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Saeedi A, Wang K, Nikpourian G, Bartels A, Logothetis NK, Totah NK, Watanabe M. Brightness illusions drive a neuronal response in the primary visual cortex under top-down modulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3141. [PMID: 38653975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Brightness illusions are a powerful tool in studying vision, yet their neural correlates are poorly understood. Based on a human paradigm, we presented illusory drifting gratings to mice. Primary visual cortex (V1) neurons responded to illusory gratings, matching their direction selectivity for real gratings, and they tracked the spatial phase offset between illusory and real gratings. Illusion responses were delayed compared to real gratings, in line with the theory that processing illusions requires feedback from higher visual areas (HVAs). We provide support for this theory by showing a reduced V1 response to illusions, but not real gratings, following HVAs optogenetic inhibition. Finally, we used the pupil response (PR) as an indirect perceptual report and showed that the mouse PR matches the human PR to perceived luminance changes. Our findings resolve debates over whether V1 neurons are involved in processing illusions and highlight the involvement of feedback from HVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeedi
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Research Group Neurobiology of Magnetoreception, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, International Center for Primate Brain Research, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ghazaleh Nikpourian
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bartels
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Vision and Cognition Lab, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikos K Logothetis
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, International Center for Primate Brain Research, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Centre for Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M139PT, UK
| | - Nelson K Totah
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HILIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Masataka Watanabe
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Lagzi F, Fairhall AL. Emergence of co-tuning in inhibitory neurons as a network phenomenon mediated by randomness, correlations, and homeostatic plasticity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi4350. [PMID: 38507489 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cortical excitatory neurons show clear tuning to stimulus features, but the tuning properties of inhibitory interneurons are ambiguous. While inhibitory neurons have been considered to be largely untuned, some studies show that some parvalbumin-expressing (PV) neurons do show feature selectivity and participate in co-tuned subnetworks with pyramidal neurons. In this study, we first use mean-field theory to demonstrate that a combination of homeostatic plasticity governing the synaptic dynamics of the connections from PV to excitatory neurons, heterogeneity in the excitatory postsynaptic potentials that impinge on PV neurons, and shared correlated input from layer 4 results in the functional and structural self-organization of PV subnetworks. Second, we show that structural and functional feature tuning of PV neurons emerges more clearly at the network level, i.e., that population-level measures identify functional and structural co-tuning of PV neurons that are not evident in pairwise individual-level measures. Finally, we show that such co-tuning can enhance network stability at the cost of reduced feature selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Lagzi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
- Computational Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
| | - Adrienne L Fairhall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
- Computational Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
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3
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Del Rosario J, Coletta S, Kim SH, Mobille Z, Peelman K, Williams B, Otsuki AJ, Del Castillo Valerio A, Worden K, Blanpain LT, Lovell L, Choi H, Haider B. Lateral inhibition in V1 controls neural & perceptual contrast sensitivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.10.566605. [PMID: 38014014 PMCID: PMC10680635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lateral inhibition is a central principle for sensory system function. It is thought to operate by the activation of inhibitory neurons that restrict the spatial spread of sensory excitation. Much work on the role of inhibition in sensory systems has focused on visual cortex; however, the neurons, computations, and mechanisms underlying cortical lateral inhibition remain debated, and its importance for visual perception remains unknown. Here, we tested how lateral inhibition from PV or SST neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) modulates neural and perceptual sensitivity to stimulus contrast. Lateral inhibition from PV neurons reduced neural and perceptual sensitivity to visual contrast in a uniform subtractive manner, whereas lateral inhibition from SST neurons more effectively changed the slope (or gain) of neural and perceptual contrast sensitivity. A neural circuit model identified spatially extensive lateral projections from SST neurons as the key factor, and we confirmed this with direct subthreshold measurements of a larger spatial footprint for SST versus PV lateral inhibition. Together, these results define cell-type specific computational roles for lateral inhibition in V1, and establish their unique consequences on sensitivity to contrast, a fundamental aspect of the visual world.
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4
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Jung K, Chang M, Steinecke A, Burke B, Choi Y, Oisi Y, Fitzpatrick D, Taniguchi H, Kwon HB. An adaptive behavioral control motif mediated by cortical axo-axonic inhibition. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1379-1393. [PMID: 37474640 PMCID: PMC10400431 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetically defined subgroups of inhibitory interneurons are thought to play distinct roles in learning, but heterogeneity within these subgroups has limited our understanding of the scope and nature of their specific contributions. Here we reveal that the chandelier cell (ChC), an interneuron type that specializes in inhibiting the axon-initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, establishes cortical microcircuits for organizing neural coding through selective axo-axonic synaptic plasticity. We found that organized motor control is mediated by enhanced population coding of direction-tuned premotor neurons, with tuning refined through suppression of irrelevant neuronal activity. ChCs contribute to learning-dependent refinements by providing selective inhibitory control over individual pyramidal neurons rather than global suppression. Quantitative analysis of structural plasticity across axo-axonic synapses revealed that ChCs redistributed inhibitory weights to individual pyramidal neurons during learning. These results demonstrate an adaptive logic of the inhibitory circuit motif responsible for organizing distributed neural representations. Thus, ChCs permit efficient cortical computation in a targeted cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghoon Jung
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Minhyeok Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - André Steinecke
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Youngjin Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Oisi
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Hiroki Taniguchi
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Chronic Brain Injury program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hyung-Bae Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
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5
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Jung K, Chang M, Steinecke A, Berke B, Choi Y, Oisi Y, Fitzpatrick D, Taniguchi H, Kwon HB. An adaptive behavioral control motif mediated by cortical axo-axonic inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.10.531767. [PMID: 36945592 PMCID: PMC10029003 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.531767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits are reorganized with specificity during learning. Genetically-defined subgroups of inhibitory interneurons are thought to play distinct roles in learning, but heterogeneity within these subgroups has limited our understanding of the scope and nature of their specific contributions to learning. Here we reveal that the chandelier cell (ChC), an interneuron type that specializes in inhibiting the axon-initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, establishes cortical microcircuits for organizing neural coding through selective axo-axonic synaptic plasticity. We find that organized motor control is mediated by enhanced population coding of direction-tuned premotor neurons, whose tuning is refined through suppression of irrelevant neuronal activity. ChCs are required for learning-dependent refinements via providing selective inhibitory control over pyramidal neurons rather than global suppression. Quantitative analysis on structural plasticity of axo-axonic synapses revealed that ChCs redistributed inhibitory weights to individual pyramidal neurons during learning. These results demonstrate an adaptive logic of the inhibitory circuit motif responsible for organizing distributed neural representations. Thus, ChCs permit efficient cortical computation in a target cell specific manner, which highlights the significance of interneuron diversity.
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6
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Ka M, Kim HG, Kim WY. WDR5-HOTTIP Histone Modifying Complex Regulates Neural Migration and Dendrite Polarity of Pyramidal Neurons via Reelin Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5104-5120. [PMID: 35672601 PMCID: PMC9378496 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
WD-repeat domain 5 (WDR5), a core component of histone methyltransferase complexes, is associated with Kabuki syndrome and Kleefstra syndrome that feature intellectual disability and neurodevelopmental delay. Despite its critical status in gene regulation and neurological disorders, the role of WDR5 in neural development is unknown. Here we show that WDR5 is required for normal neuronal placement and dendrite polarization in the developing cerebral cortex. WDR5 knockdown led to defects in both entry into the bipolar transition of pyramidal neurons within the intermediate zone and radial migration into cortical layers. Moreover, WDR5 deficiency disrupted apical and basal polarity of cortical dendrites. Aberrant dendritic spines and synapses accompanied the dendrite polarity phenotype. WDR5 deficiency reduced expression of reelin signaling receptors, ApoER and VdldR, which were associated with abnormal H3K4 methylation and H4 acetylation on their promoter regions. Finally, an lncRNA, HOTTIP, was found to be a partner of WDR5 to regulate dendritic polarity and reelin signaling via histone modification. Our results demonstrate a novel role for WDR5 in neuronal development and provide mechanistic insights into the neuropathology associated with histone methyltransferase dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamid Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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7
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Basavaraju M, Bodke YD, Kumar N. Coumarin‐Benzothiazole Hydrazone for Probing of Latent Fingerprints and Anti‐Counterfeiting Applications. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha Basavaraju
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry Jnana Sahyadri Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta- 577451 Shivamogga Karnataka India
| | - Yadav D. Bodke
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry Jnana Sahyadri Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta- 577451 Shivamogga Karnataka India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry, P.G. Centre, Kadur- 577458 Karnataka India
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8
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Zhang F, Zhang W, Wexler D, Guo Z. Recent Progress and Future Advances on Aqueous Monovalent-Ion Batteries towards Safe and High-Power Energy Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107965. [PMID: 35338665 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous monovalent-ion batteries have been rapidly developed recently as promising energy storage devices in large-scale energy storage systems owing to their fast charging capability and high power densities. In recent years, Prussian blue analogues, polyanion-type compounds, and layered oxides have been widely developed as cathodes for aqueous monovalent-ion batteries because of their low cost and high theoretical capacity. Furthermore, many design strategies have been proposed to expand their electrochemical stability window by reducing the amount of free water molecules and introducing an electrolyte addictive. This review highlights the advantages and drawbacks of cathode and anode materials, and summarizes the correlations between the various strategies and the electrochemical performance in terms of structural engineering, morphology control, elemental compositions, and interfacial design. Finally, this review can offer rational principles and potential future directions in the design of aqueous monovalent-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Zhang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, innovation Campus, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - David Wexler
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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9
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Biel A, Castanza AS, Rutherford R, Fair SR, Chifamba L, Wester JC, Hester ME, Hevner RF. AUTS2 Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Model Systems. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:858582. [PMID: 35431798 PMCID: PMC9008325 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.858582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AUTS2 syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes intellectual disability, microcephaly, and other phenotypes. Syndrome severity is worse when mutations involve 3' regions (exons 9-19) of the AUTS2 gene. Human AUTS2 protein has two major isoforms, full-length (1259 aa) and C-terminal (711 aa), the latter produced from an alternative transcription start site in exon 9. Structurally, AUTS2 contains the putative "AUTS2 domain" (∼200 aa) conserved among AUTS2 and its ohnologs, fibrosin, and fibrosin-like-1. Also, AUTS2 contains extensive low-complexity sequences and intrinsically disordered regions, features typical of RNA-binding proteins. During development, AUTS2 is expressed by specific progenitor cell and neuron types, including pyramidal neurons and Purkinje cells. AUTS2 localizes mainly in cell nuclei, where it regulates transcription and RNA metabolism. Some studies have detected AUTS2 in neurites, where it may regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. Neurodevelopmental functions of AUTS2 have been studied in diverse model systems. In zebrafish, auts2a morphants displayed microcephaly. In mice, excision of different Auts2 exons (7, 8, or 15) caused distinct phenotypes, variously including neonatal breathing abnormalities, cerebellar hypoplasia, dentate gyrus hypoplasia, EEG abnormalities, and behavioral changes. In mouse embryonic stem cells, AUTS2 could promote or delay neuronal differentiation. Cerebral organoids, derived from an AUTS2 syndrome patient containing a pathogenic missense variant in exon 9, exhibited neocortical growth defects. Emerging technologies for analysis of human cerebral organoids will be increasingly useful for understanding mechanisms underlying AUTS2 syndrome. Questions for future research include whether AUTS2 binds RNA directly, how AUTS2 regulates neurogenesis, and how AUTS2 modulates neural circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia Biel
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anthony S. Castanza
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Rutherford
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Summer R. Fair
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lincoln Chifamba
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jason C. Wester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mark E. Hester
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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10
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FXR1 regulation of parvalbumin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex is critical for schizophrenia-like behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6845-6867. [PMID: 33863995 PMCID: PMC8521570 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parvalbumin interneurons (PVIs) are affected in many psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (SCZ), however the mechanism remains unclear. FXR1, a high confident risk gene for SCZ, is indispensable but its role in the brain is largely unknown. We show that deleting FXR1 from PVIs of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) leads to reduced PVI excitability, impaired mPFC gamma oscillation, and SCZ-like behaviors. PVI-specific translational profiling reveals that FXR1 regulates the expression of Cacna1h/Cav3.2 a T-type calcium channel implicated in autism and epilepsy. Inhibition of Cav3.2 in PVIs of mPFC phenocopies whereas elevation of Cav3.2 in PVIs of mPFC rescues behavioral deficits resulted from FXR1 deficiency. Stimulation of PVIs using a gamma oscillation-enhancing light flicker rescues behavioral abnormalities caused by FXR1 deficiency in PVIs. This work unveils the function of a newly identified SCZ risk gene in SCZ-relevant neurons and identifies a therapeutic target and a potential noninvasive treatment for psychiatric disorders.
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11
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Chemogenetic Activation of Cortical Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Reverses Noise-Induced Impairments in Gap Detection. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8848-8857. [PMID: 34452937 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2687-19.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to loud noises not only leads to trauma and loss of output from the ear but also alters downstream central auditory circuits. A perceptual consequence of noise-induced central auditory disruption is impairment in gap-induced prepulse inhibition, also known as gap detection. Recent studies have implicated cortical parvalbumin (PV)-positive inhibitory interneurons in gap detection and prepulse inhibition. Here, we show that exposure to loud noises specifically reduces the density of cortical PV but not somatostatin (SOM)-positive interneurons in the primary auditory cortex in mice (C57BL/6) of both sexes. Optogenetic activation of PV neurons produced less cortical inhibition in noise-exposed than sham-exposed animals, indicative of reduced PV neuron function. Activation of SOM neurons resulted in similar levels of cortical inhibition in noise- and sham-exposed groups. Furthermore, chemogenetic activation of PV neurons with the hM3-based designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs completely reversed the impairments in gap detection for noise-exposed animals. These results support the notions that cortical PV neurons encode gap in sound and that PV neuron dysfunction contributes to noise-induced impairment in gap detection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Noise-induced hearing loss contributes to a range of central auditory processing deficits (CAPDs). The mechanisms underlying noise-induced CAPDs are still poorly understood. Here we show that exposure to loud noises results in dysfunction of PV-positive but not somatostatin-positive inhibitory interneurons in the primary auditory cortex. In addition, cortical PV inhibitory neurons in noise-exposed animals had reduced expression of glutamic acid decarboxylases and weakened inhibition on cortical activity. Noise exposure resulted in impaired gap detection, indicative of disrupted temporal sound processing and possibly tinnitus. We found that chemogenetic activation of cortical PV inhibitory interneurons alleviated the deficits in gap detection. These results implicate PV neuron dysfunction as a mechanism for noise-induced CAPDs.
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12
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Reliable Sensory Processing in Mouse Visual Cortex through Cooperative Interactions between Somatostatin and Parvalbumin Interneurons. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8761-8778. [PMID: 34493543 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3176-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic neuronal variability significantly limits information encoding in the primary visual cortex (V1). However, under certain conditions, neurons can respond reliably with highly precise responses to the same visual stimuli from trial to trial. This suggests that there exists intrinsic neural circuit mechanisms that dynamically modulate the intertrial variability of visual cortical neurons. Here, we sought to elucidate the role of different inhibitory interneurons (INs) in reliable coding in mouse V1. To study the interactions between somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV-INs), we used a dual-color calcium imaging technique that allowed us to simultaneously monitor these two neural ensembles while awake mice, of both sexes, passively viewed natural movies. SST neurons were more active during epochs of reliable pyramidal neuron firing, whereas PV neurons were more active during epochs of unreliable firing. SST neuron activity lagged that of PV neurons, consistent with a feedback inhibitory SST→PV circuit. To dissect the role of this circuit in pyramidal neuron activity, we used temporally limited optogenetic activation and inactivation of SST and PV interneurons during periods of reliable and unreliable pyramidal cell firing. Transient firing of SST neurons increased pyramidal neuron reliability by actively suppressing PV neurons, a proposal that was supported by a rate-based model of V1 neurons. These results identify a cooperative functional role for the SST→PV circuit in modulating the reliability of pyramidal neuron activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cortical neurons often respond to identical sensory stimuli with large variability. However, under certain conditions, the same neurons can also respond highly reliably. The circuit mechanisms that contribute to this modulation remain unknown. Here, we used novel dual-wavelength calcium imaging and temporally selective optical perturbation to identify an inhibitory neural circuit in visual cortex that can modulate the reliability of pyramidal neurons to naturalistic visual stimuli. Our results, supported by computational models, suggest that somatostatin interneurons increase pyramidal neuron reliability by suppressing parvalbumin interneurons via the inhibitory SST→PV circuit. These findings reveal a novel role of the SST→PV circuit in modulating the fidelity of neural coding critical for visual perception.
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13
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Ter Wal M, Tiesinga PHE. Comprehensive characterization of oscillatory signatures in a model circuit with PV- and SOM-expressing interneurons. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2021; 115:487-517. [PMID: 34628539 PMCID: PMC8551150 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits contain a wide variety of interneuron types, which differ in their biophysical properties and connectivity patterns. The two most common interneuron types, parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing cells, have been shown to be differentially involved in many cognitive functions. These cell types also show different relationships with the power and phase of oscillations in local field potentials. The mechanisms that underlie the emergence of different oscillatory rhythms in neural circuits with more than one interneuron subtype, and the roles specific interneurons play in those mechanisms, are not fully understood. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of all possible circuit motifs and input regimes that can be achieved in circuits comprised of excitatory cells, PV-like fast-spiking interneurons and SOM-like low-threshold spiking interneurons. We identify 18 unique motifs and simulate their dynamics over a range of input strengths. Using several characteristics, such as oscillation frequency, firing rates, phase of firing and burst fraction, we cluster the resulting circuit dynamics across motifs in order to identify patterns of activity and compare these patterns to behaviors that were generated in circuits with one interneuron type. In addition to the well-known PING and ING gamma oscillations and an asynchronous state, our analysis identified three oscillatory behaviors that were generated by the three-cell-type motifs only: theta-nested gamma oscillations, stable beta oscillations and theta-locked bursting behavior, which have also been observed in experiments. Our characterization provides a map to interpret experimental activity patterns and suggests pharmacological manipulations or optogenetics approaches to validate these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Ter Wal
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Paul H E Tiesinga
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Zhao Y, Li L, Wu Y, Fang Y, Xie H. Progress of the Elements Doped NaFeO
2
Cathode Materials for High Performance Sodium‐ion Batteries. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang 110870 China
| | - Laishi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang 110870 China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang 110870 China
| | - Yingjiao Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang 110870 China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education School of Metallurgy Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 PR China Correspondence
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15
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Shapiro JT, Michaud NM, King JL, Crowder NA. Optogenetic Activation of Interneuron Subtypes Modulates Visual Contrast Responses of Mouse V1 Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1110-1124. [PMID: 34411240 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interneurons are critical for information processing in the cortex. In vitro optogenetic studies in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) have sketched the connectivity of a local neural circuit comprising excitatory pyramidal neurons and distinct interneuron subtypes that express parvalbumin (Pvalb+), somatostatin (SOM+), or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP+). However, in vivo studies focusing on V1 orientation tuning have ascribed discrepant computational roles to specific interneuron subtypes. Here, we sought to clarify the differences between interneuron subtypes by examining the effects of optogenetic activation of Pvalb+, SOM+, or VIP+ interneurons on contrast tuning of V1 neurons while also accounting for cortical depth and photostimulation intensity. We found that illumination of the cortical surface produced a similar spectrum of saturating additive photostimulation effects in all 3 interneuron subtypes, which varied with cortical depth rather than light intensity in Pvalb+ and SOM+ cells. Pyramidal cell modulation was well explained by a conductance-based model that incorporated these interneuron photostimulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Shapiro
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nicole M Michaud
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jillian L King
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nathan A Crowder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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16
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Wingert JC, Sorg BA. Impact of Perineuronal Nets on Electrophysiology of Parvalbumin Interneurons, Principal Neurons, and Brain Oscillations: A Review. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:673210. [PMID: 34040511 PMCID: PMC8141737 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.673210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures that surround specific neurons in the brain and spinal cord, appear during critical periods of development, and restrict plasticity during adulthood. Removal of PNNs can reinstate juvenile-like plasticity or, in cases of PNN removal during early developmental stages, PNN removal extends the critical plasticity period. PNNs surround mainly parvalbumin (PV)-containing, fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons in several brain regions. These inhibitory interneurons profoundly inhibit the network of surrounding neurons via their elaborate contacts with local pyramidal neurons, and they are key contributors to gamma oscillations generated across several brain regions. Among other functions, these gamma oscillations regulate plasticity associated with learning, decision making, attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. The detailed mechanisms by which PNN removal increases plasticity are only beginning to be understood. Here, we review the impact of PNN removal on several electrophysiological features of their underlying PV interneurons and nearby pyramidal neurons, including changes in intrinsic and synaptic membrane properties, brain oscillations, and how these changes may alter the integration of memory-related information. Additionally, we review how PNN removal affects plasticity-associated phenomena such as long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), and paired-pulse ratio (PPR). The results are discussed in the context of the role of PV interneurons in circuit function and how PNN removal alters this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jereme C Wingert
- Program in Neuroscience, Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- Program in Neuroscience, Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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17
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Abdolmaleki H, Kidmose P, Agarwala S. Droplet-Based Techniques for Printing of Functional Inks for Flexible Physical Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006792. [PMID: 33772919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics (PE) is an emerging technology that uses functional inks to print electrical components and circuits on variety of substrates. This technology has opened up new possibilities to fabricate flexible, bendable, and form-fitting devices at low-cost and fast speed. There are different printing technologies in use, among which droplet-based techniques are of great interest as they provide the possibility of printing computer-controlled design patterns with high resolution, and greater production flexibility. Nanomaterial inks form the heart of this technology, enabling different functionalities. To this end, intensive research has been carried out on formulating inks with conductive, semiconductive, magnetic, piezoresistive, and piezoelectric properties. Here, a detailed landscape view on different droplet-based printing technologies (inkjet, aerosol jet, and electrohydrodynamic jet) is provided, with comprehensive discussion on their working principals. This is followed by a detailed research overview of different functional inks (metal, carbon, polymer, and ceramic). Different sintering methods and common substrates being used in printed electronics are also discussed, followed by an in-depth review of different physical sensors fabricated by droplet-based techniques. Finally, the challenges facing the field are considered and a perspective on possible ways to overcome them is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Abdolmaleki
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Preben Kidmose
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - Shweta Agarwala
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
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18
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Gothner T, Gonçalves PJ, Sahani M, Linden JF, Hildebrandt KJ. Sustained Activation of PV+ Interneurons in Core Auditory Cortex Enables Robust Divisive Gain Control for Complex and Naturalistic Stimuli. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2364-2381. [PMID: 33300581 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortices must flexibly adapt their operations to internal states and external requirements. Sustained modulation of activity levels in different inhibitory interneuron populations may provide network-level mechanisms for adjustment of sensory cortical processing on behaviorally relevant timescales. However, understanding of the computational roles of inhibitory interneuron modulation has mostly been restricted to effects at short timescales, through the use of phasic optogenetic activation and transient stimuli. Here, we investigated how modulation of inhibitory interneurons affects cortical computation on longer timescales, by using sustained, network-wide optogenetic activation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (the largest class of cortical inhibitory interneurons) to study modulation of auditory cortical responses to prolonged and naturalistic as well as transient stimuli. We found highly conserved spectral and temporal tuning in auditory cortical neurons, despite a profound reduction in overall network activity. This reduction was predominantly divisive, and consistent across simple, complex, and naturalistic stimuli. A recurrent network model with power-law input-output functions replicated our results. We conclude that modulation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons on timescales typical of sustained neuromodulation may provide a means for robust divisive gain control conserving stimulus representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Gothner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Oldenburg, 26126 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Pedro J Gonçalves
- Max Planck Research Group Neural Systems Analysis, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR), 53175 Bonn, Germany.,Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Maneesh Sahani
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Jennifer F Linden
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - K Jannis Hildebrandt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Oldenburg, 26126 Oldenburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, 26126 Oldenburg, Germany
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19
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Sadeh S, Clopath C. Inhibitory stabilization and cortical computation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 22:21-37. [PMID: 33177630 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal networks with strong recurrent connectivity provide the brain with a powerful means to perform complex computational tasks. However, high-gain excitatory networks are susceptible to instability, which can lead to runaway activity, as manifested in pathological regimes such as epilepsy. Inhibitory stabilization offers a dynamic, fast and flexible compensatory mechanism to balance otherwise unstable networks, thus enabling the brain to operate in its most efficient regimes. Here we review recent experimental evidence for the presence of such inhibition-stabilized dynamics in the brain and discuss their consequences for cortical computation. We show how the study of inhibition-stabilized networks in the brain has been facilitated by recent advances in the technological toolbox and perturbative techniques, as well as a concomitant development of biologically realistic computational models. By outlining future avenues, we suggest that inhibitory stabilization can offer an exemplary case of how experimental neuroscience can progress in tandem with technology and theory to advance our understanding of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadra Sadeh
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Clopath
- Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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20
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Facchinetti I, Cobani E, Brogioli D, La Mantia F, Ruffo R. Thermally Regenerable Redox Flow Battery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5460-5467. [PMID: 32833306 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficient production of energy from low-temperature heat sources (below 100 °C) would open the doors to the exploitation of a huge amount of heat sources such as solar, geothermal, and industrial waste heat. Thermal regenerable redox-flow batteries (TRBs) are flow batteries that store energy in concentration cells that can be recharged by distillation at temperature <100 °C, exploiting low-temperature heat sources. Using a single membrane cell setup and a suitable redox couple (LiBr/Br2 ), a TRB has been developed that is able to store a maximum volumetric energy of 25.5 Wh dm-3 , which can be delivered at a power density of 8 W m-2 . After discharging 30 % of the volumetric energy, a total heat-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of 4 % is calculated, the highest value reported so far in harvesting of low-temperature heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Facchinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, Milano, 20125, Italy
| | - Elkid Cobani
- Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, Milano, 20125, Italy
| | - Doriano Brogioli
- Energiespeicher- und Energiewandlersysteme, Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Energiespeicher- und Energiewandlersysteme, Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Riccardo Ruffo
- Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via Cozzi, 55, Milano, 20125, Italy
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21
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Cooke JE, Kahn MC, Mann EO, King AJ, Schnupp JWH, Willmore BDB. Contrast gain control occurs independently of both parvalbumin-positive interneuron activity and shunting inhibition in auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1536-1551. [PMID: 32186432 PMCID: PMC7191518 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00587.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast gain control is the systematic adjustment of neuronal gain in response to the contrast of sensory input. It is widely observed in sensory cortical areas and has been proposed to be a canonical neuronal computation. Here, we investigated whether shunting inhibition from parvalbumin-positive interneurons-a mechanism involved in gain control in visual cortex-also underlies contrast gain control in auditory cortex. First, we performed extracellular recordings in the auditory cortex of anesthetized male mice and optogenetically manipulated the activity of parvalbumin-positive interneurons while varying the contrast of the sensory input. We found that both activation and suppression of parvalbumin interneuron activity altered the overall gain of cortical neurons. However, despite these changes in overall gain, we found that manipulating parvalbumin interneuron activity did not alter the strength of contrast gain control in auditory cortex. Furthermore, parvalbumin-positive interneurons did not show increases in activity in response to high-contrast stimulation, which would be expected if they drive contrast gain control. Finally, we performed in vivo whole-cell recordings in auditory cortical neurons during high- and low-contrast stimulation and found that no increase in membrane conductance was observed during high-contrast stimulation. Taken together, these findings indicate that while parvalbumin-positive interneuron activity modulates the overall gain of auditory cortical responses, other mechanisms are primarily responsible for contrast gain control in this cortical area.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated whether contrast gain control is mediated by shunting inhibition from parvalbumin-positive interneurons in auditory cortex. We performed extracellular and intracellular recordings in mouse auditory cortex while presenting sensory stimuli with varying contrasts and manipulated parvalbumin-positive interneuron activity using optogenetics. We show that while parvalbumin-positive interneuron activity modulates the gain of cortical responses, this activity is not the primary mechanism for contrast gain control in auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Cooke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Kahn
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward O Mann
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan W H Schnupp
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ben D B Willmore
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Jang HJ, Chung H, Rowland JM, Richards BA, Kohl MM, Kwag J. Distinct roles of parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons in gating the synchronization of spike times in the neocortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5333. [PMID: 32426459 PMCID: PMC7176419 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synchronization of precise spike times across multiple neurons carries information about sensory stimuli. Inhibitory interneurons are suggested to promote this synchronization, but it is unclear whether distinct interneuron subtypes provide different contributions. To test this, we examined single-unit recordings from barrel cortex in vivo and used optogenetics to determine the contribution of parvalbumin (PV)- and somatostatin (SST)-positive interneurons to the synchronization of spike times across cortical layers. We found that PV interneurons preferentially promote the synchronization of spike times when instantaneous firing rates are low (<12 Hz), whereas SST interneurons preferentially promote the synchronization of spike times when instantaneous firing rates are high (>12 Hz). Furthermore, using a computational model, we demonstrate that these effects can be explained by PV and SST interneurons having preferential contributions to feedforward and feedback inhibition, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that distinct subtypes of inhibitory interneurons have frequency-selective roles in the spatiotemporal synchronization of precise spike times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jae Jang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyowon Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - James M. Rowland
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Blake A. Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
- Mila, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael M. Kohl
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jeehyun Kwag
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Song YH, Hwang YS, Kim K, Lee HR, Kim JH, Maclachlan C, Dubois A, Jung MW, Petersen CCH, Knott G, Lee SH, Lee SH. Somatostatin enhances visual processing and perception by suppressing excitatory inputs to parvalbumin-positive interneurons in V1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0517. [PMID: 32494634 PMCID: PMC7176413 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a neuropeptide expressed in a major subtype of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex. Despite abundant expression of SST and its receptors, their modulatory function in cortical processing remains unclear. Here, we found that SST application in the primary visual cortex (V1) improves visual discrimination in freely moving mice and enhances orientation selectivity of V1 neurons. We also found that SST reduced excitatory synaptic transmission to parvalbumin-positive (PV+) fast-spiking interneurons but not to regular-spiking neurons. Last, using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM), we found that axons of SST+ neurons in V1 often contact other axons that exhibit excitatory synapses onto the soma and proximal dendrites of the PV+ neuron. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the neuropeptide SST improves visual perception by enhancing visual gain of V1 neurons via a reduction in excitatory synaptic transmission to PV+ inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hyang Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Sun Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwansoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ro Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Catherine Maclachlan
- Biological Electron Microscopy Facility, Centre of Electron Microscopy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anaelle Dubois
- Biological Electron Microscopy Facility, Centre of Electron Microscopy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Min Whan Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science and Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Carl C. H. Petersen
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham Knott
- Biological Electron Microscopy Facility, Centre of Electron Microscopy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suk-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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24
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Sudheendran Swayamprabha S, Dubey DK, Shahnawaz, Yadav RAK, Nagar MR, Sharma A, Tung F, Jou J. Approaches for Long Lifetime Organic Light Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2002254. [PMID: 33437576 PMCID: PMC7788592 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been well known for their potential usage in the lighting and display industry. The device efficiency and lifetime have improved considerably in the last three decades. However, for commercial applications, operational lifetime still lies as one of the looming challenges. In this review paper, an in-depth description of the various factors which affect OLED lifetime, and the related solutions is attempted to be consolidated. Notably, all the known intrinsic and extrinsic degradation phenomena and failure mechanisms, which include the presence of dark spot, high heat during device operation, substrate fracture, downgrading luminance, moisture attack, oxidation, corrosion, electron induced migrations, photochemical degradation, electrochemical degradation, electric breakdown, thermomechanical failures, thermal breakdown/degradation, and presence of impurities within the materials and evaporator chamber are reviewed. Light is also shed on the materials and device structures which are developed in order to obtain along with developed materials and device structures to obtain stable devices. It is believed that the theme of this report, summarizing the knowledge of mechanisms allied with OLED degradation, would be contributory in developing better-quality OLED materials and, accordingly, longer lifespan devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Kumar Dubey
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shahnawaz
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rohit Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mangey Ram Nagar
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Aayushi Sharma
- Birla Institute of Technology & Science‐PilaniShamirpet‐Keesara Road, Jawahar Nagar, ShameerpetHyderabadTelangana500078India
| | - Fu‐Ching Tung
- Department of Solid State Lighting TechnologyMechanical and Mechatronics Systems Research Labs.Industrial Technology and Research InstituteHsinchu31057Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jwo‐Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Li N, Chen S, Guo ZV, Chen H, Huo Y, Inagaki HK, Chen G, Davis C, Hansel D, Guo C, Svoboda K. Spatiotemporal constraints on optogenetic inactivation in cortical circuits. eLife 2019; 8:e48622. [PMID: 31736463 PMCID: PMC6892606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics allows manipulations of genetically and spatially defined neuronal populations with excellent temporal control. However, neurons are coupled with other neurons over multiple length scales, and the effects of localized manipulations thus spread beyond the targeted neurons. We benchmarked several optogenetic methods to inactivate small regions of neocortex. Optogenetic excitation of GABAergic neurons produced more effective inactivation than light-gated ion pumps. Transgenic mice expressing the light-dependent chloride channel GtACR1 produced the most potent inactivation. Generally, inactivation spread substantially beyond the photostimulation light, caused by strong coupling between cortical neurons. Over some range of light intensity, optogenetic excitation of inhibitory neurons reduced activity in these neurons, together with pyramidal neurons, a signature of inhibition-stabilized neural networks ('paradoxical effect'). The offset of optogenetic inactivation was followed by rebound excitation in a light dose-dependent manner, limiting temporal resolution. Our data offer guidance for the design of in vivo optogenetics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Li
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - Zengcai V Guo
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Han Chen
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Huo
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | | | - Guang Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Courtney Davis
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - David Hansel
- Center of Neurophysics, Physiology and Pathologies, CNRS-UMR8119ParisFrance
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26
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Why context matters? Divisive normalization and canonical microcircuits in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Res 2019; 156:130-140. [PMID: 31628970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural activity on cellular, regional, and behavioral levels shows context-dependence. Here we suggest the processing of input-output relationships in terms divisive normalization (DN), including (i) summing/averaging inputs and (ii) normalizing output against input stages, as a computational mechanism to underlie context-dependence. Input summation and output normalization are mediated by input-output relationships in canonical microcircuits (CM). DN/CM are altered in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia or depression whose various symptoms can be characterized by abnormal context-dependence.
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27
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D'Souza RD, Bista P, Meier AM, Ji W, Burkhalter A. Spatial Clustering of Inhibition in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Neuron 2019; 104:588-600.e5. [PMID: 31623918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Whether mouse visual cortex contains orderly feature maps is debated. The overlapping pattern of geniculocortical inputs with M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-rich patches in layer 1 (L1) suggests a non-random architecture. Here, we found that L1 inputs from the lateral posterior thalamus (LP) avoid patches and target interpatches. Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted mapping of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in L2/3 shows that the relative excitation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVs) and pyramidal neurons (PNs) by dLGN, LP, and cortical feedback is distinct and depends on whether the neurons reside in clusters aligned with patches or interpatches. Paired recordings from PVs and PNs show that unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) are larger in interpatches than in patches. The spatial clustering of inhibition is matched by dense clustering of PV terminals in interpatches. The results show that the excitation/inhibition balance across V1 is organized into patch and interpatch subnetworks, which receive distinct long-range inputs and are specialized for the processing of distinct spatiotemporal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo D D'Souza
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pawan Bista
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew M Meier
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Weiqing Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andreas Burkhalter
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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28
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Agetsuma M, Hamm JP, Tao K, Fujisawa S, Yuste R. Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Regulate Neuronal Ensembles in Visual Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:1831-1845. [PMID: 29106504 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For efficient cortical processing, neural circuit dynamics must be spatially and temporally regulated with great precision. Although parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons can control network synchrony, it remains unclear how they contribute to spatio-temporal patterning of activity. We investigated this by optogenetic inactivation of PV cells with simultaneous two-photon Ca2+ imaging from populations of neurons in mouse visual cortex in vivo. For both spontaneous and visually evoked activity, PV interneuron inactivation decreased network synchrony. But, interestingly, the response reliability and spatial extent of coactive neuronal ensembles during visual stimulation were also disrupted by PV-cell suppression, which reduced the functional repertoire of ensembles. Thus, PV interneurons can control the spatio-temporal dynamics of multineuronal activity by functionally sculpting neuronal ensembles and making them more different from each other. In doing so, inhibitory circuits could help to orthogonalize multicellular patterns of activity, enabling neural circuits to more efficiently occupy a higher dimensional space of potential dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Agetsuma
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 550 West 120 Street, Box 4822, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Division of Homeostatic Development, 38 Nishigohnaka Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jordan P Hamm
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 550 West 120 Street, Box 4822, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kentaro Tao
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama351-0106, Japan
| | | | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 550 West 120 Street, Box 4822, New York, NY 10027, USA
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29
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Ingram TGJ, King JL, Crowder NA. Divisive Inhibition Prevails During Simultaneous Optogenetic Activation of All Interneuron Subtypes in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:40. [PMID: 31191259 PMCID: PMC6546973 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse primary visual cortex (V1) has become an important brain area for exploring how neural circuits process information. Optogenetic tools have helped to outline the connectivity of a local V1 circuit comprising excitatory pyramidal neurons and several genetically-defined inhibitory interneuron subtypes that express parvalbumin, somatostatin, or vasoactive intestinal peptide. Optogenetic modulation of individual interneuron subtypes can alter the visual responsiveness of pyramidal neurons with distinct forms of inhibition and disinhibition. However, different interneuron subtypes have potentially opposing actions, and the potency of their effects relative to each other remains unclear. Therefore, in this study we simultaneously optogenetically activated all interneuron subtypes during visual processing to explore whether any single inhibitory effect would predominate. This aggregate interneuron activation consistently inhibited pyramidal neurons in a divisive manner, which was essentially identical to the pattern of inhibition produced by activating parvalbumin-expressing interneurons alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony G J Ingram
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jillian L King
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nathan A Crowder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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30
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Jiang B, Zhang Y, Yan D, Xia J, Li W. Ultrafast Sodium Storage through Capacitive Behaviors in Carbon Nanosheets with Enhanced Ion Transport. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Ji‐Li Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
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31
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Contrast and luminance adaptation alter neuronal coding and perception of stimulus orientation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:941. [PMID: 30808863 PMCID: PMC6391449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems face a barrage of stimulation that continually changes along multiple dimensions. These simultaneous changes create a formidable problem for the nervous system, as neurons must dynamically encode each stimulus dimension, despite changes in other dimensions. Here, we measured how neurons in visual cortex encode orientation following changes in luminance and contrast, which are critical for visual processing, but nuisance variables in the context of orientation coding. Using information theoretic analysis and population decoding approaches, we find that orientation discriminability is luminance and contrast dependent, changing over time due to firing rate adaptation. We also show that orientation discrimination in human observers changes during adaptation, in a manner consistent with the neuronal data. Our results suggest that adaptation does not maintain information rates per se, but instead acts to keep sensory systems operating within the limited dynamic range afforded by spiking activity, despite a wide range of possible inputs. Sensory systems produce stable stimulus representations despite constant changes across multiple stimulus dimensions. Here, the authors reveal dynamic neural coding mechanisms by testing how coding of one dimension (orientation) changes with adaptations to other dimensions (luminance and contrast).
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32
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Moore AK, Weible AP, Balmer TS, Trussell LO, Wehr M. Rapid Rebalancing of Excitation and Inhibition by Cortical Circuitry. Neuron 2018; 97:1341-1355.e6. [PMID: 29503186 PMCID: PMC5875716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Excitation is balanced by inhibition to cortical neurons across a wide range of conditions. To understand how this relationship is maintained, we broadly suppressed the activity of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) inhibitory neurons and asked how this affected the balance of excitation and inhibition throughout auditory cortex. Activating archaerhodopsin in PV+ neurons effectively suppressed them in layer 4. However, the resulting increase in excitation outweighed Arch suppression and produced a net increase in PV+ activity in downstream layers. Consequently, suppressing PV+ neurons did not reduce inhibition to principal neurons (PNs) but instead resulted in a tightly coordinated increase in both excitation and inhibition. The increase in inhibition constrained the magnitude of PN spiking responses to the increase in excitation and produced nonlinear changes in spike tuning. Excitatory-inhibitory rebalancing is mediated by strong PN-PV+ connectivity within and between layers and is likely engaged during normal cortical operation to ensure balance in downstream neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Moore
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Aldis P Weible
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Timothy S Balmer
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laurence O Trussell
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael Wehr
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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33
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Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons can act solo while somatostatin-expressing interneurons act in chorus in most cases on cortical pyramidal cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12764. [PMID: 28986578 PMCID: PMC5630625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits in the cerebral cortex consist primarily of excitatory pyramidal (Pyr) cells and inhibitory interneurons. Interneurons are divided into several subtypes, in which the two major groups are those expressing parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SOM). These subtypes of interneurons are reported to play distinct roles in tuning and/or gain of visual response of pyramidal cells in the visual cortex. It remains unclear whether there is any quantitative and functional difference between the PV → Pyr and SOM → Pyr connections. We compared unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) evoked by electrophysiological activation of single presynaptic interneurons with population IPSCs evoked by photo-activation of a mass of interneurons in vivo and in vitro in transgenic mice in which PV or SOM neurons expressed channelrhodopsin-2, and found that at least about 14 PV neurons made strong connections with a postsynaptic Pyr cell while a much larger number of SOM neurons made weak connections. Activation or suppression of single PV neurons modified visual responses of postsynaptic Pyr cells in 6 of 7 pairs whereas that of single SOM neurons showed no significant modification in 8 of 11 pairs, suggesting that PV neurons can act solo whereas most of SOM neurons may act in chorus on Pyr cells.
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34
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Cortical inhibitory interneurons control sensory processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 46:200-207. [PMID: 28938181 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory and excitatory neurons form intricate interconnected circuits in the mammalian sensory cortex. Whereas the function of excitatory neurons is largely to integrate and transmit information within and between brain areas, inhibitory neurons are thought to shape the way excitatory neurons integrate information, and they exhibit context-specific and behavior-specific responses. Over the last few years, work across sensory modalities has begun unraveling the function of distinct types of cortical inhibitory neurons in sensory processing, identifying their contribution to controlling stimulus selectivity of excitatory neurons and modulating information processing based on the behavioral state of the subject. Here, we review results from recent studies and discuss the implications for the contribution of inhibition to cortical circuit activity and information processing.
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35
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Abstract
Cortical networks are composed of glutamatergic excitatory projection neurons and local GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that gate signal flow and sculpt network dynamics. Although they represent a minority of the total neocortical neuronal population, GABAergic interneurons are highly heterogeneous, forming functional classes based on their morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular features, as well as connectivity and in vivo patterns of activity. Here we review our current understanding of neocortical interneuron diversity and the properties that distinguish cell types. We then discuss how the involvement of multiple cell types, each with a specific set of cellular properties, plays a crucial role in diversifying and increasing the computational power of a relatively small number of simple circuit motifs forming cortical networks. We illustrate how recent advances in the field have shed light onto the mechanisms by which GABAergic inhibition contributes to network operations.
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36
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Lee H, Lee D, Park JH, Song SH, Jeong IG, Kim CS, Searson PC, Lee KH. High throughput differential identification of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion genes in prostate cancer patient urine. Biomaterials 2017; 135:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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37
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Altered Cortical Ensembles in Mouse Models of Schizophrenia. Neuron 2017; 94:153-167.e8. [PMID: 28384469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In schizophrenia, brain-wide alterations have been identified at the molecular and cellular levels, yet how these phenomena affect cortical circuit activity remains unclear. We studied two mouse models of schizophrenia-relevant disease processes: chronic ketamine (KET) administration and Df(16)A+/-, modeling 22q11.2 microdeletions, a genetic variant highly penetrant for schizophrenia. Local field potential recordings in visual cortex confirmed gamma-band abnormalities similar to patient studies. Two-photon calcium imaging of local cortical populations revealed in both models a deficit in the reliability of neuronal coactivity patterns (ensembles), which was not a simple consequence of altered single-neuron activity. This effect was present in ongoing and sensory-evoked activity and was not replicated by acute ketamine administration or pharmacogenetic parvalbumin-interneuron suppression. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that schizophrenia is an "attractor" disease and demonstrate that degraded neuronal ensembles are a common consequence of diverse genetic, cellular, and synaptic alterations seen in chronic schizophrenia.
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38
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Cortical Control of Spatial Resolution by VIP+ Interneurons. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11498-11509. [PMID: 27911754 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1920-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal tuning, defined by the degree of selectivity to a specific stimulus, is a hallmark of cortical computation. Understanding the role of GABAergic interneurons in shaping cortical tuning is now possible with the ability to manipulate interneuron classes selectively. Here, we show that interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP+) regulate the spatial frequency (SF) tuning of pyramidal neurons in mouse visual cortex. Using two-photon calcium imaging and optogenetic manipulations of VIP+ cell activity, we found that activating VIP+ cells elicited a stronger network response to stimuli of higher SFs, whereas suppressing VIP+ cells resulted in a network response shift toward lower SFs. These results establish that cortical inhibition modulates the spatial resolution of visual processing and add further evidence demonstrating that feature selectivity depends, not only on the feedforward excitatory projections into the cortex, but also on dynamic intracortical modulations by specific forms of inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We demonstrate that interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP+) play a causal role in regulating the spatial frequency (SF) tuning of neurons in mouse visual cortex. We show that optogenetic activation of VIP+ cells results in a shift in network preference toward higher SFs, whereas suppressing them shifts the network toward lower SFs. Several studies have shown that VIP+ cells are sensitive to neuromodulation and increase their firing during locomotion, whisking, and pupil dilation and are involved in spatially specific top-down modulation, reminiscent of the effects of top-down attention, and also that attention enhances spatial resolution. Our findings provide a bridge between these studies by establishing the inhibitory circuitry that regulates these fundamental modulations of SF in the cortex.
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39
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Angelucci A, Bijanzadeh M, Nurminen L, Federer F, Merlin S, Bressloff PC. Circuits and Mechanisms for Surround Modulation in Visual Cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 2017; 40:425-451. [PMID: 28471714 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Surround modulation (SM) is a fundamental property of sensory neurons in many species and sensory modalities. SM is the ability of stimuli in the surround of a neuron's receptive field (RF) to modulate (typically suppress) the neuron's response to stimuli simultaneously presented inside the RF, a property thought to underlie optimal coding of sensory information and important perceptual functions. Understanding the circuit and mechanisms for SM can reveal fundamental principles of computations in sensory cortices, from mouse to human. Current debate is centered over whether feedforward or intracortical circuits generate SM, and whether this results from increased inhibition or reduced excitation. Here we present a working hypothesis, based on theoretical and experimental evidence, that SM results from feedforward, horizontal, and feedback interactions with local recurrent connections, via synaptic mechanisms involving both increased inhibition and reduced recurrent excitation. In particular, strong and balanced recurrent excitatory and inhibitory circuits play a crucial role in the computation of SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Angelucci
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132; , , , ,
| | - Maryam Bijanzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132; , , , ,
| | - Lauri Nurminen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132; , , , ,
| | - Frederick Federer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132; , , , ,
| | - Sam Merlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132; , , , ,
| | - Paul C Bressloff
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132;
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40
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Lee JH, Koch C, Mihalas S. A Computational Analysis of the Function of Three Inhibitory Cell Types in Contextual Visual Processing. Front Comput Neurosci 2017; 11:28. [PMID: 28487644 PMCID: PMC5403882 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cortical inhibitory cell types exclusively express one of three genes, parvalbumin, somatostatin and 5HT3a. We conjecture that these three inhibitory neuron types possess distinct roles in visual contextual processing based on two observations. First, they have distinctive synaptic sources and targets over different spatial extents and from different areas. Second, the visual responses of cortical neurons are affected not only by local cues, but also by visual context. We use modeling to relate structural information to function in primary visual cortex (V1) of the mouse, and investigate their role in contextual visual processing. Our findings are three-fold. First, the inhibition mediated by parvalbumin positive (PV) cells mediates local processing and could underlie their role in boundary detection. Second, the inhibition mediated by somatostatin-positive (SST) cells facilitates longer range spatial competition among receptive fields. Third, non-specific top-down modulation to interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a subclass of 5HT3a neurons, can selectively enhance V1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattle, WA, USA
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41
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Eriksson D. A Principle for Describing and Verifying Brain Mechanisms Using Ongoing Activity. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:1. [PMID: 28174523 PMCID: PMC5258715 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not even the most informed scientist can setup a theory that takes all brain signals into account. A neuron not only receives neuronal short range and long range input from all over the brain but a neuron also receives input from the extracellular space, astrocytes and vasculature. Given this complexity, how does one describe and verify a typical brain mechanism in vivo? Common to most described mechanisms is that one focuses on how one specific input signal gives rise to the activity in a population of neurons. This can be an input from a brain area, a population of neurons or a specific cell type. All remaining inputs originating from all over the brain are lumped together into one background input. The division into two inputs is attractive since it can be used to quantify the relative importance of either input. Here we have chosen to extract the specific and the background input by means of recording and inhibiting the specific input. We summarize what it takes to estimate the two inputs on a single trial level. The inhibition should not only be strong but also fast and the specific input measurement has to be tailor-made to the inhibition. In essence, we suggest ways to control electrophysiological experiments in vivo. By applying those controls it may become possible to describe and verify many brain mechanisms, and it may also allow the study of the integration of spontaneous and ongoing activity, which in turn governs cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eriksson
- Center for Neuroscience, Albert Ludwig University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, Albert Ludwig University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
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42
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Activation of Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons in Both Retina and Primary Visual Cortex Improves the Feature-Selectivity of Primary Visual Cortex Neurons. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:255-263. [PMID: 28074441 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies using either viral or transgenic mouse models have shown different results on whether the activation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in the primary visual cortex (V1) improves the orientation- and direction-selectivity of V1 neurons. Although this discrepancy was thoroughly discussed in a follow-up communication, the issue of using different models to express ChR2 in V1 was not mentioned. We found that ChR2 was expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and V1 neurons in ChR2fl/+; PV-Cre mice. Our results showed that the activation of PV+ RGCs using white drifting gratings alone significantly decreased the firing rates of V1 neurons and improved their direction- and orientation-selectivity. Long-duration activation of PV+ interneurons in V1 further enhanced the feature-selectivity of V1 neurons in anesthetized mice, confirming the conclusions from previous findings. These results suggest that the activation of both PV+ RGCs and V1 neurons improves feature-selectivity in mice.
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43
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Kim D, Jeong H, Lee J, Ghim JW, Her ES, Lee SH, Jung MW. Distinct Roles of Parvalbumin- and Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons in Working Memory. Neuron 2016; 92:902-915. [PMID: 27746132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons are thought to play crucial roles in diverse brain functions. However, roles of different inhibitory interneuron subtypes in working memory remain unclear. We found distinct activity patterns and stimulation effects of two major interneuron subtypes, parvalbumin (PV)- and somatostatin (SOM)-expressing interneurons, in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice performing a spatial working memory task. PV interneurons showed weak target-dependent delay-period activity and were strongly inhibited by reward. By contrast, SOM interneurons showed strong target-dependent delay-period activity, and only a subtype of them was inhibited by reward. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of PV and SOM interneurons preferentially suppressed discharges of putative pyramidal cells and interneurons, respectively. These results indicate different contributions of PV and SOM interneurons to prefrontal cortical circuit dynamics underlying working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohoung Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Huijeong Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Juhyeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Ghim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun Sil Her
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min Whan Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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44
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Yavorska I, Wehr M. Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:76. [PMID: 27746722 PMCID: PMC5040712 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that can be distinguished by their morphology, input and output connectivity, laminar location, firing properties, and expression of molecular markers. Several of these classes of SOM neurons show unique dynamics and characteristics, such as facilitating synapses, specific axonal projections, intralaminar input, and top-down modulation, which suggest possible computational roles. SOM cells can be differentially modulated by behavioral state depending on their class, sensory system, and behavioral paradigm. The functional effects of such modulation have been studied with optogenetic manipulation of SOM cells, which produces effects on learning and memory, task performance, and the integration of cortical activity. Different classes of SOM cells participate in distinct disinhibitory circuits with different inhibitory partners and in different cortical layers. Through these disinhibitory circuits, SOM cells help encode the behavioral relevance of sensory stimuli by regulating the activity of cortical neurons based on subcortical and intracortical modulatory input. Associative learning leads to long-term changes in the strength of connectivity of SOM cells with other neurons, often influencing the strength of inhibitory input they receive. Thus despite their heterogeneity and variability across cortical areas, current evidence shows that SOM neurons perform unique neural computations, forming not only distinct molecular but also functional subclasses of cortical inhibitory interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Wehr
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
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45
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Deshmukh K, Ahamed MB, Sadasivuni KK, Ponnamma D, AlMaadeed MAA, Deshmukh RR, Pasha SKK, Polu AR, Chidambaram K. Fumed SiO2nanoparticle reinforced biopolymer blend nanocomposites with high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss for flexible organic electronics. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalim Deshmukh
- Department of Physics; B. S. Abdur Rahman University; Chennai 600048 TN India
| | - M. Basheer Ahamed
- Department of Physics; B. S. Abdur Rahman University; Chennai 600048 TN India
| | | | | | | | - Rajendra R. Deshmukh
- Department of Physics; Institute of Chemical Technology; Matunga Mumbai 400019 India
| | - S. K. Khadheer Pasha
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences; VIT University; Vellore 632014 TN India
| | - Anji Reddy Polu
- Department of Physics; Vardhaman College of Engineering; Kacharam, Shamshabad 501218 Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - K. Chidambaram
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences; VIT University; Vellore 632014 TN India
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46
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Kim K, Kim JH, Song YH, Lee SH. Functional dissection of inhibitory microcircuits in the visual cortex. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:70-76. [PMID: 27633836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cortex contains various types of GABAergic neurons exerting local inhibition. Although the number of GABAergic inhibitory neurons is much smaller than glutamatergic excitatory neurons, they show greater diversity in their morphological and physiological properties. Genetic markers for distinct sub-classes of GABAergic neurons have been identified, and technical advances achieved in the past few decades have brought about a demonstration of a unique function of each sub-class of GABAergic neurons in the cortex. In particular, visual processing in the cortex requires inhibitory function of various GABAergic neurons. Here, we summarize current understandings on the function of inhibitory neurons in the cortex, especially focusing on their roles in visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwansoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Hyang Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Miao Q, Yao L, Rasch MJ, Ye Q, Li X, Zhang X. Selective Maturation of Temporal Dynamics of Intracortical Excitatory Transmission at the Critical Period Onset. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1677-1689. [PMID: 27477277 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the developmental maturation of cortical inhibitory synapses is known to be a critical factor in gating the onset of critical period (CP) for experience-dependent cortical plasticity, how synaptic transmission dynamics of other cortical synapses are regulated during the transition to CP remains unknown. Here, by systematically examining various intracortical synapses within layer 4 of the mouse visual cortex, we demonstrate that synaptic temporal dynamics of intracortical excitatory synapses on principal cells (PCs) and inhibitory parvalbumin- or somatostatin-expressing cells are selectively regulated before the CP onset, whereas those of intracortical inhibitory synapses and long-range thalamocortical excitatory synapses remain unchanged. This selective maturation of synaptic dynamics results from a ubiquitous reduction of presynaptic release and is dependent on visual experience. These findings provide an additional essential circuit mechanism for regulating CP timing in the developing visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Malte J Rasch
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Litwin-Kumar A, Rosenbaum R, Doiron B. Inhibitory stabilization and visual coding in cortical circuits with multiple interneuron subtypes. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:1399-409. [PMID: 26740531 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00732.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent anatomical and functional characterization of cortical inhibitory interneurons has highlighted the diverse computations supported by different subtypes of interneurons. However, most theoretical models of cortex do not feature multiple classes of interneurons and rather assume a single homogeneous population. We study the dynamics of recurrent excitatory-inhibitory model cortical networks with parvalbumin (PV)-, somatostatin (SOM)-, and vasointestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons, with connectivity properties motivated by experimental recordings from mouse primary visual cortex. Our theory describes conditions under which the activity of such networks is stable and how perturbations of distinct neuronal subtypes recruit changes in activity through recurrent synaptic projections. We apply these conclusions to study the roles of each interneuron subtype in disinhibition, surround suppression, and subtractive or divisive modulation of orientation tuning curves. Our calculations and simulations determine the architectural and stimulus tuning conditions under which cortical activity consistent with experiment is possible. They also lead to novel predictions concerning connectivity and network dynamics that can be tested via optogenetic manipulations. Our work demonstrates that recurrent inhibitory dynamics must be taken into account to fully understand many properties of cortical dynamics observed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Litwin-Kumar
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Robert Rosenbaum
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Brent Doiron
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Karthikeyan B, Pandiyarajan T, Mangalaraja RV. Enhanced blue light emission in transparent ZnO:PVA nanocomposite free standing polymer films. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 152:485-490. [PMID: 26254601 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ZnO:PVA nanocomposite films were prepared and their fluorescence and time resolved photoluminescence properties were discussed. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy results confirmed the ZnO:PVA interaction. Optical absorption spectra showed two bands at 280 and 367nm which were ascribed to PVA and excitonic absorption band, respectively. Fluorescence spectra showed that the blue emission of ZnO was enhanced about tenfold through chemical interface electron transfer. The electron transfer from ZnO to PVA and its decay dynamics were experimentally analyzed through time resolved fluorescence measurements. The study revealed that the excited electrons found pathway through PVA to ground state which was slower than the pure ZnO nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Karthikeyan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, India.
| | - T Pandiyarajan
- Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - R V Mangalaraja
- Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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50
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Seybold BA, Phillips EAK, Schreiner CE, Hasenstaub AR. Inhibitory Actions Unified by Network Integration. Neuron 2015; 87:1181-1192. [PMID: 26402602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cortical function is regulated by a strikingly diverse array of local-circuit inhibitory neurons. We evaluated how optogenetically activating somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells' responses to tones. In both awake and anesthetized animals, we found that activating either family of interneurons produced mixtures of divisive and subtractive effects and that simultaneously recorded neurons were often suppressed in qualitatively different ways. A simple network model shows that threshold nonlinearities can interact with network activity to transform subtractive inhibition of neurons into divisive inhibition of networks, or vice versa. Varying threshold and the strength of suppression of a model neuron could determine whether the effect of inhibition appeared divisive, subtractive, or both. We conclude that the characteristics of response inhibition specific to a single interneuron type can be "masked" by the network configuration and cellular properties of the network in which they are embedded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Seybold
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth A K Phillips
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christoph E Schreiner
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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