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Pan Y, Cai Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Sheng H, Shao D, Cui D, Guo X, Zheng P, Lai B. Formation of chronic morphine withdrawal memories requires C1QL3-mediated regulation of PSD95 in the mouse basolateral amygdala. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150076. [PMID: 38772224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation is a complex process influenced by various molecular mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contributions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and complement component 1, q subcomponent-like 3 (C1QL3), a secreted and presynaptically targeted protein, to the formation of chronic morphine (repeat dosing of morphine) withdrawal memory using conditioned place aversion (CPA) and chemogenetic methods. We conducted experiments involving the inhibition of the BLA during naloxone-induced withdrawal to assess its impact on CPA scores, providing insights into the significance of the BLA in the chronic morphine memory formation process. We also examined changes in C1ql3/C1QL3 expression within the BLA following conditioning. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the colocalization of C1QL3 and the G protein-coupled receptor, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3) in the BLA, supporting their involvement in synaptic development. Moreover, we downregulated C1QL3 expression in the BLA to investigate its role in chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation. Our findings revealed that BLA inhibition during naloxone-induced withdrawal led to a significant reduction in CPA scores, confirming the critical role of the BLA in this memory process. Additionally, the upregulation of C1ql3 expression within the BLA postconditioning suggested its participation in withdrawal memory formation. The colocalization of C1QL3 and BAI3 in the BLA further supported their involvement in synaptic development. Furthermore, downregulation of C1QL3 in the BLA effectively hindered chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation, emphasizing its pivotal role in this process. Notably, we identified postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) as a potential downstream effector of C1QL3 during chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation. Blocking PSD95 led to a significant reduction in the CPA score, and it appeared that C1QL3 modulated the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of PSD95, resulting in decreased PSD95 protein levels. This study underscores the importance of the BLA, C1QL3 and PSD95 in chronic morphine withdrawal memory formation. It provides valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms, emphasizing their significance in this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhangyin Cai
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Junfang Zhang
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Sheng
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Shao
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyang Cui
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Guo
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lai
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Chen L, Du Y, Hu Y, Li XS, Chen Y, Cheng Y. Whole-exome sequencing of individuals from an isolated population under extreme conditions implicates rare risk variants of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:267. [PMID: 38951484 PMCID: PMC11217384 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ), which affects approximately 1% of the world's population, is a global public health concern. It is generally considered that the interplay between genes and the environment is important in the onset and/or development of SCZ. Although several whole-exome sequencing studies have revealed rare risk variants of SCZ, no rare coding variants have been strongly replicated. Assessing isolated populations under extreme conditions might lead to the discovery of variants with a recent origin, which are more likely to have a higher frequency than chance to reflect gene-environment interactions. Following this approach, we examined a unique cohort of Tibetans living at an average altitude above 4500 meters. Whole-exome sequencing of 47 SCZ cases and 53 controls revealed 275 potential novel risk variants and two known variants (12:46244485: A/G and 22:18905934: A/G) associated with SCZ that were found in existing databases. Only one gene (C5orf42) in the gene-based statistics surpassed the exome-wide significance in the cohort. Metascape enrichment analysis suggested that novel risk genes were strongly enriched in pathways relevant to hypoxia, neurodevelopment, and neurotransmission. Additionally, 47 new risk genes were followed up in Han sample of 279 patients with SCZ and 95 controls, only BAI2 variant appearing in one case. Our findings suggest that SCZ patients living at high altitudes may have a unique risk gene signature, which may provide additional information on the underlying biology of SCZ, which can be exploited to identify individuals at greater risk of exposure to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Du
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- The Third People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.
- Institute of National Security, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.
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3
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Loupe JM, Anderson AG, Rizzardi LF, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Moyers B, Trausch-Lowther K, Jain R, Bunney WE, Bunney BG, Cartagena P, Sequeira A, Watson SJ, Akil H, Cooper GM, Myers RM. Multiomic profiling of transcription factor binding and function in human brain. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01658-8. [PMID: 38831039 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) orchestrate gene expression programs crucial for brain function, but we lack detailed information about TF binding in human brain tissue. We generated a multiomic resource (ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, DNA methylation) on bulk tissues and sorted nuclei from several postmortem brain regions, including binding maps for more than 100 TFs. We demonstrate improved measurements of TF activity, including motif recognition and gene expression modeling, upon identification and removal of high TF occupancy regions. Further, predictive TF binding models demonstrate a bias for these high-occupancy sites. Neuronal TFs SATB2 and TBR1 bind unique regions depleted for such sites and promote neuronal gene expression. Binding sites for TFs, including TBR1 and PKNOX1, are enriched for risk variants associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, predominantly in neurons. This work, titled BrainTF, is a powerful resource for future studies seeking to understand the roles of specific TFs in regulating gene expression in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Loupe
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Lindsay F Rizzardi
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Belle Moyers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Rashmi Jain
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Blynn G Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Preston Cartagena
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.
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4
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Ball G, Oldham S, Kyriakopoulou V, Williams LZJ, Karolis V, Price A, Hutter J, Seal ML, Alexander-Bloch A, Hajnal JV, Edwards AD, Robinson EC, Seidlitz J. Molecular signatures of cortical expansion in the human fetal brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580198. [PMID: 38405710 PMCID: PMC10888819 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The third trimester of human gestation is characterised by rapid increases in brain volume and cortical surface area. A growing catalogue of cells in the prenatal brain has revealed remarkable molecular diversity across cortical areas.1,2 Despite this, little is known about how this translates into the patterns of differential cortical expansion observed in humans during the latter stages of gestation. Here we present a new resource, μBrain, to facilitate knowledge translation between molecular and anatomical descriptions of the prenatal developing brain. Built using generative artificial intelligence, μBrain is a three-dimensional cellular-resolution digital atlas combining publicly-available serial sections of the postmortem human brain at 21 weeks gestation3 with bulk tissue microarray data, sampled across 29 cortical regions and 5 transient tissue zones.4 Using μBrain, we evaluate the molecular signatures of preferentially-expanded cortical regions during human gestation, quantified in utero using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We find that differences in the rates of expansion across cortical areas during gestation respect anatomical and evolutionary boundaries between cortical types5 and are founded upon extended periods of upper-layer cortical neuron migration that continue beyond mid-gestation. We identify a set of genes that are upregulated from mid-gestation and highly expressed in rapidly expanding neocortex, which are implicated in genetic disorders with cognitive sequelae. Our findings demonstrate a spatial coupling between areal differences in the timing of neurogenesis and rates of expansion across the neocortical sheet during the prenatal epoch. The μBrain atlas is available from: https://garedaba.github.io/micro-brain/ and provides a new tool to comprehensively map early brain development across domains, model systems and resolution scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ball
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Oldham
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - V Kyriakopoulou
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L Z J Williams
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V Karolis
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Price
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Hutter
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M L Seal
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J V Hajnal
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A D Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E C Robinson
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Seidlitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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5
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Saegusa C, Kakegawa W, Miura E, Aimi T, Mogi S, Harada T, Yamashita T, Yuzaki M, Fujioka M. Brain-Specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 3 Is Expressed in the Cochlea and Is Necessary for Hearing Function in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17092. [PMID: 38069416 PMCID: PMC10707444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian auditory hair cells transduce sound-evoked traveling waves in the cochlea into nerve stimuli, which are essential for hearing function. Pillar cells located between the inner and outer hair cells are involved in the formation of the tunnel of Corti, which incorporates outer-hair-cell-driven fluid oscillation and basilar membrane movement, leading to the fine-tuned frequency-specific perception of sounds by the inner hair cells. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of pillar cells remains to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the expression and function of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (Bai3), an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, in the cochlea. We found that Bai3 was expressed in hair cells in neonatal mice and pillar cells in adult mice, and, interestingly, Bai3 knockout mice revealed the abnormal formation of pillar cells, with the elevation of the hearing threshold in a frequency-dependent manner. Furthermore, old Bai3 knockout mice showed the degeneration of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the basal turn. The results suggest that Bai3 plays a crucial role in the development and/or maintenance of pillar cells, which, in turn, are necessary for normal hearing function. Our results may contribute to understanding the mechanisms of hearing loss in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Saegusa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Eriko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Aimi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sachiyo Mogi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (S.M.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tatsuhiko Harada
- Department of Otolaryngology, International University of Health and Welfare, Shizuoka 413-0012, Japan;
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (S.M.); (T.Y.)
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8582, Japan
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6
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Moghimyfiroozabad S, Paul MA, Sigoillot SM, Selimi F. Mapping and targeting of C1ql1-expressing cells in the mouse. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17563. [PMID: 37845276 PMCID: PMC10579299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The C1Q complement protein C1QL1 is highly conserved in mammals where it is expressed in various tissues including the brain. This secreted protein interacts with Brain-specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 3, BAI3/ADGRB3, and controls synapse formation and maintenance. C1ql1 is expressed in the inferior olivary neurons that send projections to cerebellar Purkinje cells, but its expression in the rest of the brain is less documented. To map C1ql1 expression and enable the specific targeting of C1ql1-expressing cells, we generated a knockin mouse model expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of C1ql1 regulatory sequences. We characterized the capacity for Cre-driven recombination in the brain and mapped Cre expression in various neuron types using reporter mouse lines. Using an intersectional strategy with viral particle injections, we show that this mouse line can be used to target specific afferents of Purkinje cells. As C1ql1 is also expressed in other regions of the brain, as well as in other tissues such as adrenal glands and colon, our mouse model is a useful tool to target C1ql1-expressing cells in a broad variety of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Moghimyfiroozabad
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Maëla A Paul
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Séverine M Sigoillot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | - Fekrije Selimi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
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7
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Shu X, Deng H, Wu F, He J. Magnetic chitosan hydrogel induces neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells by activating RAS-dependent signal cascade. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120918. [PMID: 37173006 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to modulate magnetic cues to influence the differentiation of neural stem cell (NSC) into neuron during nerve repair and to explore corresponding mechanisms. Here, a magnetic hydrogel composed of chitosan matrices and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with different content was prepared as the magnetic-stimulation platform to apply intrinsically-present magnetic cue and externally-applied magnetic field to NSC grown on the hydrogel. The MNP content had regulatory effects on neuronal differentiation and the MNPs-50 samples exhibited the best neuronal potential and appropriate biocompatibility in vitro, as well as accelerated the subsequent neuronal regeneration in vivo. Remarkably, the use of proteomics analysis parsed the underlying mechanism of magnetic cue-mediated neuronal differentiation form the perspective of protein corona and intracellular signal transduction. The intrinsically-present magnetic cues in hydrogel contributed to the activation of intracellular RAS-dependent signal cascades, thus facilitating neuronal differentiation. Magnetic cue-dependent changes in NSCs benefited from the upregulation of adsorbed proteins related to "neuronal differentiation", "cell-cell interaction", "receptor", "protein activation cascade", and "protein kinase activity" in the protein corona. Additionally, magnetic hydrogel acted cooperatively with the exterior magnetic field, showing further improving neurogenesis. The findings clarified the mechanism for magnetic cue-mediated neuronal differentiation, coupling protein corona and intracellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Xuedong Shu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Huan Deng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Fang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Jing He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
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8
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Aimi T, Matsuda K, Yuzaki M. C1ql1-Bai3 signaling is necessary for climbing fiber synapse formation in mature Purkinje cells in coordination with neuronal activity. Mol Brain 2023; 16:61. [PMID: 37488606 PMCID: PMC10367388 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in neural activity induced by learning and novel environments have been reported to lead to the formation of new synapses in the adult brain. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. Here, we show that Purkinje cells (PCs), which have established adult-type monosynaptic innervation by climbing fibers (CFs) after elimination of weak CFs during development, can be reinnervated by multiple CFs by increased expression of the synaptic organizer C1ql1 in CFs or Bai3, a receptor for C1ql1, in PCs. In the adult cerebellum, CFs are known to have transverse branches that run in a mediolateral direction without forming synapses with PCs. Electrophysiological, Ca2+-imaging and immunohistochemical studies showed that overexpression of C1ql1 or Bai3 caused these CF transverse branches to elongate and synapse on the distal dendrites of mature PCs. Mature PCs were also reinnervated by multiple CFs when the glutamate receptor GluD2, which is essential for the maintenance of synapses between granule cells and PCs, was deleted. Interestingly, the effect of GluD2 knockout was not observed in Bai3 knockout PCs. In addition, C1ql1 levels were significantly upregulated in CFs of GluD2 knockout mice, suggesting that endogenous, not overexpressed, C1ql1-Bai3 signaling could regulate the reinnervation of mature PCs by CFs. Furthermore, the effects of C1ql1 and Bai3 overexpression required neuronal activity in the PC and CF, respectively. C1ql1 immunoreactivity at CF-PC synapses was reduced when the neuronal activity of CFs was suppressed. These results suggest that C1ql1-Bai3 signaling may mediate CF synaptogenesis in mature PCs, potentially in concert with neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Aimi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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9
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Alsharif H, Latimer MN, Perez KC, Alexander J, Rahman MM, Challa AK, Kim JA, Ramanadham S, Young M, Bhatnagar S. Loss of Brain Angiogenesis Inhibitor-3 (BAI3) G-Protein Coupled Receptor in Mice Regulates Adaptive Thermogenesis by Enhancing Energy Expenditure. Metabolites 2023; 13:711. [PMID: 37367869 PMCID: PMC10301052 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective energy expenditure is critical for maintaining body weight (BW). However, underlying mechanisms contributing to increased BW remain unknown. We characterized the role of brain angiogenesis inhibitor-3 (BAI3/ADGRB3), an adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR), in regulating BW. A CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing approach was utilized to generate a whole-body deletion of the BAI3 gene (BAI3-/-). In both BAI3-/- male and female mice, a significant reduction in BW was observed compared to BAI3+/+ control mice. Quantitative magnetic imaging analysis showed that lean and fat masses were reduced in male and female mice with BAI3 deficiency. Total activity, food intake, energy expenditure (EE), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were assessed in mice housed at room temperature using a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS). While no differences were observed in the activity between the two genotypes in male or female mice, energy expenditure was increased in both sexes with BAI3 deficiency. However, at thermoneutrality (30 °C), no differences in energy expenditure were observed between the two genotypes for either sex, suggesting a role for BAI3 in adaptive thermogenesis. Notably, in male BAI3-/- mice, food intake was reduced, and RER was increased, but these attributes remained unchanged in the female mice upon BAI3 loss. Gene expression analysis showed increased mRNA abundance of thermogenic genes Ucp1, Pgc1α, Prdm16, and Elov3 in brown adipose tissue (BAT). These outcomes suggest that adaptive thermogenesis due to enhanced BAT activity contributes to increased energy expenditure and reduced BW with BAI3 deficiency. Additionally, sex-dependent differences were observed in food intake and RER. These studies identify BAI3 as a novel regulator of BW that can be potentially targeted to improve whole-body energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Alsharif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mary N. Latimer
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.Y.)
| | - Katherine C. Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Justin Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anil K. Challa
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Jeong-A. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Martin Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.Y.)
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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10
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Lala T, Hall RA. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: structure, signaling, physiology, and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1587-1624. [PMID: 35468004 PMCID: PMC9255715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans exhibiting a conserved general structure but diverse expression patterns and physiological functions. The large NH2 termini characteristic of AGPCRs confer unique properties to each receptor and possess a variety of distinct domains that can bind to a diverse array of extracellular proteins and components of the extracellular matrix. The traditional view of AGPCRs, as implied by their name, is that their core function is the mediation of adhesion. In recent years, though, many surprising advances have been made regarding AGPCR signaling mechanisms, activation by mechanosensory forces, and stimulation by small-molecule ligands such as steroid hormones and bioactive lipids. Thus, a new view of AGPCRs has begun to emerge in which these receptors are seen as massive signaling platforms that are crucial for the integration of adhesive, mechanosensory, and chemical stimuli. This review article describes the recent advances that have led to this new understanding of AGPCR function and also discusses new insights into the physiological actions of these receptors as well as their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Lala
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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11
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Boger M, Bennewitz K, Wohlfart DP, Hausser I, Sticht C, Poschet G, Kroll J. Comparative Morphological, Metabolic and Transcriptome Analyses in elmo1−/−, elmo2−/−, and elmo3−/− Zebrafish Mutants Identified a Functional Non-Redundancy of the Elmo Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:918529. [PMID: 35874819 PMCID: PMC9304559 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.918529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ELMO protein family consists of the homologues ELMO1, ELMO2 and ELMO3. Several studies have shown that the individual ELMO proteins are involved in a variety of cellular and developmental processes. However, it has poorly been understood whether the Elmo proteins show similar functions and act redundantly. To address this question, elmo1−/−, elmo2−/− and elmo3−/− zebrafish were generated and a comprehensive comparison of the phenotypic changes in organ morphology, transcriptome and metabolome was performed in these mutants. The results showed decreased fasting and increased postprandial blood glucose levels in adult elmo1−/−, as well as a decreased vascular formation in the adult retina in elmo1−/−, but an increased vascular formation in the adult elmo3−/− retina. The phenotypical comparison provided few similarities, as increased Bowman space areas in adult elmo1−/− and elmo2−/− kidneys, an increased hyaloid vessel diameter in elmo1−/− and elmo3−/− and a transcriptional downregulation of the vascular development in elmo1−/−, elmo2−/−, and elmo3−/− zebrafish larvae. Besides this, elmo1−/−, elmo2−/−, and elmo3−/− zebrafish exhibited several distinct changes in the vascular and glomerular structure and in the metabolome and the transcriptome. Especially, elmo3−/− zebrafish showed extensive differences in the larval transcriptome and an impaired survivability. Together, the data demonstrated that the three zebrafish Elmo proteins regulate not only similar but also divergent biological processes and mechanisms and show a low functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Boger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Bennewitz
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Philipp Wohlfart
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hausser
- Institute of Pathology IPH, EM Lab, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jens Kroll,
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12
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González-Calvo I, Cizeron M, Bessereau JL, Selimi F. Synapse Formation and Function Across Species: Ancient Roles for CCP, CUB, and TSP-1 Structural Domains. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866444. [PMID: 35546877 PMCID: PMC9083331 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of synapses was a crucial step in the creation of the variety of nervous systems that are found in the animal kingdom. With increased complexity of the organisms came a greater number of synaptic proteins. In this review we describe synaptic proteins that contain the structural domains CUB, CCP, or TSP-1. These domains are found in invertebrates and vertebrates, and CUB and CCP domains were initially described in proteins belonging to the complement system of innate immunity. Interestingly, they are found in synapses of the nematode C. elegans, which does not have a complement system, suggesting an ancient function. Comparison of the roles of CUB-, CCP-, and TSP-1 containing synaptic proteins in various species shows that in more complex nervous systems, these structural domains are combined with other domains and that there is partial conservation of their function. These three domains are thus basic building blocks of the synaptic architecture. Further studies of structural domains characteristic of synaptic proteins in invertebrates such as C. elegans and comparison of their role in mammals will help identify other conserved synaptic molecular building blocks. Furthermore, this type of functional comparison across species will also identify structural domains added during evolution in correlation with increased complexity, shedding light on mechanisms underlying cognition and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés González-Calvo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Cizeron
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bessereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Fekrije Selimi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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13
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Fu CH, Han XY, Tong L, Nie PY, Hu YD, Ji LL. miR-142 downregulation alleviates the impairment of spatial learning and memory, reduces the level of apoptosis, and upregulates the expression of pCaMKII and BAI3 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113485. [PMID: 34302879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-142-5p (miR-142-5p) has been found to be dysregulated in several neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known about the involvement of miR-142-5p in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3), which belongs to the adhesion-G protein-coupled receptor subgroup, contributes to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite its very high expression in neurons, the role of BAI3 in AD remains elusive, and its mechanism at the cellular and molecular levels needs to be further elucidated. The current study sought to investigate whether miR-142-5p influenced BAI3 expression and neuronal synaptotoxicity induced by Aβ, both in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Altered expression of miR-142-5p was found in the hippocampus of AD mice. Inhibition of miR-142 could upregulate BAI3 expression, enhance neuronal viability and prevent neurons from undergoing apoptosis. In addition, the reduction of phosphorylation of Synapsin I and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), as well as the expression of PSD-95 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, were significantly restored by inhibiting miR-142. Meanwhile, the levels of Aβ1-42, β-APP, BACE-1 and PS-1 in cultured neurons were detected, and the effects of inhibiting miR-142 on spatial learning and memory were also observed. Interestingly, we found that BAI3, an important regulator of excitatory synapses, was a potential target gene of miR-142-5p. Collectively, our findings suggest that miR-142 inhibition can alleviate the impairment of spatial learning and memory, reduce the level of apoptosis, and upregulate the expression of pCaMKII and BAI3 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice; thus, appropriate interference of miR-142 may provide a potential therapeutic approach to rescue cognitive dysfunction in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hai Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Yan Han
- Department of Neurology, Seventh People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng-Yin Nie
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue-Dong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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14
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Perinatal SSRI Exposure Disrupts G Protein-coupled Receptor BAI3 in Developing Dentate Gyrus and Adult Emotional Behavior: Relevance to Psychiatric Disorders. Neuroscience 2021; 471:32-50. [PMID: 34293414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are widely prescribed to pregnant women suffering with depression, although the long-term impact of these medications on exposed offspring are poorly understood. Perinatal SSRI exposure alters human offspring's neurodevelopment and increases risk for psychiatric illness in later life. Rodent studies suggest that perinatal SSRI-induced behavioral abnormalities are driven by changes in the serotonin system as well as epigenetic and transcriptomic changes in the developing hippocampus. A major gene altered by perinatal SSRI exposure is the G-protein coupled receptor Brain Angiogenesis Inhibitor 3 (BAI3). Our present study shows that perinatal exposure to the SSRI citalopram increases mRNA expression of Bai3 and related molecules (including its C1ql ligands) in the early postnatal dentate gyrus of male and female offspring. Transient Bai3 mRNA knockdown in perinatal SSRI-exposed dentate gyrus lessened behavioral consequences of perinatal SSRI exposure, leading to increased active stress coping. To determine translational implications of this work, we examined expression of BAI3 and related molecules in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex from patients that suffered with depression or schizophrenia relative to healthy control subjects. We found sex- and region-specific changes in mRNA expression of BAI3 and its ligands C1QL2 and C1QL3 in men and women with a history of psychiatric disorders compared to healthy controls. Together these results suggest that abnormal BAI3 signaling may contribute to molecular mechanisms that drive adverse effects of perinatal SSRI exposure, and show evidence for alterations of BAI3 signaling in the hippocampus of patients that suffer depression and schizophrenia.
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15
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Genetic underpinnings of affective temperaments: a pilot GWAS investigation identifies a new genome-wide significant SNP for anxious temperament in ADGRB3 gene. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:337. [PMID: 34075027 PMCID: PMC8169753 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recently a large-sample GWASs identified significant loci in the background of depression, the heterogeneity of the depressive phenotype and the lack of accurate phenotyping hinders applicability of findings. We carried out a pilot GWAS with in-depth phenotyping of affective temperaments, considered as subclinical manifestations and high-risk states for affective disorders, in a general population sample of European origin. Affective temperaments were measured by TEMPS-A. SNP-level association was assessed by linear regression models, assuming an additive genetic effect, using PLINK1.9. Gender, age, the first ten principal components (PCs) and the other four temperaments were included in the regression models as covariates. SNP-level relevances (p-values) were aggregated to gene level using the PEGASUS method1. In SNP-based tests, a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of p ≤ 5.0 × 10-8 and a suggestive significance threshold of p ≤ 1.0 × 10-5, whereas in gene-based tests a Bonferroni-corrected significance of 2.0 × 10-6 and a suggestive significance of p ≤ 4.0 × 10-4 was established. To explore known functional effects of the most significant SNPs, FUMA v1.3.5 was used. We identified 1 significant and 21 suggestively significant SNPs in ADGRB3, expressed in the brain, for anxious temperament. Several other brain-relevant SNPs and genes emerged at suggestive significance for the other temperaments. Functional analyses reflecting effect on gene expression and participation in chromatin interactions also pointed to several genes expressed in the brain with potentially relevant phenotypes regulated by our top SNPs. Our findings need to be tested in larger GWA studies and candidate gene analyses in well-phenotyped samples in relation to affective disorders and related phenotypes.
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16
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Favara DM, Liebscher I, Jazayeri A, Nambiar M, Sheldon H, Banham AH, Harris AL. Elevated expression of the adhesion GPCR ADGRL4/ELTD1 promotes endothelial sprouting angiogenesis without activating canonical GPCR signalling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8870. [PMID: 33893326 PMCID: PMC8065136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADGRL4/ELTD1 is an orphan adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) expressed in endothelial cells that regulates tumour angiogenesis. The majority of aGPCRs are orphan receptors. The Stachel Hypothesis proposes a mechanism for aGPCR activation, in which aGPCRs contain a tethered agonist (termed Stachel) C-terminal to the GPCR-proteolytic site (GPS) cleavage point which, when exposed, initiates canonical GPCR signalling. This has been shown in a growing number of aGPCRs. We tested this hypothesis on ADGRL4/ELTD1 by designing full length (FL) and C-terminal fragment (CTF) ADGRL4/ELTD1 constructs, and a range of potential Stachel peptides. Constructs were transfected into HEK293T cells and HTRF FRET, luciferase-reporter and Alphascreen GPCR signalling assays were performed. A stable ADGRL4/ELTD1 overexpressing HUVEC line was additionally generated and angiogenesis assays, signalling assays and transcriptional profiling were performed. ADGRL4/ELTD1 has the lowest GC content in the aGPCR family and codon optimisation significantly increased its expression. FL and CTF ADGRL4/ELTD1 constructs, as well as Stachel peptides, did not activate canonical GPCR signalling. Furthermore, stable overexpression of ADGRL4/ELTD1 in HUVECs induced sprouting angiogenesis, lowered in vitro anastomoses, and decreased proliferation, without activating canonical GPCR signalling or MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, JNK, JAK/HIF-1α, beta catenin or STAT3 pathways. Overexpression upregulated ANTXR1, SLC39A6, HBB, CHRNA, ELMOD1, JAG1 and downregulated DLL4, KIT, CCL15, CYP26B1. ADGRL4/ELTD1 specifically regulates the endothelial tip-cell phenotype through yet undefined signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Favara
- Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3BJ, UK.
- Department of Oncology and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Oncology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ali Jazayeri
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
- OMass Therapeutics, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK
| | - Madhulika Nambiar
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Helen Sheldon
- Department of Oncology and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alison H Banham
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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17
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Abstract
Neurons develop dendritic morphologies that bear cell type-specific features in dendritic field size and geometry, branch placement and density, and the types and distributions of synaptic contacts. Dendritic patterns influence the types and numbers of inputs a neuron receives, and the ways in which neural information is processed and transmitted in the circuitry. Even subtle alterations in dendritic structures can have profound consequences on neuronal function and are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this chapter, I review how growing dendrites acquire their exquisite patterns by drawing examples from diverse neuronal cell types in vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. Dendrite morphogenesis is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as transcriptional regulators, guidance and adhesion molecules, neighboring cells and synaptic partners. I discuss molecular mechanisms that regulate dendrite morphogenesis with a focus on five aspects of dendrite patterning: (1) Dendritic cytoskeleton and cellular machineries that build the arbor; (2) Gene regulatory mechanisms; (3) Afferent cues that regulate dendritic arbor growth; (4) Space-filling strategies that optimize dendritic coverage; and (5) Molecular cues that specify dendrite wiring. Cell type-specific implementation of these patterning mechanisms produces the diversity of dendrite morphologies that wire the nervous system.
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18
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Lin TY, Chen PJ, Yu HH, Hsu CP, Lee CH. Extrinsic Factors Regulating Dendritic Patterning. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:622808. [PMID: 33519386 PMCID: PMC7838386 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.622808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotypic dendrite arborizations are key morphological features of neuronal identity, as the size, shape and location of dendritic trees determine the synaptic input fields and how information is integrated within developed neural circuits. In this review, we focus on the actions of extrinsic intercellular communication factors and their effects on intrinsic developmental processes that lead to dendrite patterning. Surrounding neurons or supporting cells express adhesion receptors and secreted proteins that respectively, act via direct contact or over short distances to shape, size, and localize dendrites during specific developmental stages. The different ligand-receptor interactions and downstream signaling events appear to direct dendrite morphogenesis by converging on two categorical mechanisms: local cytoskeletal and adhesion modulation and global transcriptional regulation of key dendritic growth components, such as lipid synthesis enzymes. Recent work has begun to uncover how the coordinated signaling of multiple extrinsic factors promotes complexity in dendritic trees and ensures robust dendritic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yang Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsiang Yu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hon Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Peng Q, Wilhelmsen KC, Ehlers CL. Common genetic substrates of alcohol and substance use disorder severity revealed by pleiotropy detection against GWAS catalog in two populations. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12877. [PMID: 32027075 PMCID: PMC7415504 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and other substance use disorders (AUD and SUD) are complex diseases that are postulated to have a polygenic inheritance and are often comorbid with other disorders. The comorbidities may arise partially through genetic pleiotropy. Identification of specific gene variants accounting for large parts of the variance in these disorders has yet to be accomplished. We describe a flexible strategy that takes a variant-trait association database and determines if a subset of disease/straits are potentially pleiotropic with the disorder under study. We demonstrate its usage in a study of use disorders in two independent cohorts: alcohol, stimulants, cannabis (CUD), and multi-substance use disorders (MSUD) in American Indians (AI) and AUD and CUD in Mexican Americans (MA). Using a machine learning method with variants in GWAS catalog, we identified 229 to 246 pleiotropic variants for AI and 153 to 160 for MA for each SUD. Inflammation was the most enriched for MSUD and AUD in AIs. Neurological disorder was the most significantly enriched for CUD in both cohorts, and for AUD and stimulants in AIs. Of the select pleiotropic genes shared among substances-cohorts, multiple biological pathways implicated in SUD and other psychiatric disorders were enriched, including neurotrophic factors, immune responses, extracellular matrix, and circadian regulation. Shared pleiotropic genes were significantly up-regulated in brain regions playing important roles in SUD, down-regulated in esophagus mucosa, and differentially regulated in adrenal gland. This study fills a gap for pleiotropy detection in understudied admixed populations and identifies pleiotropic variants that may be potential targets of interest for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics and Neurology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
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20
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Palavalli A, Tizón-Escamilla N, Rupprecht JF, Lecuit T. Deterministic and Stochastic Rules of Branching Govern Dendrite Morphogenesis of Sensory Neurons. Curr Biol 2020; 31:459-472.e4. [PMID: 33212017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite morphology is necessary for the correct integration of inputs that neurons receive. The branching mechanisms allowing neurons to acquire their type-specific morphology remain unclear. Classically, axon and dendrite patterns were shown to be guided by molecules, providing deterministic cues. However, the extent to which deterministic and stochastic mechanisms, based upon purely statistical bias, contribute to the emergence of dendrite shape is largely unknown. We address this issue using the Drosophila class I vpda multi-dendritic neurons. Detailed quantitative analysis of vpda dendrite morphogenesis indicates that the primary branch grows very robustly in a fixed direction, though secondary branch numbers and lengths showed fluctuations characteristic of stochastic systems. Live-tracking dendrites and computational modeling revealed how neuron shape emerges from few local statistical parameters of branch dynamics. We report key opposing aspects of how tree architecture feedbacks on the local probability of branch shrinkage. Child branches promote stabilization of parent branches, although self-repulsion promotes shrinkage. Finally, we show that self-repulsion, mediated by the adhesion molecule Dscam1, indirectly patterns the growth of secondary branches by spatially restricting their direction of stable growth perpendicular to the primary branch. Thus, the stochastic nature of secondary branch dynamics and the existence of geometric feedback emphasize the importance of self-organization in neuronal dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Palavalli
- Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 and Turing Centre for Living Systems Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Nicolás Tizón-Escamilla
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille 13288, France.
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 and Turing Centre for Living Systems Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille 13288, France; Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75005, France.
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21
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Ganesh RA, Venkataraman K, Sirdeshmukh R. GPR56: An adhesion GPCR involved in brain development, neurological disorders and cancer. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147055. [PMID: 32798453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is a member of the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR) family and one of the important players in the normal development of the brain. It plays a pivotal role in the diverse neurobiological processes, including cortical formation, oligodendrocyte development, and myelination. Mutations in GPR56 are known to cause brain malformation, myelination defects and are also implied in many cancers, including brain tumors. Since its identification almost two decades ago, GPR56 has emerged from an orphaned and uncharacterized GPCR to an increasingly well studied receptor. Yet, much needs to be understood about GPR56, both in terms of its molecular interactions and biological functions that may be relevant in normal health and disease. The review is focussed on the recent available knowledge of GPR56, which would give useful insights into its known and potential roles in the human brain, neurological disorders, and brain tumors like glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha A Ganesh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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22
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Orlandi C, Omori Y, Wang Y, Cao Y, Ueno A, Roux MJ, Condomitti G, de Wit J, Kanagawa M, Furukawa T, Martemyanov KA. Transsynaptic Binding of Orphan Receptor GPR179 to Dystroglycan-Pikachurin Complex Is Essential for the Synaptic Organization of Photoreceptors. Cell Rep 2020; 25:130-145.e5. [PMID: 30282023 PMCID: PMC6203450 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing synaptic contacts between neurons is paramount for nervous system function. This process involves transsynaptic interactions between a host of cell adhesion molecules that act in cooperation with the proteins of the extracellular matrix to specify uniquephysiological propertiesofindividual synaptic connections. However, understanding of the molecular mechanisms that generate functional diversity in an input-specific fashion is limited. In this study, we identify that major components of the extracellular matrix proteins present in the synaptic cleft—members oftheheparansulfateproteoglycan (HSPG) family—associate with the GPR158/179 group of orphan receptors. Using the mammalian retina as a model system, we demonstrate that the HSPG member Pikachurin, released by photoreceptors, recruits a key post-synaptic signaling complex of downstream ON-bipolar neurons in coordination with the presynaptic dystroglycan glycoprotein complex. We further demonstrate that this transsynaptic assembly plays an essential role in synaptic transmission of photoreceptor signals. Orlandi et al. identify transsynaptic assembly at photoreceptor synapses involving pre-synaptic dystrophindystroglycan complex and the postsynaptic orphan receptor GPR179 bridged by HSPG protein Pikachurin in the cleft and demonstrate its role in shaping transmission of photoreceptor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Akiko Ueno
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michel J Roux
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, INSERM, U1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Giuseppe Condomitti
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Motoi Kanagawa
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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23
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Glutamate receptors in domestication and modern human evolution. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:341-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Dunn HA, Orlandi C, Martemyanov KA. Beyond the Ligand: Extracellular and Transcellular G Protein-Coupled Receptor Complexes in Physiology and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:503-519. [PMID: 31515243 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain one of the most successful targets of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. GPCR research has predominantly focused on the characterization of the intracellular interactome's contribution to GPCR function and pharmacology. However, emerging evidence uncovers a new dimension in the biology of GPCRs involving their extracellular and transcellular interactions that critically impact GPCR function and pharmacology. The seminal examples include a variety of adhesion GPCRs, such as ADGRLs/latrophilins, ADGRBs/brain angiogenesis inhibitors, ADGRG1/GPR56, ADGRG6/GPR126, ADGRE5/CD97, and ADGRC3/CELSR3. However, recent advances have indicated that class C GPCRs that contain large extracellular domains, including group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8), γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and orphans GPR158 and GPR179, can also participate in this form of transcellular regulation. In this review, we will focus on a variety of identified extracellular and transcellular GPCR-interacting partners, including teneurins, neurexins, integrins, fibronectin leucine-rich transmembranes, contactin-6, neuroligin, laminins, collagens, major prion protein, amyloid precursor protein, complement C1q-likes, stabilin-2, pikachurin, dystroglycan, complement decay-accelerating factor CD55, cluster of differentiation CD36 and CD90, extracellular leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1, and leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like domain and transmembrane domains. We provide an account on the diversity of extracellular and transcellular GPCR complexes and their contribution to key cellular and physiologic processes, including cell migration, axon guidance, cellular and synaptic adhesion, and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss models and mechanisms by which extracellular GPCR assemblies may regulate communication at cellular junctions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to be the prominent focus of pharmacological intervention for a variety of human pathologies. Although the majority of GPCR research has focused on the intracellular interactome, recent advancements have identified an extracellular dimension of GPCR modulation that alters accepted pharmacological principles of GPCRs. Herein, we describe known endogenous allosteric modulators acting on GPCRs both in cis and in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
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25
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Zhu F, Collins MO, Harmse J, Choudhary JS, Grant SGN, Komiyama NH. Cell-type-specific visualisation and biochemical isolation of endogenous synaptic proteins in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:793-805. [PMID: 31621109 PMCID: PMC7079123 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the remarkable molecular complexity of synapses has been revealed, with over 1,000 proteins identified in the synapse proteome. Although it is known that different receptors and other synaptic proteins are present in different types of neurons, the extent of synapse diversity across the brain is largely unknown. This is mainly due to the limitations of current techniques. Here, we report an efficient method for the purification of synaptic protein complexes, fusing a high‐affinity tag to endogenous PSD95 in specific cell types. We also developed a strategy, which enables the visualisation of endogenous PSD95 with fluorescent‐protein tag in Cre‐recombinase‐expressing cells. We demonstrate the feasibility of proteomic analysis of synaptic protein complexes and visualisation of these in specific cell types. We find that the composition of PSD95 complexes purified from specific cell types differs from those extracted from tissues with diverse cellular composition. The results suggest that there might be differential interactions in the PSD95 complexes in different brain regions. We have detected differentially interacting proteins by comparing data sets from the whole hippocampus and the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus. Therefore, these novel conditional PSD95 tagging lines will not only serve as powerful tools for precisely dissecting synapse diversity in specific brain regions and subsets of neuronal cells, but also provide an opportunity to better understand brain region‐ and cell‐type‐specific alterations associated with various psychiatric/neurological diseases. These newly developed conditional gene tagging methods can be applied to many different synaptic proteins and will facilitate research on the molecular complexity of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark O Collins
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Johan Harmse
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain (SIDB), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Noboru H Komiyama
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain (SIDB), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Patrick Wild Centre for Research into Autism, Fragile X Syndrome and Intellectual Disabilities, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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26
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Comparative gene expression analysis of the engulfment and cell motility (ELMO) protein family in the mouse brain. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119070. [PMID: 31521773 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Engulfment and cell motility (ELMO) proteins bind to Dock180, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of the Rac family, and regulate GEF activity. The resultant ELMO/Dock180/Rac module regulates cytoskeletal reorganization responsible for the engulfment of apoptotic cells, cell migration, and neurite extension. The expression and function of Elmo family proteins in the nervous system, however, are not yet fully understood. Here, we characterize the comparative gene expression profiles of three Elmo family members (Elmo1, Elmo2, and Elmo3) in the brain of C57BL/6J mice, a widely used inbred strain, together with reeler mutant mice to understand gene expression in normal laminated brain areas compared with abnormal areas. Although all three Elmo genes showed widespread mRNA expression over various mouse tissues tested, Elmo1 and Elmo2 were the major types expressed in the brain, and three Elmo genes were up-regulated between the first postnatal week (infant stage) and the third postnatal week (juvenile, weaning stage). In addition, the mRNAs of Elmo genes showed distinct distribution patterns in various brain areas and cell-types; such as neurons including inhibitory interneurons as well as some non-neuronal cells. In the cerebral cortex, the three Elmo genes were widely expressed over many cortical regions, but the predominant areas of Elmo1 and Elmo2 expression tended to be distributed unevenly in the deep (a lower part of the VI) and superficial (II/III) layers, respectively, which also changed depending on the cortical areas and postnatal stages. In the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, Elmo2 was expressed in dentate granule cells more in the mature stage rather than the immature-differentiating stage. In the thalamus, Elmo1 but not the other members was highly expressed in many nuclei. In the medial habenula, Elmo2 and Elmo3 were expressed at intermediate levels. In the cerebellar cortex, Elmo1 and Elmo2 were expressed in differentiating-mature granule cells and mature granule cells, respectively. In the Purkinje cell layer, Elmo1 and Elmo2 were expressed in Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia, respectively. Disturbed cellular distributions and laminar structures caused by the reeler mutation did not severely change expression in these cell types despite the disturbed cellular distributions and laminar structures, including those of the cerebrum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Taken together, these results suggested that these three Elmo family members share their functional roles in various brain regions during prenatal-postnatal development.
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27
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Folts CJ, Giera S, Li T, Piao X. Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:278-293. [PMID: 30871735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) consists of 33 members in humans. Although the majority are orphan receptors with unknown functions, many reports have demonstrated critical functions for some members of this family in organogenesis, neurodevelopment, myelination, angiogenesis, and cancer progression. Importantly, mutations in several aGPCRs have been linked to human diseases. The crystal structure of a shared protein domain, the GPCR Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain, has enabled the discovery of a common signaling mechanism - a tethered agonist - for this class of receptors. A series of recent reports has shed new light on their biological functions and disease relevance. This review focuses on these recent advances in our understanding of aGPCR biology in the nervous system and the untapped potential of aGPCRs as novel therapeutic targets for neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Folts
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Current address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Stefanie Giera
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Current address: Sanofi S.A., 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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28
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Glover ME, McCoy CR, Shupe EA, Unroe KA, Jackson NL, Clinton SM. Perinatal exposure to the SSRI paroxetine alters the methylome landscape of the developing dentate gyrus. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:1843-1870. [PMID: 30585666 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence in humans and rodents suggests that perinatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants can have serious long-term consequences in offspring exposed in utero or infancy via breast milk. In spite of this, there is limited knowledge of how perinatal SSRI exposure impacts brain development and adult behaviour. Children exposed to SSRIs in utero exhibit increased internalizing behaviour and abnormal social behaviour between the ages of 3 and 6, and increased risk of depression in adolescence; however, the neurobiological changes underlying this behaviour are poorly understood. In rodents, perinatal SSRI exposure perturbs hippocampal gene expression and alters adult emotional behaviour (including increased depression-like behaviour). The present study demonstrates that perinatal exposure to the SSRI paroxetine leads to DNA hypomethylation and reduces DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) mRNA expression in the hippocampus during the second and third weeks of life. Next-generation sequencing identified numerous differentially methylated genomic regions, including altered methylation and transcription of several dendritogenesis-related genes. We then tested the hypothesis that transiently decreasing Dnmt3a expression in the early postnatal hippocampus would mimic the behavioural effects of perinatal SSRI exposure. We found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Dnmt3a in the dentate gyrus during the second to third week of life produced greater depression-like behaviour in adult female (but not male) offspring, akin to the behavioural consequences of perinatal SSRI exposure. Overall, these data suggest that perinatal SSRI exposure may increase depression-like behaviours, at least in part, through reduced Dnmt3a expression in the developing hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keaton A Unroe
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Nateka L Jackson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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29
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Scuderi C, Saccuzzo L, Vinci M, Castiglia L, Galesi O, Salemi M, Mattina T, Borgione E, Città S, Romano C, Fichera M. Biallelic intragenic duplication in ADGRB3 (BAI3) gene associated with intellectual disability, cerebellar atrophy, and behavioral disorder. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:594-602. [PMID: 30659260 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chromosomal microarray analysis has permitted the discovery of rearrangements underlying several neurodevelopmental disorders and still represents the first diagnostic test for unexplained neurodevelopmental disabilities. Here we report a family of consanguineous parents showing psychiatric disorders and their two sons both affected by intellectual disability, ataxia, and behavioral disorder. SNP/CGH array analysis in this family demonstrated in both siblings a biallelic duplication inherited from the heterozygous parents, disrupting the ADGRB3 gene. ADGRB3, also known as BAI3, belongs to the subfamily of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (adhesion GPCRs) that regulate many aspects of the central nervous system, including axon guidance, myelination, and synapse formation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants involving ADGRB3 have recently been associated with psychiatric disorders. These findings further support this association and also suggest that biallelic variants affecting the function of the ADGRB3 gene may also cause cognitive impairments and ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Saccuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Teresa Mattina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Fichera
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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30
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Tan A, Ke S, Chen Y, Chen L, Lu X, Ding F, Yang L, Tang Y, Yu Y. Expression patterns of C1ql4 and its cell-adhesion GPCR Bai3 in the murine testis and functional roles in steroidogenesis. FASEB J 2019; 33:4893-4906. [PMID: 30608882 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801620rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
C1q-like 4 (C1QL4), a novel member of the C1q- and TNF-related protein family, was found to be highly expressed in rodent and human testis. However, the localization, developmental, and hormonally regulated expression and biologic function of C1ql4 in the testis have not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that C1ql4 mRNA and protein levels in murine testes gradually increased from the postnatal period to the adult stage and were up-regulated by LH in vivo. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the distribution and expression levels of C1ql4 mRNA varied at different developmental stages, although C1ql4 mRNA was detected in the seminiferous tubule and interstitial Leydig cells. Recombinant C1QL4 did not affect cell proliferation but did increase testosterone production in TM3 Leydig cells, as well as in cultured seminiferous tubules. C1QL4-induced testosterone secretion in Leydig cells was accompanied by increased expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and steroidogenic enzymes. During this process, the c-Raf/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2/ERK1/2/mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 and cAMP/PKA/cAMP-responsive element binding protein signaling cascades were activated by C1QL4. The cell-adhesion GPCR brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3), a putative receptor of C1QL4, was detected in the seminiferous tubule and interstitial Leydig cells during testicular development. Knockdown of Bai3 expression in Leydig cells led to a reduction in Star expression, accompanied by increases in phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and intercellular cAMP levels. However, C1QL4-induced StAR expression was not completely suppressed in the Bai3-deficient Leydig cells, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and intercellular cAMP levels were not significantly changed before and after C1QL4 stimulation. Our results suggested that although BAI3 played a role in C1QL4-induced steroidogenesis, there was an unidentified receptor that mediated C1QL4-activated testosterone secretion in Leydig cells through phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and up-regulation of intracellular cAMP levels. Taken together, our results showed, for the first time to our knowledge, that C1QL4 served as a novel acute regulator of testosterone secretion, and BAI3 functioned as a new receptor that is involved in steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. BAI3-independent ERK1/2 activation and cAMP activation mediated C1QL4-induced testosterone secretion. This study expanded the reproductive roles and mechanisms of C1QL4 and BAI3 signaling pathways.-Tan, A., Ke, S., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Lu, X., Ding, F., Yang, L., Tang, Y., Yu, Y. Expression patterns of C1ql4 and its cell-adhesion GPCR Bai3 in the murine testis and functional roles in steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Tan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Shiyun Ke
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Liuhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yanhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
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31
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Structure of BAI1/ELMO2 complex reveals an action mechanism of adhesion GPCRs via ELMO family scaffolds. Nat Commun 2019; 10:51. [PMID: 30604775 PMCID: PMC6318265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI) subfamily of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) plays crucial roles in diverse cellular processes including phagocytosis, myoblast fusion, and synaptic development through the ELMO/DOCK/Rac signaling pathway, although the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that an evolutionarily conserved fragment located in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of BAI-aGPCRs is specifically recognized by the RBD-ARR-ELMO (RAE) supramodule of the ELMO family scaffolds. The crystal structures of ELMO2-RAE and its complex with BAI1 uncover the molecular basis of BAI/ELMO interactions. Based on the complex structure we identify aGPCR-GPR128 as another upstream receptor for the ELMO family scaffolds, most likely with a recognition mode similar to that of BAI/ELMO interactions. Finally, we map disease-causing mutations of BAI and ELMO and analyze their effects on complex formation.
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32
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Zheng XB, Liu HS, Zhang LJ, Liu XH, Zhong XL, Zhou C, Hu T, Wu XR, Hu JC, Lian L, Deng QL, Chen YF, Ke J, He XW, Wu XJ, He XS, Lan P. Engulfment and Cell Motility Protein 1 Protects Against DSS-induced Colonic Injury in Mice via Rac1 Activation. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:100-114. [PMID: 30219846 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mucosal healing is an emerging therapeutic goal that could result in clinical remission of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. We sought to determine the role of engulfment and cell motility protein 1 [ELMO1] in wound healing in vitro and in vivo and to investigate the underlying pathways. METHODS RNA transcriptome sequencing was performed to detect the expression profiles of mRNA between inflamed tissues and corresponding non-inflamed tissues of IBD patients, followed by Gene Expression Omnibus [GEO] datasets and western blot analysis. The effects of ELMO1 overexpression or knockdown on cell migration and proliferation were determined. The dependence of these effects on Rac1 was assessed using a Rac1 inhibitor [NSC23766] and a Rac1 pull-down assay. We identified the underlying pathways involved by Gene Ontology [GO] analysis. A dextran sulphate sodium [DSS]-induced colitis model was established to evaluate the role of ELMO1 in colonic mucosal healing. RESULTS ELMO1 was upregulated in inflamed tissues compared with corresponding non-inflamed tissues. ELMO1 overexpression increased cell migration in a Rac1-dependent manner. Depletion of ELMO1, or NSC23766 administration, abolished this effect. GO analysis revealed that ELMO1 overexpression preferentially affected pathways involved in cytoskeletal regulation and wound healing, which was demonstrated by enhanced F-actin staining and increased numbers of extending lamellipodia in cells overexpressing ELMO1. In DSS-induced colitis, systemic delivery of pSin-EF2-ELMO1-Pur attenuated colonic inflammation and promoted recovery from colonic injury. The protective effect of ELMO1 was dependent on Rac1 activation. CONCLUSIONS ELMO1 protects against DSS-induced colonic injury in mice through its effect on epithelial migration via Rac1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua-Shan Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Long-Juan Zhang
- Laboratory of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhong
- Joint Cardiac Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tuo Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian-Rui Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Cong Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Lian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Ling Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Feng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Ke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Wen He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Druart M, Le Magueresse C. Emerging Roles of Complement in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:573. [PMID: 31496960 PMCID: PMC6712161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system consists of more than 30 proteins that have long been known to participate to the immune defence against pathogens and to the removal of damaged cells. Their role, however, extends beyond immunity and clearance of altered "self" components in the periphery. In particular, complement proteins can be induced by all cell types in the brain. Recent discoveries highlight the role of complement in normal and pathological brain development. Specifically, the complement system mediates synaptic pruning, a developmental process whereby supernumerary synapses are eliminated in the immature brain. The complement system has been implicated in pathological synapse elimination in schizophrenia, West Nile virus infection, and lupus, all of which are associated with psychiatric manifestations. Complement also contributes to synapse loss in neurodegenerative conditions. This review provides a brief overview of the well-studied role of complement molecules in immunity. The contribution of complement to embryonic and adult neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and developmental synaptic elimination in the normal brain is reviewed. We discuss the role of complement in synapse loss in psychiatric and neurological diseases and evaluate the therapeutic potential of complement-targeting drugs for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Druart
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Corentin Le Magueresse
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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Branching mechanisms shaping dendrite architecture. Dev Biol 2018; 451:16-24. [PMID: 30550882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A neuron's contribution to the information flow within a neural circuit is governed by the structure of its dendritic arbor. The geometry of the dendritic arbor directly determines synaptic density and the size of the receptive field, both of which influence the firing pattern of the neuron. Importantly, the position of individual dendritic branches determines the identity of the neuron's presynaptic partner and thus the nature of the incoming sensory information. To generate the unique stereotypic architecture of a given neuronal subtype, nascent branches must emerge from the dendritic shaft at preprogramed branch points. Subsequently, a complex array of extrinsic factors regulates the degree and orientation of branch expansion to ensure maximum coverage of the receptive field whilst constraining growth within predetermined territories. In this review we focus on studies that best illustrate how environmental cues such as the Wnts and Netrins and their receptors sculpt the dendritic arbor. We emphasize the pivotal role played by the actin cytoskeleton and its upstream regulators in branch initiation, outgrowth and navigation. Finally, we discuss how protocadherin and DSCAM contact-mediated repulsion prevents inappropriate synapse formation between sister dendrites or dendrites and the axon from the same neuron. Together these studies highlight the clever ways evolution has solved the problem of constructing complex branch geometries.
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Moon SY, Shin SA, Oh YS, Park HH, Lee CS. Understanding the Role of the BAI Subfamily of Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Pathological and Physiological Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120597. [PMID: 30513696 PMCID: PMC6316137 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors (BAIs) 1, 2, and 3 are members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptors, subfamily B, which share a conserved seven-transmembrane structure and an N-terminal extracellular domain. In cell- and animal-based studies, these receptors have been shown to play diverse roles under physiological and pathological conditions. BAI1 is an engulfment receptor and performs major functions in apoptotic-cell clearance and interacts (as a pattern recognition receptor) with pathogen components. BAI1 and -3 also participate in myoblast fusion. Furthermore, BAI1–3 have been linked to tumor progression and neurological diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the functions of BAI1–3 in pathological and physiological conditions and discuss future directions in terms of the importance of BAIs as pharmacological targets in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Seong-Ah Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- Department of Brain-Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Genomic Analyses of Visual Cognition: Perceptual Rivalry and Top-Down Control. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9668-9678. [PMID: 30242048 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1970-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual cognition in humans has traditionally been studied with cognitive behavioral methods and brain imaging, but much less with genetic methods. Perceptual rivalry, an important phenomenon in visual cognition, is the spontaneous perceptual alternation that occurs between two distinct interpretations of a physically constant visual stimulus (e.g., binocular rivalry stimuli) or a perceptually ambiguous stimulus (e.g., the Necker cube). The switching rate varies dramatically across individuals and can be voluntarily modulated by observers. Here, we adopted a genomic approach to systematically investigate the genetics underlying binocular rivalry, Necker cube rivalry and voluntary modulation of Necker cube rivalry in young Chinese adults (Homo sapiens, 81% female, 20 ± 1 years old) at multiple levels, including common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability estimation, SNP-based genome-wide association study (GWAS), gene-based analysis, and pathway analysis. We performed a pilot GWAS in 2441 individuals and replicated it in an independent cohort of 943 individuals. Common SNP-based heritability was estimated to be 25% for spontaneous perceptual rivalry. SNPs rs184765639 and rs75595941 were associated with voluntary modulation, and imaging data suggested genotypic difference of rs184765639 in the surface area of the left caudal-middle frontal cortex. Additionally, converging evidence from multilevel analyses associated genes such as PRMT1 with perceptual switching rate, and MIR1178 with voluntary modulation strength. In summary, this study discovered specific genetic contributions to perceptual rivalry and its voluntary modulation in human beings. These findings may promote our understanding of psychiatric disorders, as perceptual rivalry is a potential psychiatric biomarker.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Perceptual rivalry is an important visual phenomenon in which our perception of a physically constant visual input spontaneously switches between two different states. There are individual variations in perceptual switching rate and voluntary modulation strength. Our genomic analyses reveal several loci associated with these two kinds of variation. Because perceptual rivalry is thought to be relevant to and potentially an endophenotype for psychiatric disorders, these results may help understand not only visual cognition, but also psychiatric disorders.
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A Large Multiethnic Genome-Wide Association Study of Adult Body Mass Index Identifies Novel Loci. Genetics 2018; 210:499-515. [PMID: 30108127 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI), a proxy measure for obesity, is determined by both environmental (including ethnicity, age, and sex) and genetic factors, with > 400 BMI-associated loci identified to date. However, the impact, interplay, and underlying biological mechanisms among BMI, environment, genetics, and ancestry are not completely understood. To further examine these relationships, we utilized 427,509 calendar year-averaged BMI measurements from 100,418 adults from the single large multiethnic Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort. We observed substantial independent ancestry and nationality differences, including ancestry principal component interactions and nonlinear effects. To increase the list of BMI-associated variants before assessing other differences, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in GERA, with replication in the Genetic Investigation of Anthropomorphic Traits (GIANT) consortium combined with the UK Biobank (UKB), followed by GWAS in GERA combined with GIANT, with replication in the UKB. We discovered 30 novel independent BMI loci (P < 5.0 × 10-8) that replicated. We then assessed the proportion of BMI variance explained by sex in the UKB using previously identified loci compared to previously and newly identified loci and found slight increases: from 3.0 to 3.3% for males and from 2.7 to 3.0% for females. Further, the variance explained by previously and newly identified variants decreased with increasing age in the GERA and UKB cohorts, echoed in the variance explained by the entire genome, which also showed gene-age interaction effects. Finally, we conducted a tissue expression QTL enrichment analysis, which revealed that GWAS BMI-associated variants were enriched in the cerebellum, consistent with prior work in humans and mice.
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Cazorla-Vázquez S, Engel FB. Adhesion GPCRs in Kidney Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:9. [PMID: 29468160 PMCID: PMC5808184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents the fastest growing pathology worldwide with a prevalence of >10% in many countries. In addition, kidney cancer represents 5% of all new diagnosed cancers. As currently no effective therapies exist to restore kidney function after CKD- as well as cancer-induced renal damage, it is important to elucidate new regulators of kidney development and disease as new therapeutic targets. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the most successful class of pharmaceutical targets. In recent years adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs), the second largest GPCR family, gained significant attention as they are present on almost all mammalian cells, are associated to a plethora of diseases and regulate important cellular processes. aGPCRs regulate for example cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell migration, and cell aggregation; all processes that play important roles in kidney development and/or disease. Moreover, polycystin-1, a major regulator of kidney development and disease, contains a GAIN domain, which is otherwise only found in aGPCRs. In this review, we assess the potential of aGPCRs as therapeutic targets for kidney disease. For this purpose we have summarized the available literature and analyzed data from the databases The Human Protein Atlas, EURExpress, Nephroseq, FireBrowse, cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics and the National Cancer Institute Genomic Data Commons data portal (NCIGDC). Our data indicate that most aGPCRs are expressed in different spatio-temporal patterns during kidney development and that altered aGPCR expression is associated with a variety of kidney diseases including CKD, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis as well as renal cell carcinoma. We conclude that aGPCRs present a promising new class of therapeutic targets and/or might be useful as diagnostic markers in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are an evolutionarily ancient family of receptors that play key roles in many different physiological processes. These receptors are notable for their exceptionally long ectodomains, which span several hundred to several thousand amino acids and contain various adhesion-related domains, as well as a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain. The GAIN domain is conserved throughout almost the entire family and undergoes autoproteolysis to cleave the receptors into two noncovalently-associated protomers. Recent studies have revealed that the signaling activity of aGPCRs is largely determined by changes in the interactions among these protomers. We review recent advances in understanding aGPCR activation mechanisms and discuss the physiological roles and pharmacological properties of aGPCRs, with an eye toward the potential utility of these receptors as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA;
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA;
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Yuzaki M. The C1q complement family of synaptic organizers: not just complementary. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 45:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Wnt receptor Ryk is a negative regulator of mammalian dendrite morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5965. [PMID: 28729735 PMCID: PMC5519545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique dendritic architecture of a given neuronal subtype determines its synaptic connectivity and ability to integrate into functional neuronal networks. It is now clear that abnormal dendritic structure is associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, the nature of the extrinsic factors that limit dendritic growth and branching within predetermined boundaries in the mammalian brain is poorly understood. Here we identify the Wnt receptor Ryk as a novel negative regulator of dendritic arborisation. We demonstrate that loss of Ryk in mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons promotes excessive dendrite growth and branching in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of wildtype Ryk restricts these processes, confirming that Ryk acts to restrain dendrite arborisation. Furthermore, we identify a hitherto uncharacterized membrane proximal subdomain crucial for Ryk-mediated suppression of dendrite morphogenesis, suggesting that it may act through a novel signalling pathway to constrain dendrite complexity. We also demonstrate that Ryk performs a similar function in vivo as Ryk haploinsufficient postnatal animals exhibit excessive dendrite growth and branching in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex. These findings reveal an essential role for Ryk in regulating dendrite complexity and raise the intriguing possibility that it may influence neural plasticity by modifying dendritic structure.
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Tang J, Fan Y, Li H, Xiang Q, Zhang DF, Li Z, He Y, Liao Y, Wang Y, He F, Zhang F, Shugart YY, Liu C, Tang Y, Chan RCK, Wang CY, Yao YG, Chen X. Whole-genome sequencing of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia indicates multiple genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. J Genet Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28645778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common disorder with a high heritability, but its genetic architecture is still elusive. We implemented whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of 8 families with monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia to assess potential association of de novo mutations (DNMs) or inherited variants with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Eight non-synonymous DNMs (including one splicing site) were identified and shared by twins, which were either located in previously reported schizophrenia risk genes (p.V24689I mutation in TTN, p.S2506T mutation in GCN1L1, IVS3+1G > T in DOCK1) or had a benign to damaging effect according to in silico prediction analysis. By searching the inherited rare damaging or loss-of-function (LOF) variants and common susceptible alleles from three classes of schizophrenia candidate genes, we were able to distill genetic alterations in several schizophrenia risk genes, including GAD1, PLXNA2, RELN and FEZ1. Four inherited copy number variations (CNVs; including a large deletion at 16p13.11) implicated for schizophrenia were identified in four families, respectively. Most of families carried both missense DNMs and inherited risk variants, which might suggest that DNMs, inherited rare damaging variants and common risk alleles together conferred to schizophrenia susceptibility. Our results support that schizophrenia is caused by a combination of multiple genetic factors, with each DNM/variant showing a relatively small effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Tang
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders and National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, and Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders and National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, and Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Zongchang Li
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders and National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, and Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ying He
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders and National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, and Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders and National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, and Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, and CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Laboratory of Brain Disorders of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders and National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, and Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda 20892, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, and CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chuan-Yue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Laboratory of Brain Disorders of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders and National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, and Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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Lauterborn JC, Kramár EA, Rice JD, Babayan AH, Cox CD, Karsten CA, Gall CM, Lynch G. Cofilin Activation Is Temporally Associated with the Cessation of Growth in the Developing Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2640-2651. [PMID: 27073215 PMCID: PMC5964364 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic extension and synaptogenesis proceed at high rates in rat hippocampus during early postnatal life but markedly slow during the third week of development. The reasons for the latter, fundamental event are poorly understood. Here, we report that levels of phosphorylated (inactive) cofilin, an actin depolymerizing factor, decrease by 90% from postnatal days (pnds) 10 to 21. During the same period, levels of total and phosphorylated Arp2, which nucleates actin branches, increase. A search for elements that could explain the switch from inactive to active cofilin identified reductions in β1 integrin, TrkB, and LIM domain kinase 2b, upstream proteins that promote cofilin phosphorylation. Moreover, levels of slingshot 3, which dephosphorylates cofilin, increase during the period in which growth slows. Consistent with the cofilin results, in situ phalloidin labeling of F-actin demonstrated that spines and dendrites contained high levels of dynamic actin filaments during Week 2, but these fell dramatically by pnd 21. The results suggest that the change from inactive to constitutively active cofilin leads to a loss of dynamic actin filaments needed for process extension and thus the termination of spine formation and synaptogenesis. The relevance of these events to the emergence of memory-related synaptic plasticity is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine M. Gall
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
| | - Gary Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Lin YC, Frei JA, Kilander MBC, Shen W, Blatt GJ. A Subset of Autism-Associated Genes Regulate the Structural Stability of Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:263. [PMID: 27909399 PMCID: PMC5112273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a range of neurological conditions that affect individuals’ ability to communicate and interact with others. People with ASD often exhibit marked qualitative difficulties in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Alterations in neurite arborization and dendritic spine morphology, including size, shape, and number, are hallmarks of almost all neurological conditions, including ASD. As experimental evidence emerges in recent years, it becomes clear that although there is broad heterogeneity of identified autism risk genes, many of them converge into similar cellular pathways, including those regulating neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and spine stability, and synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms together regulate the structural stability of neurons and are vulnerable targets in ASD. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of those autism risk genes that affect the structural connectivity of neurons. We sub-categorize them into (1) cytoskeletal regulators, e.g., motors and small RhoGTPase regulators; (2) adhesion molecules, e.g., cadherins, NCAM, and neurexin superfamily; (3) cell surface receptors, e.g., glutamatergic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; (4) signaling molecules, e.g., protein kinases and phosphatases; and (5) synaptic proteins, e.g., vesicle and scaffolding proteins. Although the roles of some of these genes in maintaining neuronal structural stability are well studied, how mutations contribute to the autism phenotype is still largely unknown. Investigating whether and how the neuronal structure and function are affected when these genes are mutated will provide insights toward developing effective interventions aimed at improving the lives of people with autism and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lin
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jeannine A Frei
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Michaela B C Kilander
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Laboratory of Autism Neurocircuitry, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
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45
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The Purkinje cell as a model of synaptogenesis and synaptic specificity. Brain Res Bull 2016; 129:12-17. [PMID: 27721030 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the groundbreaking work of Ramon y Cajal, the cerebellar Purkinje cell has always represented an ideal model for studying the organization, development and function of synaptic circuits. Purkinje cells receive distinct types of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, each characterized by exquisite sub-cellular and molecular specificity. The formation and refinement of these connections results from a temporally-regulated sequence of events that involves molecular interactions between distinct sets of secreted and surface proteins, as well as activity-dependent competition between converging inputs. Insights into the mechanisms controlling synaptic specificity in Purkinje cells may help understand synapse development also in other brain regions and disclose circuit abnormalities that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders.
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46
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Penberthy KK, Ravichandran KS. Apoptotic cell recognition receptors and scavenger receptors. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:44-59. [PMID: 26683144 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine recognition receptors are a highly diverse set of receptors grouped by their ability to recognize the 'eat-me' signal phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells. Most of the phosphatidylserine recognition receptors dampen inflammation by inducing the production of anti-inflammatory mediators during the phagocytosis of apoptotic corpses. However, many phosphatidylserine receptors are also capable of recognizing other ligands, with some receptors being categorized as scavenger receptors. It is now appreciated that these receptors can elicit different downstream events for particular ligands. Therefore, how phosphatidylserine recognition receptors mediate specific signals during recognition of apoptotic cells versus other ligands, and how this might help regulate the inflammatory state of a tissue is an important question that is not fully understood. Here, we revisit the work on signaling downstream of the phosphatidylserine recognition receptor BAI1, and evaluate how these and other signaling modules mediate signaling downstream from other receptors, including Stabilin-2, MerTK, and αvβ5. We also propose the concept that phosphatidylserine recognition receptors could be viewed as a subset of scavenger receptors that are capable of eliciting anti-inflammatory responses to apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Penberthy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Martinelli DC, Chew KS, Rohlmann A, Lum MY, Ressl S, Hattar S, Brunger AT, Missler M, Südhof TC. Expression of C1ql3 in Discrete Neuronal Populations Controls Efferent Synapse Numbers and Diverse Behaviors. Neuron 2016; 91:1034-1051. [PMID: 27478018 PMCID: PMC5017910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
C1ql3 is a secreted neuronal protein that binds to BAI3, an adhesion-class GPCR. C1ql3 is homologous to other gC1q-domain proteins that control synapse numbers, but a role for C1ql3 in regulating synapse density has not been demonstrated. We show in cultured neurons that C1ql3 expression is activity dependent and supports excitatory synapse density. Using newly generated conditional and constitutive C1ql3 knockout mice, we found that C1ql3-deficient mice exhibited fewer excitatory synapses and diverse behavioral abnormalities, including marked impairments in fear memories. Using circuit-tracing tools and conditional ablation of C1ql3 targeted to specific brain regions, we demonstrate that C1ql3-expressing neurons in the basolateral amygdala project to the medial prefrontal cortex, that these efferents contribute to fear memory behavior, and that C1ql3 is required for formation and/or maintenance of these synapses. Our results suggest that C1ql3 is a signaling protein essential for subsets of synaptic projections and the behaviors controlled by these projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Martinelli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kylie S Chew
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Astrid Rohlmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthew Y Lum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susanne Ressl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Samer Hattar
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Axel T Brunger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Markus Missler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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48
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Adhesion GPCRs in immunology. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:88-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Langenhan T, Piao X, Monk KR. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in nervous system development and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:550-61. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Impairments in dendrite morphogenesis as etiology for neurodevelopmental disorders and implications for therapeutic treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:946-978. [PMID: 27143622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite morphology is pivotal for neural circuitry functioning. While the causative relationship between small-scale dendrite morphological abnormalities (shape, density of dendritic spines) and neurodevelopmental disorders is well established, such relationship remains elusive for larger-scale dendrite morphological impairments (size, shape, branching pattern of dendritic trees). Here, we summarize published data on dendrite morphological irregularities in human patients and animal models for neurodevelopmental disorders, with focus on autism and schizophrenia. We next discuss high-risk genes for these disorders and their role in dendrite morphogenesis. We finally overview recent developments in therapeutic attempts and we discuss how they relate to dendrite morphology. We find that both autism and schizophrenia are accompanied by dendritic arbor morphological irregularities, and that majority of their high-risk genes regulate dendrite morphogenesis. Thus, we present a compelling argument that, along with smaller-scale morphological impairments in dendrites (spines and synapse), irregularities in larger-scale dendrite morphology (arbor shape, size) may be an important part of neurodevelopmental disorders' etiology. We suggest that this should not be ignored when developing future therapeutic treatments.
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