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Ramanan D, Pratama A, Zhu Y, Venezia O, Sassone-Corsi M, Chowdhary K, Galván-Peña S, Sefik E, Brown C, Gélineau A, Mathis D, Benoist C. Regulatory T cells in the face of the intestinal microbiota. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:749-762. [PMID: 37316560 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are key players in ensuring a peaceful coexistence with microorganisms and food antigens at intestinal borders. Startling new information has appeared in recent years on their diversity, the importance of the transcription factor FOXP3, how T cell receptors influence their fate and the unexpected and varied cellular partners that influence Treg cell homeostatic setpoints. We also revisit some tenets, maintained by the echo chambers of Reviews, that rest on uncertain foundations or are a subject of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvin Pratama
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Venezia
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chrysothemis Brown
- Immuno-Oncology, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Zhang X, Chen X, Wang Z, Meng X, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Cavallari N, Wu Y, Gao J, Li X, Chen H. Goblet cell-associated antigen passage: A gatekeeper of the intestinal immune system. Immunology 2023; 170:1-12. [PMID: 37067238 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective delivery of luminal antigens to the underlying immune system is the initial step in generating antigen-specific responses in the gut. However, a large body of information regarding the immune response activation process remains unknown. Recently, goblet cells (GCs) have been reported to form goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs). Luminal antigens can be transported inside GAPs and reach subepithelial immune cells to induce antigen-specific immune responses, contributing largely to gut homeostasis and the prevention of some intestinal diseases like allergic enteritis and bacterial translocation. In this article, we summarized recent observations on the formation of intestinal GAPs and their roles in mucosal immunity. We hope that this review can offer a fresh perspective and valuable insights for clinicians and researchers interested in studying the intestinal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyi Meng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Nicola Cavallari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yong Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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3
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Fukaya T, Uto T, Mitoma S, Takagi H, Nishikawa Y, Tominaga M, Choijookhuu N, Hishikawa Y, Sato K. Gut dysbiosis promotes the breakdown of oral tolerance mediated through dysfunction of mucosal dendritic cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112431. [PMID: 37099426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While dysbiosis in the gut is implicated in the impaired induction of oral tolerance generated in mesenteric lymph nodes (MesLNs), how dysbiosis affects this process remains unclear. Here, we describe that antibiotic-driven gut dysbiosis causes the dysfunction of CD11c+CD103+ conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in MesLNs, preventing the establishment of oral tolerance. Deficiency of CD11c+CD103+ cDCs abrogates the generation of regulatory T cells in MesLNs to establish oral tolerance. Antibiotic treatment triggers the intestinal dysbiosis linked to the impaired generation of colony-stimulating factor 2 (Csf2)-producing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) for regulating the tolerogenesis of CD11c+CD103+ cDCs and the reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like ligand 1A (TL1A) on CD11c+CD103+ cDCs for generating Csf2-producing ILC3s. Thus, antibiotic-driven intestinal dysbiosis leads to the breakdown of crosstalk between CD11c+CD103+ cDCs and ILC3s for maintaining the tolerogenesis of CD11c+CD103+ cDCs in MesLNs, responsible for the failed establishment of oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fukaya
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Uto
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Shuya Mitoma
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yotaro Nishikawa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Moe Tominaga
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Narantsog Choijookhuu
- Division of Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hishikawa
- Division of Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sato
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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4
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Filardy AA, Ferreira JRM, Rezende RM, Kelsall BL, Oliveira RP. The intestinal microenvironment shapes macrophage and dendritic cell identity and function. Immunol Lett 2023; 253:41-53. [PMID: 36623708 PMCID: PMC9907447 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The gut comprises the largest body interface with the environment and is continuously exposed to nutrients, food antigens, and commensal microbes, as well as to harmful pathogens. Subsets of both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are present throughout the intestinal tract, where they primarily inhabit the gut-associate lymphoid tissue (GALT), such as Peyer's patches and isolated lymphoid follicles. In addition to their role in taking up and presenting antigens, macrophages and DCs possess extensive functional plasticity and these cells play complementary roles in maintaining immune homeostasis in the gut by preventing aberrant immune responses to harmless antigens and microbes and by promoting host defense against pathogens. The ability of macrophages and DCs to induce either inflammation or tolerance is partially lineage imprinted, but can also be dictated by their activation state, which in turn is determined by their specific microenvironment. These cells express several surface and intracellular receptors that detect danger signals, nutrients, and hormones, which can affect their activation state. DCs and macrophages play a fundamental role in regulating T cells and their effector functions. Thus, modulation of intestinal mucosa immunity by targeting antigen presenting cells can provide a promising approach for controlling pathological inflammation. In this review, we provide an overview on the characteristics, functions, and origins of intestinal macrophages and DCs, highlighting the intestinal microenvironmental factors that influence their functions during homeostasis. Unraveling the mechanisms by which macrophages and DCs regulate intestinal immunity will deepen our understanding on how the immune system integrates endogenous and exogenous signals in order to maintain the host's homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra A Filardy
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jesuino R M Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Brian L Kelsall
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, USA
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5
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Suriano F, Nyström EEL, Sergi D, Gustafsson JK. Diet, microbiota, and the mucus layer: The guardians of our health. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953196. [PMID: 36177011 PMCID: PMC9513540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is an ecosystem in which the resident microbiota lives in symbiosis with its host. This symbiotic relationship is key to maintaining overall health, with dietary habits of the host representing one of the main external factors shaping the microbiome-host relationship. Diets high in fiber and low in fat and sugars, as opposed to Western and high-fat diets, have been shown to have a beneficial effect on intestinal health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, improve mucus barrier function and immune tolerance, while inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses and their downstream effects. On the contrary, diets low in fiber and high in fat and sugars have been associated with alterations in microbiota composition/functionality and the subsequent development of chronic diseases such as food allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disease. In this review, we provided an updated overview of the current understanding of the connection between diet, microbiota, and health, with a special focus on the role of Western and high-fat diets in shaping intestinal homeostasis by modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Suriano
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Francesco Suriano, ; Jenny K. Gustafsson,
| | - Elisabeth E. L. Nyström
- Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jenny K. Gustafsson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Francesco Suriano, ; Jenny K. Gustafsson,
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6
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Yang Z, Liu X, Wu Y, Peng J, Wei H. Effect of the Microbiome on Intestinal Innate Immune Development in Early Life and the Potential Strategy of Early Intervention. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936300. [PMID: 35928828 PMCID: PMC9344006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life is a vital period for mammals to be colonized with the microbiome, which profoundly influences the development of the intestinal immune function. For neonates to resist pathogen infection and avoid gastrointestinal illness, the intestinal innate immune system is critical. Thus, this review summarizes the development of the intestinal microbiome and the intestinal innate immune barrier, including the intestinal epithelium and immune cells from the fetal to the weaning period. Moreover, the impact of the intestinal microbiome on innate immune development and the two main way of early-life intervention including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) also are discussed in this review. We hope to highlight the crosstalk between early microbial colonization and intestinal innate immunity development and offer some information for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangchen Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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7
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Doan TA, Forward T, Tamburini BAJ. Trafficking and retention of protein antigens across systems and immune cell types. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:275. [PMID: 35505125 PMCID: PMC9063628 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In response to infection or vaccination, the immune system initially responds non-specifically to the foreign insult (innate) and then develops a specific response to the foreign antigen (adaptive). The programming of the immune response is shaped by the dispersal and delivery of antigens. The antigen size, innate immune activation and location of the insult all determine how antigens are handled. In this review we outline which specific cell types are required for antigen trafficking, which processes require active compared to passive transport, the ability of specific cell types to retain antigens and the viruses (human immunodeficiency virus, influenza and Sendai virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus) and pattern recognition receptor activation that can initiate antigen retention. Both where the protein antigen is localized and how long it remains are critically important in shaping protective immune responses. Therefore, understanding antigen trafficking and retention is necessary to understand the type and magnitude of the immune response and essential for the development of novel vaccine and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu A Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Tadg Forward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA. .,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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8
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Luciani C, Hager FT, Cerovic V, Lelouard H. Dendritic cell functions in the inductive and effector sites of intestinal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:40-50. [PMID: 34465895 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is constantly exposed to foreign antigens, which are mostly innocuous but can sometimes be harmful. Therefore, the intestinal immune system has the delicate task of maintaining immune tolerance to harmless food antigens while inducing tailored immune responses to pathogens and regulating but tolerating the microbiota. Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in these functions as sentinel cells able to prime and polarize the T cell responses. DCs are deployed throughout the intestinal mucosa but with local specializations along the gut length and between the diffuse effector sites of the gut lamina propria (LP) and the well-organized immune inductive sites comprising isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs), Peyer's patches (PPs), and other species-specific gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). Understanding the specificities of each intestinal DC subset, how environmental factors influence DC functions, and how these can be modulated is key to harnessing the therapeutic potential of mucosal adaptive immune responses, whether by enhancing the efficacy of mucosal vaccines or by increasing tolerogenic responses in inflammatory disorders. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to intestinal DCs in steady state and upon inflammation, with a special focus on their functional specializations, highly dependent on their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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9
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Parrish A, Boudaud M, Kuehn A, Ollert M, Desai MS. Intestinal mucus barrier: a missing piece of the puzzle in food allergy. Trends Mol Med 2021; 28:36-50. [PMID: 34810087 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergies has reached epidemic levels but the cause remains largely unknown. We discuss the clinical relevance of the gut mucosal barrier as a site for allergic sensitization to food. In this context, we focus on an important but overlooked part of the mucosal barrier in pathogenesis, the glycoprotein-rich mucus layer, and call attention to both beneficial and detrimental aspects of mucus-gut microbiome interactions. Studying the intricate links between the mucus barrier, the associated bacteria, and the mucosal immune system may advance our understanding of the mechanisms and inform prevention and treatment strategies in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Parrish
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie Boudaud
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.
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10
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Brown H, Esterházy D. Intestinal immune compartmentalization: implications of tissue specific determinants in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1259-1270. [PMID: 34211125 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The emerging concept of tissue specific immunity has opened the gates to new inquiries into what factors drive immune cell niche adaptation and the implications on immune homeostasis, organ specific immune diseases, and therapeutic efficacy. These issues are particularly complicated at barrier sites, which are directly exposed to an ever-changing environment. In particular, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract faces even further challenges given the profound functional and structural differences along its length, raising the possibility that it may even have to be treated as multiple organs when seeking to answer these questions. In this review, we evaluate what is known about the tissue intrinsic and extrinsic factors shaping immune compartments in the intestine. We then discuss the physiological and pathological consequences of a regionally distinct immune system in a single organ, but also discuss where our insight into the role of the compartment for disease development is still very limited. Finally, we discuss the technological and therapeutic implications this compartmentalization has. While the gut is perhaps one of the most intensely studied systems, many of these aspects apply to understanding tissue specific immunity of other organs, most notably other barrier sites such as skin, lung, and the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Brown
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daria Esterházy
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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11
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Jacobse J, Li J, Rings EHHM, Samsom JN, Goettel JA. Intestinal Regulatory T Cells as Specialized Tissue-Restricted Immune Cells in Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716499. [PMID: 34421921 PMCID: PMC8371910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are a specialized population of CD4+ T cells that restrict immune activation and are essential to prevent systemic autoimmunity. In the intestine, the major function of Treg cells is to regulate inflammation as shown by a wide array of mechanistic studies in mice. While Treg cells originating from the thymus can home to the intestine, the majority of Treg cells residing in the intestine are induced from FOXP3neg conventional CD4+ T cells to elicit tolerogenic responses to microbiota and food antigens. This process largely takes place in the gut draining lymph nodes via interaction with antigen-presenting cells that convert circulating naïve T cells into Treg cells. Notably, dysregulation of Treg cells leads to a number of chronic inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, understanding intestinal Treg cell biology in settings of inflammation and homeostasis has the potential to improve therapeutic options for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Here, the induction, maintenance, trafficking, and function of intestinal Treg cells is reviewed in the context of intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review we propose intestinal Treg cells do not compose fixed Treg cell subsets, but rather (like T helper cells), are plastic and can adopt different programs depending on microenvironmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jacobse
- Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Edmond H. H. M. Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy A. Goettel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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12
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Russler-Germain EV, Yi J, Young S, Nutsch K, Wong HS, Ai TL, Chai JN, Durai V, Kaplan DH, Germain RN, Murphy KM, Hsieh CS. Gut Helicobacter presentation by multiple dendritic cell subsets enables context-specific regulatory T cell generation. eLife 2021; 10:54792. [PMID: 33533717 PMCID: PMC7877908 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of tolerogenic peripheral regulatory T (pTreg) cells is commonly thought to involve CD103+ gut dendritic cells (DCs), yet their role in commensal-reactive pTreg development is unclear. Using two Helicobacter-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse lines, we found that both CD103+ and CD103- migratory, but not resident, DCs from the colon-draining mesenteric lymph node presented Helicobacter antigens to T cells ex vivo. Loss of most CD103+ migratory DCs in vivo using murine genetic models did not affect the frequency of Helicobacter-specific pTreg cell generation or induce compensatory tolerogenic changes in the remaining CD103- DCs. By contrast, activation in a Th1-promoting niche in vivo blocked Helicobacter-specific pTreg generation. Thus, these data suggest a model where DC-mediated effector T cell differentiation is 'dominant', necessitating that all DC subsets presenting antigen are permissive for pTreg cell induction to maintain gut tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie V Russler-Germain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Shannon Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Katherine Nutsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Harikesh S Wong
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Teresa L Ai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jiani N Chai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Immunology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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13
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Mayer JU, Brown SL, MacDonald AS, Milling SW. Defined Intestinal Regions Are Drained by Specific Lymph Nodes That Mount Distinct Th1 and Th2 Responses Against Schistosoma mansoni Eggs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592325. [PMID: 33193437 PMCID: PMC7644866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance of type 1 and type 2 immune responses plays a crucial role in anti-helminth immunity and can either support chronic infection or drive type 2 mediated expulsion of the parasite. Helminth antigens and secreted molecules directly influence this balance and induce a favorable immunological environment for the parasite’s survival. However, less is known if the site of infection also influences the balance of type 1 and type 2 immunity. Here, we report that tissue-specific immune responses are mounted against helminth antigens, which elicited strong IL-4 responses when injected into the skin, while the same antigen, delivered into the intestinal subserosa, induced increased IFN-γ and reduced Th2 responses. Immune responses in individual mesenteric lymph nodes that drain defined regions of the intestine furthermore displayed a site-specific pattern of type 1 and type 2 immunity after Schistosoma mansoni or Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection. S. mansoni egg-specific Th2 responses were detectable in all mesenteric lymph nodes but Th1 responses were only present in those draining the colon, while H. polygyrus infection elicited mixed Th1 and Th2 responses in the lymph nodes associated with the site of infection. Similar site-specific type 1 and type 2 immune responses were observed in the draining lymph nodes after the controlled delivery of S. mansoni eggs into different segments of the small and large intestine using microsurgical techniques. Different subsets of intestinal dendritic cells were hereby responsible for the uptake and priming of Th1 and Th2 responses against helminth antigens. Migratory CD11b+CD103− and especially CD11b+CD103+ DC2s transported S. mansoni egg antigens to the draining lymph nodes to induce Th1 and Th2 responses, while CD103+ DC1s induced only IFN-γ responses. In contrast, H. polygyrus antigens were predominantly transported by CD11b+CD103− DC2s and CD103+ DC1s and all DC subsets induced similar Th1 but weaker Th2 responses, compared to S. mansoni egg antigens. The development of adaptive anti-helminth immune responses is therefore influenced by the antigen itself, the uptake and priming characteristics of antigen-positive dendritic cell subsets and the site of infection, which shape the level of Th1 and Th2 responses in order to create a favorable immunological environment for the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Mayer
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sheila L Brown
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon W Milling
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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14
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Sun T, Nguyen A, Gommerman JL. Dendritic Cell Subsets in Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1075-1083. [PMID: 32071090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is a complex environment that is constantly exposed to Ags derived from food, microbiota, and metabolites. Intestinal dendritic cells (DC) have the responsibility of establishing oral tolerance against these Ags while initiating immune responses against mucosal pathogens. We now know that DC are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells composed of classical and monocyte-derived DC, Langerhans cells, and plasmacytoid DC. In the intestine, DC are found in organized lymphoid tissues, such as the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, as well as in the lamina propria. In this Brief Review, we review recent work that describes a division of labor between and collaboration among gut DC subsets in the context of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Understanding relationships between DC subtypes and their biological functions will rationalize oral vaccine design and will provide insights into treatments that quiet pathological intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
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15
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Stephen-Victor E, Crestani E, Chatila TA. Dietary and Microbial Determinants in Food Allergy. Immunity 2020; 53:277-289. [PMID: 32814026 PMCID: PMC7467210 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The steep rise in food allergy (FA) has evoked environmental factors involved in disease pathogenesis, including the gut microbiota, diet, and their metabolites. Early introduction of solid foods synchronizes with the "weaning reaction," a time during which the microbiota imprints durable oral tolerance. Recent work has shown that children with FA manifest an early onset dysbiosis with the loss of Clostridiales species, which promotes the differentiation of ROR-γt+ regulatory T cells to suppress FA. This process can be reversed in pre-clinical mouse models by targeted bacteriotherapy. Here, we review the dominant tolerance mechanisms enforced by the microbiota to suppress FA and discuss therapeutic intervention strategies that act to recapitulate the early life window of opportunity in stemming the FA epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Crestani
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Azid NA, Ahmad S, Boer JC, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Mohammad N, Mohd Ashari NS, Tan HT, Chen X, Plebanski M, Mohamud R. A profile of TNFR2 + regulatory T cells and CD103 + dendritic cells in the peripheral blood of patients with asthma. Hum Immunol 2020; 81:634-643. [PMID: 32771274 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of tolerogenic CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) with regulatory T (Tregs) cells modulates immune responses by inducing immune tolerance. Hence, we determined the proportion of these cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of asthmatic patients. We observed lower trends of CD11b-CD103+ DCs and CD86 within CD11b-CD103+ DCs, while increased levels of Foxp3 expressing CD25+/-TNFR2+ cells in asthmatics. There was a positive correlation in the expression of Foxp3 within CD3+CD4+CD25+TNFR2+ Tregs and CD11b-CD103+ as well as the expression of CD86 within HLA-DR+CD11c+CD11b-CD103+ DCs. In conclusion, we suggest that the increased levels of Tregs in blood could continuously suppress the T helper 2 (Th2) cells activation in the circulation which is also supported by the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TNF. Overall, functional immunoregulation of the regulatory cells, particularly Tregs, exhibit immune suppression and induce immune tolerance linked with the immune activation by the antigen presenting cells (APC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Azrini Azid
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer C Boer
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia.
| | - Mohammad A I Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurashikin Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Suryani Mohd Ashari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Hern Tze Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China.
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia.
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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17
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Hantisteanu S, Dicken Y, Negreanu V, Goldenberg D, Brenner O, Leshkowitz D, Lotem J, Levanon D, Groner Y. Runx3 prevents spontaneous colitis by directing the differentiation of anti-inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233044. [PMID: 32453801 PMCID: PMC7250423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in the transcription factor Runx3 develop a multitude of immune system defects, including early onset colitis. This paper demonstrates that Runx3 is expressed in colonic mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), including resident macrophages (RM) and dendritic cell subsets (cDC2). Runx3 deletion in MNP causes early onset colitis due to their impaired maturation. Mechanistically, the resulting MNP subset imbalance leads to up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes as occurs in IL10R-deficient RM. In addition, RM and cDC2 display a marked decrease in expression of anti-inflammatory/TGF β-regulated genes and β-catenin signaling associated genes, respectively. MNP transcriptome and ChIP-seq data analysis suggest that a significant fraction of genes affected by Runx3 loss are direct Runx3 targets. Collectively, Runx3 imposes intestinal immune tolerance by regulating maturation of colonic anti-inflammatory MNP, befitting the identification of RUNX3 as a genome-wide associated risk gene for various immune-related diseases in humans, including gastrointestinal tract diseases such as Crohn’s disease and celiac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Hantisteanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosef Dicken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Negreanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dalia Goldenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Bioinformatics Unit, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joseph Lotem
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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18
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Hilligan KL, Ronchese F. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells and their instruction of CD4+ T helper cell responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:587-599. [PMID: 32433540 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are essential for the priming of T cell responses. In addition to providing T-cell-receptor ligands and co-stimulatory molecules for naive T cell activation and expansion, dendritic cells are thought to also provide signals for the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into effector T cell populations. The mechanisms by which dendritic cells are able to adapt and respond to the great variety of infectious stimuli they are confronted with, and prime an appropriate CD4+ T cell response, are only partly understood. It is known that in the steady-state dendritic cells are highly heterogenous both in phenotype and transcriptional profile, and that this variability is dependent on developmental lineage, maturation stage, and the tissue environment in which dendritic cells are located. Exposure to infectious agents interfaces with this pre-existing heterogeneity by providing ligands for pattern-recognition and toll-like receptors that are variably expressed on different dendritic cell subsets, and elicit production of cytokines and chemokines to support innate cell activation and drive T cell differentiation. Here we review current information on dendritic cell biology, their heterogeneity, and the properties of different dendritic cell subsets. We then consider the signals required for the development of different types of Th immune responses, and the cellular and molecular evidence implicating different subsets of dendritic cells in providing such signals. We outline how dendritic cell subsets tailor their response according to the infectious agent, and how such transcriptional plasticity enables them to drive different types of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.,Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
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19
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Chapuy L, Sarfati M. Single-Cell Protein and RNA Expression Analysis of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Intestinal Mucosa and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease Patients. Cells 2020; 9:E813. [PMID: 32230977 PMCID: PMC7226791 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are driven by an abnormal immune response to commensal microbiota in genetically susceptible hosts. In addition to epithelial and stromal cells, innate and adaptive immune systems are both involved in IBD immunopathogenesis. Given the advances driven by single-cell technologies, we here reviewed the immune landscape and function of mononuclear phagocytes in inflamed non-lymphoid and lymphoid tissues of CD and UC patients. Immune cell profiling of IBD tissues using scRNA sequencing combined with multi-color cytometry analysis identifies unique clusters of monocyte-like cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These clusters reflect either distinct cell lineages (nature), or distinct or intermediate cell types with identical ontogeny, adapting their phenotype and function to the surrounding milieu (nurture and tissue imprinting). These advanced technologies will provide an unprecedented view of immune cell networks in health and disease, and thus may offer a personalized medicine approach to patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marika Sarfati
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada;
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20
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Chapuy L, Bsat M, Rubio M, Harvey F, Motta V, Schwenter F, Wassef R, Richard C, Deslandres C, Nguyen BN, Soucy G, Hacohen N, Fritz J, Villani AC, Mehta H, Sarfati M. Transcriptomic Analysis and High-dimensional Phenotypic Mapping of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Reveal Differences Between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:393-405. [PMID: 31541232 PMCID: PMC7068244 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC] are distinct forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Heterogeneity of HLA-DR+SIRPα + mononuclear phagocytes [MNPs], including macrophages [MΦ], monocyte-derived [Mono] cells, and dendritic cells [DCs], was reported in gut tissue but not yet investigated in mesenteric lymph nodes [MLNs] of IBD patients. We here compared the phenotype, function, and molecular profile of HLA-DR+SIRPα + MNPs in CD and UC MLNs. METHODS Cell distribution, morphology, immune function, and transcriptomic [bulk RNAseq] and high-dimensional protein expression profiles [CyTOF] of HLA-DR+SIRPα + MNPs were examined in MLNs of UC [n = 14], CD [n = 35], and non-IBD [n = 12] patients. RESULTS Elevated frequencies of CD14+CD64+CD163+ [Mono/MΦ-like] MNPs displaying monocyte/MΦ morphology and phagocytic function were a distinct feature of UC MLNs. In CD, the proportion of CD14-CD64-CD163- [DC-like] cells was augmented relative to Mono/MΦ-like cells; DC-like cells drove naïve T cell proliferation, Th1 polarisation, and Th17 TCM plasticity. Gene expression profile corroborated the nature of DC-like cells, best represented by BTLA, SERPINF, IGJ and, of Mono/MΦ-like cells, defined by CD163, MARCO, MAFB, CD300E, S100A9 expression. CyTOF analysis showed that CD123+ plasmacytoid cells predominated over conventional DCs in DC-like cells. Four CD163+ clusters were revealed in Mono/MΦ-like cells, two of which were enriched in MARCO-CD68dimHLA-DRdim monocyte-like cells and MARCOhiCD68hiHLA-DRhi Mɸ, whose proportion increased in UC relative to CD. CONCLUSIONS Defining the landscape of MNPs in MLNs provided evidence for expansion of CD163+ Mono/MΦ-like cells in UC only, highlighting a distinction between UC and CD, and thus the potential contribution of monocyte-like cells in driving colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Chapuy
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CRCHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marwa Bsat
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CRCHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuel Rubio
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CRCHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Harvey
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CRCHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vinicius Motta
- McGill Goodman Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frank Schwenter
- Digestive Surgery Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ramses Wassef
- Digestive Surgery Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carole Richard
- Digestive Surgery Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Colette Deslandres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bich N Nguyen
- Pathology Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Soucy
- Pathology Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jorge Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heena Mehta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CRCHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marika Sarfati
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal [CRCHUM], Montréal, QC, Canada
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21
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Kulkarni DH, Gustafsson JK, Knoop KA, McDonald KG, Bidani SS, Davis JE, Floyd AN, Hogan SP, Hsieh CS, Newberry RD. Goblet cell associated antigen passages support the induction and maintenance of oral tolerance. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:271-282. [PMID: 31819172 PMCID: PMC7044050 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance to innocuous antigens from the diet and the commensal microbiota is a fundamental process essential to health. Why tolerance is efficiently induced to substances arising from the hostile environment of the gut lumen is incompletely understood but may be related to how these antigens are encountered by the immune system. We observed that goblet cell associated antigen passages (GAPs), but not other pathways of luminal antigen capture, correlated with the acquisition of luminal substances by lamina propria (LP) antigen presenting cells (APCs) and with the sites of tolerance induction to luminal antigens. Strikingly this role extended beyond antigen delivery. The GAP function of goblet cells facilitated maintenance of pre-existing LP T regulatory cells (Tregs), imprinting LP-dendritic cells with tolerogenic properties, and facilitating LP macrophages to produce the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, tolerance to dietary antigen was impaired in the absence of GAPs. Thus, by delivering luminal antigens, maintaining pre-existing LP Tregs, and imprinting tolerogenic properties on LP-APCs GAPs support tolerance to substances encountered in the hostile environment of the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesha H Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kathryn A Knoop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Keely G McDonald
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shay S Bidani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jazmyne E Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alexandria N Floyd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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22
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Tindemans I, Joosse ME, Samsom JN. Dissecting the Heterogeneity in T-Cell Mediated Inflammation in IBD. Cells 2020; 9:E110. [PMID: 31906479 PMCID: PMC7016883 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the lamina propria by inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is a key characteristic of chronic intestinal inflammation. Memory-phenotype CD4+ T-cell frequencies are increased in inflamed intestinal tissue of IBD patients compared to tissue of healthy controls and are associated with disease flares and a more complicated disease course. Therefore, a tightly controlled balance between regulatory and inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is crucial to prevent uncontrolled CD4+ T-cell responses and subsequent intestinal tissue damage. While at steady state, T-cells display mainly a regulatory phenotype, increased in Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Th17.1 responses, and reduced Treg and Tr1 responses have all been suggested to play a role in IBD pathophysiology. However, it is highly unlikely that all these responses are altered in each individual patient. With the rapidly expanding plethora of therapeutic options to inhibit inflammatory T-cell responses and stimulate regulatory T-cell responses, a crucial need is emerging for a robust set of immunological assays to predict and monitor therapeutic success at an individual level. Consequently, it is crucial to differentiate dominant inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T helper responses in patients and relate these to disease course and therapy response. In this review, we provide an overview of how intestinal CD4+ T-cell responses arise, discuss the main phenotypes of CD4+ T helper responses, and review how they are implicated in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
Appropriate priming of tolerogenic or effector immune responses is crucial for intestinal homeostasis. Recently in Nature, Esterházy et al. (2019) reveal how compartmentalization of lymphatic drainage to functionally distinct lymph nodes facilitates the simultaneous induction of tolerogenic and effector responses.
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24
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Veenbergen S, Li P, Raatgeep HC, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Farrel A, Costes LMM, Joosse ME, van Berkel LA, de Ruiter LF, van Leeuwen MA, Winter D, Holland SM, Freeman AF, Wakabayashi Y, Zhu J, de Ridder L, Driessen GJ, Escher JC, Leonard WJ, Samsom JN. IL-10 signaling in dendritic cells controls IL-1β-mediated IFNγ secretion by human CD4 + T cells: relevance to inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1201-1211. [PMID: 31417161 PMCID: PMC6752724 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled interferon γ (IFNγ)-mediated T-cell responses to commensal microbiota are a driver of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is crucial for controlling these T-cell responses, but the precise mechanism of inhibition remains unclear. A better understanding of how IL-10 exerts its suppressive function may allow identification of individuals with suboptimal IL-10 function among the heterogeneous population of IBD patients. Using cells from patients with an IL10RA deficiency or STAT3 mutations, we demonstrate that IL-10 signaling in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), but not T cells, is essential for controlling IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells. Deficiency in IL-10 signaling dramatically increased IL-1β release by moDCs. IL-1β boosted IFNγ secretion by CD4+ T cells either directly or indirectly by stimulating moDCs to secrete IL-12. As predicted a signature of IL-10 dysfunction was observed in a subgroup of pediatric IBD patients having higher IL-1β expression in activated immune cells and macroscopically affected intestinal tissue. In agreement, reduced IL10RA expression was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a subgroup of pediatric IBD patients exhibited diminished IL-10 responsiveness. Our data unveil an important mechanism by which IL-10 controls IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells in humans and identifies IL-1β as a potential classifier for a subgroup of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veenbergen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: , Dr. Janneke N. Samsom, PhD; Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Tel: +31-(0)10-7043444; Fax: +31-(0)10-7044761; Sharon Veenbergen:
| | - P Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - HC Raatgeep
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - DJ Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Y Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Farrel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - LMM Costes
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - ME Joosse
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - LA van Berkel
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - LF de Ruiter
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - MA van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Winter
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sophia Children’s Hospital-Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - SM Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - AF Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Y Wakabayashi
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - J Zhu
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - L de Ridder
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sophia Children’s Hospital-Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - GJ Driessen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Haga Teaching Hospital, Juliana Children’s Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - JC Escher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sophia Children’s Hospital-Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - WJ Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - JN Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: , Dr. Janneke N. Samsom, PhD; Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Room Ee1567A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Tel: +31-(0)10-7043444; Fax: +31-(0)10-7044761; Sharon Veenbergen:
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25
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Mowat AM. To respond or not to respond - a personal perspective of intestinal tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:405-415. [PMID: 29491358 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the intestine was one of the poor relations of the immunology world, being a realm inhabited mostly by specialists and those interested in unusual phenomena. However, this has changed dramatically in recent years with the realization of how important the microbiota is in shaping immune function throughout the body, and almost every major immunology institution now includes the intestine as an area of interest. One of the most important aspects of the intestinal immune system is how it discriminates carefully between harmless and harmful antigens, in particular, its ability to generate active tolerance to materials such as commensal bacteria and food proteins. This phenomenon has been recognized for more than 100 years, and it is essential for preventing inflammatory disease in the intestine, but its basis remains enigmatic. Here, I discuss the progress that has been made in understanding oral tolerance during my 40 years in the field and highlight the topics that will be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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26
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Esterházy D, Canesso MCC, Mesin L, Muller PA, de Castro TBR, Lockhart A, ElJalby M, Faria AMC, Mucida D. Compartmentalized gut lymph node drainage dictates adaptive immune responses. Nature 2019; 569:126-130. [PMID: 30988509 PMCID: PMC6587593 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the challenging task of tolerating foreign nutrients and the commensal microbiome, while excluding or eliminating ingested pathogens. Failure of this balance leads to conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases, food allergies and invasive gastrointestinal infections1. Multiple immune mechanisms are therefore in place to maintain tissue integrity, including balanced generation of effector T (TH) cells and FOXP3+ regulatory T (pTreg) cells, which mediate resistance to pathogens and regulate excessive immune activation, respectively1-4. The gut-draining lymph nodes (gLNs) are key sites for orchestrating adaptive immunity to luminal perturbations5-7. However, it is unclear how they simultaneously support tolerogenic and inflammatory reactions. Here we show that gLNs are immunologically specific to the functional gut segment that they drain. Stromal and dendritic cell gene signatures and polarization of T cells against the same luminal antigen differ between gLNs, with the proximal small intestine-draining gLNs preferentially giving rise to tolerogenic responses and the distal gLNs to pro-inflammatory T cell responses. This segregation permitted the targeting of distal gLNs for vaccination and the maintenance of duodenal pTreg cell induction during colonic infection. Conversely, the compartmentalized dichotomy was perturbed by surgical removal of select distal gLNs and duodenal infection, with effects on both lymphoid organ and tissue immune responses. Our findings reveal that the conflict between tolerogenic and inflammatory intestinal responses is in part resolved by discrete gLN drainage, and encourage antigen targeting to specific gut segments for therapeutic immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Esterházy
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Maria C C Canesso
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Muller
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago B R de Castro
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ainsley Lockhart
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahmoud ElJalby
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana M C Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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27
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Kyburz A, Fallegger A, Zhang X, Altobelli A, Artola-Boran M, Borbet T, Urban S, Paul P, Münz C, Floess S, Huehn J, Cover TL, Blaser MJ, Taube C, Müller A. Transmaternal Helicobacter pylori exposure reduces allergic airway inflammation in offspring through regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:1496-1512.e11. [PMID: 30240703 PMCID: PMC6592617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmaternal exposure to tobacco, microbes, nutrients, and other environmental factors shapes the fetal immune system through epigenetic processes. The gastric microbe Helicobacter pylori represents an ancestral constituent of the human microbiota that causes gastric disorders on the one hand and is inversely associated with allergies and chronic inflammatory conditions on the other. OBJECTIVE Here we investigate the consequences of transmaternal exposure to H pylori in utero and/or during lactation for susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection, predisposition to allergic airway inflammation, and development of immune cell populations in the lungs and lymphoid organs. METHODS We use experimental models of house dust mite- or ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and influenza A virus or Citrobacter rodentium infection along with metagenomics analyses, multicolor flow cytometry, and bisulfite pyrosequencing, to study the effects of H pylori on allergy severity and immunologic and microbiome correlates thereof. RESULTS Perinatal exposure to H pylori extract or its immunomodulator vacuolating cytotoxin confers robust protective effects against allergic airway inflammation not only in first- but also second-generation offspring but does not increase susceptibility to viral or bacterial infection. Immune correlates of allergy protection include skewing of regulatory over effector T cells, expansion of regulatory T-cell subsets expressing CXCR3 or retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt, and demethylation of the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) locus. The composition and diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiota is measurably affected by perinatal H pylori exposure. CONCLUSION We conclude that exposure to H pylori has consequences not only for the carrier but also for subsequent generations that can be exploited for interventional purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kyburz
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Fallegger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Altobelli
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Boran
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Borbet
- Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sabine Urban
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Paul
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Floess
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Martin J Blaser
- Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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28
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Oral administration of a mixture of probiotics protects against food allergy via induction of CD103+ dendritic cells and modulates the intestinal microbiota. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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29
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Tipping the balance: inhibitory checkpoints in intestinal homeostasis. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:21-35. [PMID: 30498201 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The small intestinal and colonic lamina propria are populated with forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and interleukin-10-producing T cells that orchestrate intestinal tolerance to harmless microbial and food antigens. Expression of co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 serve as checkpoints to these cells controlling their T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated and CD28-mediated activation and modulating the phenotype of neighboring antigen presenting cells. Recent discoveries on the diversity of co-inhibitory receptors and their selective cellular expression has shed new light on their tissue-dependent function. In this review, we provide an overview of the co-inhibitory pathways and checkpoints of Treg and effector T cells and their mechanisms of action in intestinal homeostasis. Better understanding of these inhibitory checkpoints is desired as their blockade harbors clinical potential for the treatment of cancer and their stimulation may offer new opportunities to treat chronic intestinal inflammation such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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30
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Stagg AJ. Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Health and Gut Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2883. [PMID: 30574151 PMCID: PMC6291504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) mediate tolerance to food antigens, limit reactivity to the gut microbiota and are required for optimal response to intestinal pathogens. Intestinal DCs are heterogeneous but collectively generate both regulatory and effector T cell responses. The balance of outcomes is determined by the activity of functionally distinct DC subsets and their modulation by environmental cues. DCs constantly sample luminal content to monitor for pathogens; the significance of the various pathways by which this occurs is incompletely understood. Intestinal DC have distinctive properties shaped by local host, dietary and microbial signals. These properties include the ability to produce all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and imprint gut tropism on T cells they activate. In the steady-state, subsets of intestinal DC are potent generators of inducible Treg, aided by their ability to activate TGFβ and produce RA. However, responses induced by steady-state intestinal DCs are not exclusively regulatory in nature; effector T cells with specificity for commensal bacterial can be found in the healthy mucosa and these can be locally controlled to prevent inflammation. The ability of intestinal DCs to enhance effector responses in infection or sustain inflammation in disease is likely to involve both modulation of the local DC population and recruitment of additional populations. Immune pathways in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease can be mapped to DCs and in inflamed intestinal tissue, DCs show increased expression of microbial recognition machinery, activation, and production of key immunological mediators. Intestinal DCs may be targeted for disease therapy or to improve vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Stagg
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Yashiro T, Yamaguchi M, Watanuki Y, Kasakura K, Nishiyama C. The Transcription Factors PU.1 and IRF4 Determine Dendritic Cell-Specific Expression of RALDH2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3677-3682. [PMID: 30413670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RALDH2 expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) plays a critical role in the development of regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. Despite the importance of RALDH2 in intestinal immunity, little is known about the mechanism of DC-specific expression of RALDH2. In the current study, we focused on the hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factors PU.1 and IRF4 as the determinants of Aldh1a2 gene expression. The mRNA level of Aldh1a2, and subsequently the enzyme activity, were decreased by knockdown of PU.1 and IRF4 in bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) of BALB/c mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that PU.1 and IRF4 bound to the Aldh1a2 gene ∼2 kb upstream from the transcription start site in BMDCs. A reporter assay and an EMSA revealed that the Aldh1a2 promoter was synergistically transactivated by a heterodimer composed with PU.1 and IRF4 via the EICE motif at -1961/-1952 of the gene. The effect of small interfering RNAs for Spi1 and Irf4 and specific binding of PU.1 and IRF4 on the Aldh1a2 gene were also observed in DCs freshly isolated from spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, respectively. GM-CSF stimulation upregulated the Aldh1a2 transcription in Flt3 ligand-generated BMDCs, in which the IRF4 expression and the PU.1 recruitment to the Aldh1a2 promoter were enhanced. We conclude that PU.1 and IRF4 are transactivators of the Aldh1a2 gene in vitro and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yumi Watanuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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32
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Knoop KA, Newberry RD. Goblet cells: multifaceted players in immunity at mucosal surfaces. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1551-1557. [PMID: 29867079 PMCID: PMC8767637 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells (GCs) are specialized epithelial cells that line multiple mucosal surfaces and have a well-appreciated role in barrier maintenance through the secretion of mucus. Moreover, GCs secrete anti-microbial proteins, chemokines, and cytokines demonstrating functions in innate immunity beyond barrier maintenance. Recently it was appreciated that GCs can form goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs) and deliver luminal substances to underlying lamina propria (LP) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a manner capable of inducing adaptive immune responses. GCs at other mucosal surfaces share characteristics with the GAP forming intestinal GCs, suggesting that GAP formation may not be restricted to the gut, and that GCs may perform this gatekeeper function at other mucosal surfaces. Here we review observations of how GCs contribute to immunity at mucosal surfaces through barrier maintenance, the delivery of luminal substances to APCs, interactions with APCs, and secretion of factors modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Knoop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63123,Send correspondence to: , 314-362-2670, Fax 314-362-2609, Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to KAK
| | - Rodney D. Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63123
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33
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Murray K, Reardon C. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway revisited. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:10.1111/nmo.13288. [PMID: 29468816 PMCID: PMC5826620 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease negatively affects the quality of life of millions of patients around the world. Although the precise etiology of the disease remains elusive, aberrant immune system activation is an underlying cause. As such, therapies that selectively inhibit immune cell activation without broad immunosuppression are desired. Inhibition of immune cell activation preventing pro-inflammatory cytokine production through neural stimulation has emerged as one such treatment. These therapeutics are based on the discovery of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a reflex arc that induces efferent vagal nerve signaling to reduce immune cell activation and consequently mortality during septic shock. Despite the success of preclinical and clinical trials, the neural circuitry and mechanisms of action of these immune-regulatory circuits are controversial. At the heart of this controversy is the protective effect of vagal nerve stimulation despite an apparent lack of neuroanatomical connections between the vagus and target organs. Additional studies have further emphasized the importance of sympathetic innervation of these organs, and that alternative neural circuits could be involved in neural regulation of the immune system. Such controversies also extend to the regulation of intestinal inflammation, with the importance of efferent vagus nerve signals in question. Experiments that better characterize these pathways have now been performed by Willemze et al. in this issue of Neurogastroenterology & Motility. These continued efforts will be critical to the development of better neurostimulator based therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Murray
- Department. of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department. of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America,Corresponding author: Colin Reardon PhD, Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis, VM: Anatomy, Physiology, & Cell Biology, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, VM3B, Room 2007, Davis, CA 95616, Ph: 530-752-7496,
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34
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Ranganathan P, Shanmugam A, Swafford D, Suryawanshi A, Bhattacharjee P, Hussein MS, Koni PA, Prasad PD, Kurago ZB, Thangaraju M, Ganapathy V, Manicassamy S. GPR81, a Cell-Surface Receptor for Lactate, Regulates Intestinal Homeostasis and Protects Mice from Experimental Colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1781-1789. [PMID: 29386257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
At mucosal sites such as the intestine, the immune system launches robust immunity against invading pathogens while maintaining a state of tolerance to commensal flora and ingested food Ags. The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. In this study, we report that signaling by GPR81, a receptor for lactate, in colonic dendritic cells and macrophages plays an important role in suppressing colonic inflammation and restoring colonic homeostasis. Genetic deletion of GPR81 in mice led to increased Th1/Th17 cell differentiation and reduced regulatory T cell differentiation, resulting in enhanced susceptibility to colonic inflammation. This was due to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and decreased expression of immune regulatory factors (IL-10, retinoic acid, and IDO) by intestinal APCs lacking GPR81. Consistent with these findings, pharmacological activation of GPR81 decreased inflammatory cytokine expression and ameliorated colonic inflammation. Taken together, these findings identify a new and important role for the GPR81 signaling pathway in regulating immune tolerance and colonic inflammation. Thus, manipulation of the GPR81 pathway could provide novel opportunities for enhancing regulatory responses and treating colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Swafford
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430
| | | | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901; and
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901; and
| | - Zoya B Kurago
- Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901; and
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; .,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30901
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35
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Antigen-specific regulatory T-cell responses to intestinal microbiota. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1375-1386. [PMID: 28766556 PMCID: PMC5939566 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract can harbor both beneficial commensal bacteria important for host health, but also pathogenic bacteria capable of intestinal damage. It is therefore important that the host immune system mount the appropriate immune response to these divergent groups of bacteria-promoting tolerance in response to commensal bacteria and sterilizing immunity in response to pathogenic bacteria. Failure to induce tolerance to commensal bacteria may underlie immune-mediated diseases such as human inflammatory bowel disease. At homeostasis, regulatory T (Treg) cells are a key component of the tolerogenic response by adaptive immunity. This review examines the mechanisms by which intestinal bacteria influence colonic T-cells and B-cell immunoglobulin A (IgA) induction, with an emphasis on Treg cells and the role of antigen-specificity in these processes. In addition to discussing key primary literature, this review highlights current controversies and important future directions.
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Dzutsev A, Hogg A, Sui Y, Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Yu H, Frey B, Wang Y, Berzofsky JA. Differential T cell homing to colon vs. small intestine is imprinted by local CD11c + APCs that determine homing receptors. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1381-1388. [PMID: 28951425 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a1116-463rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that imprint T cell homing to the small intestine have been well studied; however, those for homing to the colon are poorly understood. Recently, we found that these are distinct subcompartments of the gut mucosal immune system, which implies differential homing. Here, we show that colonic CD11c+ APCs imprint CD8+ T cell preferential homing to the colon, in contrast to those from the small intestine that imprint CD8+ T cell homing to the small intestine, and that the differences are related to the variable ability of APCs to induce α4β7-integrin and CCR9 expression on T cells. Colon APCs also expressed lower levels of retinoic acid-producing enzymes that are known to control the mucosal homing of T cells. These findings are the first to our knowledge to directly demonstrate that colon APCs imprint T cells to selectively home to the large bowel, which is critical for the design of successful T cell-based therapies and vaccines, such as colon cancer immunotherapy and HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiran Dzutsev
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Hogg
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Huifeng Yu
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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TGFβR signalling controls CD103 +CD11b + dendritic cell development in the intestine. Nat Commun 2017; 8:620. [PMID: 28931816 PMCID: PMC5607002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD103+CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) are unique to the intestine, but the factors governing their differentiation are unclear. Here we show that transforming growth factor receptor 1 (TGFβR1) has an indispensable, cell intrinsic role in the development of these cells. Deletion of Tgfbr1 results in markedly fewer intestinal CD103+CD11b+ DCs and a reciprocal increase in the CD103−CD11b+ dendritic cell subset. Transcriptional profiling identifies markers that define the CD103+CD11b+ DC lineage, including CD101, TREM1 and Siglec-F, and shows that the absence of CD103+CD11b+ DCs in CD11c-Cre.Tgfbr1fl/fl mice reflects defective differentiation from CD103−CD11b+ intermediaries, rather than an isolated loss of CD103 expression. The defect in CD103+CD11b+ DCs is accompanied by reduced generation of antigen-specific, inducible FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo, and by reduced numbers of endogenous Th17 cells in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, TGFβR1-mediated signalling may explain the tissue-specific development of these unique DCs. Developmental cues for the different dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the intestine are yet to be defined. Here the authors show that TGFβR1 signalling is needed for development of CD103+CD11b+ intestinal DCs from CD103−CD11b+ cells and that they contribute to the generation of Th17 and regulatory T cells
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Knoop KA, Gustafsson JK, McDonald KG, Kulkarni DH, Kassel R, Newberry RD. Antibiotics promote the sampling of luminal antigens and bacteria via colonic goblet cell associated antigen passages. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:400-411. [PMID: 28267403 PMCID: PMC5570560 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1299846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of live bacteria from the gut lumen to distant sites. Gut commensal bacteria translocation has been attributed to 'leakiness', or 'barrier breach' of the intestinal epithelium, allowing live bacteria to cross an inappropriately permeable barrier and disseminate to distant sites. Alternatively, studies suggest dendritic cells directly capture luminal commensal bacteria and transport them to distant sites in the steady-state by extending dendrites between epithelial cells into the lumen. Recently we identified translocation of commensal gut bacteria following antibiotics was associated with the formation of goblet cell associated antigen passages (GAPs) in the colon and dependent upon goblet cells (GCs). The translocation of native gut commensal bacteria resulted in low-level inflammatory responses and potentiated mucosal damage in response to concurrent epithelial injury. Here we extend these observations and demonstrate properties of colonic GAPs and observations supporting their priority in the translocation of colonic commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Knoop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jenny K. Gustafsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keely G. McDonald
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Devesha H. Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Kassel
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rodney D. Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Diversity and functions of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:845-864. [PMID: 28378807 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal lamina propria (LP) contains a diverse array of mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) subsets, including conventional dendritic cells (cDC), monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages (mφ) that collectively play an essential role in mucosal homeostasis, infection and inflammation. In the current review we discuss the function of intestinal cDC and monocyte-derived MNP, highlighting how these subsets play several non-redundant roles in the regulation of intestinal immune responses. While much remains to be learnt, recent findings also underline how the various populations of MNP adapt to deal with the challenges specific to their environment. Understanding these processes should help target individual subsets for 'fine tuning' immunological responses within the intestine, a process that may be of relevance both for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and for optimized vaccine design.
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Different populations of CD11b + dendritic cells drive Th2 responses in the small intestine and colon. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15820. [PMID: 28598427 PMCID: PMC5472728 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-helper 2 (Th2) cell responses defend against parasites. Although dendritic cells (DCs) are vital for the induction of T-cell responses, the DC subpopulations that induce Th2 cells in the intestine are unidentified. Here we show that intestinal Th2 responses against Trichuris muris worms and Schistosoma mansoni eggs do not develop in mice with IRF-4-deficient DCs (IRF-4f/f CD11c-cre). Adoptive transfer of conventional DCs, in particular CD11b-expressing DCs from the intestine, is sufficient to prime S. mansoni-specific Th2 responses. Surprisingly, transferred IRF-4-deficient DCs also effectively prime S. mansoni-specific Th2 responses. Egg antigens do not induce the expression of IRF-4-related genes. Instead, IRF-4f/f CD11c-cre mice have fewer CD11b+ migrating DCs and fewer DCs carrying parasite antigens to the lymph nodes. Furthermore, CD11b+CD103+ DCs induce Th2 responses in the small intestine, whereas CD11b+CD103− DCs perform this role in the colon, revealing a specific functional heterogeneity among intestinal DCs in inducing Th2 responses. T helper 2 (Th2) cell responses are essential for immunity against parasites, but how Th2 response is modulated in the gut is still unclear. Here the authors show that distinct dendritic cell subsets distinguishable by CD11b, CD103 and IRF4 function in the small intestine or colon to promote Th2 responses.
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Shiokawa A, Kotaki R, Takano T, Nakajima-Adachi H, Hachimura S. Mesenteric lymph node CD11b - CD103 + PD-L1 High dendritic cells highly induce regulatory T cells. Immunology 2017; 152:52-64. [PMID: 28423181 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) induce Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to regulate immune responses to beneficial or non-harmful agents in the intestine, such as commensal bacteria and foods. Several studies in MLN DCs have revealed that the CD103+ DC subset highly induces regulatory T cells, and another study has reported that MLN DCs from programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) -deficient mice could not induce regulatory T cells. Hence, the present study investigated the expression of these molecules on MLN CD11c+ cells. Four distinct subsets expressing CD103 and/or PD-L1 were identified, namely CD11b+ CD103+ PD-L1High , CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High , CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1Low and CD11b+ CD103- PD-L1Int . Among them, the CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High DC subset highly induced Foxp3+ T cells. This subset expressed Aldh1a2 and Itgb8 genes, which are involved in retinoic acid metabolism and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation, respectively. Exogenous TGF-β supplementation equalized the level of Foxp3+ T-cell induction by the four subsets whereas retinoic acid did not, which suggests that high ability to activate TGF-β is determinant for the high Foxp3+ T-cell induction by CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High DC subset. Finally, this subset exhibited a migratory DC phenotype and could take up and present orally administered antigens. Collectively, the MLN CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High DC subset probably takes up luminal antigens in the intestine, migrates to MLNs, and highly induces regulatory T cells through TGF-β activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shiokawa
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kotaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takano
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyo Nakajima-Adachi
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hachimura
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Monitoring and Modulation of Inducible Foxp3 + Regulatory T-Cell Differentiation in the Lymph Nodes Draining the Small Intestine and Colon. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28063048 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The mucosa-draining lymphoid tissue favors differentiation of inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) T cells is a powerful tool to study antigen-specific regulatory T-cell differentiation in lymphoid tissues in vivo. The kinetics and nature of the T-cell response largely depend on the route of antigen administration and degree of clonal competition. Here, we describe that adoptive transfer of CD4+ DO11.10 TCR Tg T cells can be used for monitoring Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell differentiation in the gut-draining lymph nodes. We describe two routes of mucosal antigen administration, e.g., the oral and intracolonic route known to induce T-cell responses in the small intestine-draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and distal colon-draining caudal and iliac lymph nodes (ILN), respectively. In particular, we discuss differences in frequency of inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T cells after adoptive transfer of variable numbers of Tg T cells and various amounts of orally gavaged ovalbumin (OVA), and explain how Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell differentiation can be modulated by coadministration of the adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) with OVA using this adoptive transfer system.
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Toivonen R, Kong L, Rasool O, Lund RJ, Lahesmaa R, Hänninen A. Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Colon-Draining Lymph Nodes duringCitrobacter rodentiumInfection Involves Pathogen-Sensing and Inflammatory Pathways Distinct from Conventional Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4750-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Molecular Mechanisms of Induction of Tolerant and Tolerogenic Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Mice. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1958650. [PMID: 26981546 PMCID: PMC4766351 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1958650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the host manage to tolerate its own intestinal microbiota? A simple question leading to complicated answers. In order to maintain balanced immune responses in the intestine, the host immune system must tolerate commensal bacteria in the gut while it has to simultaneously keep the ability to fight pathogens and to clear infections. If this tender equilibrium is disturbed, severe chronic inflammatory reactions can result. Tolerogenic intestinal dendritic cells fulfil a crucial role in balancing immune responses and therefore creating homeostatic conditions and preventing from uncontrolled inflammation. Although several dendritic cell subsets have already been characterized to play a pivotal role in this process, less is known about definite molecular mechanisms of how intestinal dendritic cells are converted into tolerogenic ones. Here we review how gut commensal bacteria interact with intestinal dendritic cells and why this bacteria-host cell interaction is crucial for induction of dendritic cell tolerance in the intestine. Hereby, different commensal bacteria can have distinct effects on the phenotype of intestinal dendritic cells and these effects are mainly mediated by impacting toll-like receptor signalling in dendritic cells.
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