1
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Park A, Lee JY. Adenoviral Vector System: A Comprehensive Overview of Constructions, Therapeutic Applications and Host Responses. J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s12275-024-00159-4. [PMID: 39037484 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are crucial for gene therapy and vaccine development, offering a platform for gene delivery into host cells. Since the discovery of adenoviruses, first-generation vectors with limited capacity have evolved to third-generation vectors flacking viral coding sequences, balancing safety and gene-carrying capacity. The applications of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy and anti-viral treatments have expanded through the use of in vitro ligation and homologous recombination, along with gene editing advancements such as CRISPR-Cas9. Current research aims to maintain the efficacy and safety of adenoviral vectors by addressing challenges such as pre-existing immunity against adenoviral vectors and developing new adenoviral vectors from rare adenovirus types and non-human species. In summary, adenoviral vectors have great potential in gene therapy and vaccine development. Through continuous research and technological advancements, these vectors are expected to lead to the development of safer and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyeseu Park
- The Laboratory of Viromics and Evolution, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yoon Lee
- The Laboratory of Viromics and Evolution, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Christoffers S, Seiler L, Wiebe E, Blume C. Possibilities and efficiency of MSC co-transfection for gene therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38783353 PMCID: PMC11119386 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are not only capable of self-renewal, trans-differentiation, homing to damaged tissue sites and immunomodulation by secretion of trophic factors but are also easy to isolate and expand. Because of these characteristics, they are used in numerous clinical trials for cell therapy including immune and neurological disorders, diabetes, bone and cartilage diseases and myocardial infarction. However, not all trials have successful outcomes, due to unfavourable microenvironmental factors and the heterogenous nature of MSCs. Therefore, genetic manipulation of MSCs can increase their prospect. Currently, most studies focus on single transfection with one gene. Even though the introduction of more than one gene increases the complexity, it also increases the effectivity as different mechanism are triggered, leading to a synergistic effect. In this review we focus on the methodology and efficiency of co-transfection, as well as the opportunities and pitfalls of these genetically engineered cells for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Christoffers
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa Seiler
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Wiebe
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Sanchez-Felipe L, Alpizar YA, Ma J, Coelmont L, Dallmeier K. YF17D-based vaccines - standing on the shoulders of a giant. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250133. [PMID: 38571392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF17D) was developed in the 1930s as the first ever empirically derived human vaccine. Ninety years later, it is still a benchmark for vaccines made today. YF17D triggers a particularly broad and polyfunctional response engaging multiple arms of innate, humoral and cellular immunity. This unique immunogenicity translates into an extraordinary vaccine efficacy and outstanding longevity of protection, possibly by single-dose immunization. More recently, progress in molecular virology and synthetic biology allowed engineering of YF17D as a powerful vector and promising platform for the development of novel recombinant live vaccines, including two licensed vaccines against Japanese encephalitis and dengue, even in paediatric use. Likewise, numerous chimeric and transgenic preclinical candidates have been described. These include prophylactic vaccines against emerging viral infections (e.g. Lassa, Zika and SARS-CoV-2) and parasitic diseases (e.g. malaria), as well as therapeutic applications targeting persistent infections (e.g. HIV and chronic hepatitis), and cancer. Efforts to overcome historical safety concerns and manufacturing challenges are ongoing and pave the way for wider use of YF17D-based vaccines. In this review, we summarize recent insights regarding YF17D as vaccine platform, and how YF17D-based vaccines may complement as well as differentiate from other emerging modalities in response to unmet medical needs and for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sanchez-Felipe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Coelmont
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Yang Q, Wang J, Chen Z. Conditional splicing system for tight control of viral overlapping genes. J Virol 2024; 98:e0024224. [PMID: 38446633 PMCID: PMC11019872 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00242-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral genomes frequently harbor overlapping genes, complicating the development of virus-vectored vaccines and gene therapies. This study introduces a novel conditional splicing system to precisely control the expression of such overlapping genes through recombinase-mediated conditional splicing. We refined site-specific recombinase (SSR) conditional splicing systems and explored their mechanisms. The systems demonstrated exceptional inducibility (116,700-fold increase) with negligible background expression, facilitating the conditional expression of overlapping genes in adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Notably, this approach enabled the establishment of stable AAV producer cell lines, encapsulating all necessary packaging genes. Our findings underscore the potential of the SSR-conditional splicing system to significantly advance vector engineering, enhancing the efficacy and scalability of viral-vector-based therapies and vaccines. IMPORTANCE Regulating overlapping genes is vital for gene therapy and vaccine development using viral vectors. The regulation of overlapping genes presents challenges, including cytotoxicity and impacts on vector capacity and genome stability, which restrict stable packaging cell line development and broad application. To address these challenges, we present a "loxp-splice-loxp"-based conditional splicing system, offering a novel solution for conditional expression of overlapping genes and stable cell line establishment. This system may also regulate other cytotoxic genes, representing a significant advancement in cell engineering and gene therapy as well as biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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5
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Medaer L, Veys K, Gijsbers R. Current Status and Prospects of Viral Vector-Based Gene Therapy to Treat Kidney Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:139-150. [PMID: 38386502 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited kidney diseases are among the leading causes of chronic kidney disease, reducing the quality of life and resulting in substantial socioeconomic impact. The advent of early genetic testing and the growing understanding of the molecular basis and pathophysiology of these disorders have opened avenues for novel treatment strategies. Viral vector-based gene therapies have evolved from experimental treatments for rare diseases to potent platforms that carry the intrinsic potential to provide a cure with a single application. Several gene therapy products have reached the market, and the numbers are only expected to increase. Still, none target inherited kidney diseases. Gene transfer to the kidney has lagged when compared to other tissue-directed therapies such as hepatic, neuromuscular, and ocular tissues. Systemic delivery of genetic information to tackle kidney disease is challenging. The pharma industry is taking steps to take on kidney disease and to translate the current research into the therapeutic arena. In this review, we provide an overview of the current viral vector-based approaches and their potential. We discuss advances in platforms and injection routes that have been explored to enhance gene delivery toward kidney cells in animal models, and how these can fuel the development of viable gene therapy products for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Medaer
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Koenraad Veys
- Laboratory of Paediatric Nephrology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, Faculty of Medicine; KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Sood S, Matar MM, Kim J, Kinsella M, Rayavara K, Signer O, Henderson J, Rogers J, Chawla B, Narvaez B, Van Ry A, Kar S, Arnold A, Rice JS, Smith AM, Su D, Sparks J, Le Goff C, Boyer JD, Anwer K. Strong immunogenicity & protection in mice with PlaCCine: A COVID-19 DNA vaccine formulated with a functional polymer. Vaccine 2024; 42:1300-1310. [PMID: 38302336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
DNA- based vaccines have demonstrated the potential as a safe and effective modality. PlaCCine, a DNA-based vaccine approach described subsequently relies on a synthetic DNA delivery system and is independent of virus or device. The synthetic functionalized polymer combined with DNA demonstrated stability over 12 months at 4C and for one month at 25C. Transfection efficiency compared to naked DNA increased by 5-15-fold in murine skeletal muscle. Studies of DNA vaccines expressing spike proteins from variants D614G (pVAC15), Delta (pVAC16), or a D614G + Delta combination (pVAC17) were conducted. Mice immunized intramuscular injection (IM) with pVAC15, pVAC16 or pVAC17 formulated with functionalized polymer and adjuvant resulted in induction of spike-specific humoral and cellular responses. Antibody responses were observed after one immunization. And endpoint IgG titers increased to greater than 1x 105 two weeks after the second injection. Neutralizing antibodies as determined by a pseudovirus competition assay were observed following vaccination with pVAC15, pVAC16 or pVAC17. Spike specific T cell immune responses were also observed following vaccination and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated the cellular immune responses included both CD4 and CD8 spike specific T cells. The immune responses in vaccinated mice were maintained for up to 14 months after vaccination. In an immunization and challenge study of K18 hACE2 transgenic mice pVAC15, pVAC16 and pVAC17 induced immune responses lead to decreased lung viral loads by greater than 90 % along with improved clinical score. These findings suggest that PlaCCine DNA vaccines are effective and stable and further development against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica Kim
- Imunon Inc., Lawrenceville, NJ, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daishui Su
- Imunon Inc., Lawrenceville, NJ, United States
| | - Jeff Sparks
- Imunon Inc., Lawrenceville, NJ, United States
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7
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Zhang H, Wang H, An Y, Chen Z. Construction and application of adenoviral vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102027. [PMID: 37808925 PMCID: PMC10556817 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been widely used as vaccine candidates or potential vaccine candidates against infectious diseases due to the convenience of genome manipulation, their ability to accommodate large exogenous gene fragments, easy access of obtaining high-titer of virus, and high efficiency of transduction. At the same time, adenoviral vectors have also been used extensively in clinical research for cancer gene therapy and treatment of diseases caused by a single gene defect. However, application of adenovirus also faces a series of challenges such as poor targeting, strong immune response against the vector itself, and they cannot be used repeatedly. It is believed that these problems will be solved gradually with further research and technological development in related fields. Here, we review the construction methods of adenoviral vectors, including "gutless" adenovirus and discuss application of adenoviral vectors as prophylactic vaccines for infectious pathogens and their application prospects as therapeutic vaccines for cancer and other kinds of chronic infectious disease such as human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Basic Research, Ab&B Bio-Tech CO., LTD. JS, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongdan Wang
- Department of Basic Research, Ab&B Bio-Tech CO., LTD. JS, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youcai An
- Department of Basic Research, Ab&B Bio-Tech CO., LTD. JS, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Basic Research, Ab&B Bio-Tech CO., LTD. JS, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Hahn R, Avraham KB. Gene Therapy for Inherited Hearing Loss: Updates and Remaining Challenges. Audiol Res 2023; 13:952-966. [PMID: 38131808 PMCID: PMC10740825 DOI: 10.3390/audiolres13060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss stands as the most prevalent sensory deficit among humans, posing a significant global health challenge. Projections indicate that by 2050, approximately 10% of the world's population will grapple with disabling hearing impairment. While approximately half of congenital hearing loss cases have a genetic etiology, traditional interventions such as hearing aids and cochlear implants do not completely restore normal hearing. The absence of biological treatment has prompted significant efforts in recent years, with a strong focus on gene therapy to address hereditary hearing loss. Although several studies have exhibited promising recovery from common forms of genetic deafness in mouse models, existing challenges must be overcome to make gene therapy applicable in the near future. Herein, we summarize the primary gene therapy strategies employed over past years, provide an overview of the recent achievements in preclinical studies for genetic hearing loss, and outline the current key obstacles to cochlear gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen B. Avraham
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
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9
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Huang X, Li Y, Li R, Wang S, Yang L, Wang S, Yin Y, Zai X, Zhang J, Xu J. Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein ectodomain delivered by type 5 adenovirus vector elicits broad immune response against NiV and HeV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1180344. [PMID: 37577376 PMCID: PMC10413271 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1180344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are newly emerging dangerous zoonotic pathogens of the Henipavirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. NiV and HeV (HNVs) which are transmitted by bats cause acute respiratory disease and fatal encephalitis in humans. To date, as there is a lack of antiviral drugs or effective antiviral therapies, the development of vaccines against those two viruses is of primary importance, and the immunogen design is crucial to the success of vaccines. In this study, the full-length protein (G), the ectodomain (Ge) and the head domain (Gs) of NiV attachment glycoprotein were delivered by the replication-defective type 5 adenovirus vector (Ad5) respectively, and the recombinant Ad5-NiV vaccine candidates (Ad5-NiVG, Ad5-NiVGe and Ad5-NiVGs) were constructed and their immunogenicity were evaluated in mice. The results showed that all the vaccine candidates stimulated specific humoral and cellular immune responses efficiently and rapidly against both NiV and HeV, and the Ad5-NiVGe elicited the strongest immune responses after a single-dose immunization. Furthermore, the potent conserved T-cell epitope DTLYFPAVGFL shared by NiV and HeV was identified in the study, which may provide valid information on the mechanism of HNVs-specific cellular immunity. In summary, this study demonstrates that the Ad5-NiVGe could be a potent vaccine candidate against HNVs by inducing robust humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyan Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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10
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Rando HM, Lordan R, Kolla L, Sell E, Lee AJ, Wellhausen N, Naik A, Kamil JP, Gitter A, Greene CS. The Coming of Age of Nucleic Acid Vaccines during COVID-19. mSystems 2023; 8:e0092822. [PMID: 36861992 PMCID: PMC10134841 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00928-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 21st century, several emergent viruses have posed a global threat. Each pathogen has emphasized the value of rapid and scalable vaccine development programs. The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has made the importance of such efforts especially clear. New biotechnological advances in vaccinology allow for recent advances that provide only the nucleic acid building blocks of an antigen, eliminating many safety concerns. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these DNA and RNA vaccines have facilitated the development and deployment of vaccines at an unprecedented pace. This success was attributable at least in part to broader shifts in scientific research relative to prior epidemics: the genome of SARS-CoV-2 was available as early as January 2020, facilitating global efforts in the development of DNA and RNA vaccines within 2 weeks of the international community becoming aware of the new viral threat. Additionally, these technologies that were previously only theoretical are not only safe but also highly efficacious. Although historically a slow process, the rapid development of vaccines during the COVID-19 crisis reveals a major shift in vaccine technologies. Here, we provide historical context for the emergence of these paradigm-shifting vaccines. We describe several DNA and RNA vaccines in terms of their efficacy, safety, and approval status. We also discuss patterns in worldwide distribution. The advances made since early 2020 provide an exceptional illustration of how rapidly vaccine development technology has advanced in the last 2 decades in particular and suggest a new era in vaccines against emerging pathogens. IMPORTANCE The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused untold damage globally, presenting unusual demands on but also unique opportunities for vaccine development. The development, production, and distribution of vaccines are imperative to saving lives, preventing severe illness, and reducing the economic and social burdens caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although vaccine technologies that provide the DNA or RNA sequence of an antigen had never previously been approved for use in humans, they have played a major role in the management of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we discuss the history of these vaccines and how they have been applied to SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, given that the evolution of new SARS-CoV-2 variants continues to present a significant challenge in 2022, these vaccines remain an important and evolving tool in the biomedical response to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie M. Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Likhitha Kolla
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sell
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Lee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amruta Naik
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - COVID-19 Review Consortium
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony Gitter
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Casey S. Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Kim J, Kim C, Lee JA, Lee SJ, Lee KH, Kim JH, Ahn JY, Jeong SJ, Ku NS, Yeom JS, Song YG, Choi JY. Immunogenicity Differences of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine According to Pre-Existing Adenovirus Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040784. [PMID: 37112696 PMCID: PMC10145356 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the immunogenicity of, and reactogenicity to, the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine according to pre-existing adenovirus immunity. Individuals scheduled for COVID-19 vaccination were prospectively enrolled in a tertiary hospital with 2400 beds from March 2020 onwards. Pre-existing adenovirus immunity data was obtained before ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. A total of 68 adult patients administered two doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine were enrolled. Pre-existing adenovirus immunity was identified in 49 patients (72.1%), but not in the remaining 19 patients (27.9%). The geometric mean titer of S-specific IgG antibodies was statistically higher in individuals without pre-existing adenovirus immunity at several time points: before the second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose (56.4 (36.6–125.0) vs. 51.0 (17.9–122.3), p = 0.024), 2–3 weeks after the second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose (629.5 (451.5–926.5) vs. 555.0 (287.3–926.0), p = 0.049), and 3 months after the second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose (274.5 (160.5–655.3) vs. 176.0 (94.3–255.3), p = 0.033). In the absence of pre-existing adenovirus immunity, systemic events were observed with higher frequency, especially chills (73.7% vs. 31.9%, p = 0.002). In conclusion, individuals without pre-existing adenovirus immunity showed a higher immune response to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination and a higher frequency of reactogenicity to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnam Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyup Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Ju Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Ahn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Su Ku
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Sup Yeom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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12
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Biggs AT, Littlejohn LF. Describing mRNA Vaccine Technology for a Military Audience. Mil Med 2023; 188:547-554. [PMID: 35584186 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccine technology has improved substantially since the first smallpox vaccine, developed more than 200 years ago. As technology improves, vaccines can be produced more safely and reliably for many different pathogens. A recent breakthrough saw the first full deployment of mRNA vaccines to fight a pandemic. Despite the technological and logistical feat of developing a viable vaccine in an abbreviated time frame, there have been many questions about this new approach to vaccine development. The current review will provide descriptions about different types of vaccines as well as answers to some common questions about mRNA vaccines. The purpose is to provide military medical professionals with the information needed to better convey the importance and function of these new vaccines to service members. MATERIALS AND METHODS There were no explicit inclusion or exclusion criteria for articles describing mRNA vaccine technology. References included here were intended to illustrate important principles or empirical evidence in demonstrating the safety, efficacy, and function of mRNA vaccines. DISCUSSION The review describes three different types of vaccines: whole-pathogen, subunit, and nucleic acid. Each vaccine type has different implications for the development and production of a vaccine line. For example, whole-pathogen and subunit vaccines often require growing significant amounts of the vaccine sample in laboratory before the material can be incorporated into the vaccine. Nucleic acid vaccines instead provide cells the opportunity to produce key proteins without needing to reproduce the virus and attenuate it in a laboratory setting. This approach has a notable advantage of speed in moving from genome sequencing to vaccine production, but it also creates some potential confusion. The discussion covers three questions with regard to this confusion. First, was the vaccine developed too quickly? Speed here is a byproduct of the new technology and unprecedented government interdepartmental cooperation. No steps were skipped in development or production. Second, does the vaccine modify DNA? No, the mRNA vaccines never enter the cell nucleus and therefore cannot modify DNA. The discussion clarifies how mRNA enters cells and produces the key proteins required to stimulate an immune system response. Third, how long will immunity last? Because mRNA vaccines are new, long-term immunity cannot be projected without significant further study. Still, the discussion does cover issues in determining vaccine efficacy in clinical laboratory trials versus field effectiveness in the real world. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE USES These mRNA vaccines are the newest and most sophisticated defensive tool military medicine has against emerging biological threats. Evolving dangers, such as synthetic biology and engineered pathogens, further enhance the importance of having defensive countermeasures that can be rapidly deployed in response. Current evidence suggests high safety and effectiveness for a biological countermeasure, decades in the making, and military medical personnel should feel confident using and recommending this technology to ensure force health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Biggs
- Medical Department, Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, CA 92155, USA
| | - Lanny F Littlejohn
- Medical Department, Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, CA 92155, USA
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13
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Gene Therapy for Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030856. [PMID: 36986717 PMCID: PMC10057434 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of biological methods over the past decade has stimulated great interest in the possibility to regenerate human tissues. Advances in stem cell research, gene therapy, and tissue engineering have accelerated the technology in tissue and organ regeneration. However, despite significant progress in this area, there are still several technical issues that must be addressed, especially in the clinical use of gene therapy. The aims of gene therapy include utilising cells to produce a suitable protein, silencing over-producing proteins, and genetically modifying and repairing cell functions that may affect disease conditions. While most current gene therapy clinical trials are based on cell- and viral-mediated approaches, non-viral gene transfection agents are emerging as potentially safe and effective in the treatment of a wide variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Gene therapy based on viral vectors may induce pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Therefore, significant efforts are being invested in non-viral vectors to enhance their efficiency to a level comparable to the viral vector. Non-viral technologies consist of plasmid-based expression systems containing a gene encoding, a therapeutic protein, and synthetic gene delivery systems. One possible approach to enhance non-viral vector ability or to be an alternative to viral vectors would be to use tissue engineering technology for regenerative medicine therapy. This review provides a critical view of gene therapy with a major focus on the development of regenerative medicine technologies to control the in vivo location and function of administered genes.
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14
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Wen K, Resch MD, Mazboudi R, Mulhall Maasz H, Galarza JM. Novel and efficient method for the reconstruction of adenoviruses through isothermal assembly and its potential applications. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1095198. [PMID: 36776626 PMCID: PMC9909595 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1095198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus based vectors are useful tools for vaccine development, gene therapy, and oncolytic virotherapy. Here we describe a novel approach for the genetic engineering of any portion of the adenovirus genome and the reconstruction of either fully replication competent or defective virions. This innovative strategy is rapid, effective and suitable for the manipulation of the entire genome broadening the spectrum of potential applications for the adenovirus system. Our strategy involved insertion of restriction enzyme recognition sequences absent in the native virus into the termini of the adenovirus genome in order to facilitate recovery. These restriction enzyme sites, together with the two inverted terminal repeats and packaging sequences, were synthesized and then subcloned into the pBR322 vector. The remaining internal portion of the adenovirus genome was separated and amplified via PCR into six segments, of which groups of two were joined together by PCR and then subcloned into pBR322 plasmids. During the PCR reaction, an overlap of 30-40 bp was added to the termini of the adjacent fragments, allowing for the subsequent isothermal assembly and correct orientation of all fragments. This approach allows for the genetic modification of each genomic fragment according to the specific research goals, (e.g., deletion, substitution, addition, etc.) To recreate the entire viral genome, the four engineered fragments (each comprised of two adenovirus genomic sections) as well as the pBR322 backbone, were reassembled into a single construct utilizing an isothermal assembly reaction. Finally, the reassembled plasmid containing the entire genome was linearized and transfected into HEK293 cells to recover the complete reconstructed adenoviral vector. Using this approach, we have successfully generated two recombinant reporter adenoviruses, one of human adenovirus serotype 14 and another of serotype 55. The E3 region was replaced by the reporter genes (GFP and Luciferase) to visualize and track the recovery process. Subsequent infection of A549 cells with these reconstructed adenovirus vectors demonstrated that they were replication competent. This method shortens the viral reconstruction process because the one-step isothermal assembly requires less than 4 days, and recombinant adenovirus recovery occurs within 10 days. This new method allows for single or multiple genetic modifications within any portion of the viral genome and can be used to construct or manipulate any adenovirus whose complete genome sequence is known.
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15
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Rando HM, Lordan R, Kolla L, Sell E, Lee AJ, Wellhausen N, Naik A, Kamil JP. The Coming of Age of Nucleic Acid Vaccines during COVID-19. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2210.07247v2. [PMID: 36263086 PMCID: PMC9580386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the 21st century, several emergent viruses have posed a global threat. Each pathogen has emphasized the value of rapid and scalable vaccine development programs. The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has made the importance of such efforts especially clear. New biotechnological advances in vaccinology allow for recent advances that provide only the nucleic acid building blocks of an antigen, eliminating many safety concerns. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these DNA and RNA vaccines have facilitated the development and deployment of vaccines at an unprecedented pace. This success was attributable at least in part to broader shifts in scientific research relative to prior epidemics; the genome of SARS-CoV-2 was available as early as January 2020, facilitating global efforts in the development of DNA and RNA vaccines within two weeks of the international community becoming aware of the new viral threat. Additionally, these technologies that were previously only theoretical are not only safe but also highly efficacious. Although historically a slow process, the rapid development of vaccines during the COVID-19 crisis reveals a major shift in vaccine technologies. Here, we provide historical context for the emergence of these paradigm-shifting vaccines. We describe several DNA and RNA vaccines and in terms of their efficacy, safety, and approval status. We also discuss patterns in worldwide distribution. The advances made since early 2020 provide an exceptional illustration of how rapidly vaccine development technology has advanced in the last two decades in particular and suggest a new era in vaccines against emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie M Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Likhitha Kolla
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sell
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexandra J Lee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amruta Naik
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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16
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An efficient capture strategy for the purification of human adenovirus type 5 from cell lysates. J Biotechnol 2023; 361:49-56. [PMID: 36494010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An efficient capture step for human adenovirus type 5 from cell lysate was developed as an initial virus purification step from cell debris supernatant. Organosilane-based polymer particles were synthesized and experimental monomer screening allowed the selection of appropriate functionalities for the development of particles for virus binding. After elution, virus recoveries of 83 % were obtained with significant reduction of matrix proteins and residual host cell DNA. Therefore, the implemented capture strategy for adenovirus via polymer particles provides a scalable and reproducible approach to reduce time and cost during virus purification processes.
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Khare S, Niharika, Singh A, Hussain I, Singh NB, Singh S. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Types, Working Principle, and Its Impact on Thrombosis and Gastrointestinal Disorders. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1541-1573. [PMID: 36222988 PMCID: PMC9554396 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario of the coronavirus pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), considerable efforts have been made to control the pandemic by the development of a strong immune system through massive vaccination. Just after the discovery of the genetic sequences of SARS-CoV-2, the development of vaccines became the prime focus of scientists around the globe. About 200 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines have already been entered into preclinical and clinical trials. Various traditional and novel approaches are being utilized as a broad range of platforms. Viral vector (replicating and non-replicating), nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), recombinant protein, virus-like particle, peptide, live attenuated virus, an inactivated virus approaches are the prominent attributes of the vaccine development. This review article includes the current knowledge about the platforms used for the development of different vaccines, their working principles, their efficacy, and the impacts of COVID-19 vaccines on thrombosis. We provide a detailed description of the vaccines that are already approved by administrative authorities. Moreover, various strategies utilized in the development of emerging vaccines that are in the trial phases along with their mode of delivery have been discussed along with their effect on thrombosis and gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Khare
- grid.411343.00000 0001 0213 924XPlant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 U.P. India
| | - Niharika
- grid.411343.00000 0001 0213 924XPlant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 U.P. India
| | - Ajey Singh
- grid.411488.00000 0001 2302 6594Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007 U.P. India
| | - Imtiyaz Hussain
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Government Degree College, University of Ladakh, Dras, Ladakh India
| | - Narsingh Bahadur Singh
- grid.411343.00000 0001 0213 924XPlant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 U.P. India
| | - Subhash Singh
- grid.16416.340000 0004 1936 9174The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY-14627 USA
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Mittal SK. Significance of Preexisting Vector Immunity and Activation of Innate Responses for Adenoviral Vector-Based Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122727. [PMID: 36560730 PMCID: PMC9787786 DOI: 10.3390/v14122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An adenoviral (AdV)-based vector system is a promising platform for vaccine development and gene therapy applications. Administration of an AdV vector elicits robust innate immunity, leading to the development of humoral and cellular immune responses against the vector and the transgene antigen, if applicable. The use of high doses (1011-1013 virus particles) of an AdV vector, especially for gene therapy applications, could lead to vector toxicity due to excessive levels of innate immune responses, vector interactions with blood factors, or high levels of vector transduction in the liver and spleen. Additionally, the high prevalence of AdV infections in humans or the first inoculation with the AdV vector result in the development of vector-specific immune responses, popularly known as preexisting vector immunity. It significantly reduces the vector efficiency following the use of an AdV vector that is prone to preexisting vector immunity. Several approaches have been developed to overcome this problem. The utilization of rare human AdV types or nonhuman AdVs is the primary strategy to evade preexisting vector immunity. The use of heterologous viral vectors, capsid modification, and vector encapsulation are alternative methods to evade vector immunity. The vectors can be optimized for clinical applications with comprehensive knowledge of AdV vector immunity, toxicity, and circumvention strategies.
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miRNA Pathway Alteration in Response to Non-Coding RNA Delivery in Viral Vector-Based Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314954. [PMID: 36499289 PMCID: PMC9741442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is widely used to treat incurable disorders and has become a routine procedure in clinical practice. Since viruses can exhibit specific tropisms, effectively penetrate the cell, and are easy to use, most gene therapy approaches are based on viral delivery of genetic material. However, viral vectors have some disadvantages, such as immune response and cytotoxicity induced by a disturbance of cell metabolism, including miRNA pathways that are an important part of transcription regulation. Therefore, any viral-based gene therapy approach involves the evaluation of side effects and safety. It is possible for such effects to be caused either by the viral vectors themselves or by the delivered genetic material. Many gene therapy techniques use non-coding RNA delivery as an effective agent for gene expression regulation, with the risk of cellular miRNA pathways being affected due to the nature of the non-coding RNAs. This review describes the effect of viral vector entry and non-coding RNA delivery by these vectors on miRNA signaling pathways.
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Zong W, Zhang T, Chen B, Lu Q, Cao X, Wang K, Yang Z, Chen Z, Yang Y. Emerging roles of noncoding micro RNAs and circular RNAs in bovine mastitis: Regulation, breeding, diagnosis, and therapy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1048142. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1048142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is one of the most troublesome and costly problems in the modern dairy industry, which is not only difficult to monitor, but can also cause economic losses while having significant implications on public health. However, efficacious preventative methods and therapy are still lacking. Moreover, new drugs and therapeutic targets are in increasing demand due to antibiotic restrictions. In recent years, noncoding RNAs have gained popularity as a topic in pathological and genetic studies. Meanwhile, there is growing evidence that they play a role in regulating various biological processes and developing novel treatment platforms. In light of this, this review focuses on two types of noncoding RNAs, micro RNAs and circular RNAs, and summarizes their characterizations, relationships, potential applications as selection markers, diagnostic or treatment targets and potential applications in RNA-based therapy, in order to shed new light on further research.
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Huang S, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Recent Advances in Delivery Systems for Genetic and Other Novel Vaccines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107946. [PMID: 34914144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful and cost-effective prophylactic measures against diseases, especially infectious diseases including smallpox and polio. However, the development of effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines for other diseases such as cancer remains challenging. This is often due to the imprecise control of vaccine activity in vivo which leads to insufficient/inappropriate immune responses or short immune memory. The development of new vaccine types in recent decades has created the potential for improving the protective potency against these diseases. Genetic and subunit vaccines are two major categories of these emerging vaccines. Owing to their nature, they rely heavily on delivery systems with various functions, such as effective cargo protection, immunogenicity enhancement, targeted delivery, sustained release of antigens, selective activation of humoral and/or cellular immune responses against specific antigens, and reduced adverse effects. Therefore, vaccine delivery systems may significantly affect the final outcome of genetic and other novel vaccines and are vital for their development. This review introduces these studies based on their research emphasis on functional design or administration route optimization, presents recent progress, and discusses features of new vaccine delivery systems, providing an overview of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yining Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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22
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Parakh S, Maheshwari S, Das S, Vaish H, Luthra G, Agrawal R, Gupta V, Luthra S. Central retinal vein occlusion post ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination - can it be explained by the two-hit hypothesis? J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2022; 12:34. [PMID: 36289113 PMCID: PMC9606152 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-022-00311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) seven days following the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and propose a hypothesis for the possible underlying pathogenesis. OBSERVATION A 31-year-old male presented with CRVO with cystoid macular edema, one week after receiving his first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine dose. Apart from mild hyperhomocysteinemia, no major thrombophilic or systemic risk factors were found. Anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies, specific for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, were also negative. However, he tested strongly positive (> 250 U/mL) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG spike antibodies, 2 weeks post the first dose - suggestive of a prior subclinical infection. CONCLUSION COVID-19 is known to be associated with an altered host one-carbon metabolism resulting in hyperhomocysteinemia. We hypothesize that a prior subclinical infection with COVID-19, the first hit, may have led to hyperhomocysteinemia in our patient and vaccination must have been the second hit that triggered the thrombotic event. Further studies, including correlation of thrombotic complications with IgG antibody titres post-vaccination, are essential in order to better understand the pathogenesis of such events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Saurabh Luthra
- Drishti Eye Institute, Dehradun, India.
- Drishti Eye Institute, 16, Subhash Road, Astley Hall, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India.
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Ma J, Yakass MB, Jansen S, Malengier-Devlies B, Van Looveren D, Sanchez-Felipe L, Vercruysse T, Weynand B, Javarappa MPA, Quaye O, Matthys P, Roskams T, Neyts J, Thibaut HJ, Dallmeier K. Live-attenuated YF17D-vectored COVID-19 vaccine protects from lethal yellow fever virus infection in mouse and hamster models. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104240. [PMID: 36041265 PMCID: PMC9419561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine YF17D holds great promise as alternative viral vector vaccine platform, showcased by our previously presented potent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine candidate YF-S0. Besides protection from SARS-CoV-2, YF-S0 also induced strong yellow fever virus (YFV)-specific immunity, suggestive for full dual activity. A vaccine concomitantly protecting from SARS-CoV-2 and YFV would be of great benefit for those living in YFV-endemic areas with limited access to current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, for broader applicability, pre-existing vector immunity should not impact the potency of such YF17D-vectored vaccines. METHODS The immunogenicity and efficacy of YF-S0 against YFV and SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of strong pre-existing YFV immunity were evaluated in mouse and hamster challenge models. FINDINGS Here, we show that a single dose of YF-S0 is sufficient to induce strong humoral and cellular immunity against YFV as well as SARS-CoV-2 in mice and hamsters; resulting in full protection from vigorous YFV challenge in either model; in mice against lethal intracranial YF17D challenge, and in hamsters against viscerotropic infection and liver disease following challenge with highly pathogenic hamster-adapted YFV-Asibi strain. Importantly, strong pre-existing immunity against the YF17D vector did not interfere with subsequent YF-S0 vaccination in mice or hamsters; nor with protection conferred against SARS-CoV-2 strain B1.1.7 (Alpha variant) infection in hamsters. INTERPRETATION Our findings warrant the development of YF-S0 as dual SARS-CoV-2 and YFV vaccine. Contrary to other viral vaccine platforms, use of YF17D does not suffer from pre-existing vector immunity. FUNDING Stated in the acknowledgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Bright Yakass
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sander Jansen
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bert Malengier-Devlies
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Research Group, Immunobiology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Looveren
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorena Sanchez-Felipe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birgit Weynand
- KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mahadesh Prasad Arkalagud Javarappa
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patrick Matthys
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Research Group, Immunobiology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding author.
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24
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Atyabi SMH, Rommasi F, Ramezani MH, Ghane Ezabadi MF, Arani MA, Sadeghi MH, Ahmed MM, Rajabi A, Dehghan N, Sohrabi A, Seifi M, Nasiri MJ. Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:401-415. [PMID: 35582622 PMCID: PMC9055170 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is one of the most critical pandemics during human civilization. Several therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 management have been offered; nonetheless, none of them seems to be sufficiently beneficial. In effect, vaccines have been proffered as a viable option. The critical issue now is to concentrate on protecting individuals against illness through immunization. One of the causes for concern among the researchers, physicians, and generally the whole community from the onset of vaccination has been the adverse effects (specifically blood clots) that may be observed after the injection of the COVID-19 vaccine. In some countries, such concerns have even resulted in the temporary or permanent discontinuation or abandonment of the application of some vaccines (especially AstraZeneca and Janssen). By evaluating rigorous studies published on this subject, the present article is aimed at identifying the association between blood clot incidence and COVID-19 vaccination. Various methods for producing the COVID-19 vaccines are analyzed, along with their possible pros and cons as well as common and rare side effects, especially VITT and blood clots. Finally, the differences of various vaccines on thrombotic events, WHO recommendations for VITT treatment, and blood clots statics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foad Rommasi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Rajabi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Dehghan
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sohrabi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Seifi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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A century of attempts to develop an effective tuberculosis vaccine: Why they failed? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108791. [PMID: 35487086 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem despite widespread use of the Bacillus BCG vaccine. This situation is worsened by co-infection with HIV, and the development of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Thus, novel vaccine candidates and improved vaccination strategies are urgently needed in order to reduce the incidence of TB and even to eradicate TB by 2050. Over the last few decades, 23 novel TB vaccines have entered into clinical trials, more than 13 new vaccines have reached various stages of preclinical development, and more than 50 potential candidates are in the discovery stage as next-generation vaccines. Nevertheless, why has a century of attempts to introduce an effective TB vaccine failed? Who should be blamed -scientists, human response, or Mtb strategies? Literature review reveals that the elimination of latent or active Mtb infections in a given population seems to be an epigenetic process. With a better understanding of the connections between bacterial infections and gene expression conditions in epigenetic events, opportunities arise in designing protective vaccines or therapeutic agents, particularly as epigenetic processes can be reversed. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of different approaches towards novel vaccination strategies and the mechanisms underlying these approaches.
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26
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Zhao Z, Anselmo AC, Mitragotri S. Viral vector-based gene therapies in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10258. [PMID: 35079633 PMCID: PMC8780015 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapies are currently one of the most investigated therapeutic modalities in both the preclinical and clinical settings and have shown promise in treating a diverse spectrum of diseases. Gene therapies aim at introducing a gene material in target cells and represent a promising approach to cure diseases that were thought to be incurable by conventional modalities. In many cases, a gene therapy requires a vector to deliver gene therapeutics into target cells; viral vectors are among the most widely studied vectors owing to their distinguished advantages such as outstanding transduction efficiency. With decades of development, viral vector-based gene therapies have achieved promising clinical outcomes with many products approved for treating a range of diseases including cancer, infectious diseases and monogenic diseases. In addition, a number of active clinical trials are underway to further expand their therapeutic potential. In this review, we highlight the diversity of viral vectors, review approved products, and discuss the current clinical landscape of in vivo viral vector-based gene therapies. We have reviewed 13 approved products and their clinical applications. We have also analyzed more than 200 active trials based on various viral vectors and discussed their respective therapeutic applications. Moreover, we provide a critical analysis of the major translational challenges for in vivo viral vector-based gene therapies and discuss possible strategies to address the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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27
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Elkashif A, Alhashimi M, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Adenoviral vector-based platforms for developing effective vaccines to combat respiratory viral infections. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1345. [PMID: 34667600 PMCID: PMC8510854 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of the first vaccine against smallpox over two centuries ago, vaccination strategies have been at the forefront of significantly impacting the incidences of infectious diseases globally. However, the increase in the human population, deforestation and climate change, and the rise in worldwide travel have favored the emergence of new viruses with the potential to cause pandemics. The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is a cruel reminder of the impact of novel pathogens and the suboptimal capabilities of conventional vaccines. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new vaccine strategies that allow the production of billions of doses in a short duration and are broadly protective against emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Extensive knowledge of the molecular biology and immunology of adenoviruses (Ad) has favored Ad vectors as platforms for vaccine design. The Ad-based vaccine platform represents an attractive strategy as it induces robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and can meet the global demand in a pandemic situation. This review describes the status of Ad vector-based vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies for current and emerging respiratory viruses, particularly coronaviruses, influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Marwa Alhashimi
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Ekramy E Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | | | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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28
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Aubets E, Chillon M, Ciudad CJ, Noé V. PolyPurine Reverse Hoogsteen Hairpins Work as RNA Species for Gene Silencing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10025. [PMID: 34576188 PMCID: PMC8466063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PolyPurine Reverse Hoogsteen Hairpins (PPRHs) are gene-silencing DNA-oligonucleotides developed in our laboratory that are formed by two antiparallel polypurine mirror repeat domains bound intramolecularly by Hoogsteen bonds. The aim of this work was to explore the feasibility of using viral vectors to deliver PPRHs as a gene therapy tool. After treatment with synthetic RNA, plasmid transfection, or viral infection targeting the survivin gene, viability was determined by the MTT assay, mRNA was determined by RT-qPCR, and protein levels were determined by Western blot. We showed that the RNA-PPRH induced a decrease in cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and an increase in apoptosis in PC-3 and HeLa cells. Both synthetic RNA-PPRH and RNA-PPRH intracellularly generated upon the transfection of a plasmid vector were able to reduce survivin mRNA and protein levels in PC-3 cells. An adenovirus type-5 vector encoding the PPRH against survivin was also able to decrease survivin mRNA and protein levels, leading to a reduction in HeLa cell viability. In this work, we demonstrated that PPRHs can also work as RNA species, either chemically synthesized, transcribed from a plasmid construct, or transcribed from viral vectors. Therefore, all these results are the proof of principle that viral vectors could be considered as a delivery system for PPRHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Aubets
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.A.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Miguel Chillon
- ICREA, Institute of Neurosciences at UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos J. Ciudad
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.A.); (C.J.C.)
| | - Véronique Noé
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.A.); (C.J.C.)
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29
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Heinz FX, Stiasny K. Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:104. [PMID: 34400651 PMCID: PMC8368295 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Mendonça SA, Lorincz R, Boucher P, Curiel DT. Adenoviral vector vaccine platforms in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:97. [PMID: 34354082 PMCID: PMC8342436 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been explored as vaccine agents for a range of infectious diseases, and their ability to induce a potent and balanced immune response made them logical candidates to apply to the COVID-19 pandemic. The unique molecular characteristics of these vectors enabled the rapid development of vaccines with advanced designs capable of overcoming the biological challenges faced by early adenoviral vector systems. These successes and the urgency of the COVID-19 situation have resulted in a flurry of candidate adenoviral vector vaccines for COVID-19 from both academia and industry. These vaccines represent some of the lead candidates currently supported by Operation Warp Speed and other government agencies for rapid translational development. This review details adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines currently in human clinical trials and provides an overview of the new technologies employed in their design. As these vaccines have formed a cornerstone of the COVID-19 global vaccination campaign, this review provides a full consideration of the impact and development of this emerging platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reka Lorincz
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Boucher
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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31
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Lu SY, Hua J, Xu J, Wei MY, Liang C, Meng QC, Liu J, Zhang B, Wang W, Yu XJ, Shi S. Microorganisms in chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer: An overview of current research and future directions. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2666-2682. [PMID: 34326701 PMCID: PMC8315022 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive system with a very high mortality rate. While gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is the predominant treatment for terminal pancreatic cancer, its therapeutic effect is not satisfactory. Recently, many studies have found that microorganisms not only play a consequential role in the occurrence and progression of pancreatic cancer but also modulate the effect of chemotherapy to some extent. Moreover, microorganisms may become an important biomarker for predicting pancreatic carcinogenesis and detecting the prognosis of pancreatic cancer. However, the existing experimental literature is not sufficient or convincing. Therefore, further exploration and experiments are imperative to understanding the mechanism underlying the interaction between microorganisms and pancreatic cancer. In this review, we primarily summarize and discuss the influences of oncolytic viruses and bacteria on pancreatic cancer chemotherapy because these are the two types of microorganisms that are most often studied. We focus on some potential methods specific to these two types of microorganisms that can be used to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao-Yan Wei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Cai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Di Vona ML, Rossolini GM, Sette M. A Strategy Based on Loop Analysis to Develop Peptide Epitopes: Application to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:658687. [PMID: 34026833 PMCID: PMC8131536 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.658687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many current strategies for inducing an immune response rely on the production of an antigenic protein. Such methods can be problematic if the folding of the antigenic protein is incorrect. To avoid this problem, we propose a method based on grafting specific regions of the chosen antigenic protein onto biocompatible polymeric matrices, so that they can mimic portions of the antigenic protein. These regions are selected following the criterion according to which they are not folded, are exposed to the solvent and are not already present in the human body, so that they are not recognized by the immune system as self. Regions are selected using the primary sequence of the protein and, where possible, its tertiary structure. The application of this strategy to the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Di Vona
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Associated Laboratory: Ionomer Materials for Energy, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Sette
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT Laboratory, University of Paris 13, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France
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33
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Heinz FX, Stiasny K. Profiles of current COVID-19 vaccines. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 133:271-283. [PMID: 33725201 PMCID: PMC7962631 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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34
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Powers JM, Haese NN, Denton M, Ando T, Kreklywich C, Bonin K, Streblow CE, Kreklywich N, Smith P, Broeckel R, DeFilippis V, Morrison TE, Heise MT, Streblow DN. Non-replicating adenovirus based Mayaro virus vaccine elicits protective immune responses and cross protects against other alphaviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009308. [PMID: 33793555 PMCID: PMC8051823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an alphavirus endemic to South and Central America associated with sporadic outbreaks in humans. MAYV infection causes severe joint and muscle pain that can persist for weeks to months. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics to prevent MAYV infection or treat the debilitating musculoskeletal inflammatory disease. In the current study, a prophylactic MAYV vaccine expressing the complete viral structural polyprotein was developed based on a non-replicating human adenovirus V (AdV) platform. Vaccination with AdV-MAYV elicited potent neutralizing antibodies that protected WT mice against MAYV challenge by preventing viremia, reducing viral dissemination to tissues and mitigating viral disease. The vaccine also prevented viral-mediated demise in IFN⍺R1-/- mice. Passive transfer of immune serum from vaccinated animals similarly prevented infection and disease in WT mice as well as virus-induced demise of IFN⍺R1-/- mice, indicating that antiviral antibodies are protective. Immunization with AdV-MAYV also generated cross-neutralizing antibodies against two related arthritogenic alphaviruses-chikungunya and Una viruses. These cross-neutralizing antibodies were protective against lethal infection in IFN⍺R1-/- mice following challenge with these heterotypic alphaviruses. These results indicate AdV-MAYV elicits protective immune responses with substantial cross-reactivity and protective efficacy against other arthritogenic alphaviruses. Our findings also highlight the potential for development of a multi-virus targeting vaccine against alphaviruses with endemic and epidemic potential in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Powers
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicole N. Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Ando
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kiley Bonin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Patricia Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Broeckel
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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35
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Chang J. Adenovirus Vectors: Excellent Tools for Vaccine Development. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e6. [PMID: 33728099 PMCID: PMC7937504 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus was originally used as a vector for gene therapy. In recent years, with the development of the next-generation vectors with increased safety and high immunogenicity to transgene products, its utility as a vaccine vector has continued to increase. Adenovirus-based vaccines are currently being tested not only to prevent various infectious diseases but also to be applied as cancer vaccines. In this review, I discuss the innate and adaptive aspects of the immunological characteristics of adenovirus vectors and further examine the current status of advanced adenovirus-based vaccine development. Various methods that can overcome the limitations of currently used adenoviruses as vaccine vehicles are also discussed. Through this study, I hope that vaccine development using adenovirus vectors will be expedited and more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Bulcha JT, Wang Y, Ma H, Tai PWL, Gao G. Viral vector platforms within the gene therapy landscape. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:53. [PMID: 33558455 PMCID: PMC7868676 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout its 40-year history, the field of gene therapy has been marked by many transitions. It has seen great strides in combating human disease, has given hope to patients and families with limited treatment options, but has also been subject to many setbacks. Treatment of patients with this class of investigational drugs has resulted in severe adverse effects and, even in rare cases, death. At the heart of this dichotomous field are the viral-based vectors, the delivery vehicles that have allowed researchers and clinicians to develop powerful drug platforms, and have radically changed the face of medicine. Within the past 5 years, the gene therapy field has seen a wave of drugs based on viral vectors that have gained regulatory approval that come in a variety of designs and purposes. These modalities range from vector-based cancer therapies, to treating monogenic diseases with life-altering outcomes. At present, the three key vector strategies are based on adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and lentiviruses. They have led the way in preclinical and clinical successes in the past two decades. However, despite these successes, many challenges still limit these approaches from attaining their full potential. To review the viral vector-based gene therapy landscape, we focus on these three highly regarded vector platforms and describe mechanisms of action and their roles in treating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jote T Bulcha
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic medical sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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37
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Layman NC, Tuschhoff BM, Basinski AJ, Remien CH, Bull JJ, Nuismer SL. Suppressing evolution in genetically engineered systems through repeated supplementation. Evol Appl 2021; 14:348-359. [PMID: 33664781 PMCID: PMC7896713 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered organisms are prone to evolve in response to the engineering. This evolution is often undesirable and can negatively affect the purpose of the engineering. Methods that maintain the stability of engineered genomes are therefore critical to the successful design and use of genetically engineered organisms. One potential method to limit unwanted evolution is by taking advantage of the ability of gene flow to counter local adaption, a process of supplementation. Here, we investigate the feasibility of supplementation as a mechanism to offset the evolutionary degradation of a transgene in three model systems: a bioreactor, a gene drive, and a transmissible vaccine. In each model, continual introduction from a stock is used to balance mutation and selection against the transgene. Each system has its unique features. The bioreactor system is especially tractable and has a simple answer: The level of supplementation required to maintain the transgene at a frequency p ^ is approximatelyp ^ s , where s is the selective disadvantage of the transgene. Supplementation is also feasible in the transmissible vaccine case but is probably not practical to prevent the evolution of resistance against a gene drive. We note, however, that the continual replacement of even a small fraction of a large population can be challenging, limiting the usefulness of supplementation as a means of controlling unwanted evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James J. Bull
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
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38
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Long-term maintenance of lung resident memory T cells is mediated by persistent antigen. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:92-99. [PMID: 32518368 PMCID: PMC7726002 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the lungs are pivotal for protection against repeated infection with respiratory viruses. However, the gradual loss of these cells over time and the associated decline in clinical protection represent a serious limit in the development of efficient T cell based vaccines against respiratory pathogens. Here, using an adenovirus expressing influenza nucleoprotein (AdNP), we show that CD8 TRM in the lungs can be maintained for at least 1 year post vaccination. Our results reveal that lung TRM continued to proliferate in situ 8 months after AdNP vaccination. Importantly, this required airway vaccination and antigen persistence in the lung, as non-respiratory routes of vaccination failed to support long-term lung TRM maintenance. In addition, parabiosis experiments show that in AdNP vaccinated mice, the lung TRM pool is also sustained by continual replenishment from circulating memory CD8 T cells that differentiate into lung TRM, a phenomenon not observed in influenza-infected parabiont partners. Concluding, these results demonstrate key requirements for long-lived cellular immunity to influenza virus, knowledge that could be utilized in future vaccine design.
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39
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A comparison of AAV-vector production methods for gene therapy and preclinical assessment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21532. [PMID: 33299011 PMCID: PMC7726153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno Associated Virus (AAV)-mediated gene expression in the brain is widely applied in the preclinical setting to investigate the therapeutic potential of specific molecular targets, characterize various cellular functions, and model central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In therapeutic applications in the clinical setting, gene therapy offers several advantages over traditional pharmacological based therapies, including the ability to directly manipulate disease mechanisms, selectively target disease-afflicted regions, and achieve long-term therapeutic protein expression in the absence of repeated administration of pharmacological agents. Next to the gold-standard iodixanol-based AAV vector production, we recently published a protocol for AAV production based on chloroform-precipitation, which allows for fast in-house production of small quantities of AAV vector without the need for specialized equipment. To validate our recent protocol, we present here a direct side-by-side comparison between vectors produced with either method in a series of in vitro and in vivo assays with a focus on transgene expression, cell loss, and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. We do not find differences in transduction efficiency nor in any other parameter in our in vivo and in vitro panel of assessment. These results suggest that our novel protocol enables most standardly equipped laboratories to produce small batches of high quality and high titer AAV vectors for their experimental needs.
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40
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Liang Z, Zhu H, Wang X, Jing B, Li Z, Xia X, Sun H, Yang Y, Zhang W, Shi L, Zeng H, Sun B. Adjuvants for Coronavirus Vaccines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589833. [PMID: 33240278 PMCID: PMC7677582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development utilizing various platforms is one of the strategies that has been proposed to address the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Adjuvants are critical components of both subunit and certain inactivated vaccines because they induce specific immune responses that are more robust and long-lasting. A review of the history of coronavirus vaccine development demonstrates that only a few adjuvants, including aluminum salts, emulsions, and TLR agonists, have been formulated for the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and currently the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in experimental and pre-clinical studies. However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding the effects of the adjuvants tested in coronavirus vaccines. This paper presents an overview of adjuvants that have been formulated in reported coronavirus vaccine studies, which should assist with the design and selection of adjuvants with optimal efficacy and safety profiles for COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Haoru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Jing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zifan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hongwu Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiting Zhang
- NCPC Genetech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Shi
- Basic Research Department, Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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41
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Michelini FM, Bueno CA, Areco YB, Alché LE. A synthetic stigmastane displays antiadenoviral activity and reduces the inflammatory response to viral infection. Antiviral Res 2020; 183:104879. [PMID: 32918925 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although human adenovirus (ADV) infections are mild and self-limited in immunocompetent individuals, they can be severe and life-threatening in immunocompromised patients. Despite their significant clinical impact, there are not currently approved antiviral therapies for ADV infections. On the other hand, in some cases, the immune response induced by ADV infection can cause tissue damage. Even more, in the case of adenovirus vectors used in gene therapy, host immunity generally antagonize viral efficacy. Therefore, the need for searching an effective and safe therapy is increasing. In this work, we describe the antiadenoviral activity of the synthetic stigmastane (22S, 23S)-22,23-dihydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (Compound 1) with already reported antiviral and antiinflammatory activities against other viruses of clinical importance. Compound 1 displayed no virucidal activity and did not affect ADV entry to the cells. The compound inhibited viral replication and it also reduced cytokine secretion in epithelial and inflammatory infected cells. Thus, Compound 1 would be a promissory drug potentially useful against adenoviral infections as well as an adjuvant of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Michelini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carlos A Bueno
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina B Areco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura E Alché
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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He C, Qin M, Sun X. Highly pathogenic coronaviruses: thrusting vaccine development in the spotlight. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1175-1191. [PMID: 32834948 PMCID: PMC7260574 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) has caused major public health crises. There have been more than 4,400,000 reported cases of COVID-2019 and more than 300,000 reported deaths to date (16/05/2020). SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have attracted widespread global attention due to their high infectivity and pathogenicity. To date, there is no specific treatment proven effective against these viral infectious diseases. Vaccination is considered one of the most effective strategies to prevent viral infections. Therefore, the development of effective vaccines against highly pathogenic coronaviruses is essential. In this review, we will briefly describe coronavirus vaccine design targets, summarize recent advances in the development of coronavirus vaccines, and highlight current adjuvants for improving the efficacy of coronavirus vaccines.
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43
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Morgan BA, Manser M, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z, Cranston ED, Thompson MR. Effect of Shear Stresses on Adenovirus Activity and Aggregation during Atomization To Produce Thermally Stable Vaccines by Spray Drying. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4304-4313. [PMID: 33463328 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the substantive potential benefits of thermally stable dry powder vaccines to public health, causes for inactivation of their sensitive viral vectors during preparation require intensive study. The focus of this work was atomization of suspensions containing encapsulating excipients and a human type 5 adenovirus, involving a detailed investigation of shear stresses in the nozzle of a spray dryer. Samples were sprayed at 25 °C into falcon tubes and immediately evaluated for viral activity by in vitro testing, minimizing the confounding of thermal effects on the deactivation of the virus, although interfacial stresses could not be decoupled from shear stresses. Despite the expectations of only virus deactivation with ever-increasing shear stresses in the spray nozzle, some conditions were found to show better activity than the positive control, leading to investigations of viral aggregation. It was found that the adenovirus experienced minor aggregation when mixed with the excipient solutions, which was reversed by subjecting samples to moderate shear conditions in the spray nozzle. At very high shear rates, the activity diminished again because of damage to the viral capsid fibers, which also led to the production of new aggregates after atomization. Despite these findings, activity losses caused by shear were small compared to the overall spray drying process loss. However, formulation composition, solution viscosity, and process conditions should be considered carefully for optimization because of their impact on aggregation. This is the first known report comparing shear, aggregation, and biological activity loss during the atomization step of spray drying viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair A Morgan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7 Ontario, Canada
| | - Myla Manser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7 Ontario, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7 Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7 Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7 Ontario, Canada.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3 British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael R Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7 Ontario, Canada
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44
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Barry MA, Rubin JD, Lu SC. Retargeting adenoviruses for therapeutic applications and vaccines. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1918-1946. [PMID: 31944286 PMCID: PMC7311308 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are robust vectors for therapeutic applications and vaccines, but their use can be limited by differences in their in vitro and in vivo pharmacologies. This review emphasizes that there is not just one Ad, but a whole virome of diverse viruses that can be used as therapeutics. It discusses that true vector targeting involves not only retargeting viruses, but importantly also detargeting the viruses from off-target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Immunology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rubin
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shao-Chia Lu
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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45
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Generating therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to complex multi-spanning membrane targets: Overcoming the antigen challenge and enabling discovery strategies. Methods 2020; 180:111-126. [PMID: 32422249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex integral membrane proteins, which are embedded in the cell surface lipid bilayer by multiple transmembrane spanning helices, encompass families of proteins which are important target classes for drug discovery. These protein families include G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels and transporters. Although these proteins have typically been targeted by small molecule drugs and peptides, the high specificity of monoclonal antibodies offers a significant opportunity to selectively modulate these target proteins. However, it remains the case that isolation of antibodies with desired pharmacological function(s) has proven difficult due to technical challenges in preparing membrane protein antigens suitable to support antibody drug discovery. In this review recent progress in defining strategies for generation of membrane protein antigens is outlined. We also highlight antibody isolation strategies which have generated antibodies which bind the membrane protein and modulate the protein function.
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46
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Zhao M, Duan X, Wang Y, Gao L, Cao H, Li X, Zheng SJ. A Novel Role for PX, a Structural Protein of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 (FAdV4), as an Apoptosis-Inducer in Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cell. Viruses 2020; 12:E228. [PMID: 32085479 PMCID: PMC7077197 DOI: 10.3390/v12020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydropericardium-Hepatitis Syndrome (HHS) caused by Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 (FAdV4) infection is a severe threat to the poultry industry worldwide, especially in China since 2015. Recent studies show that FAdV4 induces liver injury through apoptosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. We report here that FAdV4 infection caused apoptosis in Leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells and that PX, a structural protein of FAdV4, acted as a major viral factor inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, the nuclear localization of PX is determined by the R/K regions of PX and required for PX-induced apoptosis. Moreover, alanines 11 and 129 of PX are crucial to PX-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of FAdV4-induced apoptosis by caspase inhibitors retarded viral replication, suggesting that PX serves as a virulence factor for FAdV4 infection, which may further our understandings of the pathogenesis of FAdV4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J. Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (H.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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47
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Neukirch L, Fougeroux C, Andersson AMC, Holst PJ. The potential of adenoviral vaccine vectors with altered antigen presentation capabilities. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:25-41. [PMID: 31889453 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite their appeal as vaccine vectors, adenoviral vectors are yet unable to induce protective immune responses against some weakly immunogenic antigens. Additionally, the maximum doses of adenovirus-based vaccines are limited by vector-induced toxicity, causing vector elimination and diminished immune responses against the target antigen. In order to increase immune responses to the transgene, while maintaining a moderate vector dose, new technologies for improved transgene presentation have been developed for adenoviral vaccine vectors.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of different genetic-fusion adjuvants that aim to improve antigen presentation in the context of adenoviral vector-based vaccines. The influence on both T cell and B cell responses are discussed, with a main focus on two technologies: MHC class II-associated invariant chain and virus-like-vaccines.Expert opinion: Different strategies have been tested to improve adenovirus-based vaccinations with varying degrees of success. The reviewed genetic adjuvants were designed to increase antigen processing and MHC presentation, or promote humoral immune responses with an improved conformational antigen display. While none of the introduced technologies is universally applicable, this review shall give an overview to identify potential improvements for future vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Neukirch
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cyrielle Fougeroux
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Carola Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
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48
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Nemerow G, Flint J. Lessons learned from adenovirus (1970-2019). FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3395-3418. [PMID: 31777951 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal viruses are well recognized for their ability to uncover fundamental cell and molecular processes, and adenovirus certainly provides a prime example. This review illustrates the lessons learned from studying adenovirus over the past five decades. We take a look back at the key studies of adenovirus structure and biophysical properties, which revealed the mechanisms of adenovirus association with antibody, cell receptor, and immune molecules that regulate infection. In addition, we discuss the critical contribution of studies of adenovirus gene expression to elucidation of fundamental reactions in pre-mRNA processing and its regulation. Other pioneering studies furnished the first examples of protein-primed initiation of DNA synthesis and viral small RNAs. As a nonenveloped virus, adenoviruses have furnished insights into the modes of virus attachment, entry, and penetration of host cells, and we discuss the diversity of cell receptors that support these processes, as well as membrane penetration. As a result of these extensive studies, adenovirus vectors were among the first to be developed for therapeutic applications. We highlight some of the early (unsuccessful) trials and the lessons learned from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Nemerow
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jane Flint
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ, USA
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49
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Sun Y, Lv X, Ding P, Wang L, Sun Y, Li S, Zhang H, Gao Z. Exploring the functions of polymers in adenovirus-mediated gene delivery: Evading immune response and redirecting tropism. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:93-104. [PMID: 31386928 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is a promising viral carrier in gene therapy because of its unique attribution. However, clinical applications of Ad vectors are currently restricted by their immunogenicity and broad native tropism. To address these obstacles, a variety of nonimmunogenic polymers are utilized to modify Ad vectors chemically or physically. In this review, we systemically discuss the functions of polymers in Ad-mediated gene delivery from two aspects: evading the host immune responses to Ads and redirecting Ad tropism. With polyethylene glycol (PEG) first in order, a variety of polymers have been developed to shield the surface of Ad vectors and well accomplished to evade the host immune response, block CAR-dependant cellular uptake, and reduce accumulation in the liver. In addition, shielding Ad vectors with targeted polymers (including targeting ligand-conjugated polymers and bio-responsive polymers) can also efficiently retarget Ad vectors to tumor tissues and reduce their distribution in nontargeted tissues. With its potential to evade the immune response and retarget Ad vectors, modification with polymers has been generally regarded as a promising strategy to facilitate the clinical applications of Ad vectors for virotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is no doubt that Adenovirus (Ads) are attractive vectors for gene therapy, with high sophistication and effectiveness in overcoming both extra- and intracellular barriers, which cannot be exceeded by any other nonviral gene vectors. Unfortunately, their clinical applications are still restricted by some critical hurdles, including immunogenicity and native broad tropism. Therefore, a variety of elegant strategies have been developed from various angles to address these hurdles. Among these various strategies, coating Ads with nonimmunogenic polymers has attracted much attention. In this review, we systemically discuss the functions of polymers in Ad-mediated gene delivery from two aspects: evading the host immune responses to Ads and redirecting Ad tropism. In addition, the key factors in Ad modification with polymers have been highlighted and summarized to provide guiding theory for the design of more effective and safer polymer-Ad hybrid gene vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
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Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies to Complex Membrane Protein Targets: Antigen Generation and Antibody Discovery Strategies. BioDrugs 2019; 32:339-355. [PMID: 29934752 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-018-0289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface membrane proteins comprise a wide array of structurally and functionally diverse proteins involved in a variety of important physiological and homeostatic processes. Complex integral membrane proteins, which are embedded in the lipid bilayer by multiple transmembrane-spanning helices, are represented by families of proteins that are important target classes for drug discovery. Such protein families include G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channels and transporters. Although these targets have typically been the domain of small-molecule drugs, the exquisite specificity of monoclonal antibodies offers a significant opportunity to selectively modulate these target proteins. Nevertheless, the isolation of antibodies with desired pharmacological functions has proved difficult because of technical challenges in preparing membrane protein antigens for antibody drug discovery. In this review, we describe recent progress in defining strategies for the generation of membrane protein antigens. We also describe antibody-isolation strategies that identify antibodies that bind the membrane protein and modulate protein function.
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