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Mancinelli F, Sporrer JK, Myrov V, Melinscak F, Zimmermann J, Liu H, Bach DR. Dimensionality and optimal combination of autonomic fear-conditioning measures in humans. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:6119-6129. [PMID: 38424291 PMCID: PMC11335807 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Fear conditioning, also termed threat conditioning, is a commonly used learning model with clinical relevance. Quantification of threat conditioning in humans often relies on conditioned autonomic responses such as skin conductance responses (SCR), pupil size responses (PSR), heart period responses (HPR), or respiration amplitude responses (RAR), which are usually analyzed separately. Here, we investigate whether inter-individual variability in differential conditioned responses, averaged across acquisition, exhibits a multi-dimensional structure, and the extent to which their linear combination could enhance the precision of inference on whether threat conditioning has occurred. In a mega-analytic approach, we re-analyze nine data sets including 256 individuals, acquired by the group of the last author, using standard routines in the framework of psychophysiological modeling (PsPM). Our analysis revealed systematic differences in effect size between measures across datasets, but no evidence for a multidimensional structure across various combinations of measures. We derive the statistically optimal weights for combining the four measures and subsets thereof, and we provide out-of-sample performance metrics for these weights, accompanied by bias-corrected confidence intervals. We show that to achieve the same statistical power, combining measures allows for a relevant reduction in sample size, which in a common scenario amounts to roughly 24%. To summarize, we demonstrate a one-dimensional structure of threat conditioning measures, systematic differences in effect size between measures, and provide weights for their optimal linear combination in terms of maximal retrodictive validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mancinelli
- University of Bonn, Transdisciplinary Research Area "Life and Health", Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Juliana K Sporrer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vladislav Myrov
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Filip Melinscak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josua Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huaiyu Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dominik R Bach
- University of Bonn, Transdisciplinary Research Area "Life and Health", Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, Bonn, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wehrli JM, Xia Y, Meister L, Tursunova S, Kleim B, Bach DR, Quednow BB. Forget me not: The effect of doxycycline on human declarative memory. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 89:1-9. [PMID: 39217739 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Investigations into neuroprotective drugs are in high demand for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease, but also psychiatric disorders, such as depression, trauma, and substance use. One potential drug class being investigated are tetracyclines impacting on a variety of neuroprotective mechanisms. At the same time, tetracyclines like doxycycline have been suggested to affect human fear and spatial memory as well as reducing declarative memory retention. Based on the assumed necessity for synaptic consolidation in hippocampus-dependent learning, we hypothesised declarative memory may be similarly impaired by doxycycline as fear and spatial memory. Therefore, in this study we investigate the potential diminishing effects of doxycycline on consolidation of declarative memory in healthy humans. Additionally, to test for effect specificity we assessed motor memory, sustained attention, and processing speed. We administered a neuropsychological test battery in three independent randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trials (RCTs), in which healthy young volunteers (total N = 252) either received a single oral dose doxycycline (200 mg, n = 126) or placebo (n = 126) in a between-subject design. We found no evidence for a detrimental effect of doxycycline on declarative memory; instead, doxycycline improved declarative learning (p-value=0.022, Cohen's d=0.15) and memory consolidation (p=0.040, d=0.26). Contrarily, doxycycline slightly reduced motor learning (p=0.001, d=0.10) but subtly strengthened long-term motor memory (p=0.001, d=0.10). These results suggest that doxycycline can improve declarative learning and memory without having long term negative effects on other cognitive domains in healthy humans. Our results give hope to further investigate doxycycline in neuroprotective treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Wehrli
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, Zurich 8032, Switzerland.
| | - Yanfang Xia
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Laura Meister
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Sarrina Tursunova
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, Zurich 8032, Switzerland; University of Bonn, Transdisciplinary Research Area "Life and Health", Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, Bonn, Germany
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental Pharmacopsychology and Psychological Addiction Research, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, Joint Center of University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Maugeri N, De Lorenzo R, Mazza MG, Palladini M, Ciceri F, Rovere-Querini P, Manfredi AA, Benedetti F. Preferential and sustained platelet activation in COVID-19 survivors with mental disorders. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16119. [PMID: 38997256 PMCID: PMC11245597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing mental disorders are considered a risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes, possibly because of higher vascular burden. Moreover, an unconventional platelet activation characterizes COVID-19 and contributes to inflammatory and thrombotic manifestations. In the light of the inflammation theory of mental disorders, we hypothesized that patients with mental disorders could be sensitive to the SARS-CoV-2 elicited platelet activation. We investigated platelet activation in 141 COVID-19 survivors at one month after clearance of the virus, comparing subjects with or without an established pre-existing diagnosis of mental disorder according to the DSM-5. We found that platelets from patients with a positive history of psychiatric disorder underwent unconventional activation more frequently than conventional activation or no activation at all. Such preferential activation was not detected when platelets from patients without a previous psychiatric diagnosis were studied. When testing the effects of age, sex, and psychiatric history on the platelet activation, GLZM multivariate analysis confirmed the significant effect of diagnosis only. These findings suggest a preferential platelet activation during acute COVID-19 in patients with a pre-existing psychiatric disorder, mediated by mechanisms associated with thromboinflammation. This event could have contributed to the higher risk of severe outcome in the psychiatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Maugeri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Rebecca De Lorenzo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Gennaro Mazza
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Palladini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Wehrli JM, Xia Y, Abivardi A, Kleim B, Bach DR. The impact of doxycycline on human contextual fear memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1065-1077. [PMID: 38334789 PMCID: PMC11031495 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous work identified an attenuating effect of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor doxycycline on fear memory consolidation. This may present a new mechanistic approach for the prevention of trauma-related disorders. However, so far, this has only been unambiguously demonstrated in a cued delay fear conditioning paradigm, in which a simple geometric cue predicted a temporally overlapping aversive outcome. This form of learning is mainly amygdala dependent. Psychological trauma often involves the encoding of contextual cues, which putatively necessitates partly different neural circuits including the hippocampus. The role of MMP signalling in the underlying neural pathways in humans is unknown. METHODS Here, we investigated the effect of doxycycline on configural fear conditioning in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial with 100 (50 females) healthy human participants. RESULTS Our results show that participants successfully learned and retained, after 1 week, the context-shock association in both groups. We find no group difference in fear memory retention in either of our pre-registered outcome measures, startle eye-blink responses and pupil dilation. Contrary to expectations, we identified elevated fear-potentiated startle in the doxycycline group early in the recall test, compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that doxycycline does not substantially attenuate contextual fear memory. This might limit its potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Wehrli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yanfang Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aslan Abivardi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, FMRIB Building, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, Russell Square House, 10-12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.
- Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, Transdisciplinary Research Area Life & Health , University of Bonn, Am Probsthof 49, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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Xia Y, Wehrli J, Abivardi A, Hostiuc M, Kleim B, Bach DR. Attenuating human fear memory retention with minocycline: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:28. [PMID: 38233395 PMCID: PMC10794420 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pavlovian fear conditioning is widely used as a pre-clinical model to investigate methods for prevention and treatment of anxiety and stress-related disorders. In this model, fear memory consolidation is thought to require synaptic remodeling, which is induced by signaling cascades involving matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Here we investigated the effect of the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, an inhibitor of MMP-9, on fear memory retention. We conducted a pre-registered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in N = 105 healthy humans (N = 70 female), using a configural fear conditioning paradigm. We administered a single dose of minocycline before configural fear memory acquisition and assessed fear memory retention seven days later in a recall test. To index memory retention, we pre-registered fear-potentially startle (FPS) as our primary outcome, and pupil dilation as the secondary outcome. As control indices of memory acquisition, we analyzed skin conductance responses (SCR) and pupil dilation. We observed attenuated retention of configural fear memory in individuals treated with minocycline compared to placebo, as measured by our primary outcome. In contrast, minocycline did not affect fear memory acquisition or declarative contingency memory. Our findings provide in-vivo evidence for the inhibition of fear memory consolidation by minocycline. This could motivate further research into primary prevention, and given the short uptake time of minocycline, potentially also secondary prevention of PTSD after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Xia
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jelena Wehrli
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aslan Abivardi
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Madalina Hostiuc
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging & Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
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Amontree M, Nelson M, Stefansson L, Pak D, Maguire-Zeiss K, Turner RS, Conant K. Resveratrol differentially affects MMP-9 release from neurons and glia; implications for therapeutic efficacy. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38163875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol that activates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), has been shown to reduce overall levels of matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Depending on the site of release, however, MMP-9 has the potential to improve or impair cognition. In particular, its release from microglia or pericytes proximal to the blood brain barrier can damage the basement membrane, while neuronal activity-dependent release of this protease from glutamatergic neurons can instead promote dendritic spine expansion and long-term potentiation of synaptic plasticity. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that resveratrol reduces overall MMP-9 levels in CSF samples from patients with APOE4, an allele associated with increased glial inflammation. We also examine the possibility that resveratrol reduces inflammation-associated MMP release from cultured glia but spares neuronal activity-dependent release from cultured cortical neurons. We observe that resveratrol decreases overall levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in CSF samples from AD patients. Resveratrol also reduces CSF levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), glial-derived protein that restricts long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, in individuals homozygous for APOE4. Consistent with these results, we observe that resveratrol reduces basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MMP and TIMP-1 release from cultured microglia and astrocytes. In contrast, however, resveratrol does not inhibit release of MMP-9 from cortical neurons. Overall, these results are consistent with the possibility that while resveratrol reduces potentially maladaptive MMP and TIMP-1 release from activated glia, neuroplasticity-promoting MMP release from neurons is spared. In contrast, resveratrol reduces release of neurocan and brevican, extracellular matrix components that restrict neuroplasticity, from both neurons and glia. These data underscore the diversity of resveratrol's actions with respect to affected cell types and molecular targets and also suggest that further studies may be warranted to determine if its effects on glial MMP release could make it a useful adjunct for AD- and/or anti-amyloid therapy-related damage to the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Amontree
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Matthew Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lara Stefansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Daniel Pak
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kathleen Maguire-Zeiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - R Scott Turner
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Katherine Conant
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Xia Y, Wehrli J, Gerster S, Kroes M, Houtekamer M, Bach DR. Measuring human context fear conditioning and retention after consolidation. Learn Mem 2023; 30:139-150. [PMID: 37553180 PMCID: PMC10519410 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053781.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Fear conditioning is a laboratory paradigm commonly used to investigate aversive learning and memory. In context fear conditioning, a configuration of elemental cues (conditioned stimulus [CTX]) predicts an aversive event (unconditioned stimulus [US]). To quantify context fear acquisition in humans, previous work has used startle eyeblink responses (SEBRs), skin conductance responses (SCRs), and verbal reports, but different quantification methods have rarely been compared. Moreover, preclinical intervention studies mandate recall tests several days after acquisition, and it is unclear how to induce and measure context fear memory retention over such a time interval. First, we used a semi-immersive virtual reality paradigm. In two experiments (N = 23 and N = 28), we found successful declarative learning and memory retention over 7 d but no evidence of other conditioned responses. Next, we used a configural fear conditioning paradigm with five static room images as CTXs in two experiments (N = 29 and N = 24). Besides successful declarative learning and memory retention after 7 d, SCR and pupil dilation in response to CTX onset differentiated CTX+/CTX- during acquisition training, and SEBR and pupil dilation differentiated CTX+/CTX- during the recall test, with medium to large effect sizes for the most sensitive indices (SEBR: Hedge's g = 0.56 and g = 0.69; pupil dilation: Hedge's g = 0.99 and g = 0.88). Our results demonstrate that with a configural learning paradigm, context fear memory retention can be demonstrated over 7 d, and we provide robust and replicable measurement methods to this end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Xia
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Wehrli
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Gerster
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marijn Kroes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime Houtekamer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London WC1 3BG, United Kingdom
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Watling SE, Rhind SG, Warsh J, Green D, McCluskey T, Tong J, Truong P, Chavez S, Richardson JD, Kish SJ, Boileau I. Exploring brain glutathione and peripheral blood markers in posttraumatic stress disorder: a combined [1H]MRS and peripheral blood study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1195012. [PMID: 37333909 PMCID: PMC10272391 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1195012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oxidative stress has been implicated in psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, the status of glutathione (GSH), the brain's most abundant antioxidant, in PTSD remains uncertain. Therefore, the current study investigated brain concentrations of GSH and peripheral concentrations of blood markers in individuals with PTSD vs. Healthy Controls (HC). Methods GSH spectra was acquired in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using MEGA-PRESS, a J-difference-editing acquisition method. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)-1,2, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Results There was no difference in GSH between PTSD and HC in the ACC (n = 30 PTSD, n = 20 HC) or DLPFC (n = 14 PTSD, n = 18 HC). There were no group differences between peripheral blood markers (P > 0.3) except for (non-significantly) lower TIMP-2 in PTSD. Additionally, TIMP-2 and GSH in the ACC were positively related in those with PTSD. Finally, MPO and MMP-9 were negatively associated with duration of PTSD. Conclusions We do not report altered GSH concentrations in the ACC or DLPFC in PTSD, however, systemic MMPs and MPO might be implicated in central processes and progression of PTSD. Future research should investigate these relationships in larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Watling
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn G. Rhind
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jerry Warsh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Duncan Green
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tina McCluskey
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Truong
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J. Don Richardson
- The MacDonald Franklin Operational Stress Injury (OSI) Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- St. Joseph's London Operational Stress Injury (OSI), Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Kish
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lev-Ram V, Lemieux SP, Deerinck TJ, Bushong EA, Toyama BH, Perez A, Pritchard DR, Park SKR, McClatchy DB, Savas JN, Taylor SS, Ellisman MH, Yates J, Tsien RY. Do perineuronal nets stabilize the engram of a synaptic circuit? BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.09.536164. [PMID: 37066274 PMCID: PMC10104172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.536164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN), a specialized form of ECM (?), surround numerous neurons in the CNS and allow synaptic connectivity through holes in its structure. We hypothesis that PNNs serve as gatekeepers that guard and protect synaptic territory, and thus may stabilize an engram circuit. We present high-resolution, and 3D EM images of PNN- engulfed neurons showing that synapses occupy the PNN holes, and that invasion of other cellular components are rare. PNN constituents are long-lived and can be eroded faster in an enriched environment, while synaptic proteins have high turnover rate. Preventing PNN erosion by using pharmacological inhibition of PNN-modifying proteases or MMP9 knockout mice allowed normal fear memory acquisition but diminished remote-memory stabilization, supporting the above hypothesis. Significance In this multidisciplinary work, we challenge the hypothesis that the pattern of holes in the perineuronal nets (PNN) hold the code for very-long-term memories. The scope of this work might lead us closer to the understanding of how we can vividly remember events from childhood to death bed. We postulate that the PNN holes hold the code for the engram. To test this hypothesis, we used three independent experimental strategies; high-resolution 3D electron microscopy, Stable Isotop Labeling in Mammals (SILAM) for proteins longevity, and pharmacologically and genetically interruption of memory consolidation in fear conditioning experiments. All of these experimental results did not dispute the PNN hypothesis.
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Crombie KM, Azar A, Botsford C, Heilicher M, Moughrabi N, Gruichich TS, Schomaker CM, Dunsmoor JE, Cisler JM. Aerobic exercise after extinction learning reduces return of fear and enhances memory of items encoded during extinction learning. Ment Health Phys Act 2023; 24:100510. [PMID: 37065640 PMCID: PMC10104454 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Fear conditioning paradigms are widely used in laboratory settings to discover treatments that enhance memory consolidation and various fear processes (extinction learning, limit return of fear) that are relevant targets of exposure-based therapies. However, traditional lab-based paradigms often use the exact same conditioned stimuli for acquisition and extinction (typically differentiated with a context manipulation), whereas the opposite is true in clinical settings, as exposure therapy rarely (if ever) uses precisely the exact same stimuli from an individual's learning history. Accordingly, this study utilized a novel three-day category-based fear conditioning protocol (that uses categories of non-repeating objects [animals and tools] as conditioned stimuli during fear conditioning and extinction) to determine if aerobic exercise enhances the consolidation of extinction learning (reduces return of fear) and memory (for items encoded during extinction) during subsequent tests of extinction recall. Participants (n=40) completed a fear acquisition (day 1), fear extinction (day 2), and extinction recall (day 3) protocol. On day 1, participants completed a fear acquisition task in which they were trained to associate a category of conditioned stimuli (CS+) with the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (US). On day 2, participants were administered a fear extinction procedure during which CS+ and CS- categorical stimuli were presented in absence of the occurrence of the US. After completing the task, participants were randomly assigned to either receive moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (EX) or a light-intensity control (CON) condition. On day 3, participants completed fear recall tests (during which day 1, day 2, and novel CS+ and CS- stimuli were presented). Fear responding was assessed via threat expectancy ratings and skin conductance responses (SCR). During the fear recall tests, the EX group reported significantly lower threat expectancy ratings to the CS+ and CS- and exhibited greater memory of CS+ and CS- stimuli that were previously presented during day 2. There were no significant group differences for SCR. These results suggests that administration of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise following extinction learning contributes to reduced threat expectancies during tests of fear recall and enhanced memory of items encoded during extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Crombie
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Ameera Azar
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Chloe Botsford
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Mickela Heilicher
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Nicole Moughrabi
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Tijana Sagorac Gruichich
- University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 53719
| | - Chloe M. Schomaker
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Joseph E. Dunsmoor
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
| | - Josh M. Cisler
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
- Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity Street, Building B, Austin, Texas, United States of America 78712
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11
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Extracellular zinc regulates contextual fear memory formation in male rats through MMP-BDNF-TrkB pathway in dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114230. [PMID: 36442645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Large amount of zinc (100 µM even up to 300 µM) is released from the nerve terminals in response to high frequency neuronal stimulation in certain brain regions including hippocampus and amygdala. However, its precise pharmacological effect is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of extracellular zinc (endogenous zinc) and exogenous zinc in memory formation using contextual fear conditioning (CFC) model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were trained for fear conditioning followed by in vivo microdialysis for collection of microdialysate samples from CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Extracellular zinc chelator CaEDTA, BDNF scavenger TrkB-Fc, exogenous 7,8-DHF and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitor were infused into the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus and BLA after CFC. Different doses of exogenous zinc hydroaspartate were administered intraperitoneally immediately after CFC. We found that CFC increased the level of extracellular zinc in the hippocampus and BLA. Infusing the CaEDTA, TrkB-Fc and MMP inhibitor into the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus and BLA disrupted the fear memory formation. Furthermore, administration of TrKB agonist 7,8-DHF reversed the inhibitory effect of CaEDTA on fear memory formation, suggesting that extracellular zinc may regulate fear memory formation via the BDNF-TrKB pathway. We also found that high dose of exogenous zinc hydroaspartate supplementation increased extracellular zinc levels in brain and enhanced fear memory formation. Altogether, these findings indicate that extracellular zinc may participate in formation of contextual fear memory through MMP-BDNF-TrkB pathway in the hippocampus and BLA.
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12
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Wehrli JM, Xia Y, Offenhammer B, Kleim B, Müller D, Bach DR. Effect of the Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Doxycycline on Human Trace Fear Memory. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0243-22.2023. [PMID: 36759188 PMCID: PMC9961363 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0243-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning to predict threat is of adaptive importance, but aversive memory can also become disadvantageous and burdensome in clinical conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pavlovian fear conditioning is a laboratory model of aversive memory and thought to rely on structural synaptic reconfiguration involving matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 signaling. It has recently been suggested that the MMP9-inhibiting antibiotic doxycycline, applied before acquisition training in humans, reduces fear memory retention after one week. This previous study used cued delay fear conditioning, in which predictors and outcomes overlap in time. However, temporal separation of predictors and outcomes is common in clinical conditions. Learning the association of temporally separated events requires a partly different neural circuitry, for which the role of MMP9 signaling is not yet known. Here, we investigate the impact of doxycycline on long-interval (15 s) trace fear conditioning in a randomized controlled trial with 101 (50 females) human participants. We find no impact of the drug in our preregistered analyses. Exploratory post hoc analyses of memory retention suggested a serum level-dependent effect of doxycycline on trace fear memory retention. However, effect size to distinguish CS+/CS- in the placebo group turned out to be smaller than in previously used delay fear conditioning protocols, which limits the power of statistical tests. Our results suggest that doxycycline effect on trace fear conditioning in healthy individuals is smaller and less robust than anticipated, potentially limiting its clinical application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Wehrli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
- Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Yanfang Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Offenhammer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
- Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Müller
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
- Hertz Chair for Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, Transdisciplinary Research Area "Life and Health," University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
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13
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Grochecki P, Smaga I, Wydra K, Marszalek-Grabska M, Slowik T, Kedzierska E, Listos J, Gibula-Tarlowska E, Filip M, Kotlinska JH. Impact of Mephedrone on Fear Memory in Adolescent Rats: Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031941. [PMID: 36768263 PMCID: PMC9915535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is complicated by the presence of drug use disorder comorbidity. Here, we examine whether conditioned fear (PTSD model) modifies the rewarding effect of mephedrone and if repeated mephedrone injections have impact on trauma-related behaviors (fear sensitization, extinction, and recall of the fear reaction). We also analyzed whether these trauma-induced changes were associated with exacerbation in metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor expression in such brain structures as the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. Male adolescent rats underwent trauma exposure (1.5 mA footshock), followed 7 days later by a conditioned place preference training with mephedrone. Next, the post-conditioning test was performed. Fear sensitization, conditioned fear, anxiety-like behavior, extinction acquisition and relapse were then assessed to evaluate behavioral changes. MMP-9, GluN2A and GluN2B were subsequently measured. Trauma-exposed rats subjected to mephedrone treatment acquired a strong place preference and exhibited impairment in fear extinction and reinstatement. Mephedrone had no effect on trauma-induced MMP-9 level in the basolateral amygdala, but decreased it in the hippocampus. GluN2B expression was decreased in the hippocampus, but increased in the basolateral amygdala of mephedrone-treated stressed rats. These data suggest that the modification of the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala due to mephedrone use can induce fear memory impairment and drug seeking behavior in adolescent male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Grochecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Marszalek-Grabska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Slowik
- Experimental Medicine Center, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kedzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Gibula-Tarlowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jolanta H. Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wehrli JM, Xia Y, Gerster S, Bach DR. Measuring human trace fear conditioning. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14119. [PMID: 35675529 PMCID: PMC9787976 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trace fear conditioning is an important research paradigm to model aversive learning in biological or clinical scenarios, where predictors (conditioned stimuli, CS) and aversive outcomes (unconditioned stimuli, US) are separated in time. The optimal measurement of human trace fear conditioning, and in particular of memory retention after consolidation, is currently unclear. We conducted two identical experiments (N1 = 28, N2 = 28) with a 15-s trace interval and a recall test 1 week after acquisition, while recording several psychophysiological observables. In a calibration approach, we explored which learning and memory measures distinguished CS+ and CS- in the first experiment and confirmed the most sensitive measures in the second experiment. We found that in the recall test without reinforcement, only fear-potentiated startle but not skin conductance, pupil size, heart period, or respiration amplitude, differentiated CS+ and CS-. During acquisition without startle probes, skin conductance responses and pupil size responses but not heart period or respiration amplitude differentiated CS+ and CS-. As a side finding, there was no evidence for extinction of fear-potentiated startle over 30 trials without reinforcement. These results may be useful to inform future substantive research using human trace fear conditioning protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M. Wehrli
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Yanfang Xia
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Samuel Gerster
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dominik R. Bach
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging & Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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15
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Chaves Filho AJM, Mottin M, Lós DB, Andrade CH, Macedo DS. The tetrapartite synapse in neuropsychiatric disorders: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as promising targets for treatment and rational drug design. Biochimie 2022; 201:79-99. [PMID: 35931337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and an exacerbated immune response are widely accepted contributing mechanisms to the genesis and progression of major neuropsychiatric disorders. However, despite the impressive advances in understanding the neurobiology of these disorders, there is still no approved drug directly linked to the regulation of inflammation or brain immune responses. Importantly, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) comprise a group of structurally related endopeptidases primarily involved in remodeling extracellular matrix (ECM). In the central nervous system (CNS), these proteases control synaptic plasticity and strength, patency of the blood-brain barrier, and glia-neuron interactions through cleaved and non-cleaved mediators. Several pieces of evidence have pointed to a complex scenario of MMPs dysregulation triggered by neuroinflammation. Furthermore, major psychiatric disorders' affective symptoms and neurocognitive abnormalities are related to MMPs-mediated ECM changes and neuroglia activation. In the past decade, research efforts have been directed to broad-spectrum MMPs inhibitors with frustrating clinical results. However, in the light of recent advances in combinatorial chemistry and drug design technologies, specific and CNS-oriented MMPs modulators have been proposed as a new frontier of therapy for regulating ECM properties in the CNS. Therefore, here we aim to discuss the state of the art of MMPs and ECM abnormalities in major neuropsychiatric disorders, namely depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, the possible neuro-immune interactions involved in this complex scenario of MMPs dysregulation and propose these endopeptidases as promising targets for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design - LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Melina Mottin
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design - LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Deniele Bezerra Lós
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design - LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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16
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Mercan Isik C, Uzun Cicek A, Ulger D, Bakir S. SIRT1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in children with specific learning disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:352-359. [PMID: 35785578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a common developmental and neurobiological disorder of childhood characterized by impairment of functionality in one or more areas such as reading, writing, mathematics, listening, speaking, and reasoning. The etiology of SLD is still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate children with SLD to investigate the potential role of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and SIRT-1, which have important roles in synaptic plasticity, cognitive functions, learning and memory, and are known to be associated with various psychiatric disorders. METHODS The study was conducted with 44 outpatients aged 8-14 years who were diagnosed with SLD according to DSM-5 in the outpatient clinic and a control group of 44 age, gender and education level-matched healthy children. The groups were compared in respect of serum levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and SIRT-1, evaluated using the ELISA method. RESULTS Serum MMP-9 levels were significantly lower in children in the SLD group than in the control group, while TIMP-1 was higher. No difference was determined between the groups in respect of the SIRT1 levels. SLD severity was negatively correlated with MMP-9 levels and positively correlated with TIMP-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 appear to contribute to hippocampal-dependent memory and learning by modulating long-term synaptic plasticity. The findings of this study also reinforce the idea that deregulation of the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio may impact learning and play a role in SLD. These findings will help to elucidate the etiology of SLD. Furthermore, understanding molecular pathways can contribute to the discovery of certain biomarkers in SLD pathogenesis and the development of new treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Mercan Isik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diyarbakir Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Ayla Uzun Cicek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Dilara Ulger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Sevtap Bakir
- Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey.
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17
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Ojala KE, Staib M, Gerster S, Ruff CC, Bach DR. Inhibiting Human Aversive Memory by Transcranial Theta-Burst Stimulation to the Primary Sensory Cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:149-157. [PMID: 35410762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting adverse events from past experience is fundamental for many biological organisms. However, some individuals suffer from maladaptive memories that impair behavioral control and well-being, e.g., after psychological trauma. Inhibiting the formation and maintenance of such memories would have high clinical relevance. Previous preclinical research has focused on systemically administered pharmacological interventions, which cannot be targeted to specific neural circuits in humans. Here, we investigated the potential of noninvasive neural stimulation on the human sensory cortex in inhibiting aversive memory in a laboratory threat conditioning model. METHODS We build on an emerging nonhuman literature suggesting that primary sensory cortices may be crucially required for threat memory formation and consolidation. Immediately before conditioning innocuous somatosensory stimuli (conditioned stimuli [CS]) to aversive electric stimulation, healthy human participants received continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) to individually localized primary somatosensory cortex in either the CS-contralateral (experimental) or CS-ipsilateral (control) hemisphere. We measured fear-potentiated startle to infer threat memory retention on the next day, as well as skin conductance and pupil size during learning. RESULTS After overnight consolidation, threat memory was attenuated in the experimental group compared with the control cTBS group. There was no evidence that this differed between simple and complex CS or that CS identification or initial learning were affected by cTBS. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cTBS to the primary sensory cortex inhibits threat memory, likely by an impact on postlearning consolidation. We propose that noninvasive targeted stimulation of the sensory cortex may provide a new avenue for interfering with aversive memories in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karita E Ojala
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Staib
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Gerster
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian C Ruff
- Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Max-Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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18
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Cross-species anxiety tests in psychiatry: pitfalls and promises. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:154-163. [PMID: 34561614 PMCID: PMC8960405 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural anxiety tests in non-human animals are used for anxiolytic drug discovery, and to investigate the neurobiology of threat avoidance. Over the past decade, several of them were translated to humans with three clinically relevant goals: to assess potential efficacy of candidate treatments in healthy humans; to develop diagnostic tests or biomarkers; and to elucidate the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. In this review, we scrutinise these promises and compare seven anxiety tests that are validated across species: five approach-avoidance conflict tests, unpredictable shock anticipation, and the social intrusion test in children. Regarding the first goal, three tests appear suitable for anxiolytic drug screening in humans. However, they have not become part of the drug development pipeline and achieving this may require independent confirmation of predictive validity and cost-effectiveness. Secondly, two tests have shown potential to measure clinically relevant individual differences, but their psychometric properties, predictive value, and clinical applicability need to be clarified. Finally, cross-species research has not yet revealed new evidence that the physiology of healthy human behaviour in anxiety tests relates to the physiology of anxiety symptoms in patients. To summarise, cross-species anxiety tests could be rendered useful for drug screening and for development of diagnostic instruments. Using these tests for aetiology research in healthy humans or animals needs to be queried and may turn out to be unrealistic.
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19
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Xia Y, Melinscak F, Bach DR. Saccadic scanpath length: an index for human threat conditioning. Behav Res Methods 2021; 53:1426-1439. [PMID: 33169287 PMCID: PMC8367914 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Threat-conditioned cues are thought to capture overt attention in a bottom-up process. Quantification of this phenomenon typically relies on cue competition paradigms. Here, we sought to exploit gaze patterns during exclusive presentation of a visual conditioned stimulus, in order to quantify human threat conditioning. To this end, we capitalized on a summary statistic of visual search during CS presentation, scanpath length. During a simple delayed threat conditioning paradigm with full-screen monochrome conditioned stimuli (CS), we observed shorter scanpath length during CS+ compared to CS- presentation. Retrodictive validity, i.e., effect size to distinguish CS+ and CS-, was maximized by considering a 2-s time window before US onset. Taking into account the shape of the scan speed response resulted in similar retrodictive validity. The mechanism underlying shorter scanpath length appeared to be longer fixation duration and more fixation on the screen center during CS+ relative to CS- presentation. These findings were replicated in a second experiment with similar setup, and further confirmed in a third experiment using full-screen patterns as CS. This experiment included an extinction session during which scanpath differences appeared to extinguish. In a fourth experiment with auditory CS and instruction to fixate screen center, no scanpath length differences were observed. In conclusion, our study suggests scanpath length as a visual search summary statistic, which may be used as complementary measure to quantify threat conditioning with retrodictive validity similar to that of skin conductance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Xia
- University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Filip Melinscak
- University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
- University College London, London, UK.
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20
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Gisabella B, Babu J, Valeri J, Rexrode L, Pantazopoulos H. Sleep and Memory Consolidation Dysfunction in Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence for the Involvement of Extracellular Matrix Molecules. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:646678. [PMID: 34054408 PMCID: PMC8160443 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances and memory dysfunction are key characteristics across psychiatric disorders. Recent advances have revealed insight into the role of sleep in memory consolidation, pointing to key overlap between memory consolidation processes and structural and molecular abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. Ongoing research regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in memory consolidation has the potential to identify therapeutic targets for memory dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and aging. Recent evidence from our group and others points to extracellular matrix molecules, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and their endogenous proteases, as molecules that may underlie synaptic dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and memory consolidation during sleep. These molecules may provide a therapeutic targets for decreasing strength of reward memories in addiction and traumatic memories in PTSD, as well as restoring deficits in memory consolidation in schizophrenia and aging. We review the evidence for sleep and memory consolidation dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and aging in the context of current evidence pointing to the involvement of extracellular matrix molecules in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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21
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Bhat A, Parr T, Ramstead M, Friston K. Immunoceptive inference: why are psychiatric disorders and immune responses intertwined? BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY 2021; 36:27. [PMID: 33948044 PMCID: PMC8085803 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-021-09801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a steadily growing literature on the role of the immune system in psychiatric disorders. So far, these advances have largely taken the form of correlations between specific aspects of inflammation (e.g. blood plasma levels of inflammatory markers, genetic mutations in immune pathways, viral or bacterial infection) with the development of neuropsychiatric conditions such as autism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and depression. A fundamental question remains open: why are psychiatric disorders and immune responses intertwined? To address this would require a step back from a historical mind-body dualism that has created such a dichotomy. We propose three contributions of active inference when addressing this question: translation, unification, and simulation. To illustrate these contributions, we consider the following questions. Is there an immunological analogue of sensory attenuation? Is there a common generative model that the brain and immune system jointly optimise? Can the immune response and psychiatric illness both be explained in terms of self-organising systems responding to threatening stimuli in their external environment, whether those stimuli happen to be pathogens, predators, or people? Does false inference at an immunological level alter the message passing at a psychological level (or vice versa) through a principled exchange between the two systems?
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bhat
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - Maxwell Ramstead
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Spatial Web Foundation, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
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22
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Crombie KM, Sartin-Tarm A, Sellnow K, Ahrenholtz R, Lee S, Matalamaki M, Adams TG, Cisler JM. Aerobic exercise and consolidation of fear extinction learning among women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 2021; 142:103867. [PMID: 34020153 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study tested whether aerobic exercise delivered during the consolidation window following fear extinction learning reduces the return of fear among women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants (n=35) completed an initial clinical assessment followed by a 3-day fear acquisition, extinction, and recall protocol. On day 1, participants completed a fear acquisition training task in which one geometric shape (conditioning stimulus; CS+) was paired (with 50% probability) with a mild electric shock (unconditioned stimulus; US), while a different shape (CS-) was never paired with the US. On day 2 (24 h later), participants completed a fear extinction training task in which the CS+ no longer predicted administration of the US. Shortly following extinction, participants were randomly assigned to complete either moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (EX) or a light-intensity exercise control (CON) condition. On day 3 (24 h later), participants completed fear recall tests assessing the return of fear (spontaneous recovery, renewal, and reinstatement). Fear responding was assessed via threat expectancy ratings and skin conductance responses (SCR). In the threat expectancy ratings, there were no significant differences between groups in spontaneous recovery; however, EX significantly (p=.02) reduced threat expectancy ratings following reinstatement relative to CON. In SCR measures, there were no significant differences between groups in spontaneous recovery, renewal, or reinstatement. These results support a role for moderate-intensity aerobic exercise during the consolidation window in reducing threat expectations following reinstatement in women with PTSD. Research should continue to examine exercise as a potential method for improving the efficacy of exposure-based therapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04113798.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Crombie
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176, USA.
| | - Anneliis Sartin-Tarm
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176, USA
| | - Kyrie Sellnow
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176, USA
| | - Rachel Ahrenholtz
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176, USA
| | - Sierra Lee
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176, USA
| | - Megan Matalamaki
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176, USA
| | - Tom G Adams
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, 105 Kastle Hill, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA; Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; National Center for PTSD, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA CT Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
| | - Josh M Cisler
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176, USA.
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23
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Gut-brain axis: A matter of concern in neuropsychiatric disorders…! Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110051. [PMID: 32758517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is composed of a large number of microbes, usually regarded as commensal bacteria. It has become gradually clear that gastrointestinal microbiota affects gut pathophysiology and the central nervous system (CNS) function by modulating the signaling pathways of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. This bidirectional MGB axis communication primarily acts through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous systems (ANS) mechanisms. Accumulating evidence reveals that gut microbiota interacts with the host brain, and its modulation may play a critical role in the pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently, neuroscience research has established the significance of gut microbiota in the development of brain systems that are essential to stress-related behaviors, including depression and anxiety. Application of modulators of the MGB, such as psychobiotics (e.g., probiotics), prebiotics, and specific diets, may be a promising therapeutic approach for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present review article primarily focuses on the relevant features of the disturbances of the MGB axis in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and its potential mechanisms.
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24
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Calibrating the experimental measurement of psychological attributes. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:1229-1235. [PMID: 33199857 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural researchers often seek to experimentally manipulate, measure and analyse latent psychological attributes, such as memory, confidence or attention. The best measurement strategy is often difficult to intuit. Classical psychometric theory, mostly focused on individual differences in stable attributes, offers little guidance. Hence, measurement methods in experimental research are often based on tradition and differ between communities. Here we propose a criterion, which we term 'retrodictive validity', that provides a relative numerical estimate of the accuracy of any given measurement approach. It is determined by performing calibration experiments to manipulate a latent attribute and assessing the correlation between intended and measured attribute values. Our approach facilitates optimising measurement strategies and quantifying uncertainty in the measurement. Thus, it allows power analyses to define minimally required sample sizes. Taken together, our approach provides a metrological perspective on measurement practice in experimental research that complements classical psychometrics.
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25
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Blanco I, Conant K. Extracellular matrix remodeling with stress and depression: Studies in human, rodent and zebrafish models. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3879-3888. [PMID: 32673433 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations occur with stress. Specifically, increases in perineuronal net (PNN) deposition have been observed in rodents exposed to chronic corticosterone or persistent social defeat stress. The PNN is a specific form of ECM that is predominantly localized to parvalbumin (PV)-expressing inhibitory interneurons where it modulates neuronal excitability and brain oscillations that are influenced by the same. Consistent with a role for ECM changes in contributing to the depressive phenotype, recent studies have demonstrated that monoamine reuptake inhibitor type antidepressants can reduce PNN deposition, improve behavior and stimulate changes in gamma oscillatory power that may be important to mood and memory. The present review will highlight studies in humans, rodents and zebrafish that have examined stress, PNN deposition and/or gamma oscillations with a focus on potential cellular and molecular underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismary Blanco
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Conant
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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26
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Measuring learning in human classical threat conditioning: Translational, cognitive and methodological considerations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:96-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Abe K, Chiba Y, Hattori S, Yoshimi A, Asami T, Katsuse O, Suda A, Hishimoto A. Influence of plasma matrix metalloproteinase levels on longitudinal changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers and cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to AD registered in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. J Neurol Sci 2020; 416:116989. [PMID: 32603972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the effects of plasma matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on longitudinal changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain atrophy, and cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD). METHODS We used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. We included 95 ApoE4-positive patients with MCI-AD who were confirmed to have low Aβ42 and/or high phosphorylated-tau (p-tau) in CSF. We obtained baseline demographic data, plasma MMP levels, including MMP-1, -2, -7, -9, -10, and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1), longitudinal annual data on Aβ42, total tau, and p-tau in CSF, MRI-measured hippocampal volumes, and cognitive function evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and AD Assessment Scale-11 (ADAS-11) over 4 years. We examined the effects of baseline MMP levels on longitudinal changes in CSF AD biomarkers, hippocampal volumes, and cognitive function using a linear mixed regression analysis. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in baseline plasma MMP levels between MCI-AD patients and control subjects, except for MMP-10, which was significantly lower in MCI-AD than in controls. The baseline levels of MMPs did not correlate with longitudinal changes in CSF biomarkers. Declines in hippocampal volumes and cognitive function evaluated by MMSE and ADAS-11 were significantly faster in MCI-AD patients with high-MMP-9 levels at baseline than in those with middle and low MMP-9 levels at baseline. CONCLUSION High plasma MMP-9 levels in MCI-AD patients might enhance neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kie Abe
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuhei Chiba
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Saki Hattori
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Asuka Yoshimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asami
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Omi Katsuse
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akira Suda
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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28
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Bach DR, Melinscak F. Psychophysiological modelling and the measurement of fear conditioning. Behav Res Ther 2020; 127:103576. [PMID: 32087391 PMCID: PMC7078750 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of fear conditioning is paramount to many clinical and translational studies on aversive learning. Various measures of fear conditioning co-exist, including different observables and different methods of pre-processing. Here, we first argue that low measurement error is a rational desideratum for any measurement technique. We then show that measurement error can be approximated in benchmark experiments by how closely intended fear memory relates to measured fear memory, a quantity that we term retrodictive validity. From this perspective, we discuss different approaches commonly used to quantify fear conditioning. One of these is psychophysiological modelling (PsPM). This builds on a measurement model that describes how a psychological variable, such as fear memory, influences a physiological measure. This model is statistically inverted to estimate the most likely value of the psychological variable, given the measured data. We review existing PsPMs for skin conductance, pupil size, heart period, respiration, and startle eye-blink. We illustrate the benefit of PsPMs in terms of retrodictive validity and translate this into sample size required to achieve a desired level of statistical power. This sample size can differ up to a factor of three between different observables, and between the best, and the current standard, data pre-processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R Bach
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, 10-12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom; Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Filip Melinscak
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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Zimmermann J, Bach DR. Impact of a reminder/extinction procedure on threat-conditioned pupil size and skin conductance responses. Learn Mem 2020; 27:164-172. [PMID: 32179658 PMCID: PMC7079572 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050211.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A reminder can render consolidated memory labile and susceptible to amnesic agents during a reconsolidation window. For the case of threat memory (also termed fear memory), it has been suggested that extinction training during this reconsolidation window has the same disruptive impact. This procedure could provide a powerful therapeutic principle for treatment of unwanted aversive memories. However, human research yielded contradictory results. Notably, all published positive replications quantified threat memory by conditioned skin conductance responses (SCR). Yet, other studies measuring SCR and/or fear-potentiated startle failed to observe an effect of a reminder/extinction procedure on the return of fear. Here we sought to shed light on this discrepancy by using a different autonomic response, namely, conditioned pupil dilation, in addition to SCR, in a replication of the original human study. N = 71 humans underwent a 3-d threat conditioning, reminder/extinction, and reinstatement, procedure with 2 CS+, of which one was reminded. Participants successfully learned the threat association on day 1, extinguished conditioned responding on day 2, and showed reinstatement on day 3. However, there was no difference in conditioned responding between the reminded and the nonreminded CS, neither in pupil size nor SCR. Thus, we found no evidence that a reminder trial before extinction prevents the return of threat-conditioned responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Zimmermann
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Max Planck/UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London WC1 3BG, United Kingdom
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30
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Fullana M, Dunsmoor J, Schruers K, Savage H, Bach D, Harrison B. Human fear conditioning: From neuroscience to the clinic. Behav Res Ther 2020; 124:103528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Threat Memory Reminder Under Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Inhibitor Doxycycline Globally Reduces Subsequent Memory Plasticity. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9424-9434. [PMID: 31615840 PMCID: PMC6867817 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1285-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative memory can be rendered malleable by a reminder. Blocking the ensuing reconsolidation process is suggested as a therapeutic target for unwanted aversive memories. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is required for structural synapse remodeling involved in memory consolidation. Inhibiting MMP-9 with doxycycline is suggested to attenuate human threat conditioning. Here, we investigated whether MMP-9 inhibition also interferes with threat memory reconsolidation. Male and female human participants (N = 78) learned the association between two visual conditioned stimuli (CS+) and a 50% chance of an unconditioned nociceptive stimulus (US), and between CS- and the absence of US. On day 7, one CS+ was reminded without reinforcement 3.5 h after ingesting either 200 mg of doxycycline or placebo. On day 14, retention of CS memory was assessed under extinction by fear-potentiated startle. Contrary to our expectations, we observed a greater CS+/CS- difference in participants who were reminded under doxycycline compared with placebo. Participants who were reminded under placebo showed extinction learning during the retention test, which was not observed in the doxycycline group. There was no difference between the reminded and the nonreminded CS+ in either group. In contrast, during relearning after the retention test, the CS+/CS- difference was more pronounced in the placebo group than in the doxycycline group. To summarize, a single dose of doxycycline before threat memory reminder appeared to have no specific impact on reconsolidation, but to globally impair extinction learning, and threat relearning, beyond drug clearance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition appears to attenuate memory consolidation. It could also be a target for blocking reconsolidation. Here, we test this hypothesis in human threat conditioning. We find that doxycycline has no specific impact on a reminded cue, but confers a global reduction in extinction learning and threat learning beyond the clearance of the drug. This may point toward a more long-lasting impact of doxycycline treatment on memory plasticity.
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32
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Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, Guzzetta KE, Jaggar M, Long-Smith CM, Lyte JM, Martin JA, Molinero-Perez A, Moloney G, Morelli E, Morillas E, O'Connor R, Cruz-Pereira JS, Peterson VL, Rea K, Ritz NL, Sherwin E, Spichak S, Teichman EM, van de Wouw M, Ventura-Silva AP, Wallace-Fitzsimons SE, Hyland N, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1877-2013. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enteric nervous system, involving microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, and peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence microbiota composition in early life, including infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, the nature of nutritional provision, environmental stressors, and host genetics. At the other extreme of life, microbial diversity diminishes with aging. Stress, in particular, can significantly impact the microbiota-gut-brain axis at all stages of life. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models have been paramount in linking the regulation of fundamental neural processes, such as neurogenesis and myelination, to microbiome activation of microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing and will greatly enhance the field. Future studies will focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis and attempt to elucidate microbial-based intervention and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitlin S. M. Cowan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiran V. Sandhu
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christine Fulling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V. Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine E. Guzzetta
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M. Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason A. Martin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicia Molinero-Perez
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuela Morelli
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enrique Morillas
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rory O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joana S. Cruz-Pereira
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel L. Ritz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily M. Teichman
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shauna E. Wallace-Fitzsimons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Kelly JR, Keane VO, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. Mood and Microbes: Gut to Brain Communication in Depression. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2019; 48:389-405. [PMID: 31383278 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, acting via the gut-brain axis, modulates key neurobiological systems that are dysregulated in stress-related disorders. Preclinical studies show that the gut microbiota exerts an influence over neuroimmune and neuroendocrine signaling pathways, in addition to epigenetic modification, neurogenesis, and neurotransmission. In humans, preliminary evidence suggests that the gut microbiota profile is altered in depression. The full impact of microbiota-based treatments, at different neurodevelopmental time points, has yet to be fully explored. The integration of the gut microbiota, as a mediator, in the complex trajectory of depression, may enhance the possibility of personalized precision psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Veronica O' Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 2,33, 2nd Floor, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
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34
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Beroun A, Mitra S, Michaluk P, Pijet B, Stefaniuk M, Kaczmarek L. MMPs in learning and memory and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3207-3228. [PMID: 31172215 PMCID: PMC6647627 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of over twenty proteases, operating chiefly extracellularly to cleave components of the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and growth factors. By virtue of their expression and activity patterns in animal models and clinical investigations, as well as functional studies with gene knockouts and enzyme inhibitors, MMPs have been demonstrated to play a paramount role in many physiological and pathological processes in the brain. In particular, they have been shown to influence learning and memory processes, as well as major neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, various kinds of addiction, epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, and depression. A possible link connecting all those conditions is either physiological or aberrant synaptic plasticity where some MMPs, e.g., MMP-9, have been demonstrated to contribute to the structural and functional reorganization of excitatory synapses that are located on dendritic spines. Another common theme linking the aforementioned pathological conditions is neuroinflammation and MMPs have also been shown to be important mediators of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beroun
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Michaluk
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Pijet
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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35
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Yin L, Li F, Li J, Yang X, Xie X, Xue L, Li Y, Zhang C. Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure Induces Upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1593-1601. [PMID: 30915602 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9, Gelatinase B), an extracellular-acting Zn2+-dependent endopeptidase, are involved in brain pathologies including ischemia, glioma, and epilepsy. Recent studies suggested that MMP-9 plays an important role in neuronal plasticity, specifically in learning and memory. To determine whether and how MMP-9 plays role in alcohol-related behaviors, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure for 4 weeks, following which we collected tissue samples from the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and amygdala at different stages (acute and chronic exposure) during alcohol exposure. Real-time PCR and western blot assays were used to detect changes in the mRNA and protein expression of MMP-9. Our results indicated that both acute and chronic alcohol exposure induced up-regulation of MMP-9 mRNA levels in the hippocampus and mPFC, but not in the amygdala. Furthermore, acute and chronic alcohol exposure up regulated the expression of total MMP-9 and active MMP-9 in these two brain regions. Moreover, the increase of active MMP-9 expression was larger than those in total MMP-9 expression. Immunoprecipitation analyses identified potential MMP-9-interacting proteins, including Itgb1, Src, Eef1a2, tubulin, actin, and histone H2B. These results demonstrate that both acute and CIE exposure induced increases in MMP-9 expression in the mPFC and hippocampus, suggesting that MMP-9 plays a key role in chronic alcohol exposure and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litian Yin
- Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, National Key Disciplines, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Fengqing Li
- Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, National Key Disciplines, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jue Li
- School of Clinic, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, National Key Disciplines, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, National Key Disciplines, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Linyuan Xue
- Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, National Key Disciplines, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, National Key Disciplines, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, National Key Disciplines, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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36
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van Kempen J, Loughnane GM, Newman DP, Kelly SP, Thiele A, O'Connell RG, Bellgrove MA. Behavioural and neural signatures of perceptual decision-making are modulated by pupil-linked arousal. eLife 2019; 8:42541. [PMID: 30882347 PMCID: PMC6450670 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing and accuracy of perceptual decision-making is exquisitely sensitive to fluctuations in arousal. Although extensive research has highlighted the role of various neural processing stages in forming decisions, our understanding of how arousal impacts these processes remains limited. Here we isolated electrophysiological signatures of decision-making alongside signals reflecting target selection, attentional engagement and motor output and examined their modulation as a function of tonic and phasic arousal, indexed by baseline and task-evoked pupil diameter, respectively. Reaction times were shorter on trials with lower tonic, and higher phasic arousal. Additionally, these two pupil measures were predictive of a unique set of EEG signatures that together represent multiple information processing steps of decision-making. Finally, behavioural variability associated with fluctuations in tonic and phasic arousal, indicative of neuromodulators acting on multiple timescales, was mediated by its effects on the EEG markers of attentional engagement, sensory processing and the variability in decision processing. Driving along a busy street requires you to constantly monitor the behavior of other road users. You need to be able to spot and avoid the car that suddenly changes lane, or the pedestrian who steps out in front of you. How fast you can react to such events depends in part on your brain's level of alertness, or 'arousal'. This in turn depends on chemicals within the brain called neuromodulators. Neuromodulators are a type of neurotransmitter. But whereas other neurotransmitters enable brain cells to signal to each other, neuromodulators turn the volume of these signals up or down. The activity of brain regions that produce neuromodulators varies over time, leading to changes in brain arousal. These changes take place over different time scales. Sudden unexpected events, such as those on the busy street above, trigger sub-second changes in arousal. But arousal levels also show spontaneous fluctuations over minutes to hours. We can follow these changes in real-time by looking into a participant’s eyes. This is because the brain regions that produce neuromodulators also control pupil size. Van Kempen et al. have now combined measurements of pupil size with recordings of electrical brain activity. Healthy volunteers learned to press a button as soon as a target appeared on a screen. The larger a volunteer’s pupils were before the target appeared, the more slowly the volunteer responded on that trial. Large baseline pupil size is thought to indicate a high baseline level of brain arousal. By contrast, the larger the increase in pupil size in response to the target, the faster the volunteer responded on that trial. This increase in pupil size is thought to reflect an increase in brain arousal. The recordings of brain activity provided clues to the underlying mechanisms. In trials with large baseline pupil size – and therefore high baseline arousal – the volunteers’ brains showed more variable responses to the target. But in trials with a large increase in pupil size – and a large increase in arousal – the volunteers’ brains showed less variable responses, as well as stronger signals related to attention. Neuromodulators thus act on different timescales to influence different aspects of cognitive performance, including attention and target detection. Fluctuating levels of neuromodulator activity may help explain the variability in our behavior. Monitoring pupil size is one way to gain insights into the mechanisms that bring about these changes in neuromodulator activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem van Kempen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerard M Loughnane
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel P Newman
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Thiele
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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37
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Greshake Tzovaras B, Tzovara A. The Personal Data Is Political. PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04363-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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39
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Flores Á, Fullana MÀ, Soriano-Mas C, Andero R. Lost in translation: how to upgrade fear memory research. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2122-2132. [PMID: 29298989 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We address some of the current limitations of translational research in fear memory and suggest alternatives that might help to overcome them. Appropriate fear responses are adaptive, but disruption of healthy fear memory circuits can lead to anxiety and fear-based disorders. Stress is one of the main environmental factors that can disrupt memory circuits and constitutes as a key factor in the etiopathology of these psychiatric conditions. Current therapies for anxiety and fear-based disorders have limited success rate, revealing a clear need for an improved understanding of their neurobiological basis. Although animal models are excellent for dissecting fear memory circuits and have driven tremendous advances in the field, translation of these findings into the clinic has been limited so far. Animal models of stress-induced pathological fear combined with powerful cutting-edge techniques would help to improve the translational value of preclinical studies. We also encourage combining animal and human research, including psychiatric patients in order to find new pharmacological targets with real therapeutic potential that will improve the extrapolation of the findings. Finally, we highlight novel neuroimaging approaches that improve our understanding of anxiety and fear-based disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- África Flores
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel À Fullana
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries-CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERSAM-G17, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raül Andero
- Institut de Neurociènces, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. .,CIBERSAM, Corporació Sanitaria Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain. .,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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40
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Bach DR, Castegnetti G, Korn CW, Gerster S, Melinscak F, Moser T. Psychophysiological modeling: Current state and future directions. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13214. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R. Bach
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging and Max Planck/UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing ResearchUniversity College London London United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Castegnetti
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christoph W. Korn
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute for Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Samuel Gerster
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Filip Melinscak
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tobias Moser
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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41
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The passive avoidance memory improving effect of curcumin in young adult mice: Considering hippocampal MMP-2, MMP-9 and Akt/GSK3β. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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42
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Tzovara A, Korn CW, Bach DR. Human Pavlovian fear conditioning conforms to probabilistic learning. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006243. [PMID: 30169519 PMCID: PMC6118355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to predict threat from environmental cues is a fundamental skill in changing environments. This aversive learning process is exemplified by Pavlovian threat conditioning. Despite a plethora of studies on the neural mechanisms supporting the formation of associations between neutral and aversive events, our computational understanding of this process is fragmented. Importantly, different computational models give rise to different and partly opposing predictions for the trial-by-trial dynamics of learning, for example expressed in the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Here, we investigate human ANS responses to conditioned stimuli during Pavlovian fear conditioning. To obtain precise, trial-by-trial, single-subject estimates of ANS responses, we build on a statistical framework for psychophysiological modelling. We then consider previously proposed non-probabilistic models, a simple probabilistic model, and non-learning models, as well as different observation functions to link learning models with ANS activity. Across three experiments, and both for skin conductance (SCR) and pupil size responses (PSR), a probabilistic learning model best explains ANS responses. Notably, SCR and PSR reflect different quantities of the same model: SCR track a mixture of expected outcome and uncertainty, while PSR track expected outcome alone. In summary, by combining psychophysiological modelling with computational learning theory, we provide systematic evidence that the formation and maintenance of Pavlovian threat predictions in humans may rely on probabilistic inference and includes estimation of uncertainty. This could inform theories of neural implementation of aversive learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Tzovara
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Christoph W. Korn
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik R. Bach
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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43
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The Effect of BSA-Based Curcumin Nanoparticles on Memory and Hippocampal MMP-2, MMP-9, and MAPKs in Adult Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:319-326. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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44
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Kelly JR, Minuto C, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. Cross Talk: The Microbiota and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:490. [PMID: 28966571 PMCID: PMC5605633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans evolved within a microbial ecosystem resulting in an interlinked physiology. The gut microbiota can signal to the brain via the immune system, the vagus nerve or other host-microbe interactions facilitated by gut hormones, regulation of tryptophan metabolism and microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), to influence brain development, function and behavior. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in shaping cognitive networks encompassing emotional and social domains in neurodevelopmental disorders. Drawing upon pre-clinical and clinical evidence, we review the potential role of the gut microbiota in the origins and development of social and emotional domains related to Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. Small preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated gut microbiota alterations in both ASD and schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. However, we await the further development of mechanistic insights, together with large scale longitudinal clinical trials, that encompass a systems level dimensional approach, to investigate whether promising pre-clinical and initial clinical findings lead to clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Chiara Minuto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
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45
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Shishkina GT, Lanshakov DA, Bannova AV, Kalinina TS, Agarina NP, Dygalo NN. Doxycycline Used for Control of Transgene Expression has its Own Effects on Behaviors and Bcl-xL in the Rat Hippocampus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:281-288. [PMID: 28861774 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Doxycycline (Dox)-inducible transgenic approach is used to examine the neural mechanisms of anxiety and depression; however, its own effects on related behaviors are not clear. To address this, in the present study, we tested the anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats treated with Dox in drinking water (2 mg/ml) in the elevated plus-maze (EPM; on day 5) and forced swim (FST; on day 8) tests, respectively. In addition, the levels of mRNAs and proteins of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in the hippocampus (HIPP) and frontal cortex (FC) were also analyzed. Consumption of Dox for 4 days induced an anxiogenic-like phenotype that was manifested by the decreased percentages of open arm entries and time spent on the open arms of the EPM. After Dox for 7 days, animals demonstrated more active behavior in the FST than control rats as evidenced by the increase in climbing time. When assessed after the FST, expression of Bcl-xL was increased in the hippocampus of Dox-treated animals. Furthermore, hippocampal Bcl-xL content correlated positively with the duration of climbing in the test. This study is the first to find that Dox in treatment regime used to control transgene expression can affect anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats. Dox-induced increase in Bcl-xL expression in the hippocampus may be involved in the moderate activation of FST behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Shishkina
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.
| | - D A Lanshakov
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - A V Bannova
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - T S Kalinina
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - N P Agarina
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - N N Dygalo
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
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