, Wozniak DJ, Rajaram MVS. Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection results in S100A8/A9-dependent cardiac dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011573. [PMID: 37624851 PMCID: PMC10484443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a.) infection accounts for nearly 20% of all cases of hospital acquired pneumonia with mortality rates >30%. P.a. infection induces a robust inflammatory response, which ideally enhances bacterial clearance. Unfortunately, excessive inflammation can also have negative effects, and often leads to cardiac dysfunction with associated morbidity and mortality. However, it remains unclear how P.a. lung infection causes cardiac dysfunction. Using a murine pneumonia model, we found that P.a. infection of the lungs led to severe cardiac left ventricular dysfunction and electrical abnormalities. More specifically, we found that neutrophil recruitment and release of S100A8/A9 in the lungs activates the TLR4/RAGE signaling pathways, which in turn enhance systemic inflammation and subsequent cardiac dysfunction. Paradoxically, global deletion of S100A8/A9 did not improve but aggravated cardiac dysfunction and mortality likely due to uncontrolled bacterial burden in the lungs and heart. Our results indicate that P.a. infection induced release of S100A8/9 is double-edged, providing increased risk for cardiac dysfunction yet limiting P.a. growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Pestrak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Omar Santiagonunez Ahumada
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sheri Dellos-Nolan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Noushin Saljoughian
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cortney F. Mitchem
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Latha P. Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lafuse P. William
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Argyris PP, Saavedra F, Malz C, Stone IA, Wei Y, Boyle WS, Johnstone KF, Khammanivong A, Herzberg MC. Intracellular calprotectin (S100A8/A9) facilitates DNA damage responses and promotes apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2023; 137:106304. [PMID: 36608459 PMCID: PMC9877195 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), poor prognosis and low survival rates are associated with downregulated calprotectin. Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion and facilitates G2/M cell cycle arrest. We investigated whether S100A8/A9 regulates DNA damage responses (DDR) and apoptosis in HNSCC after chemoradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human HNSCC cases in TCGA were analyzed for relationships between S100A8/A9 and expression of apoptosis-related genes. Next, S100A8/A9-expressing and non-expressing carcinoma lines (two different lineages) were exposed to genotoxic agents and assessed for 53BP1 and γH2AX expression and percent of viable/dead cells. Finally, S100A8/A9-wild-type and S100A8/A9null C57BL/6j mice were treated with 4-NQO to induce oral dysplastic and carcinomatous lesions, which were compared for levels of 53BP1. RESULTS In S100A8/A9-high HNSCC tumors, apoptosis-related caspase family member genes were upregulated, whereas genes limiting apoptosis were significantly downregulated based on TCGA analyses. After X-irradiation or camptothecin treatment, S100A8/A9-expressing carcinoma cells (i.e., TR146 and KB-S100A8/A9) showed significantly higher 53BP1 and γH2AX expression, DNA fragmentation, proportions of dead cells, and greater sensitivity to cisplatin than wild-type KB or TR146-S100A8/A9-KD cells. Interestingly, KB-S100A8/A9Δ113-114 cells showed similar 53BP1 and γH2AX levels to S100A8/A9-negative KB and KB-EGFP cells. After 4-NQO treatment, 53BP1 expression in oral lesions was significantly greater in calprotectin+/+ than S100A8/A9null mice. CONCLUSIONS In HNSCC cells, intracellular calprotectin is strongly suggested to potentiate DDR and promote apoptosis in response to genotoxic agents. Hence, patients with S100A8/A9-high HNSCC may encounter more favorable outcomes because more tumor cells enter apoptosis with increased sensitivity to chemoradiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prokopios P Argyris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Flávia Saavedra
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chris Malz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ian A Stone
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William S Boyle
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karen F Johnstone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ali Khammanivong
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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5
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Johnstone KF, Herzberg MC. Antimicrobial peptides: Defending the mucosal epithelial barrier. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:958480. [PMID: 35979535 PMCID: PMC9376388 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.958480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent epidemic caused by aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 virus illustrates the importance and vulnerability of the mucosal epithelial barrier against infection. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are key to the epithelial barrier, providing immunity against microbes. In primitive life forms, AMPs protect the integument and the gut against pathogenic microbes. AMPs have also evolved in humans and other mammals to enhance newer, complex innate and adaptive immunity to favor the persistence of commensals over pathogenic microbes. The canonical AMPs are helictical peptides that form lethal pores in microbial membranes. In higher life forms, this type of AMP is exemplified by the defensin family of AMPs. In epithelial tissues, defensins, and calprotectin (complex of S100A8 and S100A9) have evolved to work cooperatively. The mechanisms of action differ. Unlike defensins, calprotectin sequesters essential trace metals from microbes, which inhibits growth. This review focuses on defensins and calprotectin as AMPs that appear to work cooperatively to fortify the epithelial barrier against infection. The antimicrobial spectrum is broad with overlap between the two AMPs. In mice, experimental models highlight the contribution of both AMPs to candidiasis as a fungal infection and periodontitis resulting from bacterial dysbiosis. These AMPs appear to contribute to innate immunity in humans, protecting the commensal microflora and restricting the emergence of pathobionts and pathogens. A striking example in human innate immunity is that elevated serum calprotectin protects against neonatal sepsis. Calprotectin is also remarkable because of functional differences when localized in epithelial and neutrophil cytoplasm or released into the extracellular environment. In the cytoplasm, calprotectin appears to protect against invasive pathogens. Extracellularly, calprotectin can engage pathogen-recognition receptors to activate innate immune and proinflammatory mechanisms. In inflamed epithelial and other tissue spaces, calprotectin, DNA, and histones are released from degranulated neutrophils to form insoluble antimicrobial barriers termed neutrophil extracellular traps. Hence, calprotectin and other AMPs use several strategies to provide microbial control and stimulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Johnstone KF, Wei Y, Bittner-Eddy PD, Vreeman GW, Stone IA, Clayton JB, Reilly CS, Walbon TB, Wright EN, Hoops SL, Boyle WS, Costalonga M, Herzberg MC. Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) Is an Innate Immune Effector in Experimental Periodontitis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0012221. [PMID: 34097505 PMCID: PMC8445179 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00122-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulated in inflammation, calprotectin (complexed S100A8 and S100A9; S100A8/A9) functions as an innate immune effector molecule, promoting inflammation, and also as an antimicrobial protein. We hypothesized that antimicrobial S100A8/A9 would mitigate change to the local microbial community and promote resistance to experimental periodontitis in vivo. To test this hypothesis, S100A9-/- and wild-type (WT; S100A9+/+) C57BL/6 mice were compared using a model of ligature-induced periodontitis. On day 2, WT mice showed fewer infiltrating innate immune cells than S100A9-/- mice; by day 5, the immune cell numbers were similar. At 5 days post ligature placement, oral microbial communities sampled with swabs differed significantly in beta diversity between the mouse genotypes. Ligatures recovered from molar teeth of S100A9-/- and WT mice contained significantly dissimilar microbial genera from each other and the overall oral communities from swabs. Concomitantly, the S100A9-/- mice had significantly greater alveolar bone loss than WT mice around molar teeth in ligated sites. When the oral microflora was ablated by antibiotic pretreatment, differences disappeared between WT and S100A9-/- mice in their immune cell infiltrates and alveolar bone loss. Calprotectin, therefore, suppresses emergence of a dysbiotic, proinflammatory oral microbial community, which reduces innate immune effector activity, including early recruitment of innate immune cells, mitigating subsequent alveolar bone loss and protecting against experimental periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F. Johnstone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter D. Bittner-Eddy
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gerrit W. Vreeman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ian A. Stone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan B. Clayton
- BioTechnology Institute, Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cavan S. Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Travis B. Walbon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elisa N. Wright
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan L. Hoops
- BioTechnology Institute, Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - William S. Boyle
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Yao Y, Frew JW, Thomsen SF, Ring HC. Antimicrobial peptides in hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:236-244. [PMID: 34498267 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease of the hair follicle defined by recurrent nodules, tunnels and scarring involving the intertriginous regions. HS is associated with microbial dysbiosis and immune dysregulation. In HS, an increasing number of studies have investigated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the literature on AMPs in HS, and to discuss the potential role of AMPs in the pathogenesis of HS. METHODS PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched. The titles, abstracts and full texts of all articles were manually screened. Additionally, the reference lists of the included articles were screened and hand searched for relevant studies. RESULTS The final literature sample comprised 18 retrospective and prospective studies (no reviews or commentaries) published between 2009 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates the multitude of AMPs in HS. Although the methodology of the studies varied, the included studies indicate a consistent overexpression of human β-defensin (hBD)-2, S100A7, S100A8 and S100A9 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and a decreased expression of hBD-1. Overall, the studies point to a dysregulation of AMPs in both lesional and nonlesional HS skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yao
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J W Frew
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Dermatology Research Group, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - S F Thomsen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H C Ring
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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van Gijtenbeek LA, Singer Q, Steffensen LE, Neuens S, Guldager HS, Bidstrup S, Høgholm T, Madsen MG, Glass K, Siedler S. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Impedes Growth of Listeria spp. in Cottage Cheese through Manganese Limitation. Foods 2021; 10:1353. [PMID: 34208094 PMCID: PMC8230772 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidification and nutrient depletion by dairy starter cultures is often sufficient to prevent outgrowth of pathogens during post-processing of cultured dairy products. In the case of cottage cheese, however, the addition of cream dressing to the curd and subsequent cooling procedures can create environments that may be hospitable for the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. We report on a non-bacterio-cinogenic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strain that severely limits the growth potential of L. monocytogenes in creamed cottage cheese. The main mechanism underlying Listeria spp. inhibition was found to be caused by depletion of manganese (Mn), thus through competitive exclusion of a trace element essential for the growth of many microorganisms. Growth of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis that constitute the starter culture, on the other hand, were not influenced by reduced Mn levels. Addition of L. rhamnosus with Mn-based bioprotective properties during cottage cheese production therefore offers a solution to inhibit undesired bacteria in a bacteriocin-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke A. van Gijtenbeek
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (L.A.v.G.); (L.E.S.); (S.N.); (H.S.G.); (S.B.); (T.H.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Quinn Singer
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (Q.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Louise E. Steffensen
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (L.A.v.G.); (L.E.S.); (S.N.); (H.S.G.); (S.B.); (T.H.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Shannon Neuens
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (L.A.v.G.); (L.E.S.); (S.N.); (H.S.G.); (S.B.); (T.H.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Helle S. Guldager
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (L.A.v.G.); (L.E.S.); (S.N.); (H.S.G.); (S.B.); (T.H.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Susanne Bidstrup
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (L.A.v.G.); (L.E.S.); (S.N.); (H.S.G.); (S.B.); (T.H.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Tina Høgholm
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (L.A.v.G.); (L.E.S.); (S.N.); (H.S.G.); (S.B.); (T.H.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Mikkel G. Madsen
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (L.A.v.G.); (L.E.S.); (S.N.); (H.S.G.); (S.B.); (T.H.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Kathleen Glass
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (Q.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Solvej Siedler
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (L.A.v.G.); (L.E.S.); (S.N.); (H.S.G.); (S.B.); (T.H.); (M.G.M.)
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9
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Kandari D, Joshi H, Bhatnagar R. Zur: Zinc-Sensing Transcriptional Regulator in a Diverse Set of Bacterial Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:344. [PMID: 33804265 PMCID: PMC8000910 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is the quintessential d block metal, needed for survival in all living organisms. While Zn is an essential element, its excess is deleterious, therefore, maintenance of its intracellular concentrations is needed for survival. The living organisms, during the course of evolution, developed proteins that can track the limitation or excess of necessary metal ions, thus providing survival benefits under variable environmental conditions. Zinc uptake regulator (Zur) is a regulatory transcriptional factor of the FUR superfamily of proteins, abundant among the bacterial species and known for its intracellular Zn sensing ability. In this study, we highlight the roles played by Zur in maintaining the Zn levels in various bacterial species as well as the fact that in recent years Zur has emerged not only as a Zn homeostatic regulator but also as a protein involved directly or indirectly in virulence of some pathogens. This functional aspect of Zur could be exploited in the ventures for the identification of newer antimicrobial targets. Despite extensive research on Zur, the insights into its overall regulon and its moonlighting functions in various pathogens yet remain to be explored. Here in this review, we aim to summarise the disparate functional aspects of Zur proteins present in various bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kandari
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (D.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Hemant Joshi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (D.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (D.K.); (H.J.)
- Banaras Hindu University, Banaras 221005, India
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10
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Yamamoto M, Aizawa R. Maintaining a protective state for human periodontal tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:142-156. [PMID: 33690927 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis, caused by infection with periodontal pathogens, is primarily characterized by inflammatory bone resorption and destruction of connective tissue. Simply describing periodontitis as a specific bacterial infection cannot completely explain the various periodontal tissue destruction patterns observed. Periodontal tissue damage is thought to be caused by various factors. In recent years, research goals for periodontal pathogens have shifted from searching for specific pathogens to investigating mechanisms that damage periodontal tissues. Bacteria interact directly with the host in several ways, influencing expression and activity of molecules that evade host defenses, and destroying local tissues and inhibiting their repair. The host's innate and acquired immune systems are important defense mechanisms that protect periodontal tissues from attack and invasion of periodontal pathogens, thus preventing infection. Innate and acquired immunity have evolved to confront the microbial challenge, forming a seamless defense network in periodontal tissues. In the innate immune response, host cells quickly detect, via specialized receptors, macromolecules and nucleic acids present on bacterial cell walls, and this triggers a protective, inflammatory response. The work of this subsystem of host immunity is performed mainly by phagocytes, beta-defensin, and the complement system. In addition, the first line of defense in oral innate immunity is the junctional epithelium, which acts as a physical barrier to the entry of oral bacteria and other nonself substances. In the presence of a normal flora, junctional epithelial cells differentiate actively and proliferate apically, with concomitant increase in chemotactic factor expression recruiting neutrophils. These immune cells play an important role in maintaining homeostasis and the protective state in periodontal tissue because they eliminate unwanted bacteria over time. Previous studies indicate a mechanism for attracting immune cells to periodontal tissue with the purpose of maintaining a protective state; although this mechanism can function without bacteria, it is enhanced by the normal flora. A better understanding of the relationship between the protective state and its disruption in periodontal disease could lead to the development of new treatment strategies for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Liu F, Lee SA, Riordan SM, Zhang L, Zhu L. Global Studies of Using Fecal Biomarkers in Predicting Relapse in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:580803. [PMID: 33392214 PMCID: PMC7773777 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.580803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract mainly comprising two forms including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD is a lifelong relapsing remitting disease and relapses occur at random patterns which are unpredictable. Fecal biomarkers have been increasingly used to assess disease activity in IBD due to their positive correlations with intestinal inflammation. Recent studies have also assessed the use of fecal biomarkers in predicting relapse and post-operative recurrence. This review provides information from global studies of using fecal calprotectin, lactoferrin and S100A12 to predict relapse in IBD. Strategies for further studies and the use of these fecal biomarkers for personalized management in IBD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seul A. Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery and Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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12
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Palmer LD, Maloney KN, Boyd KL, Goleniewska AK, Toki S, Maxwell CN, Chazin WJ, Peebles RS, Newcomb DC, Skaar EP. The Innate Immune Protein S100A9 Protects from T-Helper Cell Type 2-mediated Allergic Airway Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:459-468. [PMID: 30943376 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0217oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin is a heterodimer of the proteins S100A8 and S100A9, and it is an abundant innate immune protein associated with inflammation. In humans, calprotectin transcription and protein abundance are associated with asthma and disease severity. However, mechanistic studies in experimental asthma models have been inconclusive, identifying both protective and pathogenic effects of calprotectin. To clarify the role of calprotectin in asthma, calprotectin-deficient S100A9-/- and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were compared in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Mice were intranasally challenged with extracts of the clinically relevant allergen, Alternaria alternata (Alt Ext), or PBS every third day over 9 days. On Day 10, BAL fluid and lung tissue homogenates were harvested and allergic airway inflammation was assessed. Alt Ext challenge induced release of S100A8/S100A9 to the alveolar space and increased protein expression in the alveolar epithelium of WT mice. Compared with WT mice, S100A9-/- mice displayed significantly enhanced allergic airway inflammation, including production of IL-13, CCL11, CCL24, serum IgE, eosinophil recruitment, and airway resistance and elastance. In response to Alt Ext, S100A9-/- mice accumulated significantly more IL-13+IL-5+CD4+ T-helper type 2 cells. S100A9-/- mice also accumulated a significantly lower proportion of CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells in the lung that had significantly lower expression of CD25. Calprotectin enhanced WT Treg cell suppressive activity in vitro. Therefore, this study identifies a role for the innate immune protein, S100A9, in protection from CD4+ T-helper type 2 cell hyperinflammation in response to Alt Ext. This protection is mediated, at least in part, by CD4+ Treg cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Palmer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and
| | - K Nichole Maloney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and
| | - A Kasia Goleniewska
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Shinji Toki
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - C Noel Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry and.,Department of Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and.,Department of Biochemistry and.,Department of Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Dawn C Newcomb
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, and
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13
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Di Ceglie I, Kruisbergen NNL, van den Bosch MHJ, van Lent PLEM. Fc-gamma receptors and S100A8/A9 cause bone erosion during rheumatoid arthritis. Do they act as partners in crime? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:1331-1343. [PMID: 31180451 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone erosion is one of the central hallmarks of RA and is caused by excessive differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Presence of autoantibodies in seropositive arthritis is associated with radiographic disease progression. ICs, formed by autoantibodies and their antigens, activate Fcγ-receptor signalling in immune cells, and as such stimulate inflammation-mediated bone erosion. Interestingly, ICs can also directly activate osteoclasts by binding to FcγRs on their surface. Next to autoantibodies, high levels of alarmins, among which is S100A8/A9, are typical for RA and they can further activate the immune system but also directly promote osteoclast function. Therefore, IC-activated FcγRs and S100A8/A9 might act as partners in crime to stimulate inflammation and osteoclasts differentiation and function, thereby stimulating bone erosion. This review discusses the separate roles of ICs, FcγRs and alarmins in bone erosion and sheds new light on the possible interplay between them, which could fuel bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Di Ceglie
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nik N L Kruisbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Sreejit G, Flynn MC, Patil M, Krishnamurthy P, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. S100 family proteins in inflammation and beyond. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 98:173-231. [PMID: 32564786 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The S100 family proteins possess a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions. They interact with multiple receptors and signal transducers to regulate pathways that govern inflammation, cell differentiation, proliferation, energy metabolism, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, cell cytoskeleton and microbial resistance. S100 proteins are also emerging as novel diagnostic markers for identifying and monitoring various diseases. Strategies aimed at targeting S100-mediated signaling pathways hold a great potential in developing novel therapeutics for multiple diseases. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the role of S100 family proteins in health and disease with a major focus on their role in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Argyris PP, Slama Z, Malz C, Koutlas IG, Pakzad B, Patel K, Kademani D, Khammanivong A, Herzberg MC. Intracellular calprotectin (S100A8/A9) controls epithelial differentiation and caspase-mediated cleavage of EGFR in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2019; 95:1-10. [PMID: 31345374 PMCID: PMC6662626 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) appears to function as a tumor suppressor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and expression in the carcinoma cells and patient survival rates are directly related. We seek to characterize the suppressive role of calprotectin in HNSCC. AIMS (1) Investigate changes in S100A8/A9 expression as oral carcinogenesis progresses and (2) determine whether intracellular calprotectin can regulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a negative prognostic factor, in HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), S100A8/A9 was analyzed in HNSCC specimens (N = 46), including well-differentiated (WD, N = 19), moderately-differentiated (MD, N = 14), poorly-differentiated (PD, N = 5) and non-keratinizing/basaloid (NK/BAS, N = 8), and premalignant epithelial dysplasias (PED, N = 16). Similarly, EGFR was analyzed in HNSCCs (N = 21). To determine whether calprotectin and EGFR expression are mechanistically linked, TR146 HNSCC cells that are S100A8/A9-expressing or silenced (shRNA) were compared for EGFR levels and caspase-3/7 activity using western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In normal oral mucosal epithelium, S100A8/A9 stained strongly in the cytoplasm and nucleus of suprabasal cells; basal cells were consistently S100A8/A9 negative. In PED and HNSCC, S100A8/A9 expression was lower than in adjacent normal epithelial tissues (NAT) and declined progressively in WD, MD, PD and NK/BAS HNSCCs. S100A8/A9 and EGFR levels appeared inversely related, which was simulated in vitro when S100A8/A9 was silenced in TR146 cells. Silencing S100A8/A9 significantly reduced caspase-3/7 activity, whereas EGFR levels increased. CONCLUSIONS In HNSCC, S100A8/A9 is directly associated with cellular differentiation and appears to promote caspase-3/7-mediated cleavage of EGFR, which could explain why patients with S100A8/A9-high tumors survive longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prokopios P Argyris
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zachary Slama
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chris Malz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ioannis G Koutlas
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Betty Pakzad
- Anatomic Clinical Pathology, North Memorial Health Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55422, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic, North Memorial Health Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55422, USA
| | - Deepak Kademani
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic, North Memorial Health Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55422, USA
| | - Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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16
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Schulthess J, Pandey S, Capitani M, Rue-Albrecht KC, Arnold I, Franchini F, Chomka A, Ilott NE, Johnston DGW, Pires E, McCullagh J, Sansom SN, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Uhlig HH, Powrie F. The Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Imprints an Antimicrobial Program in Macrophages. Immunity 2019; 50:432-445.e7. [PMID: 30683619 PMCID: PMC6382411 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host microbial cross-talk is essential to maintain intestinal homeostasis. However, maladaptation of this response through microbial dysbiosis or defective host defense toward invasive intestinal bacteria can result in chronic inflammation. We have shown that macrophages differentiated in the presence of the bacterial metabolite butyrate display enhanced antimicrobial activity. Butyrate-induced antimicrobial activity was associated with a shift in macrophage metabolism, a reduction in mTOR kinase activity, increased LC3-associated host defense and anti-microbial peptide production in the absence of an increased inflammatory cytokine response. Butyrate drove this monocyte to macrophage differentiation program through histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibition. Administration of butyrate induced antimicrobial activity in intestinal macrophages in vivo and increased resistance to enteropathogens. Our data suggest that (1) increased intestinal butyrate might represent a strategy to bolster host defense without tissue damaging inflammation and (2) that pharmacological HDAC3 inhibition might drive selective macrophage functions toward antimicrobial host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Schulthess
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sumeet Pandey
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Melania Capitani
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kevin C Rue-Albrecht
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Isabelle Arnold
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fanny Franchini
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Agnieszka Chomka
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Nicholas E Ilott
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Daniel G W Johnston
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - James McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Carolina V Arancibia-Cárcamo
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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17
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Qin M, Zou Y, Zhong K, Guo Y, Zou X. Expression of S100A8 is induced by interleukin‑1α in TR146 epithelial cells through a mechanism involving CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2413-2420. [PMID: 30664211 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin in mucosal epidermal keratinocytes has an important role in fighting microbial infections. S100A8 belongs to the S100 protein family and is a subunit of calprotectin (heterodimer complex of S100A8/A9). Interleukin‑1α (IL‑1α) is one of the cytokines produced by oral keratinocytes. The primary aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of IL‑1α on the expression of S100A8 and its underlying molecular mechanism in oral epithelial cells. Determining the molecular mechanism of the induced expression of S100A8 by IL‑1α aims to improve current understanding of the roles of calprotectin during the infection of mucosal epithelial cells. The expression analysis indicated that IL‑1α significantly induced the expression of S100A8 in human TR146 epithelial cells at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The reporter assay demonstrated that the upregulatory effect of S100A8 induced by IL‑1α was dependent on the S100A8 promoter specific region (‑165/‑111). The results of electrophoresis mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay also demonstrated that the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) binding site (‑113/‑109) in the S100A8 promoter region was involved into the upregulatory effect on the expression of S100A8 induced by IL‑1α. Taken together, these results suggested that the activation of the expression of S100A8 induced by IL‑1α in TR146 epithelial cells involves a mechanism by which the binding activity of C/EBPβ to the specific site (‑113/‑109) of the S100A8 promoter is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqun Qin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Yantao Zou
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Kanghua Zhong
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Xianqiong Zou
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
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18
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Abstract
In response to microbial infection, the human host deploys metal-sequestering host-defense proteins, which reduce nutrient availability and thereby inhibit microbial growth and virulence. Calprotectin (CP) is an abundant antimicrobial protein released from neutrophils and epithelial cells at sites of infection. CP sequesters divalent first-row transition metal ions to limit the availability of essential metal nutrients in the extracellular space. While functional and clinical studies of CP have been pursued for decades, advances in our understanding of its biological coordination chemistry, which is central to its role in the host-microbe interaction, have been made in more recent years. In this review, we focus on the coordination chemistry of CP and highlight studies of its metal-binding properties and contributions to the metal-withholding innate immune response. Taken together, these recent studies inform our current model of how CP participates in metal homeostasis and immunity, and they provide a foundation for further investigations of a remarkable metal-chelating protein at the host-microbe interface and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Zygiel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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19
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Wang S, Song R, Wang Z, Jing Z, Wang S, Ma J. S100A8/A9 in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1298. [PMID: 29942307 PMCID: PMC6004386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 (also known as MRP8 and MRP14, respectively) are Ca2+ binding proteins belonging to the S100 family. They often exist in the form of heterodimer, while homodimer exists very little because of the stability. S100A8/A9 is constitutively expressed in neutrophils and monocytes as a Ca2+ sensor, participating in cytoskeleton rearrangement and arachidonic acid metabolism. During inflammation, S100A8/A9 is released actively and exerts a critical role in modulating the inflammatory response by stimulating leukocyte recruitment and inducing cytokine secretion. S100A8/A9 serves as a candidate biomarker for diagnosis and follow-up as well as a predictive indicator of therapeutic responses to inflammation-associated diseases. As blockade of S100A8/A9 activity using small-molecule inhibitors or antibodies improves pathological conditions in murine models, the heterodimer has potential as a therapeutic target. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of the distribution and biological functions of S100A8/A9 and highlight its application as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Song
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaocheng Jing
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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20
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Khammanivong A, Sorenson BS, Ross KF, Dickerson EB, Hasina R, Lingen MW, Herzberg MC. Involvement of calprotectin (S100A8/A9) in molecular pathways associated with HNSCC. Oncotarget 2017; 7:14029-47. [PMID: 26883112 PMCID: PMC4924696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (S100A8/A9), a heterodimeric protein complex of calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9, plays key roles in cell cycle regulation and inflammation, with potential functions in squamous cell differentiation. While upregulated in many cancers, S100A8/A9 is downregulated in squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix, esophagus, and the head and neck (HNSCC). We previously reported that ectopic S100A8/A9 expression inhibits cell cycle progression in carcinoma cells. Here, we show that declining expression of S100A8/A9 in patients with HNSCC is associated with increased DNA methylation, less differentiated tumors, and reduced overall survival. Upon ectopic over-expression of S100A8/A9, the cancer phenotype of S100A8/A9-negative carcinoma cells was suppressed in vitro and tumor growth in vivo was significantly decreased. MMP1, INHBA, FST, LAMC2, CCL3, SULF1, and SLC16A1 were significantly upregulated in HNSCC but were downregulated by S100A8/A9 expression. Our findings strongly suggest that downregulation of S100A8/A9 through epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to increased proliferation, malignant transformation, and disease progression in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brent S Sorenson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erin B Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rifat Hasina
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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21
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Hiroshima Y, Sakamoto E, Yoshida K, Abe K, Naruishi K, Yamamoto T, Shinohara Y, Kido J, Geczy CL. Advanced glycation end‐products and
Porphyromonas gingivalis
lipopolysaccharide increase calprotectin expression in human gingival epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1591-1603. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hiroshima
- Institute for Genome ResearchTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Eijiro Sakamoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | | | - Koji Naruishi
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | | | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Institute for Genome ResearchTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Jun‐ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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22
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Abstract
Transition metals are required trace elements for all forms of life. Due to their unique inorganic and redox properties, transition metals serve as cofactors for enzymes and other proteins. In bacterial pathogenesis, the vertebrate host represents a rich source of nutrient metals, and bacteria have evolved diverse metal acquisition strategies. Host metal homeostasis changes dramatically in response to bacterial infections, including production of metal sequestering proteins and the bombardment of bacteria with toxic levels of metals. In response, bacteria have evolved systems to subvert metal sequestration and toxicity. The coevolution of hosts and their bacterial pathogens in the battle for metals has uncovered emerging paradigms in social microbiology, rapid evolution, host specificity, and metal homeostasis across domains. This review focuses on recent advances and open questions in our understanding of the complex role of transition metals at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Palmer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212;
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212;
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
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23
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Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Autonomous immunity in mucosal epithelial cells: fortifying the barrier against infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:387-398. [PMID: 27005450 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells express an autonomous innate immune response that controls the overgrowth of invaded bacteria, mitigates the harmful effects of the bacteria carried within, and does not rely on other external arms of the immune response. Epithelial cell autonomous innate immunity "respects" the social biology of invading bacteria to achieve symbiosis, and is the primary protective mechanism against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
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24
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Gaffen SL, Herzberg MC, Taubman MA, Van Dyke TE. Recent advances in host defense mechanisms/therapies against oral infectious diseases and consequences for systemic disease. Adv Dent Res 2016; 26:30-7. [PMID: 24736702 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514525778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems are both crucial to oral disease mechanisms and their impact on systemic health status. Greater understanding of these interrelationships will yield opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets to modulate disease processes and/or increase host resistance to infectious or inflammatory insult. The topics addressed reflect the latest advances in our knowledge of the role of innate and adaptive immune systems and inflammatory mechanisms in infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity, including periodontitis and candidiasis. In addition, several potential links with systemic inflammatory conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, are explored. The findings elucidate some of the defense mechanisms utilized by host tissues, including the role of IL-17 in providing immunity to oral candidiasis, the antimicrobial defense of mucosal epithelial cells, and the pro-resolution effects of the natural inflammatory regulators, proresolvins and lipoxins. They also describe the role of immune cells in mediating pathologic bone resorption in periodontal disease. These insights highlight the potential for therapeutic benefit of immunomodulatory interventions that bolster or modulate host defense mechanisms in both oral and systemic disease. Among the promising new therapeutic approaches discussed here are epithelial cell gene therapy, passive immunization against immune cell targets, and the use of proresolvin agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gaffen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, S702 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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25
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Helicobacter pylori Resists the Antimicrobial Activity of Calprotectin via Lipid A Modification and Associated Biofilm Formation. mBio 2015; 6:e01349-15. [PMID: 26646009 PMCID: PMC4669380 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of several pathogens that persist within the host despite a robust immune response. H. pylori elicits a proinflammatory response from host epithelia, resulting in the recruitment of immune cells which manifests as gastritis. Relatively little is known about how H. pylori survives antimicrobials, including calprotectin (CP), which is present during the inflammatory response. The data presented here suggest that one way H. pylori survives the nutrient sequestration by CP is through alteration of its outer membrane. CP-treated H. pylori demonstrates increased bacterial fitness in response to further coculture with CP. Moreover, CP-treated H. pylori cultures form biofilms and demonstrate decreased cell surface hydrophobicity. In response to CP, the H. pylori Lpx lipid A biosynthetic enzymes are not fully functional. The lipid A molecules observed in H. pylori cultures treated with CP indicate that the LpxF, LpxL, and LpxR enzyme functions are perturbed. Transcriptional analysis of lpxF, lpxL, and lpxR indicates that metal restriction by CP does not control this pathway through transcriptional regulation. Analyses of H. pylori lpx mutants reveal that loss of LpxF and LpxL results in increased fitness, similar to what is observed in the presence of CP; moreover, these mutants have significantly increased biofilm formation and reduced cell surface hydrophobicity. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel mechanism of H. pylori resistance to the antimicrobial activity of CP via lipid A modification strategies and resulting biofilm formation. Helicobacter pylori evades recognition of the host’s immune system by modifying the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide. These results demonstrate for the first time that the lipid A modification pathway is influenced by the host’s nutritional immune response. H. pylori’s exposure to the host Mn- and Zn-binding protein calprotectin perturbs the function of 3 enzymes involved in the lipid A modification pathway. Moreover, CP treatment of H. pylori, or mutants with an altered lipid A, exhibit increased bacterial fitness and increased biofilm formation. This suggests that H. pylori modifies its cell surface structure to survive under the stress imposed by the host immune response. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that influence the biofilm lifestyle and how endotoxin modification, which renders H. pylori resistant to cationic antimicrobial peptides, can be inactivated in response to sequestration of nutrient metals.
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26
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Collado-Romero M, Aguilar C, Arce C, Lucena C, Codrea MC, Morera L, Bendixen E, Moreno Á, Garrido JJ. Quantitative proteomics and bioinformatic analysis provide new insight into the dynamic response of porcine intestine to Salmonella Typhimurium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:64. [PMID: 26389078 PMCID: PMC4558531 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteropathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is the most commonly non-typhoideal serotype isolated in pig worldwide. Currently, one of the main sources of human infection is by consumption of pork meat. Therefore, prevention and control of salmonellosis in pigs is crucial for minimizing risks to public health. The aim of the present study was to use isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) to explore differences in the response to Salmonella in two segment of the porcine gut (ileum and colon) along a time course of 1, 2, and 6 days post infection (dpi) with S. Typhimurium. A total of 298 proteins were identified in the infected ileum samples of which, 112 displayed significant expression differences due to Salmonella infection. In colon, 184 proteins were detected in the infected samples of which 46 resulted differentially expressed with respect to the controls. The higher number of changes in protein expression was quantified in ileum at 2 dpi. Further biological interpretation of proteomics data using bioinformatics tools demonstrated that the expression changes in colon were found in proteins involved in cell death and survival, tissue morphology or molecular transport at the early stages and tissue regeneration at 6 dpi. In ileum, however, changes in protein expression were mainly related to immunological and infection diseases, inflammatory response or connective tissue disorders at 1 and 2 dpi. iTRAQ has proved to be a proteomic robust approach allowing us to identify ileum as the earliest response focus upon S. Typhimurium in the porcine gut. In addition, new functions involved in the response to bacteria such as eIF2 signaling, free radical scavengers or antimicrobial peptides (AMP) expression have been identified. Finally, the impairment at of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and lipid metabolism by means the under regulation of FABP6 protein and FXR/RXR and LXR/RXR signaling pathway in ileum has been established for the first time in pigs. Taken together, our results provide a better understanding of the porcine response to Salmonella infection and the molecular mechanisms underlying Salmonella-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Collado-Romero
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Cristina Arce
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Concepción Lucena
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marius C Codrea
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Luis Morera
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emoke Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ángela Moreno
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain ; Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
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27
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The Human Antimicrobial Protein Calgranulin C Participates in Control of Helicobacter pylori Growth and Regulation of Virulence. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2944-56. [PMID: 25964473 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00544-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During infectious processes, antimicrobial proteins are produced by both epithelial cells and innate immune cells. Some of these antimicrobial molecules function by targeting transition metals and sequestering these metals in a process referred to as "nutritional immunity." This chelation strategy ultimately starves invading pathogens, limiting their growth within the vertebrate host. Recent evidence suggests that these metal-binding antimicrobial molecules have the capacity to affect bacterial virulence, including toxin secretion systems. Our previous work showed that the S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer (calprotectin, or calgranulin A/B) binds zinc and represses the elaboration of the H. pylori cag type IV secretion system (T4SS). However, there are several other S100 proteins that are produced in response to infection. We hypothesized that the zinc-binding protein S100A12 (calgranulin C) is induced in response to H. pylori infection and also plays a role in controlling H. pylori growth and virulence. To test this, we analyzed gastric biopsy specimens from H. pylori-positive and -negative patients for S100A12 expression. These assays showed that S100A12 is induced in response to H. pylori infection and inhibits bacterial growth and viability in vitro by binding nutrient zinc. Furthermore, the data establish that the zinc-binding activity of the S100A12 protein represses the activity of the cag T4SS, as evidenced by the gastric cell "hummingbird" phenotype, interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion, and CagA translocation assays. In addition, high-resolution field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) was used to demonstrate that S100A12 represses biogenesis of the cag T4SS. Together with our previous work, these data reveal that multiple S100 proteins can repress the elaboration of an oncogenic bacterial surface organelle.
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28
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Hiroshima Y, Bando M, Inagaki Y, Kido R, Kataoka M, Nagata T, Kido JI. Effect of Hangeshashinto on calprotectin expression in human oral epithelial cells. Odontology 2015; 104:152-62. [PMID: 25649126 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-015-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral epithelial cells produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to prevent microbial infection. Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) is one of these AMPs in oral epithelial cells, the expression of which is up-regulated by interleukin-1α (IL-1α). Hangeshashinto (HST) is a traditional Japanese herbal medicine that has anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of HST on the expression of calprotectin through the regulation of IL-1α in oral epithelial cells. Human oral epithelial cells (TR146) were cultured with HST in the presence or absence of anti-IL-1α antibody or IL-1 receptor antagonist, or with six major components of HST (3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, baicalin, ginsenoside Rb1, glycyrrhizin, oleanolic acid and berberine). The expression of S100A8, S100A9, other AMPs and cytokine mRNAs was examined by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. Calprotectin expression and IL-1α secretion were investigated by ELISA. HST (6 μg/ml) increased the expression of S100A8/S100A9 mRNAs and calprotectin protein, and also up-regulated β-defensin 2 (DEFB4) and S100A7 expression. The expression of IL-1α mRNA and its protein was slightly but significantly increased by HST. A neutralizing antibody against IL-1α and IL-1 receptor antagonist inhibited HST-up-regulated S100A8/S100A9 mRNA expression. Although 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, baicalin and ginsenoside Rb1 as HST components increased S100A8/S100A9 expression, oleanolic acid and berberine decreased their expression. These results suggest that HST increases the expression of calprotectin, DEFB4 and S100A7 in oral epithelial cells. In response to HST, up-regulation of calprotectin expression may be partially induced via IL-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hiroshima
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Reiko Kido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Biomarker Analysis Research Group, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu, 761-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
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29
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Metal ion homeostasis in Listeria monocytogenes and importance in host-pathogen interactions. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 65:83-123. [PMID: 25476765 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is responsible for one of the most life-threatening food-borne infections and the leading cause of food-poisoning associated deaths in the UK. Infection may be of the unborn/newly born infant where disease may manifest as listeric abortion, stillbirth or late-onset neonatal listeriosis, while in adults, infection usually affects the central nervous system causing meningitis. Crucial to the survival of L. monocytogenes, both inside and outside the host, is its ability to acquire metals which act as cofactors for a broad range of its cellular proteins. However, L. monocytogenes must also protect itself against the innate toxicity of metals. The importance of metals in host-pathogen interactions is illustrated by the restriction of metals (including zinc and iron) in vertebrates in response to infection and the use of high levels of metals (copper and zinc) as part of the antimicrobial defences within host phagocytes. As such, L. monocytogenes is equipped with various mechanisms to tightly control its cellular metal pools and avoid metal poisoning. These include multiple DNA-binding metal-responsive transcription factors, metal-acquisition, metal-detoxification and metal-storage systems, some of which represent key L. monocytogenes virulence determinants. This review discusses current knowledge of the role of metals in L. monocytogenes infections, with a focus on the mechanisms that contribute to zinc and copper homeostasis in this organism. The requirement to precisely control cellular metal levels may impose a vulnerability to L. monocytogenes which can be exploited in antimicrobials and therapeutics.
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30
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Gaddy JA, Radin JN, Loh JT, Piazuelo MB, Kehl-Fie TE, Delgado AG, Ilca FT, Peek RM, Cover TL, Chazin WJ, Skaar EP, Scott Algood HM. The host protein calprotectin modulates the Helicobacter pylori cag type IV secretion system via zinc sequestration. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004450. [PMID: 25330071 PMCID: PMC4199781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals are necessary for all forms of life including microorganisms, evidenced by the fact that 30% of all proteins are predicted to interact with a metal cofactor. Through a process termed nutritional immunity, the host actively sequesters essential nutrient metals away from invading pathogenic bacteria. Neutrophils participate in this process by producing several metal chelating proteins, including lactoferrin and calprotectin (CP). As neutrophils are an important component of the inflammatory response directed against the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, a major risk factor for gastric cancer, it was hypothesized that CP plays a role in the host response to H. pylori. Utilizing a murine model of H. pylori infection and gastric epithelial cell co-cultures, the role CP plays in modifying H. pylori -host interactions and the function of the cag Type IV Secretion System (cag T4SS) was investigated. This study indicates elevated gastric levels of CP are associated with the infiltration of neutrophils to the H. pylori-infected tissue. When infected with an H. pylori strain harboring a functional cag T4SS, calprotectin-deficient mice exhibited decreased bacterial burdens and a trend toward increased cag T4SS -dependent inflammation compared to wild-type mice. In vitro data demonstrate that culturing H. pylori with sub-inhibitory doses of CP reduces the activity of the cag T4SS and the biogenesis of cag T4SS-associated pili in a zinc-dependent fashion. Taken together, these data indicate that zinc homeostasis plays a role in regulating the proinflammatory activity of the cag T4SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Gaddy
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jana N. Radin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John T. Loh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Kehl-Fie
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Florin T. Ilca
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Cover
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Walter J. Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Wang J, Huang C, Wu M, Zhong Q, Yang K, Li M, Zhan X, Wen J, Zhou L, Huang X. MRP8/14 induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular Mycobacterium bovis BCG. J Infect 2014; 70:415-26. [PMID: 25312864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of myeloid-related protein 8/14 in mycobacterial infection. METHODS The mRNA and protein expression levels of MRP8 or MRP14 were measured by real-time PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. Role of MRP8/14 was tested by overexpression or RNA interference assays. Flow cytometry and colony forming unit were used to test the phagocytosis and the survival of intracellular Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), respectively. Autophagy mediated by MRP8/14 was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The colocalization of BCG phagosomes with autophagosomes or lysosomes was by detected by confocal microscopy. ROS production was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS MRP8/14 expressions were up-regulated in human monocytic THP1 cells and primary macrophages after mycobacterial challenge. Silencing of MRP8/14 suppressed bacterial killing, but had no influence on the phagocytosis of BCG. Importantly, silencing MRP8/14 decreased autophagy and BCG phagosome maturation in THP1-derived macrophages, thereby increasing the BCG survival. Additionally, we demonstrated that MRP8/14 promoted autophagy in a ROS-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed a novel role of MRP8/14 in the autophagy-mediated elimination of intracellular BCG by promoting ROS generation, which may provide a promising therapeutic target for tuberculosis and other intracellular bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Chunyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiu Zhong
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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32
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Henderson P, Anderson NH, Wilson DC. The diagnostic accuracy of fecal calprotectin during the investigation of suspected pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:637-45. [PMID: 23670113 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fecal calprotectin (FC) is increasingly used during the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), outperforming blood markers during investigation in children. Tests that reduce endoscopy rates in children with suspected gut inflammation would be beneficial. We aimed to determine the usefulness of FC in children undergoing their primary investigation for suspected IBD by systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS An electronic search was performed with keywords relating to IBD and calprotectin in multiple electronic resources from 1946 to May 2012; a hand search was also performed. Inclusion criteria were studies that reported FC levels before the endoscopic investigation of IBD in patients less than 18 years old. Studies were evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool, and a meta-analysis was performed using a hierarchical summary receiver operating curve model. RESULTS Eight papers met the inclusion criteria (six prospective and two retrospective case-control studies); methodological quality was determined in detail for each study. The 8 studies presented FC levels at presentation in 715 patients, 394 pediatric IBD patients, and 321 non-IBD controls. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for the diagnostic utility of FC during the investigation of suspected pediatric IBD were 0.978 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.947-0.996) and 0.682 (95% CI, 0.502-0.863), respectively; the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 3.07 and 0.03, respectively. CONCLUSIONS FC has a high sensitivity and a modest specificity during the diagnosis of suspected pediatric IBD. Further work is required to determine the effect of FC levels on endoscopy rates and its role during the re-evaluation of those with confirmed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Henderson
- 1] Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK [2] Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Niall H Anderson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Wilson
- 1] Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK [2] Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
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Brophy MB, Nakashige TG, Gaillard A, Nolan EM. Contributions of the S100A9 C-terminal tail to high-affinity Mn(II) chelation by the host-defense protein human calprotectin. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17804-17. [PMID: 24245608 PMCID: PMC3892207 DOI: 10.1021/ja407147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human calprotectin (CP) is an antimicrobial protein that coordinates Mn(II) with high affinity in a Ca(II)-dependent manner at an unusual histidine-rich site (site 2) formed at the S100A8/S100A9 dimer interface. We present a 16-member CP mutant family where mutations in the S100A9 C-terminal tail (residues 96-114) are employed to evaluate the contributions of this region, which houses three histidines and four acidic residues, to Mn(II) coordination at site 2. The results from analytical size-exclusion chromatography, Mn(II) competition titrations, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy establish that the C-terminal tail is essential for high-affinity Mn(II) coordination by CP in solution. The studies indicate that His103 and His105 (HXH motif) of the tail complete the Mn(II) coordination sphere in solution, affording an unprecedented biological His6 site. These solution studies are in agreement with a Mn(II)-CP crystal structure reported recently (Damo, S. M.; et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 3841). Remarkably high-affinity Mn(II) binding is retained when either H103 or H105 are mutated to Ala, when the HXH motif is shifted from positions 103-105 to 104-106, and when the human tail is substituted by the C-terminal tail of murine S100A9. Nevertheless, antibacterial activity assays employing human CP mutants reveal that the native disposition of His residues is important for conferring growth inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Within the S100 family, the S100A8/S100A9 heterooligomer is essential for providing high-affinity Mn(II) binding; the S100A7, S100A9(C3S), S100A12, and S100B homodimers do not exhibit such Mn(II)-binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Brunjes Brophy
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Toshiki G. Nakashige
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Aleth Gaillard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Zinc piracy as a mechanism of Neisseria meningitidis for evasion of nutritional immunity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003733. [PMID: 24204275 PMCID: PMC3814407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria functions as a permeability barrier that protects these bacteria against harmful compounds in the environment. Most nutrients pass the outer membrane by passive diffusion via pore-forming proteins known as porins. However, diffusion can only satisfy the growth requirements if the extracellular concentration of the nutrients is high. In the vertebrate host, the sequestration of essential nutrient metals is an important defense mechanism that limits the growth of invading pathogens, a process known as “nutritional immunity.” The acquisition of scarce nutrients from the environment is mediated by receptors in the outer membrane in an energy-requiring process. Most characterized receptors are involved in the acquisition of iron. In this study, we characterized a hitherto unknown receptor from Neisseria meningitidis, a causative agent of sepsis and meningitis. Expression of this receptor, designated CbpA, is induced when the bacteria are grown under zinc limitation. We demonstrate that CbpA functions as a receptor for calprotectin, a protein that is massively produced by neutrophils and other cells and that has been shown to limit bacterial growth by chelating Zn2+ and Mn2+ ions. Expression of CbpA enables N. meningitidis to survive and propagate in the presence of calprotectin and to use calprotectin as a zinc source. Besides CbpA, also the TonB protein, which couples energy of the proton gradient across the inner membrane to receptor-mediated transport across the outer membrane, is required for the process. CbpA was found to be expressed in all N. meningitidis strains examined, consistent with a vital role for the protein when the bacteria reside in the host. Together, our results demonstrate that N. meningitidis is able to subvert an important defense mechanism of the human host and to utilize calprotectin to promote its growth. The sequestration of essential nutrient metals is a first line of defense used by vertebrates to limit the growth of invading pathogens, a process termed “nutritional immunity.” As a part of this defense mechanism, neutrophils and other cells produce massive amounts of calprotectin, a protein that limits bacterial growth by chelating Zn2+ and Mn2+ ions. We demonstrate here that Neisseria meningitidis, a resident of the human nasopharynx that occasionally causes sepsis and meningitis, is able to survive and propagate in the presence of calprotectin. N. meningitidis responds to zinc limitation by the overproduction of an outer membrane protein, called CbpA, that functions as a receptor for calprotectin and enables the bacteria to utilize calprotectin as zinc source. The ability of N. meningitidis to use calprotectin as a zinc source subverts an important defense mechanism of the host and adds a new mechanism to the host-pathogens arms race.
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Abstract
The S100 protein family consists of 24 members functionally distributed into three main subgroups: those that only exert intracellular regulatory effects, those with intracellular and extracellular functions and those which mainly exert extracellular regulatory effects. S100 proteins are only expressed in vertebrates and show cell-specific expression patterns. In some instances, a particular S100 protein can be induced in pathological circumstances in a cell type that does not express it in normal physiological conditions. Within cells, S100 proteins are involved in aspects of regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, energy metabolism, inflammation and migration/invasion through interactions with a variety of target proteins including enzymes, cytoskeletal subunits, receptors, transcription factors and nucleic acids. Some S100 proteins are secreted or released and regulate cell functions in an autocrine and paracrine manner via activation of surface receptors (e.g. the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and toll-like receptor 4), G-protein-coupled receptors, scavenger receptors, or heparan sulfate proteoglycans and N-glycans. Extracellular S100A4 and S100B also interact with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, respectively, thereby enhancing the activity of the corresponding receptors. Thus, extracellular S100 proteins exert regulatory activities on monocytes/macrophages/microglia, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, articular chondrocytes, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, epithelial cells, myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, thereby participating in innate and adaptive immune responses, cell migration and chemotaxis, tissue development and repair, and leukocyte and tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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Augmentation of epithelial resistance to invading bacteria by using mRNA transfections. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3975-83. [PMID: 23940207 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00539-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To protect against invading bacteria, oral epithelial cells appear to use two effector antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): calprotectin (S100A8-S100A9 heterodimer [S100A8/A9]) in the cytosol and cathelicidin antimicrobial protein (CAMP) in endosomes. We sought to learn whether innate immunity might be augmented benignly to increase resistance against invasive bacteria. Epithelial cells were transiently transfected with mRNA constructs containing either the CAMP, S100A8, and S100A9 open reading frames, A8-IRES-A9 (fusion sequence), or A8-nIRES-A9 (fusion with native internal ribosome entry site [IRES] sequence). CAMP, S100A8, and S100A9 protein levels generally peaked between 16 and 44 h after mRNA transfection, depending on the construct; CAMP was processed to LL-37 over time. Following transfection with the respective mRNAs, CAMP and S100A8/A9 each independently increased resistance of epithelial cells to invasion by Listeria and Salmonella for up to 48 h; tandem S100A8/A9 constructs were also effective. Cotransfection to express S100A8/A9 and CAMP together augmented resistance, but synergy was not seen. Independent of the new proteins produced, transfection reduced cell viability after 48 h by 20%, with only 2% attributable to apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that epithelial cell resistance to invasive pathogens can be augmented by transient transfection of antimicrobial mRNAs into epithelial cells.
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Bando M, Zou X, Hiroshima Y, Kataoka M, Ross KF, Shinohara Y, Nagata T, Herzberg MC, Kido JI. Mechanism of interleukin-1α transcriptional regulation of S100A9 in a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:954-62. [PMID: 23563247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
S100A9 is a calcium-binding protein and subunit of antimicrobial calprotectin complex (S100A8/A9). Produced by neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and keratinocytes, S100A9 expression increases in response to inflammation. For example, IL-1α produced by epithelial cells acts autonomously on the same cells to induce the expression of S100A8/A9 and cellular differentiation. Whereas it is well known that IL-1α and members of the IL-10 family of cytokines upregulate S100A8 and S100A9 in several cell lineages, the pathway and mechanism of IL-1α-dependent transcriptional control of S100A9 in epithelial cells are not established. Modeled using human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), IL-1α stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and induced S100A9 expression, which was blocked by IL-1 receptor antagonist, RNAi suppression of p38, or a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Transcription of S100A9 in HaCaT cells depended on nucleotides -94 to -53 in the upstream promoter region, based upon the use of deletion constructs and luciferase reporter activity. Within the responsive promoter region, IL-1α increased the binding activity of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ). Mutated C/EBPβ binding sequences or C/EBPβ-specific siRNA inhibited the S100A9 transcriptional response. Hence, IL-1α is strongly suggested to increase S100A9 expression in a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line by signaling through the IL-1 receptor and p38 MAPK, increasing C/EBPβ-dependent transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Deng Q, Sun M, Yang K, Zhu M, Chen K, Yuan J, Wu M, Huang X. MRP8/14 enhances corneal susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection by amplifying inflammatory responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1227-34. [PMID: 23299480 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the role of myeloid-related protein 8 and 14 (MRP8/14) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) keratitis. METHODS MRP8/14 mRNA levels in human corneal scrapes and mouse corneas infected by PA were tested using real-time PCR. MRP8/14 protein expression in C57BL/6 (B6) corneas was confirmed using Western blot assay and immunohistochemistry. B6 mice were injected subconjunctivally with siRNA for MRP8/14, and then infected with PA. Bacterial plate counts and myeloperoxidase assays were used to determine the bacterial load and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration in infected B6 corneas. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in vivo and in vitro were examined with PCR and ELISA. In murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells, phagocytosis and bacterial killing were assessed using plate count assays, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were tested with flow cytometry and Griess assay, respectively. RESULTS MRP8/14 expression levels were increased significantly in human corneal scrapes and B6 corneas after PA infection. Silencing of MRP8/14 in B6 corneas significantly reduced the severity of corneal disease, bacterial clearance, PMN infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after PA infection. In vitro studies demonstrated further that silencing of MRP8/14 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production, bacterial killing, and ROS production, but not phagocytosis or NO production. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated a dual role for MRP8/14 in bacterial keratitis. Although MRP8/14 promotes bacterial clearance by enhancing ROS production, it functions more importantly as an inflammatory amplifier at the ocular surface by enhancing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, thus contributing to the corneal susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchan Deng
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Brophy MB, Hayden JA, Nolan EM. Calcium ion gradients modulate the zinc affinity and antibacterial activity of human calprotectin. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18089-100. [PMID: 23082970 DOI: 10.1021/ja307974e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calprotectin (CP) is an antimicrobial protein produced and released by neutrophils that inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms by sequestering essential metal nutrients in the extracellular space. In this work, spectroscopic and thermodynamic metal-binding studies are presented to delineate the zinc-binding properties of CP. Unique optical absorption and EPR spectroscopic signatures for the interfacial His(3)Asp and His(4) sites of human calprotectin are identified by using Co(II) as a spectroscopic probe. Zinc competition titrations employing chromophoric Zn(II) indicators provide a 2:1 Zn(II):CP stoichiometry, confirm that the His(3)Asp and His(4) sites of CP coordinate Zn(II), and reveal that the Zn(II) affinity of both sites is calcium-dependent. The calcium-insensitive Zn(II) competitor ZP4 affords dissociation constants of K(d1) = 133 ± 58 pM and K(d2) = 185 ± 219 nM for CP in the absence of Ca(II). These values decrease to K(d1) ≤ 10 pM and K(d2) ≤ 240 pM in the presence of excess Ca(II). The K(d1) and K(d2) values are assigned to the His(3)Asp and His(4) sites, respectively. In vitro antibacterial activity assays indicate that the metal-binding sites and Ca(II)-replete conditions are required for CP to inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. Taken together, these data provide a working model whereby calprotectin responds to physiological Ca(II) gradients to become a potent Zn(II) chelator in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Brunjes Brophy
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Liu JZ, Jellbauer S, Poe AJ, Ton V, Pesciaroli M, Kehl-Fie TE, Restrepo NA, Hosking MP, Edwards RA, Battistoni A, Pasquali P, Lane TE, Chazin WJ, Vogl T, Roth J, Skaar EP, Raffatellu M. Zinc sequestration by the neutrophil protein calprotectin enhances Salmonella growth in the inflamed gut. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:227-39. [PMID: 22423963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that counter pathogens by many mechanisms, including release of antimicrobial proteins such as calprotectin to inhibit bacterial growth. Calprotectin sequesters essential micronutrient metals such as zinc, thereby limiting their availability to microbes, a process termed nutritional immunity. We find that while calprotectin is induced by neutrophils during infection with the gut pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium, calprotectin-mediated metal sequestration does not inhibit S. Typhimurium proliferation. Remarkably, S. Typhimurium overcomes calprotectin-mediated zinc chelation by expressing a high affinity zinc transporter (ZnuABC). A S. Typhimurium znuA mutant impaired for growth in the inflamed gut was rescued in the absence of calprotectin. ZnuABC was also required to promote the growth of S. Typhimurium over that of competing commensal bacteria. Thus, our findings indicate that Salmonella thrives in the inflamed gut by overcoming the zinc sequestration of calprotectin and highlight the importance of zinc acquisition in bacterial intestinal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Z Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Sorenson BS, Khammanivong A, Guenther BD, Ross KF, Herzberg MC. IL-1 receptor regulates S100A8/A9-dependent keratinocyte resistance to bacterial invasion. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:66-75. [PMID: 22031183 PMCID: PMC3476723 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that epithelial cells respond to exogenous interleukin (IL)-1α by increasing expression of several genes involved in the host response to microbes, including the antimicrobial protein complex calprotectin (S100A8/A9). Given that S100A8/A9 protects epithelial cells against invading bacteria, we studied whether IL-1α augments S100A8/A9-dependent resistance to bacterial invasion of oral keratinocytes. When inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, human buccal epithelial (TR146) cells expressed and released IL-1α. Subsequently, IL-1α-containing media from Listeria-infected cells increased S100A8/A9 gene expression in naïve TR146 cells an IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-dependent manner. Incubation with exogenous IL-1α decreased Listeria invasion into TR146 cells, whereas invasion increased with IL-1R antagonist. Conversely, when S100A8/A9 genes were knocked down using short hairpin RNA (shRNA), TR146 cells responded to exogenous IL-1α with increased intracellular bacteria. These data strongly suggest that infected epithelial cells release IL-1α to signal neighboring keratinocytes in a paracrine manner, promoting S100A8/A9-dependent resistance to invasive L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- BS Sorenson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - A Khammanivong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - BD Guenther
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - KF Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417
| | - MC Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417,Address correspondence to: Mark C. Herzberg, DDS, PhD, University of Minnesota, 17-164 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 612-625-8404, Fax: 612-626-2651,
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Hiroshima Y, Bando M, Kataoka M, Inagaki Y, Herzberg MC, Ross KF, Hosoi K, Nagata T, Kido JI. Regulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in human gingival keratinocytes by interleukin-1α. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:761-7. [PMID: 21316034 PMCID: PMC3412402 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the oral cavity, mucosal keratinocytes resist bacterial infection, in part, by producing broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensin, adrenomedullin and calprotectin. Epidermal keratinocyte expression of many AMPs increases in response to interleukin-1α (IL-1α). IL-1α is produced by epidermal keratinocytes and regulates cell differentiation. To better understand innate immunity in the oral cavity, we sought to determine how IL-1α might regulate expression of AMPs by human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs) using DNA microarray and Western blot analyses. HGKs from three subjects expressed eleven AMPs, including S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), cystatin C and β-defensin 2. Of the expressed AMPs, S100A7, S100A12 and LCN2 were up-regulated by IL-1α (inducible AMPs); the other AMPs were considered to be constitutive. Human gingival keratinocytes, therefore, express constitutive and IL-1α-inducible AMPs to provide a rapid and robust innate response to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hiroshima
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Nano-bioanalysis Team, Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kazuo Hosoi
- Deartment of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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The Antimicrobial Heterodimer S100A8/S100A9 (Calprotectin) Is Upregulated by Bacterial Flagellin in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2423-30. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hsu K, Champaiboon C, Guenther BD, Sorenson BS, Khammanivong A, Ross KF, Geczy CL, Herzberg MC. ANTI-INFECTIVE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF S100 CALGRANULINS. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2009; 8:290-305. [PMID: 20523765 PMCID: PMC2879674 DOI: 10.2174/187152309789838975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The calgranulins are a subgroup of proteins in the S100 family (calgranulin A, S100A8; calgranulin B, S100A9 and calgranulin C, S100A12) that provide protective anti-infective and anti-inflammatory functions for the mammalian host. In this review, we discuss the structure-function relationships whereby S100A8 and S100A9, and for comparison, S100A12, provide intra- and extracellular protection during the complex interplay between infection and inflammation and how the calgranulins are regulated to optimally protect the host. Ideally located to support epithelial barrier function, calprotectin, a complex of S100A8/S100A9, is expressed in squamous mucosal keratinocytes and innate immune cells present at mucosal surfaces. The calgranulins are also abundantly produced in neutrophils and monocytes, whereas expression is induced in epidermal keratinocytes, gastrointestinal epithelial cells and fibroblasts during inflammation. The calgranulins show species-specific expression and function. For example, S100A8 is chemotactic in rodents but not in humans. In humans, S100A12 appears to serve as a functional chemotactic homolog to murine S100A8. Transition metal-binding and oxidation sites within calgranulins are able to create structural changes that may orchestrate new protective functions or binding targets. The calgranulins thus appear to adopt a variety of roles to protect the host. In addition to serving as a leukocyte chemoattractant, protective functions include oxidant scavenging, antimicrobial activity, and chemokine-like activities. Each function may reflect the concentration of the calgranulin, post-transcriptional modifications, oligomeric forms, and the proximal intracellular or extracellular environments. Calprotectin and the calgranulins are remarkable as multifunctional proteins dedicated to protecting the intra- and extracellular environments during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hsu
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chantrakorn Champaiboon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Brian D. Guenther
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Brent S. Sorenson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Karen F. Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
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Champaiboon C, Sappington KJ, Guenther BD, Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Calprotectin S100A9 calcium-binding loops I and II are essential for keratinocyte resistance to bacterial invasion. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7078-90. [PMID: 19122197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806605200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells expressing calprotectin, a heterodimer of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins, are more resistant to bacterial invasion. To determine structural motifs that affect resistance to bacterial invasion, mutations were constructed in S100A9 targeting the calcium-binding loops I and II (E36Q, E78Q, E36Q,E78Q) and the C terminus (S100A9(1-99) and S100A9(1-112)), which contains putative antimicrobial zinc-binding and phosphorylation sites. The S100A8 and mutated S100A9 encoding plasmids were transfected into calprotectin-negative KB carcinoma cells. All transfected cells (except KB-sham) expressed 27E10-reactive heterodimers. In bacterial invasion assays with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella typhimurium), cell lines expressing S100A8 in complex with S100A9E36Q, S100A9E78Q, S100A9(1-99), or S100A9(1-112) mutants or the S100A9(1-114) (full-length) calprotectin resisted bacterial invasion better than KB-sham. When compared with KB-S100A8/A9(1-114), cells expressing truncated S100A9(1-99) or S100A9(1-112) with S100A8 also showed increased resistance to bacterial invasion. In contrast, glutamic acid residues 36 and 78 in calcium-binding loops I and II promote resistance in epithelial cells, because cells expressing S100A9E36Q,E78Q with S100A8 were unable to resist bacterial invasion. Mutations in S100A9 E36Q, E78Q were predicted to cause loss of the calcium-induced positive face in calprotectin, reducing interactions with microtubules and appearing to be crucial for keratinocyte resistance to bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantrakorn Champaiboon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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