1
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Sheikh S, Eisner M, Walum J, Heyob K, Khan AQ, Lewis B, Grayson M, Kopp B, McCoy K, Britt R. Innate immune responses are increased in children with acute asthma exacerbation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2024; 35:e14173. [PMID: 38873916 PMCID: PMC11182652 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the immune responses during acute asthma exacerbation. In this study, we examined immune responses in children following an acute asthma exacerbation. METHODS We evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and gene expression profiles in blood samples from pediatric patients admitted for acute asthma exacerbation. Viral PCR was performed to differentiate between viral or non-viral-associated exacerbations. RESULTS Following informed consent, clinical data were obtained from 20 children with asthma (median [interquartile range, IQR]: age 11.5 [8.0, 14.2]) years and 14 healthy age-matched controls (10.5 [7.0, 13.0]). Twelve had positive nasopharyngeal Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for viral infection (11 rhinoviruses and 1 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)). Nine were in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and among them five required continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Mean (±SD) days on systemic steroids before drawing blood sample were 2.5 ± 1.6. Twelve had history of environmental allergies with 917 (274, 1396) IU/mL total IgE (median (IQR)). Compared with controls, IL-1RA and IL-10 levels were significantly increased and TNF-α significantly decreased in asthma subjects (p < .05 for all). RNA-seq analysis revealed 852 differentially expressed genes in subjects with asthma. Pathway analysis found upregulated genes and pathways involved in innate immune responses in subjects with asthma. Significantly reduced genes included pathways associated with T helper cell differentiation and activation. CONCLUSIONS In acute asthma exacerbation, innate immune pathways remained increased while adaptive immune responses related to T helper cells are blunted and are independent of trigger or asthma severity. Our novel findings highlight the need to identify new therapies to target persistent innate immune responses to improve outcomes in acute asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Sheikh
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mariah Eisner
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Biostatistics Resource, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua Walum
- Center for Perinatal Research, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mitchell Grayson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Allergy &Immunology, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Benjamin Kopp
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen McCoy
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rodney Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Perinatal Research, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Ramphul M, Welsh KG, May RD, Ghebre MA, Rapley L, Cohen ES, Herath A, Monteiro W, Rousseau K, Thornton DJ, Brightling CE, Gaillard EA. Sputum biomarkers during acute severe asthma attacks in children-a case-control study. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:620-627. [PMID: 34773288 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study sputum mediator profiles pattern in children with acute severe asthma, compared with stable asthma and healthy controls. The mechanisms of acute severe asthma attacks, such as biomarkers cascades and immunological responses, are poorly understood. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational case-control study of children aged 5 to 17 years, who presented to hospital with an asthma attack. Children with stable asthma were recruited during outpatient asthma clinic visits. Control children without an asthma diagnosis were recruited from surgical wards. Sputum mediator profiles were measured, and sputum leukocyte differential cell counts were generated. RESULTS Sputum data were available in 48 children (acute asthma; n = 18, stable asthma; n = 17, healthy controls; n = 13). Acute-phase biomarkers and neutrophil attractants such as IL-6 and its receptor, IL-8 and cytokines linked with bacterial signals, including TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, were elevated in asthma attacks versus stable asthma and healthy controls. T-cell attractant cytokines, associated with viral infections, such as CCL-5, CXCL-10 and CXCL-11, and CXCL-9 (secreted from eosinophils after a viral trigger) were also raised. CONCLUSION Mediator profiles consistent with bacterial and viral respiratory infections, and T2 inflammation markers co-exist in the sputum of children with acute severe asthma attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ramphul
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine Leicester Children’s HospitalLeicester Royal Infirmary Leicester UK
| | - Kathryn G. Welsh
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine Leicester Children’s HospitalLeicester Royal Infirmary Leicester UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Richard D. May
- Bioscience Asthma, Research and Early Development Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZeneca Cambridge UK
| | | | - Laura Rapley
- Bioscience Asthma, Research and Early Development Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZeneca Cambridge UK
| | - Emma Suzanne Cohen
- Bioscience Asthma, Research and Early Development Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZeneca Cambridge UK
| | - Athula Herath
- Bioscience Asthma, Research and Early Development Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZeneca Cambridge UK
| | - William Monteiro
- Department of Respiratory Sciences Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - David J. Thornton
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Christopher E. Brightling
- Department of Respiratory Sciences Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Erol A. Gaillard
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine Leicester Children’s HospitalLeicester Royal Infirmary Leicester UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Leicester Leicester UK
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3
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Coleman LA, Khoo SK, Franks K, Prastanti F, Le Souëf P, Karpievitch YV, Laing IA, Bosco A. Personal Network Inference Unveils Heterogeneous Immune Response Patterns to Viral Infection in Children with Acute Wheezing. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1293. [PMID: 34945765 PMCID: PMC8706513 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV)-induced exacerbations of asthma and wheeze are a major cause of emergency room presentations and hospital admissions among children. Previous studies have shown that immune response patterns during these exacerbations are heterogeneous and are characterized by the presence or absence of robust interferon responses. Molecular phenotypes of asthma are usually identified by cluster analysis of gene expression levels. This approach however is limited, since genes do not exist in isolation, but rather work together in networks. Here, we employed personal network inference to characterize exacerbation response patterns and unveil molecular phenotypes based on variations in network structure. We found that personal gene network patterns were dominated by two major network structures, consisting of interferon-response versus FCER1G-associated networks. Cluster analysis of these structures divided children into subgroups, differing in the prevalence of atopy but not RV species. These network structures were also observed in an independent cohort of children with virus-induced asthma exacerbations sampled over a time course, where we showed that the FCER1G-associated networks were mainly observed at late time points (days four-six) during the acute illness. The ratio of interferon- and FCER1G-associated gene network responses was able to predict recurrence, with low interferon being associated with increased risk of readmission. These findings demonstrate the applicability of personal network inference for biomarker discovery and therapeutic target identification in the context of acute asthma which focuses on variations in network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Coleman
- Medical School (Paediatrics), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (L.A.C.); (P.L.S.); (I.A.L.)
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kimberley Franks
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Franciska Prastanti
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter Le Souëf
- Medical School (Paediatrics), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (L.A.C.); (P.L.S.); (I.A.L.)
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
| | - Yuliya V. Karpievitch
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ingrid A. Laing
- Medical School (Paediatrics), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (L.A.C.); (P.L.S.); (I.A.L.)
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.-K.K.); (K.F.); (F.P.); (Y.V.K.)
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4
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Single-cell transcriptional changes associated with drug tolerance and response to combination therapies in cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1628. [PMID: 33712615 PMCID: PMC7955121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors were found to be clinically effective for treatment of patients with certain subsets of cancers carrying somatic mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases. However, the duration of clinical response is often limited, and patients ultimately develop drug resistance. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to demonstrate the existence of multiple cancer cell subpopulations within cell lines, xenograft tumors and patient tumors. These subpopulations exhibit epigenetic changes and differential therapeutic sensitivity. Recurrently overrepresented ontologies in genes that are differentially expressed between drug tolerant cell populations and drug sensitive cells include epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, epithelium development, vesicle mediated transport, drug metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. We show analysis of identified markers using the LINCS database to predict and functionally validate small molecules that target selected drug tolerant cell populations. In combination with EGFR inhibitors, crizotinib inhibits the emergence of a defined subset of EGFR inhibitor-tolerant clones. In this study, we describe the spectrum of changes associated with drug tolerance and inhibition of specific tolerant cell subpopulations with combination agents.
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5
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The intersect of genetics, environment, and microbiota in asthma-perspectives and challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:781-793. [PMID: 33678251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In asthma, a significant portion of the interaction between genetics and environment occurs through microbiota. The proposed mechanisms behind this interaction are complex and at times contradictory. This review covers recent developments in our understanding of this interaction: the "microbial hypothesis" and the "farm effect"; the role of endotoxin and genetic variation in pattern recognition systems; the interaction with allergen exposure; the additional involvement of host gut and airway microbiota; the role of viral respiratory infections in interaction with the 17q21 and CDHR3 genetic loci; and the importance of in utero and early-life timing of exposures. We propose a unified framework for understanding how all these phenomena interact to drive asthma pathogenesis. Finally, we point out some future challenges for continued research in this field, in particular the need for multiomic integration, as well as the potential utility of asthma endotyping.
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6
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Hinks TSC, Levine SJ, Brusselle GG. Treatment options in type-2 low asthma. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.00528-2020. [PMID: 32586877 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00528-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeting IgE or the type-2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 are proving highly effective in reducing exacerbations and symptoms in people with severe allergic and eosinophilic asthma, respectively. However, these therapies are not appropriate for 30-50% of patients in severe asthma clinics who present with non-allergic, non-eosinophilic, "type-2 low" asthma. These patients constitute an important and common clinical asthma phenotype, driven by distinct, yet poorly understood pathobiological mechanisms. In this review we describe the heterogeneity and clinical characteristics of type-2 low asthma and summarise current knowledge on the underlying pathobiological mechanisms, which includes neutrophilic airway inflammation often associated with smoking, obesity and occupational exposures and may be driven by persistent bacterial infections and by activation of a recently described IL-6 pathway. We review the evidence base underlying existing treatment options for specific treatable traits that can be identified and addressed. We focus particularly on severe asthma as opposed to difficult-to-treat asthma, on emerging data on the identification of airway bacterial infection, on the increasing evidence base for the use of long-term low-dose macrolides, a critical appraisal of bronchial thermoplasty, and evidence for the use of biologics in type-2 low disease. Finally, we review ongoing research into other pathways including tumour necrosis factor, IL-17, resolvins, apolipoproteins, type I interferons, IL-6 and mast cells. We suggest that type-2 low disease frequently presents opportunities for identification and treatment of tractable clinical problems; it is currently a rapidly evolving field with potential for the development of novel targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S C Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Dept of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stewart J Levine
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Depts of Epidemiology and Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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O'Loughlin J, Hall RJ, Bhaker S, Portelli MA, Henry A, Pang V, Bates DO, Sharp TV, Sayers I. Extended lifespan of bronchial epithelial cells maintains normal cellular phenotype and transcriptome integrity. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00254-2020. [PMID: 33532474 PMCID: PMC7836642 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00254-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified several epithelial-derived genes associated with airway diseases. However, techniques used to study gene function frequently exceed the proliferative potential of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) isolated from patients. Increased expression of the polycomb group protein BMI-1 extends the lifespan of HBECs while maintaining cell context plasticity. Herein we aimed to assess how BMI-1 expression impacted cellular functions and global mRNA expression. HBECs from six donors were transduced with lentivirus containing BMI-1 and cells were characterised, including by RNA sequencing and impedance measurement. BMI-1-expressing HBECs (B-HBECs) have a proliferative advantage and show comparable in vitro properties to low passage primary HBECs, including cell attachment/spreading and barrier formation. The B-HBEC mRNA signature was modestly different to HBECs, with only 293 genes differentially expressed (5% false discovery rate). Genes linked to epithelial mesenchymal transition and cell cycle were enriched in B-HBECs. We investigated the expression of genes implicated in asthma from genetic and expression studies and found that 97.6% of genes remained unaltered. We have shown that increased BMI-1 expression in HBECs delays lung epithelial cell senescence by promoting cell cycle progression and highlighted the flexible utility for B-HBECs as an important platform for studying airway epithelial mechanisms. A method to extend the lifespan of primary human bronchial epithelial cells that maintain a normal epithelial cell phenotype, thus providing a platform to investigate respiratory disease mechanisms over prolonged periodshttps://bit.ly/353Rklc
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O'Loughlin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Robert J Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Sangita Bhaker
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael A Portelli
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda Henry
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vincent Pang
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - David O Bates
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tyson V Sharp
- Centre of Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,These authors contributed equally
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8
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Han YY, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang G, Oliver BG, Zhang HP, Kang DY, Wang L, Qiu ZX, Li WM, Wang G. Multidimensional Assessment of Asthma Identifies Clinically Relevant Phenotype Overlap: A Cross-Sectional Study. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 9:349-362.e18. [PMID: 32791248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with multiple phenotypes; however, the relevance of phenotype overlap remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between phenotype overlap and clinical and inflammatory profiles of asthma. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, adult participants with stable asthma (n = 522) underwent multidimensional assessments. The 10 most common phenotypes of asthma were defined and then classified into those commonly associated with Type (T) 2 or non-T2 inflammation. Furthermore, phenotype overlap scores (POS), representing the cumulative concomitant phenotypes, were used to analyze its association with clinical and inflammatory asthmatic profiles. RESULTS Among the 522 participants, 73.4% (n = 383) had phenotype overlap, and mixed T2 and non-T2 inflammation coexisted in 47.5% (n = 248). T2 POS was positively associated with eosinophils, IgE, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and negatively with Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), sputum neutrophils, IL-17A, IL-8, and TNF-α. Non-T2 POS was positively associated with Asthma Control Questionnaire, neutrophils and sputum IL-8, and negatively with AQLQ, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, blood eosinophils, IgE, and FeNO (all P < .05). Patients with phenotypes that are associated with mixed T2 and non-T2 inflammation had elevated T2 inflammation biomarkers but worse asthma control. Both T2 (adjusted β = -0.191, P = .035) and non-T2 (adjusted β = 0.310, P < .001) POS were significantly associated with severe exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS Phenotype overlap is extremely common in asthmatic patients and significantly associated with clinical and inflammatory profiles. Patients with phenotypes associated with mixed T2 and non-T2 inflammation might be unresponsive to medications owing to increased non-T2 inflammation. Multidimensional asthma assessment identifies clinically relevant phenotype overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu Han
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecule Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hong Ping Zhang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - De Ying Kang
- Department of Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Xin Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Min Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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9
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Martinez FD. Childhood Asthma Inception and Progression: Role of Microbial Exposures, Susceptibility to Viruses and Early Allergic Sensitization. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:141-150. [PMID: 30954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate responses to respiratory viruses, especially rhinovirus, and early allergic sensitization are the strongest contributors to the inception and persistence of early onset asthma. The ORMDL3 asthma locus in chromosome 17q seems to exert its effects by increasing susceptibility to human rhinovirus in early life. Being raised on animal farms is highly protective against the development of asthma, and this protective effect is mediated by exposure to microbes. Two trials in high-risk young children, one to prevent wheezing lower respiratory tract illness using bacterial lyophilizates and another using anti-immunoglobulin E to prevent asthma progression, are already under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D Martinez
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, The University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell, Room 2350, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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10
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QuantSeq. 3' Sequencing combined with Salmon provides a fast, reliable approach for high throughput RNA expression analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18895. [PMID: 31827207 PMCID: PMC6906367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq is increasingly used for the diagnosis of patients, targeting of therapies and for single cell transcriptomics. These applications require cost effective, fast and reliable ways of capturing and analyzing gene expression data. Here we compared Lexogen's QuantSeq which captures only the 3' end of RNA transcripts and Illumina's TruSeq, using both Tophat2 and Salmon for gene quantification. We also compared these results to microarray. This analysis was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Poly (I:C), a viral mimic that induces innate antiviral responses. This provides a well-established model to determine if RNA-Seq and QuantSeq identify the same biological signatures. Gene expression levels in QuantSeq and RNA-Seq were strongly correlated (Spearman's rho ~0.8), Salmon and Tophat2 (Spearman's rho > 0.9). There was high consistency in protein coding genes, non-concordant genes had a high proportion of shorter, non-coding features. RNA-Seq identified more differentially expressed genes than QuantSeq, both methods outperformed microarray. The same key biological signals emerged in each of these approaches. We conclude that QuantSeq, coupled with a fast quantification method such as Salmon, should provide a viable alternative to traditional RNA-Seq in many applications and may be of particular value in the study of the 3'UTR region of mRNA.
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11
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Weathington N, O’Brien ME, Radder J, Whisenant TC, Bleecker ER, Busse WW, Erzurum SC, Gaston B, Hastie AT, Jarjour NN, Meyers DA, Milosevic J, Moore WC, Tedrow JR, Trudeau JB, Wong HP, Wu W, Kaminski N, Wenzel SE, Modena BD. BAL Cell Gene Expression in Severe Asthma Reveals Mechanisms of Severe Disease and Influences of Medications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:837-856. [PMID: 31161938 PMCID: PMC6812436 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201811-2221oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Gene expression of BAL cells, which samples the cellular milieu within the lower respiratory tract, has not been well studied in severe asthma.Objectives: To identify new biomolecular mechanisms underlying severe asthma by an unbiased, detailed interrogation of global gene expression.Methods: BAL cell expression was profiled in 154 asthma and control subjects. Of these participants, 100 had accompanying airway epithelial cell gene expression. BAL cell expression profiles were related to participant (age, sex, race, and medication) and sample traits (cell proportions), and then severity-related gene expression determined by correlating transcripts and coexpression networks to lung function, emergency department visits or hospitalizations in the last year, medication use, and quality-of-life scores.Measurements and Main Results: Age, sex, race, cell proportions, and medications strongly influenced BAL cell gene expression, but leading severity-related genes could be determined by carefully identifying and accounting for these influences. A BAL cell expression network enriched for cAMP signaling components most differentiated subjects with severe asthma from other subjects. Subsequently, an in vitro cellular model showed this phenomenon was likely caused by a robust upregulation in cAMP-related expression in nonsevere and β-agonist-naive subjects given a β-agonist before cell collection. Interestingly, ELISAs performed on BAL lysates showed protein levels may partly disagree with expression changes.Conclusions: Gene expression in BAL cells is influenced by factors seldomly considered. Notably, β-agonist exposure likely had a strong and immediate impact on cellular gene expression, which may not translate to important disease mechanisms or necessarily match protein levels. Leading severity-related genes were discovered in an unbiased, system-wide analysis, revealing new targets that map to asthma susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Weathington
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael E. O’Brien
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Josiah Radder
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas C. Whisenant
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Eugene R. Bleecker
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - William W. Busse
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Serpil C. Erzurum
- Lerner Research Institute, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Annette T. Hastie
- Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Nizar N. Jarjour
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Deborah A. Meyers
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jadranka Milosevic
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy C. Moore
- Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John R. Tedrow
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John B. Trudeau
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hesper P. Wong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Wu
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sally E. Wenzel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Brian D. Modena
- Division of Allergy, National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colorado
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12
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Ghebre MA, Pang PH, Desai D, Hargadon B, Newby C, Woods J, Rapley L, Cohen SE, Herath A, Gaillard EA, May RD, Brightling CE. Severe exacerbations in moderate-to-severe asthmatics are associated with increased pro-inflammatory and type 1 mediators in sputum and serum. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:144. [PMID: 31395050 PMCID: PMC6688375 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a heterogeneous disease and understanding this heterogeneity will enable the realisation of precision medicine. We sought to compare the sputum and serum inflammatory profiles in moderate-to-severe asthma during stable disease and exacerbation events. METHODS We recruited 102 adults and 34 children with asthma. The adults were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 12-month follow-up visits. Thirty-seven subjects were assessed at onset of severe exacerbation. Forty sputum mediators and 43 serum mediators were measured. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to identify mediators that distinguish between stable disease and exacerbation events. The strongest discriminating sputum mediators in the adults were validated in the children. RESULTS The mediators that were significantly increased at exacerbations versus stable disease and by ≥1.5-fold were sputum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-6R, IL-18, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL5, TNFα, TNF-R1, TNF-R2, and CHTR and serum CXCL11. No mediators decreased ≥1.5-fold at exacerbation. The strongest discriminators of an exacerbation in adults (ROC area under the curve [AUC]) were sputum TNF-R2 0.69 (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.78) and IL-6R 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58 to 0.78). Sputum TNF-R2 and IL-6R were also discriminatory in children (ROC AUC 0.85 [95% CI: 0.71 to 0.99] and 0.80 [0.64 to 0.96] respectively). CONCLUSIONS Severe asthma exacerbations are associated with increased pro-inflammatory and Type 1 (T1) immune mediators. In adults, sputum TNF-R2 and IL-6R were the strongest discriminators of an exacerbation, which were verified in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Ghebre
- Institute for Lung Health NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Pee Hwee Pang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dhananjay Desai
- Institute for Lung Health NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Beverley Hargadon
- Institute for Lung Health NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Chris Newby
- Institute for Lung Health NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Joanne Woods
- MedImmune Ltd, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Laura Rapley
- MedImmune Ltd, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Suzanne E Cohen
- MedImmune Ltd, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Athula Herath
- MedImmune Ltd, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Erol A Gaillard
- Institute for Lung Health NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Richard D May
- MedImmune Ltd, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Present address: Camallergy, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris E Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.
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13
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Khoo SK, Read J, Franks K, Zhang G, Bizzintino J, Coleman L, McCrae C, Öberg L, Troy NM, Prastanti F, Everard J, Oo S, Borland ML, Maciewicz RA, Le Souëf PN, Laing IA, Bosco A. Upper Airway Cell Transcriptomics Identify a Major New Immunological Phenotype with Strong Clinical Correlates in Young Children with Acute Wheezing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1845-1858. [PMID: 30745463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations are triggered by rhinovirus infections. We employed a systems biology approach to delineate upper-airway gene network patterns underlying asthma exacerbation phenotypes in children. Cluster analysis unveiled distinct IRF7hi versus IRF7lo molecular phenotypes, the former exhibiting robust upregulation of Th1/type I IFN responses and the latter an alternative signature marked by upregulation of cytokine and growth factor signaling and downregulation of IFN-γ. The two phenotypes also produced distinct clinical phenotypes. For IRF7lo children, symptom duration prior to hospital presentation was more than twice as long from initial symptoms (p = 0.011) and nearly three times as long for cough (p < 0.001), the odds ratio of admission to hospital was increased more than 4-fold (p = 0.018), and time to recurrence was shorter (p = 0.015). In summary, our findings demonstrate that asthma exacerbations in children can be divided into IRF7hi versus IRF7lo phenotypes with associated differences in clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Kim Khoo
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - James Read
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Kimberley Franks
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.,Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia and Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Laura Coleman
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Christopher McCrae
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lisa Öberg
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Franciska Prastanti
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Janet Everard
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Stephen Oo
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and.,Division of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Rose A Maciewicz
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 53 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia;
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14
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Caminati M, Pham DL, Bagnasco D, Canonica GW. Type 2 immunity in asthma. World Allergy Organ J 2018; 11:13. [PMID: 29988331 PMCID: PMC6020328 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-018-0192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2-immunity represents the typical adaptive response to allergen exposure in atopic individuals. It mainly involves Th2 cells and immunoglobulin E, as the main orchestrators of type 2-inflammation. Recently, it has been highlighted that allergens may be responsible for a Th2 response beside specific IgE activation and that a number of other environmental stimuli, such as viruses and pollutants, can trigger the same pattern of inflammation beyond atopy. Emerging data sustain a substantial role of the so-called epithelial dysfunction in asthma pathogenesis, both from anatomic and functional point of view. Furthermore an increasing amount of evidence demonstrates the relevance of innate immunity in polarizing a Th2 impaired response in asthmatic patients. Under this perspective, the complex cross-talking between airway epithelium, innate and adaptive immunity is emerging as a major determinant of type 2-inflammation beyond allergens. This review will include an update on the relevance of dysregulation of innate and adaptive type 2-immunity in asthma pathogenesis, particularly severe asthma, and on the role of the allergens that are associated with severe asthma. Type 2-immunity also will be reviewed in the light of the current and upcoming targeted treatments for severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caminati
- 1Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale Scuro10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Duy Le Pham
- 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Diego Bagnasco
- University of Genoa Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- 4Personalized Medicine Clinic, Asthma & Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Jones AC, Troy NM, White E, Hollams EM, Gout AM, Ling KM, Kicic A, Stick SM, Sly PD, Holt PG, Hall GL, Bosco A. Persistent activation of interlinked type 2 airway epithelial gene networks in sputum-derived cells from aeroallergen-sensitized symptomatic asthmatics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1511. [PMID: 29367592 PMCID: PMC5784090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a persistent disease characterized by intermittent wheeze and progressive loss of lung function. The disease is thought to be driven primarily by chronic aeroallergen-induced type 2-associated inflammation. However, the vast majority of atopics do not develop asthma despite ongoing aeroallergen exposure, suggesting additional mechanisms operate in conjunction with type 2 immunity to drive asthma pathogenesis. We employed RNA-Seq profiling of sputum-derived cells to identify gene networks operative at baseline in house dust mite-sensitized (HDMS) subjects with/without wheezing history that are characteristic of the ongoing asthmatic state. The expression of type 2 effectors (IL-5, IL-13) was equivalent in both cohorts of subjects. However, in HDMS-wheezers they were associated with upregulation of two coexpression modules comprising multiple type 2- and epithelial-associated genes. The first module was interlinked by the hubs EGFR, ERBB2, CDH1 and IL-13. The second module was associated with CDHR3 and mucociliary clearance genes. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms operative at baseline in the airway mucosa in atopic asthmatics undergoing natural aeroallergen exposure, and suggest that susceptibility to asthma amongst these subjects involves complex interactions between type 2- and epithelial-associated gene networks, which are not operative in equivalently sensitized/exposed atopic non-asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya C Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Elisha White
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Elysia M Hollams
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Alexander M Gout
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Graham L Hall
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Centre of Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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16
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Nagarajan S, Bedi U, Budida A, Hamdan FH, Mishra VK, Najafova Z, Xie W, Alawi M, Indenbirken D, Knapp S, Chiang CM, Grundhoff A, Kari V, Scheel CH, Wegwitz F, Johnsen SA. BRD4 promotes p63 and GRHL3 expression downstream of FOXO in mammary epithelial cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3130-3145. [PMID: 27980063 PMCID: PMC5389510 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is a member of the bromo- and extraterminal (BET) domain-containing family of epigenetic readers which is under intensive investigation as a target for anti-tumor therapy. BRD4 plays a central role in promoting the expression of select subsets of genes including many driven by oncogenic transcription factors and signaling pathways. However, the role of BRD4 and the effects of BET inhibitors in non-transformed cells remain mostly unclear. We demonstrate that BRD4 is required for the maintenance of a basal epithelial phenotype by regulating the expression of epithelial-specific genes including TP63 and Grainy Head-like transcription factor-3 (GRHL3) in non-transformed basal-like mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, BRD4 occupancy correlates with enhancer activity and enhancer RNA (eRNA) transcription. Motif analyses of cell context-specific BRD4-enriched regions predicted the involvement of FOXO transcription factors. Consistently, activation of FOXO1 function via inhibition of EGFR-AKT signaling promoted the expression of TP63 and GRHL3. Moreover, activation of Src kinase signaling and FOXO1 inhibition decreased the expression of FOXO/BRD4 target genes. Together, our findings support a function for BRD4 in promoting basal mammary cell epithelial differentiation, at least in part, by regulating FOXO factor function on enhancers to activate TP63 and GRHL3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankari Nagarajan
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Upasana Bedi
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anusha Budida
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Feda H Hamdan
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vivek Kumar Mishra
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zeynab Najafova
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wanhua Xie
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.,Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt 60323, Germany
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vijayalakshmi Kari
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina H Scheel
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center for Health and Environmental Research Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steven A Johnsen
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Modena BD, Bleecker ER, Busse WW, Erzurum SC, Gaston BM, Jarjour NN, Meyers DA, Milosevic J, Tedrow JR, Wu W, Kaminski N, Wenzel SE. Gene Expression Correlated with Severe Asthma Characteristics Reveals Heterogeneous Mechanisms of Severe Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1449-1463. [PMID: 27984699 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201607-1407oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Severe asthma (SA) is a heterogeneous disease with multiple molecular mechanisms. Gene expression studies of bronchial epithelial cells in individuals with asthma have provided biological insight and underscored possible mechanistic differences between individuals. OBJECTIVES Identify networks of genes reflective of underlying biological processes that define SA. METHODS Airway epithelial cell gene expression from 155 subjects with asthma and healthy control subjects in the Severe Asthma Research Program was analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis to identify gene networks and profiles associated with SA and its specific characteristics (i.e., pulmonary function tests, quality of life scores, urgent healthcare use, and steroid use), which potentially identified underlying biological processes. A linear model analysis confirmed these findings while adjusting for potential confounders. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Weighted gene coexpression network analysis constructed 64 gene network modules, including modules corresponding to T1 and T2 inflammation, neuronal function, cilia, epithelial growth, and repair mechanisms. Although no network selectively identified SA, genes in modules linked to epithelial growth and repair and neuronal function were markedly decreased in SA. Several hub genes of the epithelial growth and repair module were found located at the 17q12-21 locus, near a well-known asthma susceptibility locus. T2 genes increased with severity in those treated with corticosteroids but were also elevated in untreated, mild-to-moderate disease compared with healthy control subjects. T1 inflammation, especially when associated with increased T2 gene expression, was elevated in a subgroup of younger patients with SA. CONCLUSIONS In this hypothesis-generating analysis, gene expression networks in relation to asthma severity provided potentially new insight into biological mechanisms associated with the development of SA and its phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Modena
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Eugene R Bleecker
- 3 Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - William W Busse
- 4 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- 5 Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Benjamin M Gaston
- 6 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,7 Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- 4 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Deborah A Meyers
- 3 Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jadranka Milosevic
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John R Tedrow
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Wu
- 8 Lane Center for Computational Biology School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- 9 Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Modena BD, Bleecker ER, Busse WW, Erzurum SC, Gaston BM, Jarjour NN, Meyers DA, Milosevic J, Tedrow JR, Wu W, Kaminski N, Wenzel SE. Gene Expression Correlated with Severe Asthma Characteristics Reveals Heterogeneous Mechanisms of Severe Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017. [PMID: 27984699 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201607-1407oc 10.1164/rccm.201607-1407oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Severe asthma (SA) is a heterogeneous disease with multiple molecular mechanisms. Gene expression studies of bronchial epithelial cells in individuals with asthma have provided biological insight and underscored possible mechanistic differences between individuals. OBJECTIVES Identify networks of genes reflective of underlying biological processes that define SA. METHODS Airway epithelial cell gene expression from 155 subjects with asthma and healthy control subjects in the Severe Asthma Research Program was analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis to identify gene networks and profiles associated with SA and its specific characteristics (i.e., pulmonary function tests, quality of life scores, urgent healthcare use, and steroid use), which potentially identified underlying biological processes. A linear model analysis confirmed these findings while adjusting for potential confounders. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Weighted gene coexpression network analysis constructed 64 gene network modules, including modules corresponding to T1 and T2 inflammation, neuronal function, cilia, epithelial growth, and repair mechanisms. Although no network selectively identified SA, genes in modules linked to epithelial growth and repair and neuronal function were markedly decreased in SA. Several hub genes of the epithelial growth and repair module were found located at the 17q12-21 locus, near a well-known asthma susceptibility locus. T2 genes increased with severity in those treated with corticosteroids but were also elevated in untreated, mild-to-moderate disease compared with healthy control subjects. T1 inflammation, especially when associated with increased T2 gene expression, was elevated in a subgroup of younger patients with SA. CONCLUSIONS In this hypothesis-generating analysis, gene expression networks in relation to asthma severity provided potentially new insight into biological mechanisms associated with the development of SA and its phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Modena
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Eugene R Bleecker
- 3 Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - William W Busse
- 4 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- 5 Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Benjamin M Gaston
- 6 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Allergy and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,7 Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- 4 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Deborah A Meyers
- 3 Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jadranka Milosevic
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John R Tedrow
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Wu
- 8 Lane Center for Computational Biology School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- 9 Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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19
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Choudhury AD, Schinzel AC, Cotter MB, Lis RT, Labella K, Lock YJ, Izzo F, Guney I, Bowden M, Li YY, Patel J, Hartman E, Carr SA, Schenone M, Jaffe JD, Kantoff PW, Hammerman PS, Hahn WC. Castration Resistance in Prostate Cancer Is Mediated by the Kinase NEK6. Cancer Res 2017; 77:753-765. [PMID: 27899381 PMCID: PMC5290202 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, the development of castration resistance is pivotal in progression to aggressive disease. However, understanding of the pathways involved remains incomplete. In this study, we performed a high-throughput genetic screen to identify kinases that enable tumor formation by androgen-dependent prostate epithelial (LHSR-AR) cells under androgen-deprived conditions. In addition to the identification of known mediators of castration resistance, which served to validate the screen, we identified a mitotic-related serine/threonine kinase, NEK6, as a mediator of androgen-independent tumor growth. NEK6 was overexpressed in a subset of human prostate cancers. Silencing NEK6 in castration-resistant cancer cells was sufficient to restore sensitivity to castration in a mouse xenograft model system. Tumors in which castration resistance was conferred by NEK6 were predominantly squamous in histology with no evidence of AR signaling. Gene expression profiling suggested that NEK6 overexpression stimulated cytoskeletal, differentiation, and immune signaling pathways and maintained gene expression patterns normally decreased by castration. Phosphoproteome profiling revealed the transcription factor FOXJ2 as a novel NEK6 substrate, with FOXJ2 phosphorylation associated with increased expression of newly identified NEK6 transcriptional targets. Overall, our studies establish NEK6 signaling as a central mechanism mediating castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 77(3); 753-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish D Choudhury
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anna C Schinzel
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Rosina T Lis
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Francesca Izzo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Isil Guney
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Yvonne Y Li
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jinal Patel
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Hartman
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Monica Schenone
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob D Jaffe
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - William C Hahn
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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20
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Diabetes, cardiac disorders and asthma as risk factors for severe organ involvement among adult dengue patients: A matched case-control study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39872. [PMID: 28045096 PMCID: PMC5206669 DOI: 10.1038/srep39872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression to severe organ involvement due to dengue infection has been associated with severe dengue disease, intensive care treatment, and mortality. However, there is a lack of understanding of the impact of pre-existing comorbidities and other risk factors of severe organ involvement among dengue adults. The aim of this retrospective case-control study is to characterize and identify risk factors that predispose dengue adults at risk of progression with severe organ involvement. This study involved 174 dengue patients who had progressed with severe organ involvement and 865 dengue patients without severe organ involvement, matched by the year of presentation of the cases, who were admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital between year 2005 and 2008. Age group of 60 years or older, diabetes, cardiac disorders, asthma, and having two or more pre-existing comorbidities were independent risk factors of severe organ involvement. Abdominal pain, clinical fluid accumulation, and hematocrit rise and rapid platelet count drop at presentation were significantly associated with severe organ involvement. These risk factors, when validated in a larger study, will be useful for triage by clinicians for prompt monitoring and clinical management at first presentation, to minimize the risk of severe organ involvement and hence, disease severity.
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21
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DeVries A, Wlasiuk G, Miller SJ, Bosco A, Stern DA, Lohman IC, Rothers J, Jones AC, Nicodemus-Johnson J, Vasquez MM, Curtin JA, Simpson A, Custovic A, Jackson DJ, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Guerra S, Wright AL, Ober C, Halonen M, Vercelli D. Epigenome-wide analysis links SMAD3 methylation at birth to asthma in children of asthmatic mothers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 140:534-542. [PMID: 28011059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timing and mechanisms of asthma inception remain imprecisely defined. Although epigenetic mechanisms likely contribute to asthma pathogenesis, little is known about their role in asthma inception. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess whether the trajectory to asthma begins already at birth and whether epigenetic mechanisms, specifically DNA methylation, contribute to asthma inception. METHODS We used the Methylated CpG Island Recovery Assay chip to survey DNA methylation in cord blood mononuclear cells from 36 children (18 nonasthmatic and 18 asthmatic subjects by age 9 years) from the Infant Immune Study (IIS), an unselected birth cohort closely monitored for asthma for a decade. SMAD3 methylation in IIS (n = 60) and in 2 replication cohorts (the Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study [n = 30] and the Childhood Origins of Asthma Study [n = 28]) was analyzed by using bisulfite sequencing or Illumina 450K arrays. Cord blood mononuclear cell-derived IL-1β levels were measured by means of ELISA. RESULTS Neonatal immune cells harbored 589 differentially methylated regions that distinguished IIS children who did and did not have asthma by age 9 years. In all 3 cohorts methylation in SMAD3, the most connected node within the network of asthma-associated, differentially methylated regions, was selectively increased in asthmatic children of asthmatic mothers and was associated with childhood asthma risk. Moreover, SMAD3 methylation in IIS neonates with maternal asthma was strongly and positively associated with neonatal production of IL-1β, an innate inflammatory mediator. CONCLUSIONS The trajectory to childhood asthma begins at birth and involves epigenetic modifications in immunoregulatory and proinflammatory pathways. Maternal asthma influences epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to the inception of this trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery DeVries
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Gabriela Wlasiuk
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Susan J Miller
- Arizona Research Laboratories, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Debra A Stern
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - I Carla Lohman
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Janet Rothers
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Anya C Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Monica M Vasquez
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - John A Curtin
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Simpson
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Robert F Lemanske
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Stefano Guerra
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; CREAL, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne L Wright
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Marilyn Halonen
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Arizona Center for the Biology of Complex Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Donata Vercelli
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Arizona Center for the Biology of Complex Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
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22
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Rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations and risk populations. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:179-85. [PMID: 26836624 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses recent findings into the mechanisms that determine how viruses trigger asthma exacerbations. RECENT FINDINGS Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. This includes new insights into the role of bacteria, the regulation of interferon responses, and the discovery of innate immune pathways that link viral infections with allergic inflammation. Progress has also been made in elucidating the genetic risk factors for asthma exacerbations, most notably the contribution of the ORMDL3/GSDMB locus on 17q, the mechanisms underlying the farming effect, and the discovery that CDHR3 binds to rhinovirus species C. SUMMARY Asthma exacerbations are heterogeneous conditions that involve the complex interplay between environmental exposures and innate and adaptive immune function in genetically predisposed individuals. Recent insights into the interrelationships between these factors provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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23
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Troy NM, Bosco A. Respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics. Respir Res 2016; 17:156. [PMID: 27871304 PMCID: PMC5117516 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease and mortality. The severity of these illnesses can vary markedly from mild or asymptomatic upper airway infections to severe wheezing, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. In this article, we review the viral sensing pathways and organizing principles that govern the innate immune response to infection. Then, we reconstruct the molecular networks that differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, and identify the underlying molecular drivers of these networks. Finally, we discuss unique aspects of the biology and pathogenesis of infections with respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and influenza, drawing on insights from genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D Martinez
- From the Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson
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25
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Holt PG, Snelling T, White OJ, Sly PD, DeKlerk N, Carapetis J, Biggelaar AVD, Wood N, McIntyre P, Gold M. Transiently increased IgE responses in infants and pre-schoolers receiving only acellular Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DTaP) vaccines compared to those initially receiving at least one dose of cellular vaccine (DTwP) - Immunological curiosity or canary in the mine? Vaccine 2016; 34:4257-4262. [PMID: 27265452 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several previous studies have highlighted the strong Th2-polarising and IgE-promoting activity of the DTaP vaccine, but there is no evidence that this has pathological consequences and accordingly there is no current interest amongst vaccine developers in reformulating DTaP to attenuate these properties. In light of an apparent resurgence in pertussis in many countries, and emerging evidence from other areas of paediatric immunology of IgE-mediated interference with host defence mechanisms, this issue requires more detailed clarification. METHODS We have re-evaluated the impact of DTaP-only versus mixed DTwP/DTaP vaccination on Th2-dependent "bystander" IgE responses in three cohorts of children under different priming conditions, encompassing both vaccine-targeted and unrelated antigens including food allergens. RESULTS We confirm the generalised IgE-trophic activity of the DTaP vaccine in pre-schoolers and demonstrate similar (albeit transient) effects in infants. We additionally demonstrate that use of an alternative mixed infant priming schedule encompassing an initial dose of DTwP significantly attenuates this property. INTERPRETATION Central to our interpretation of these findings are studies demonstrating: (i) mixed DTwP/DTaP priming improves resistance to pertussis disease and attenuates the IgE-stimulatory component of long term vaccine-specific memory; (ii) IgE-mediated mechanisms can interfere with innate antiviral immunity and accordingly exacerbate airway symptoms in infected children. These observations, taken together with the data presented here, suggest a plausible mechanistic link between baseline pertussis-specific IgE titres in DTaP vaccinees and susceptibility to pertussis disease, which merits testing. Retrospective IgE analyses on sera collected from children at the time of presentation with pertussis could resolve this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Tom Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Olivia J White
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas DeKlerk
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anita Van Den Biggelaar
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Gold
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia
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26
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Nakamura Y, Suzuki R, Mizuno T, Abe K, Chiba S, Horii Y, Tsuboi J, Ito S, Obara W, Tanita T, Kanno H, Yamauchi K. Therapeutic implication of genetic variants of IL13 and STAT4 in airway remodelling with bronchial asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1152-61. [PMID: 26765219 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several gene variants identified in bronchial asthmatic patients are associated with a decrease in pulmonary function. The effects of this intervention on pulmonary function have not been fully researched. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) on decreased pulmonary function in asthmatic Japanese patients with variants of IL13 and STAT4 during long-term treatments with low to mild doses of ICS. METHODS In this study, 411 patients with bronchial asthma who were receiving ICSs and living in Japan were recruited, were genotyped, and underwent pulmonary function tests and fibreoptic examinations. The effects of 2 years of high-dose ICSs administered to asthmatic patients who were homozygous for IL13 AA of rs20541 or STAT4 TT of rs925847 and who progressed to airway remodelling were investigated. RESULTS High-dose ICS treatment increased the pulmonary function of patients homozygous for IL13 AA of rs20541 but not of patients homozygous for STAT4 TT of rs925847. The increased concentrations of the mediators IL23, IL11, GMCSF, hyaluronic acid, IL24, and CCL8 in bronchial lavage fluid (BLF) were diminished after high-dose ICS treatment in patients homozygous for IL13 AA of rs20541. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IL13 AA of rs20541 and STAT4 TT of rs925847 are potential genomic biomarkers for predicting lower pulmonary function. The administration of high-dose ICSs to asthmatic patients with genetic variants of IL13 AA may inhibit the advancement of airway remodelling. The genetic variants of STAT4 TT did not respond to high-dose ICSs. Therefore, using medications other than ICSs must be considered even during the initial treatment of bronchial asthma. These genetic variants may aid in the realization of personalized and phenotype-specific therapies for bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakamura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - R Suzuki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - T Mizuno
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - K Abe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - S Chiba
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Y Horii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - J Tsuboi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - S Ito
- Department of Medical Oncology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - W Obara
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - T Tanita
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - H Kanno
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - K Yamauchi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
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27
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Troy NM, Hollams EM, Holt PG, Bosco A. Differential gene network analysis for the identification of asthma-associated therapeutic targets in allergen-specific T-helper memory responses. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:9. [PMID: 26922672 PMCID: PMC4769846 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is strongly associated with allergic sensitization, but the mechanisms that determine why only a subset of atopics develop asthma are not well understood. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that variations in allergen-driven CD4 T cell responses are associated with susceptibility to expression of asthma symptoms. METHODS The study population consisted of house dust mite (HDM) sensitized atopics with current asthma (n = 22), HDM-sensitized atopics without current asthma (n = 26), and HDM-nonsensitized controls (n = 24). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these groups were cultured in the presence or absence of HDM extract for 24 h. CD4 T cells were then isolated by immunomagnetic separation, and gene expression patterns were profiled on microarrays. RESULTS Differential network analysis of HDM-induced CD4 T cell responses in sensitized atopics with or without asthma unveiled a cohort of asthma-associated genes that escaped detection by more conventional data analysis techniques. These asthma-associated genes were enriched for targets of STAT6 signaling, and they were nested within a larger coexpression module comprising 406 genes. Upstream regulator analysis suggested that this module was driven primarily by IL-2, IL-4, and TNF signaling; reconstruction of the wiring diagram of the module revealed a series of hub genes involved in inflammation (IL-1B, NFkB, STAT1, STAT3), apoptosis (BCL2, MYC), and regulatory T cells (IL-2Ra, FoxP3). Finally, we identified several negative regulators of asthmatic CD4 T cell responses to allergens (e.g. IL-10, type I interferons, microRNAs, drugs, metabolites), and these represent logical candidates for therapeutic intervention. CONCLUSION Differential network analysis of allergen-induced CD4 T cell responses can unmask covert disease-associated genes and pin point novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
| | - Elysia M Hollams
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia. .,Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
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28
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Kirchner B, Pfaffl MW, Dumpler J, von Mutius E, Ege MJ. microRNA in native and processed cow's milk and its implication for the farm milk effect on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1893-1895.e13. [PMID: 26707195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kirchner
- Animal Science/Physiology, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Animal Science/Physiology, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Joseph Dumpler
- Food Process Engineering and Dairy Technology, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany, a member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Markus J Ege
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany, a member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL).
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Abstract
The bronchial epithelium is constantly exposed to a wide range of environmental materials present in inhaled air, including noxious gases and anthropogenic and natural particulates, such as gas and particles from car emissions, tobacco smoke, pollens, animal dander, and pathogens. As a fully differentiated, pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium, the bronchial epithelium protects the internal milieu of the lung from these agents by forming a physical barrier involving adhesive complexes and a chemical barrier involving secretion of mucus, which traps inhaled particles that can be cleared by the mucociliary escalator. It is a testament to the effectiveness of these two barriers that most environmental challenges are largely overcome without the need to develop an inflammatory response. However, as the initial cell of contact with the environment, the bronchial epithelium also plays a pivotal role in immune surveillance and appropriate activation of immune effector cells and antigen presenting cells in the presence of pathogens or other danger signals. Thus, the bronchial epithelium plays a central role in controlling tissue homeostasis and innate immunity. This review will discuss these barrier properties and how dysregulation of these homeostatic mechanisms can contribute to disease pathologies such as asthma.
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30
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Morrow JD, Qiu W, Chhabra D, Rennard SI, Belloni P, Belousov A, Pillai SG, Hersh CP. Identifying a gene expression signature of frequent COPD exacerbations in peripheral blood using network methods. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8:1. [PMID: 25582225 PMCID: PMC4302028 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-014-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by acute deterioration in symptoms, may be due to bacterial or viral infections, environmental exposures, or unknown factors. Exacerbation frequency may be a stable trait in COPD patients, which could imply genetic susceptibility. Observing the genes, networks, and pathways that are up- and down-regulated in COPD patients with differing susceptibility to exacerbations will help to elucidate the molecular signature and pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations. Methods Gene expression array and plasma biomarker data were obtained using whole-blood samples from subjects enrolled in the Treatment of Emphysema With a Gamma-Selective Retinoid Agonist (TESRA) study. Linear regression, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and pathway analysis were used to identify signatures and network sub-modules associated with the number of exacerbations within the previous year; other COPD-related phenotypes were also investigated. Results Individual genes were not found to be significantly associated with the number of exacerbations. However using network methods, a statistically significant gene module was identified, along with other modules showing moderate association. A diverse signature was observed across these modules using pathway analysis, marked by differences in B cell and NK cell activity, as well as cellular markers of viral infection. Within two modules, gene set enrichment analysis recapitulated the molecular signatures of two gene expression experiments; one involving sputum from asthma exacerbations and another involving viral lung infections. The plasma biomarker myeloperoxidase (MPO) was associated with the number of recent exacerbations. Conclusion A distinct signature of COPD exacerbations may be observed in peripheral blood months following the acute illness. While not predictive in this cross-sectional analysis, these results will be useful in uncovering the molecular pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-014-0072-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett D Morrow
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Weiliang Qiu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Divya Chhabra
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - Paula Belloni
- Genentech, Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Sreekumar G Pillai
- Hoffman La Roche, Nutley, NJ, USA. .,Current address: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Craig P Hersh
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Walker ML, Holt KE, Anderson GP, Teo SM, Sly PD, Holt PG, Inouye M. Elucidation of pathways driving asthma pathogenesis: development of a systems-level analytic strategy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:447. [PMID: 25295037 PMCID: PMC4172064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a genetically complex, chronic lung disease defined clinically as episodic airflow limitation and breathlessness that is at least partially reversible, either spontaneously or in response to therapy. Whereas asthma was rare in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the marked increase in its incidence and prevalence since the 1960s points to substantial gene × environment interactions occurring over a period of years, but these interactions are very poorly understood (1-6). It is widely believed that the majority of asthma begins during childhood and manifests first as intermittent wheeze. However, wheeze is also very common in infancy and only a subset of wheezy children progress to persistent asthma for reasons that are largely obscure. Here, we review the current literature regarding causal pathways leading to early asthma development and chronicity. Given the complex interactions of many risk factors over time eventually leading to apparently multiple asthma phenotypes, we suggest that deeply phenotyped cohort studies combined with sophisticated network models will be required to derive the next generation of biological and clinical insights in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Walker
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gary P. Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shu Mei Teo
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick G. Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
- Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Wark PAB, Murphy V, Mattes J. The interaction between mother and fetus and the development of allergic asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 8:57-66. [PMID: 24409981 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2014.848795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of asthma and atopic disease in industrialized countries in the last 50 years has raised important questions about how and why the disease develops in susceptible populations. Most asthma begins in childhood in association with allergic sensitization and the development of a TH2 phenotype. It is recognized that asthma arises in the context of a complex interaction between genetic factors and the evolving immune system of the infant and the environment to which it is exposed, which now includes its in utero exposure. Early life exposures that lead to allergen sensitization and airway damage, especially in the form of viral respiratory tract infections, may lead to disease induction that commence the process that leads in some to asthma. Asthma models and early life observations suggest that repeated exposure to allergens and viral infection perpetuate a state of chronic airway inflammation leading to a maladaptive innate immune response that fails to resolve, characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. This article will concentrate on the development of asthma in the context of early life and maternal influences, including the effect of asthma on both the fetus and the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A B Wark
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Djukanović R, Harrison T, Johnston SL, Gabbay F, Wark P, Thomson NC, Niven R, Singh D, Reddel HK, Davies DE, Marsden R, Boxall C, Dudley S, Plagnol V, Holgate ST, Monk P. The effect of inhaled IFN-β on worsening of asthma symptoms caused by viral infections. A randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:145-54. [PMID: 24937476 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201312-2235oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Ex vivo, bronchial epithelial cells from people with asthma are more susceptible to rhinovirus infection caused by deficient induction of the antiviral protein, IFN-β. Exogenous IFN-β restores antiviral activity. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of inhaled IFN-β with placebo administered to people with asthma after onset of cold symptoms to prevent or attenuate asthma symptoms caused by respiratory viruses. METHODS A total of 147 people with asthma on inhaled corticosteroids (British Thoracic Society Steps 2-5), with a history of virus-associated exacerbations, were randomized to 14-day treatment with inhaled IFN-β (n = 72) or placebo (n = 75) within 24 hours of developing cold symptoms and were assessed clinically, with relevant samples collected to assess virus infection and antiviral responses. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 91% of randomized patients developed a defined cold. In this modified intention-to-treat population, asthma symptoms did not get clinically significantly worse (mean change in six-item Asthma Control Questionnaire <0.5) and IFN-β treatment had no significant effect on this primary endpoint, although it enhanced morning peak expiratory flow recovery (P = 0.033), reduced the need for additional treatment, and boosted innate immunity as assessed by blood and sputum biomarkers. In an exploratory analysis of the subset of more difficult-to-treat, Step 4-5 people with asthma (n = 27 IFN-β; n = 31 placebo), Asthma Control Questionnaire-6 increased significantly on placebo; this was prevented by IFN-β (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Although the trial did not meet its primary endpoint, it suggests that inhaled IFN-β is a potential treatment for virus-induced deteriorations of asthma in difficult-to-treat people with asthma and supports the need for further, adequately powered, trials in this population. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01126177).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratko Djukanović
- 1 NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Bérubé JC, Bossé Y. Future clinical implications emerging from recent genome-wide expression studies in asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:985-1004. [PMID: 25001610 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.932249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host susceptibility to environmental triggers is the most likely explanation for the development of asthma. Quantifying gene expression levels in disease-relevant tissues and cell types using fast evolving genomic technologies have generated new hypotheses about the pathogenesis of asthma and identified new therapeutic targets to treat asthma and asthma-exacerbations. New biomarkers and distinct transcriptomic phenotypes in blood, sputum and other tissues were also identified and proved effective to refine asthma classification and guide targeted therapies. The wealth of information provided by transcriptomic studies in asthma is yet to be fully exploited, but discoveries in this field may soon be implemented in clinical settings to improve diagnosis and treatment of patients afflicted with this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Bérubé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Pavillon Marguerite-d'Youville, Y4190, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4G5
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35
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Stone SF, Bosco A, Jones A, Cotterell CL, van Eeden PE, Arendts G, Fatovich DM, Brown SGA. Genomic responses during acute human anaphylaxis are characterized by upregulation of innate inflammatory gene networks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101409. [PMID: 24983946 PMCID: PMC4077795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic spread of immune activation and mediator release is required for the development of anaphylaxis in humans. We hypothesized that peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) activation plays a key role. Objective To characterize PBL genomic responses during acute anaphylaxis. Methods PBL samples were collected at three timepoints from six patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with acute anaphylaxis and six healthy controls. Gene expression patterns were profiled on microarrays, differentially expressed genes were identified, and network analysis was employed to explore underlying mechanisms. Results Patients presented with moderately severe anaphylaxis after oral aspirin (2), peanut (2), bee sting (1) and unknown cause (1). Two genes were differentially expressed in patients compared to controls at ED arrival, 67 genes at 1 hour post-arrival and 2,801 genes at 3 hours post-arrival. Network analysis demonstrated that three inflammatory modules were upregulated during anaphylaxis. Notably, these modules contained multiple hub genes, which are known to play a central role in the regulation of innate inflammatory responses. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the data were enriched for LPS-like and TNF activation signatures. Conclusion PBL genomic responses during human anaphylaxis are characterized by dynamic expression of innate inflammatory modules. Upregulation of these modules was observed in patients with different reaction triggers. Our findings indicate a role for innate immune pathways in the pathogenesis of human anaphylaxis, and the hub genes identified in this study represent logical candidates for follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley F. Stone
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute and the Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anya Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute and the Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Claire L. Cotterell
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Pauline E. van Eeden
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Glenn Arendts
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel M. Fatovich
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Simon G. A. Brown
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
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36
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Göktuna SI, Canli O, Bollrath J, Fingerle AA, Horst D, Diamanti MA, Pallangyo C, Bennecke M, Nebelsiek T, Mankan AK, Lang R, Artis D, Hu Y, Patzelt T, Ruland J, Kirchner T, Taketo MM, Chariot A, Arkan MC, Greten FR. IKKα promotes intestinal tumorigenesis by limiting recruitment of M1-like polarized myeloid cells. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1914-25. [PMID: 24882009 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of immune cells into solid tumors is an essential prerequisite of tumor development. Depending on the prevailing polarization profile of these infiltrating leucocytes, tumorigenesis is either promoted or blocked. Here, we identify IκB kinase α (IKKα) as a central regulator of a tumoricidal microenvironment during intestinal carcinogenesis. Mice deficient in IKKα kinase activity are largely protected from intestinal tumor development that is dependent on the enhanced recruitment of interferon γ (IFNγ)-expressing M1-like myeloid cells. In IKKα mutant mice, M1-like polarization is not controlled in a cell-autonomous manner but, rather, depends on the interplay of both IKKα mutant tumor epithelia and immune cells. Because therapies aiming at the tumor microenvironment rather than directly at the mutated cancer cell may circumvent resistance development, we suggest IKKα as a promising target for colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan I Göktuna
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Unit of Signal Transduction (GIGA-ST), GIGA-R, University of Liege and WELBIO, CHU, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Ozge Canli
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Bollrath
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander A Fingerle
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela A Diamanti
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Charles Pallangyo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moritz Bennecke
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Nebelsiek
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Arun K Mankan
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yinling Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Thomas Patzelt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80337 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Alain Chariot
- Unit of Signal Transduction (GIGA-ST), GIGA-R, University of Liege and WELBIO, CHU, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Melek C Arkan
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian R Greten
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Environmental and genetic contribution in airway epithelial barrier in asthma pathogenesis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 13:495-9. [PMID: 23945177 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328364e9fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the recent, most relevant genetic and epigenetic modifications of the epithelial barrier in response to the environmental factors, including allergens, viruses, and pollutants, susceptible to participate to asthma. RECENT FINDINGS IL-33 and TSLP gene polymorphisms are found in almost all asthma studies. Recent data have highlighted a new population of innate lymphoid cells, activated by these two cytokines, and mediating type 2 innate immunity dependent asthma. Gene variants of innate pattern recognition receptors associated with asthma have been evidenced in early viral infected high-risk birth cohorts, as well as polymorphisms in pathways involved in type I interferon (IFN) production, giving further insight into the role of viruses in asthma development. Novel epigenetic mechanisms have been evidenced in asthma and in response to the environmental pollutants, and point out genes like TSLP, which may link environmental pollution and asthma. SUMMARY Genetic data support the role of a specific set of epithelial-derived proTh2 cytokines, including IL-33 and TSLP, as well as the role of decreased type I IFN in virus-induced impaired epithelial barrier. Epigenetic modifications of epithelial genes are promising mechanisms that warrant further investigation.
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McErlean P, Berdnikovs S, Favoreto S, Shen J, Biyasheva A, Barbeau R, Eisley C, Barczak A, Ward T, Schleimer RP, Erle DJ, Boushey HA, Avila PC. Asthmatics with exacerbation during acute respiratory illness exhibit unique transcriptional signatures within the nasal mucosa. Genome Med 2014; 6:1. [PMID: 24433494 PMCID: PMC3971347 DOI: 10.1186/gm520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory illness is the leading cause of asthma exacerbations yet the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. To address the deficiencies in our understanding of the molecular events characterizing acute respiratory illness-induced asthma exacerbations, we undertook a transcriptional profiling study of the nasal mucosa over the course of acute respiratory illness amongst individuals with a history of asthma, allergic rhinitis and no underlying respiratory disease. METHODS Transcriptional profiling experiments were performed using the Agilent Whole Human Genome 4X44K array platform. Time point-based microarray and principal component analyses were conducted to identify and distinguish acute respiratory illness-associated transcriptional profiles over the course of our study. Gene enrichment analysis was conducted to identify biological processes over-represented within each acute respiratory illness-associated profile, and gene expression was subsequently confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We found that acute respiratory illness is characterized by dynamic, time-specific transcriptional profiles whose magnitudes of expression are influenced by underlying respiratory disease and the mucosal repair signature evoked during acute respiratory illness. Most strikingly, we report that people with asthma who experience acute respiratory illness-induced exacerbations are characterized by a reduced but prolonged inflammatory immune response, inadequate activation of mucosal repair, and the expression of a newly described exacerbation-specific transcriptional signature. CONCLUSION Findings from our study represent a significant contribution towards clarifying the complex molecular interactions that typify acute respiratory illness-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McErlean
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Silvio Favoreto
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Junqing Shen
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Assel Biyasheva
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rebecca Barbeau
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research (SABRE) Center Functional Genomics Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chris Eisley
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research (SABRE) Center Functional Genomics Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Barczak
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research (SABRE) Center Functional Genomics Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Ward
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David J Erle
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research (SABRE) Center Functional Genomics Core Facility, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Homer A Boushey
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pedro C Avila
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Custovic A, Johnston SL, Pavord I, Gaga M, Fabbri L, Bel EH, Le Souëf P, Lötvall J, Demoly P, Akdis CA, Ryan D, Mäkelä MJ, Martinez F, Holloway JW, Saglani S, O'Byrne P, Papi A, Sergejeva S, Magnan A, Del Giacco S, Kalayci O, Hamelmann E, Papadopoulos NG. EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma. Allergy 2013; 68:1520-31. [PMID: 24410781 PMCID: PMC7159478 DOI: 10.1111/all.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations and severe asthma are linked with high morbidity, significant mortality and high treatment costs. Recurrent asthma exacerbations cause a decline in lung function and, in childhood, are linked to development of persistent asthma. This position paper, from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, highlights the shortcomings of current treatment guidelines for patients suffering from frequent asthma exacerbations and those with difficult‐to‐treat asthma and severe treatment‐resistant asthma. It reviews current evidence that supports a call for increased awareness of (i) the seriousness of asthma exacerbations and (ii) the need for novel treatment strategies in specific forms of severe treatment‐resistant asthma. There is strong evidence linking asthma exacerbations with viral airway infection and underlying deficiencies in innate immunity and evidence of a synergism between viral infection and allergic mechanisms in increasing risk of exacerbations. Nonadherence to prescribed medication has been identified as a common clinical problem amongst adults and children with difficult‐to‐control asthma. Appropriate diagnosis, assessment of adherence and other potentially modifiable factors (such as passive or active smoking, ongoing allergen exposure, psychosocial factors) have to be a priority in clinical assessment of all patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma. Further studies with improved designs and new diagnostic tools are needed to properly characterize (i) the pathophysiology and risk of asthma exacerbations, and (ii) the clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Custovic
- Centre Lead for Respiratory Medicine; Institute of Inflammation & Repair; University of Manchester; University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - S. L. Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section; National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College London; Norfolk Place London UK
| | - I. Pavord
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Thoracic Surgery and Allergy University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; Glenfield Hospital; Leicester UK
| | - M. Gaga
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Centre; Athens Chest Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - L. Fabbri
- Department of Oncology Haematology and Respiratory Diseases; University of Modena & Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - E. H. Bel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - P. Le Souëf
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; University of Western Australia; Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; Perth WA Australia
| | - J. Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg Sweden
| | - P. Demoly
- Allergology Unit; Département de Pneumologie-Addictologie; Hôpital de Villeneuve - Inserm U657; Montpellier France
| | - C. A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy & Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos
- Christine-Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
| | - D. Ryan
- Woodbrook Medical Centre; Loughborough UK
| | - M. J. Mäkelä
- Skin and Allergy Hospital; Helsinki University Central Hospital; HUS Finland
| | - F. Martinez
- University of Arizona; Arizona Health Sciences Center; Pediatric Pulmonary Center; Tucson AZ USA
| | - J. W. Holloway
- University of Southampton; Faculty of Medicine Southampton General Hospital; Southampton UK
| | - S. Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - P. O'Byrne
- Department of Medicine; Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine; McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - A. Papi
- Research Center on Asthma and COPD; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - S. Sergejeva
- Institute of Technology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - A. Magnan
- INSERM UMR915; l'institut du thorax; Faculté de Médecine; & Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - S. Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Science; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - O. Kalayci
- Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit; Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital; Hacettepe University School of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - E. Hamelmann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology; Charité Universitäts Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Pediatrics; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
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Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous group of conditions that result in recurrent, reversible bronchial obstruction. Although the disease can start at any age, the first symptoms occur during childhood in most cases. Asthma has a strong genetic component, and genome-wide association studies have identified variations in several genes that slightly increase the risk of disease. Asthma is often associated with increased susceptibility to infection with rhinoviruses and with changes in the composition of microbial communities colonising the airways, but whether these changes are a cause or consequence of the disease is unknown. There is currently no proven prevention strategy; however, the finding that exposure to microbial products in early life, particularly in farming environments, seems to be protective against asthma offers hope that surrogates of such exposure could be used to prevent the disease. Genetic and immunological studies point to defective responses of lung resident cells, especially those associated with the mucosal epithelium, as crucial elements in the pathogenesis of asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids continue to be the mainstay for the treatment of mild and moderate asthma, but limited adherence to daily inhaled medication is a major obstacle to the success of such therapy. Severe asthma that is refractory to usual treatment continues to be a challenge, but new biological therapies, such as humanised antibodies against IgE, interleukin 5, and interleukin 13, offer hope to improve the quality of life and long-term prognosis of severe asthmatics with specific molecular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D Martinez
- Arizona Respiratory Center and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Kudo M, Ishigatsubo Y, Aoki I. Pathology of asthma. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:263. [PMID: 24032029 PMCID: PMC3768124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a serious health and socioeconomic issue all over the world, affecting more than 300 million individuals. The disease is considered as an inflammatory disease in the airway, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness, obstruction, mucus hyper-production and airway wall remodeling. The presence of airway inflammation in asthmatic patients has been found in the nineteenth century. As the information in patients with asthma increase, paradigm change in immunology and molecular biology have resulted in an extensive evaluation of inflammatory cells and mediators involved in the pathophysiology of asthma. Moreover, it is recognized that airway remodeling into detail, characterized by thickening of the airway wall, can be profound consequences on the mechanics of airway narrowing and contribute to the chronic progression of the disease. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition plays an important role in airway remodeling. These epithelial and mesenchymal cells cause persistence of the inflammatory infiltration and induce histological changes in the airway wall, increasing thickness of the basement membrane, collagen deposition and smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Resulting of airway inflammation, airway remodeling leads to the airway wall thickening and induces increased airway smooth muscle mass, which generate asthmatic symptoms. Asthma is classically recognized as the typical Th2 disease, with increased IgE levels and eosinophilic inflammation in the airway. Emerging Th2 cytokines modulates the airway inflammation, which induces airway remodeling. Biological agents, which have specific molecular targets for these Th2 cytokines, are available and clinical trials for asthma are ongoing. However, the relatively simple paradigm has been doubted because of the realization that strategies designed to suppress Th2 function are not effective enough for all patients in the clinical trials. In the future, it is required to understand more details for phenotypes of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kudo
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Japan
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42
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Anderson WH, Koshy BT, Huang L, Mosteller M, Stinnett SW, Condreay LD, Ortega H. Genetic analysis of asthma exacerbations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 110:416-422.e2. [PMID: 23706709 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying genetic markers of susceptibility to exacerbations may improve patient management, decrease morbidity, and lead to drug development. OBJECTIVES To assess whether genetic markers associated with severe asthma exacerbations in previous reports are associated with less severe events that do not require intensive care and intubation and to identify additional markers in candidate genes and throughout the genome. METHODS A total of 199 patients and 502 controls (individuals without an exacerbation) were identified from 4 clinical trials. We genotyped 51 markers from 17 genes previously reported to be associated with exacerbations; a whole genome scan was used to identify additional markers. Admixture analysis was conducted to characterize the presence of ancestral groups. The genetic marker effects were assessed by logistic regression for each study followed by a meta-analysis. RESULTS Several coding variants in the IL4R gene had a genetic effect across 3 studies, including rs1805011 in IL4R (P < .0006). In addition, 3 markers in the IFNB1 gene showed evidence of association (P < .002) but only in the study with African Americans. Because these markers did not meet the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted significance level of P = .0002, we were unable to confirm previously published results for less severe events. The whole genome scan identified genes related to mast cell mediator release. The admixture analysis suggests that ancestry was best characterized by the presence of 3 ancestral groups. CONCLUSION We were unable to confirm previously reported associations of genetic markers with asthma exacerbations. Although, in general, the patients studied had less severe asthma than patients in earlier reports, these results suggest involvement of similar pathways. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers: NTC00452699, NCT00452348, NTC00102765, NCT00843193.
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43
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Li X, Hawkins GA, Ampleford EJ, Moore WC, Li H, Hastie AT, Howard TD, Boushey HA, Busse WW, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Erzurum SC, Israel E, Lemanske RF, Szefler SJ, Wasserman SI, Wenzel SE, Peters SP, Meyers DA, Bleecker ER. Genome-wide association study identifies TH1 pathway genes associated with lung function in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:313-20.e15. [PMID: 23541324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies in general populations of European descent have identified 28 loci for lung function. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify novel lung function loci specifically for asthma and to confirm lung function loci identified in general populations. METHODS Genome-wide association studies of lung function (percent predicted FEV1 [ppFEV1], percent predicted forced vital capacity, and FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio) were performed in 4 white populations of European descent (n = 1544), followed by meta-analyses. RESULTS Seven of 28 previously identified lung function loci (HHIP, FAM13A, THSD4, GSTCD, NOTCH4-AGER, RARB, and ZNF323) identified in general populations were confirmed at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) levels (P < .05). Four of 32 loci (IL12A, IL12RB1, STAT4, and IRF2) associated with ppFEV1 (P < 10(-4)) belong to the TH1 or IL-12 cytokine family pathway. By using a linear additive model, these 4 TH1 pathway SNPs cumulatively explained 2.9% to 7.8% of the variance in ppFEV1 values in 4 populations (P = 3 × 10(-11)). Genetic scores of these 4 SNPs were associated with ppFEV1 values (P = 2 × 10(-7)) and the American Thoracic Society severe asthma classification (P = .005) in the Severe Asthma Research Program population. TH2 pathway genes (IL13, TSLP, IL33, and IL1RL1) conferring asthma susceptibility were not associated with lung function. CONCLUSION Genes involved in airway structure/remodeling are associated with lung function in both general populations and asthmatic subjects. TH1 pathway genes involved in anti-virus/bacterial infection and inflammation modify lung function in asthmatic subjects. Genes associated with lung function that might affect asthma severity are distinct from those genes associated with asthma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingnan Li
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Tillie-Leblond I, Deschildre A, Gosset P, de Blic J. Difficult childhood asthma: management and future. Clin Chest Med 2013; 33:485-503. [PMID: 22929097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis and management of severe asthma implies the definition of different entities, that is, difficult asthma and refractory severe asthma, but also the different phenotypes included in the term refractory severe asthma. A complete evaluation by a physician expert in asthma is necessary, adapted for each child. Identification of mechanisms involved in different phenotypes in refractory severe asthma may improve the therapeutic approach. The quality of care and monitoring of children with severe asthma is as important as the prescription drug, and is also crucial for differentiating between severe asthma and difficult asthma, whereby expertise is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tillie-Leblond
- Pulmonary Department, University Hospital, Medical University of Lille, Hôpital Calmette, 1 Boulevard Leclercq, Lille Cedex 59037, France.
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Wang C, Taciroglu A, Maetschke SR, Nelson CC, Ragan MA, Davis MJ. mCOPA: analysis of heterogeneous features in cancer expression data. J Clin Bioinforma 2012; 2:22. [PMID: 23216803 PMCID: PMC3553066 DOI: 10.1186/2043-9113-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer outlier profile analysis (COPA) has proven to be an effective approach to analyzing cancer expression data, leading to the discovery of the TMPRSS2 and ETS family gene fusion events in prostate cancer. However, the original COPA algorithm did not identify down-regulated outliers, and the currently available R package implementing the method is similarly restricted to the analysis of over-expressed outliers. Here we present a modified outlier detection method, mCOPA, which contains refinements to the outlier-detection algorithm, identifies both over- and under-expressed outliers, is freely available, and can be applied to any expression dataset. Results We compare our method to other feature-selection approaches, and demonstrate that mCOPA frequently selects more-informative features than do differential expression or variance-based feature selection approaches, and is able to recover observed clinical subtypes more consistently. We demonstrate the application of mCOPA to prostate cancer expression data, and explore the use of outliers in clustering, pathway analysis, and the identification of tumour suppressors. We analyse the under-expressed outliers to identify known and novel prostate cancer tumour suppressor genes, validating these against data in Oncomine and the Cancer Gene Index. We also demonstrate how a combination of outlier analysis and pathway analysis can identify molecular mechanisms disrupted in individual tumours. Conclusions We demonstrate that mCOPA offers advantages, compared to differential expression or variance, in selecting outlier features, and that the features so selected are better able to assign samples to clinically annotated subtypes. Further, we show that the biology explored by outlier analysis differs from that uncovered in differential expression or variance analysis. mCOPA is an important new tool for the exploration of cancer datasets and the discovery of new cancer subtypes, and can be combined with pathway and functional analysis approaches to discover mechanisms underpinning heterogeneity in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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Debley JS, Cochrane ES, Redding GJ, Carter ER. Lung function and biomarkers of airway inflammation during and after hospitalization for acute exacerbations of childhood asthma associated with viral respiratory symptoms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:114-20. [PMID: 22840252 PMCID: PMC3430518 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data assessing relationships between biomarkers of inflammation and lung function after hospitalization for asthma exacerbations in children. OBJECTIVE To assess the associations in asthmatic children among changes in lung function, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) after hospitalization for acute asthma. METHODS Spirometry and FENO were measured and EBC collected for CysLT measurement from 40 children during and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after hospitalization for an asthma exacerbation and during a single-study visit for 40 healthy children. RESULTS Enrollment FENO and EBC CysLT concentrations were higher in the children with asthma than in healthy individuals (mean FENO, 31.6 vs 7 ppb; P < .0001; mean EBC CysLT, 7.9 vs 4.9 ppb; P = .03). Among children with asthma, improvement in lung function reached a plateau within 2 weeks after hospital discharge. The EBC CysLT concentrations were not associated with changes in lung function, use of albuterol, or use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). Among asthmatic children enrollment FENO was not associated with changes in lung function during follow-up. However, among children who had an elevated enrollment FENO (≥25 ppb), patients who did not use ICSs after hospital discharge had lower end-of-study lung function than those who used ICSs. At 2 and 4 weeks after hospital discharge, FENO was higher among patients who reported albuterol use more than twice weekly and among patients who reported no ICS use. CONCLUSION FENO measured at hospital discharge among children hospitalized with acute asthma may be useful in identifying patients who will respond to ICS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Debley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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Virus infection and allergy in the development of asthma: what is the connection? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12:151-7. [PMID: 22356945 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283520166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Information is accumulating which implicates airway inflammation resulting from respiratory viral infections, acting against a background of atopy, in both the cause and pathogenesis of atopic asthma. This review brings together the most recent publications relevant to this rapidly evolving area, particularly those focusing on underlying pathogenic mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Salient findings from the recent literature include increased respiratory infection-associated symptom severity/duration and loss of asthma control in atopic relative to nonatopic children; up-regulation of FcεR1 expression on circulating monocytes/dendritic cells occurs during virus-associated atopic asthma exacerbations, providing a mechanism for transient amplification of underlying allergic airways inflammation; high potency of hRV-type C in induction of infection-associated wheeze; Th2-polarized immunity to mucosal dwelling bacteria and protection against asthma; a role for IL-15 in viral-associated airways inflammation; vitamin D and protection against infection-associated asthma exacerbations; strategies for reduction of infection-associated wheezing severity by boosting mucosal Treg cell activity via immunostimulation of the gut mucosa. SUMMARY Research in this area is pointing towards new rationales for development of early intervention strategies for prevention of asthma initiation and progression in childhood, based on control of respiratory infections and/or sensitization to aeroallergens.
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Abstract
The recognition that asthma is primarily an inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with T helper type 2 (T(H)2) cell-dependent promotion of IgE production and recruitment of mast cells and eosinophils has provided the rationale for disease control using inhaled corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs. As more has been discovered about the cytokine, chemokine and inflammatory pathways that are associated with T(H)2-driven adaptive immunity, attempts have been made to selectively inhibit these in the hope of discovering new therapeutics as predicted from animal models of allergic inflammation. The limited success of this approach, together with the recognition that asthma is more than allergic inflammation, has drawn attention to the innate immune response in this disease. Recent advances in our understanding of the sentinel role played by innate immunity provides new targets for disease prevention and treatment. These include pathways of innate stimulation by environmental or endogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to influence the activation and trafficking of DCs, innate sources of cytokines, and the identification of new T cell subsets and lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
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Holt PG, Sly PD. Viral infections and atopy in asthma pathogenesis: new rationales for asthma prevention and treatment. Nat Med 2012; 18:726-35. [PMID: 22561836 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prospective birth cohort studies tracking asthma initiation and consolidation in community cohorts have identified viral infections occurring against a background of allergic sensitization to aeroallergens as a uniquely potent risk factor for the expression of acute severe asthma-like symptoms and for the ensuing development of asthma that can persist through childhood and into adulthood. A combination of recent experimental and human studies have suggested that underlying this bipartite process are a series of interactions between antiviral and atopic inflammatory pathways that are mediated by local activation of myeloid cell populations in the airway mucosa and the parallel programming and recruitment of their replacements from bone marrow. Targeting key components of these pathways at the appropriate stages of asthma provides new opportunities for the treatment of established asthma but, more crucially, for primary and secondary prevention of asthma during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Miller EK, Hernandez JZ, Wimmenauer V, Shepherd BE, Hijano D, Libster R, Serra ME, Bhat N, Batalle JP, Mohamed Y, Reynaldi A, Rodriguez A, Otello M, Pisapia N, Bugna J, Bellabarba M, Kraft D, Coviello S, Ferolla FM, Chen A, London SJ, Siberry GK, Williams JV, Polack FP. A mechanistic role for type III IFN-λ1 in asthma exacerbations mediated by human rhinoviruses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:508-16. [PMID: 22135341 PMCID: PMC3361761 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201108-1462oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are the leading cause of upper respiratory infections and have been postulated to trigger asthma exacerbations. However, whether HRV are detected during crises because upper respiratory infections often accompany asthma attacks, or because they specifically elicit exacerbations, is unclear. Moreover, although several hypotheses have been advanced to explain virus-induced exacerbations, their mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of HRV in pediatric asthma exacerbations and the mechanisms mediating wheezing. METHODS We prospectively studied 409 children with asthma presenting with upper respiratory infection in the presence or absence of wheezing. Candidate viral and immune mediators of illness were compared among children with asthma with different degrees of severity of acute asthma. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS HRV infections specifically associated with asthma exacerbations, even after adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical variables defined a priori (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.99; P = 0.005). No difference in virus titers, HRV species, and inflammatory or allergic molecules was observed between wheezing and nonwheezing children infected with HRV. Type III IFN-λ(1) levels were higher in wheezing children infected with HRV compared with nonwheezing (P < 0.001) and increased with worsening symptoms (P < 0.001). Moreover, after adjusting for IFN-λ(1), children with asthma infected with HRV were no longer more likely to wheeze than those who were HRV-negative (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-2.46; P = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HRV infections in children with asthma are specifically associated with acute wheezing, and that type III IFN-λ(1) responses mediate exacerbations caused by HRV. Modulation of IFN- λ(1) should be studied as a therapeutic target for exacerbations caused by HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kathryn Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Johanna Zea Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Bryan E. Shepherd
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Diego Hijano
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Libster
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Niranjan Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Yassir Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrea Reynaldi
- Hospital Mi Pueblo, Florencia Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Nestor Pisapia
- Hospital V. Lopez y Planes, General Rodriguez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - David Kraft
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Aaron Chen
- Children's Hospital Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie J. London
- NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - George K. Siberry
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fernando P. Polack
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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