1
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Yang Z. The Principle of Cortical Development and Evolution. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01259-2. [PMID: 39023844 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Human's robust cognitive abilities, including creativity and language, are made possible, at least in large part, by evolutionary changes made to the cerebral cortex. This paper reviews the biology and evolution of mammalian cortical radial glial cells (primary neural stem cells) and introduces the concept that a genetically step wise process, based on a core molecular pathway already in use, is the evolutionary process that has molded cortical neurogenesis. The core mechanism, which has been identified in our recent studies, is the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7)-GLI3 repressor form (GLI3R)-sonic hedgehog (SHH) positive feedback loop. Additionally, I propose that the molecular basis for cortical evolutionary dwarfism, exemplified by the lissencephalic mouse which originated from a larger gyrencephalic ancestor, is an increase in SHH signaling in radial glia, that antagonizes ERK-BMP7 signaling. Finally, I propose that: (1) SHH signaling is not a key regulator of primate cortical expansion and folding; (2) human cortical radial glial cells do not generate neocortical interneurons; (3) human-specific genes may not be essential for most cortical expansion. I hope this review assists colleagues in the field, guiding research to address gaps in our understanding of cortical development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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2
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Schupp PG, Shelton SJ, Brody DJ, Eliscu R, Johnson BE, Mazor T, Kelley KW, Potts MB, McDermott MW, Huang EJ, Lim DA, Pieper RO, Berger MS, Costello JF, Phillips JJ, Oldham MC. Deconstructing Intratumoral Heterogeneity through Multiomic and Multiscale Analysis of Serial Sections. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2429. [PMID: 39001492 PMCID: PMC11240479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors may contain billions of cells, including distinct malignant clones and nonmalignant cell types. Clarifying the evolutionary histories, prevalence, and defining molecular features of these cells is essential for improving clinical outcomes, since intratumoral heterogeneity provides fuel for acquired resistance to targeted therapies. Here we present a statistically motivated strategy for deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity through multiomic and multiscale analysis of serial tumor sections (MOMA). By combining deep sampling of IDH-mutant astrocytomas with integrative analysis of single-nucleotide variants, copy-number variants, and gene expression, we reconstruct and validate the phylogenies, spatial distributions, and transcriptional profiles of distinct malignant clones. By genotyping nuclei analyzed by single-nucleus RNA-seq for truncal mutations, we further show that commonly used algorithms for identifying cancer cells from single-cell transcriptomes may be inaccurate. We also demonstrate that correlating gene expression with tumor purity in bulk samples can reveal optimal markers of malignant cells and use this approach to identify a core set of genes that are consistently expressed by astrocytoma truncal clones, including AKR1C3, whose expression is associated with poor outcomes in several types of cancer. In summary, MOMA provides a robust and flexible strategy for precisely deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity and clarifying the core molecular properties of distinct cellular populations in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Schupp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samuel J. Shelton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Daniel J. Brody
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Rebecca Eliscu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Brett E. Johnson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Tali Mazor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin W. Kelley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew B. Potts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Michael W. McDermott
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Eric J. Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Daniel A. Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Russell O. Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Mitchel S. Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Joseph F. Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Joanna J. Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Michael C. Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
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3
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Patowary A, Zhang P, Jops C, Vuong CK, Ge X, Hou K, Kim M, Gong N, Margolis M, Vo D, Wang X, Liu C, Pasaniuc B, Li JJ, Gandal MJ, de la Torre-Ubieta L. Developmental isoform diversity in the human neocortex informs neuropsychiatric risk mechanisms. Science 2024; 384:eadh7688. [PMID: 38781356 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh7688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
RNA splicing is highly prevalent in the brain and has strong links to neuropsychiatric disorders; yet, the role of cell type-specific splicing and transcript-isoform diversity during human brain development has not been systematically investigated. In this work, we leveraged single-molecule long-read sequencing to deeply profile the full-length transcriptome of the germinal zone and cortical plate regions of the developing human neocortex at tissue and single-cell resolution. We identified 214,516 distinct isoforms, of which 72.6% were novel (not previously annotated in Gencode version 33), and uncovered a substantial contribution of transcript-isoform diversity-regulated by RNA binding proteins-in defining cellular identity in the developing neocortex. We leveraged this comprehensive isoform-centric gene annotation to reprioritize thousands of rare de novo risk variants and elucidate genetic risk mechanisms for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Patowary
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Connor Jops
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute at Penn Med and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Celine K Vuong
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinzhou Ge
- Department of Statistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kangcheng Hou
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Naihua Gong
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Margolis
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Vo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute at Penn Med and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jingyi Jessica Li
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute at Penn Med and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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4
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Coquand L, Brunet Avalos C, Macé AS, Farcy S, Di Cicco A, Lampic M, Wimmer R, Bessières B, Attie-Bitach T, Fraisier V, Sens P, Guimiot F, Brault JB, Baffet AD. A cell fate decision map reveals abundant direct neurogenesis bypassing intermediate progenitors in the human developing neocortex. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:698-709. [PMID: 38548890 PMCID: PMC11098750 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The human neocortex has undergone strong evolutionary expansion, largely due to an increased progenitor population, the basal radial glial cells. These cells are responsible for the production of a diversity of cell types, but the successive cell fate decisions taken by individual progenitors remain unknown. Here we developed a semi-automated live/fixed correlative imaging method to map basal radial glial cell division modes in early fetal tissue and cerebral organoids. Through the live analysis of hundreds of dividing progenitors, we show that basal radial glial cells undergo abundant symmetric amplifying divisions, and frequent self-consuming direct neurogenic divisions, bypassing intermediate progenitors. These direct neurogenic divisions are more abundant in the upper part of the subventricular zone. We furthermore demonstrate asymmetric Notch activation in the self-renewing daughter cells, independently of basal fibre inheritance. Our results reveal a remarkable conservation of fate decisions in cerebral organoids, supporting their value as models of early human neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Coquand
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Doctorale complexité du vivant, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- UMR 144-Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS-Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Farcy
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | | | - Marusa Lampic
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Ryszard Wimmer
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Doctorale complexité du vivant, Paris, France
| | - Betina Bessières
- UF Embryofœtopathologie, Hopital Necker-enfants malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Fraisier
- UMR 144-Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS-Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- UF de Fœtopathologie - Université de Paris et Inserm UMR1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre D Baffet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France.
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France.
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5
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Schupp PG, Shelton SJ, Brody DJ, Eliscu R, Johnson BE, Mazor T, Kelley KW, Potts MB, McDermott MW, Huang EJ, Lim DA, Pieper RO, Berger MS, Costello JF, Phillips JJ, Oldham MC. Deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity through multiomic and multiscale analysis of serial sections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.21.545365. [PMID: 37645893 PMCID: PMC10461981 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumors may contain billions of cells including distinct malignant clones and nonmalignant cell types. Clarifying the evolutionary histories, prevalence, and defining molecular features of these cells is essential for improving clinical outcomes, since intratumoral heterogeneity provides fuel for acquired resistance to targeted therapies. Here we present a statistically motivated strategy for deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity through multiomic and multiscale analysis of serial tumor sections (MOMA). By combining deep sampling of IDH-mutant astrocytomas with integrative analysis of single-nucleotide variants, copy-number variants, and gene expression, we reconstruct and validate the phylogenies, spatial distributions, and transcriptional profiles of distinct malignant clones. By genotyping nuclei analyzed by single-nucleus RNA-seq for truncal mutations, we further show that commonly used algorithms for identifying cancer cells from single-cell transcriptomes may be inaccurate. We also demonstrate that correlating gene expression with tumor purity in bulk samples can reveal optimal markers of malignant cells and use this approach to identify a core set of genes that is consistently expressed by astrocytoma truncal clones, including AKR1C3, whose expression is associated with poor outcomes in several types of cancer. In summary, MOMA provides a robust and flexible strategy for precisely deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity and clarifying the core molecular properties of distinct cellular populations in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Schupp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samuel J. Shelton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Daniel J. Brody
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Rebecca Eliscu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Brett E. Johnson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Tali Mazor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin W. Kelley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew B. Potts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Michael W. McDermott
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Eric J. Huang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Daniel A. Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Russell O. Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Mitchel S. Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Joseph F. Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
| | - Joanna J. Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael C. Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,California, USA
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6
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Crouch EE, Diafos LN, Valenzuela EJ, Wedderburn-Pugh K, Birrueta JO, Caston J, Joseph T, Andrews MG, Bhaduri A, Huang EJ. Profiling human brain vascular cells using single-cell transcriptomics and organoids. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:603-628. [PMID: 38102365 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and neurogenesis are functionally interconnected during brain development. However, the study of the vasculature has trailed other brain cell types because they are delicate and of low abundance. Here we describe a protocol extension to purify prenatal human brain endothelial and mural cells with FACS and utilize them in downstream applications, including transcriptomics, culture and organoid transplantation. This approach is simple, efficient and generates high yields from small amounts of tissue. When the experiment is completed within a 24 h postmortem interval, these healthy cells produce high-quality data in single-cell transcriptomics experiments. These vascular cells can be cultured, passaged and expanded for many in vitro assays, including Matrigel vascular tube formation, microfluidic chambers and metabolic measurements. Under these culture conditions, primary vascular cells maintain expression of cell-type markers for at least 3 weeks. Finally, we describe how to use primary vascular cells for transplantation into cortical organoids, which captures key features of neurovascular interactions in prenatal human brain development. In terms of timing, tissue processing and staining requires ~3 h, followed by an additional 3 h of FACS. The transplant procedure of primary, FACS-purified vascular cells into cortical organoids requires an additional 2 h. The time required for different transcriptomic and epigenomic protocols can vary based on the specific application, and we offer strategies to mitigate batch effects and optimize data quality. In sum, this vasculo-centric approach offers an integrated platform to interrogate neurovascular interactions and human brain vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Crouch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Loukas N Diafos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Valenzuela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaylee Wedderburn-Pugh
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janeth Ochoa Birrueta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jaela Caston
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tara Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madeline G Andrews
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Pathology Service 113B, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Puvogel S, Alsema A, North HF, Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Eggen BJL. Single-Nucleus RNA-Seq Characterizes the Cell Types Along the Neuronal Lineage in the Adult Human Subependymal Zone and Reveals Reduced Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Abundance with Age. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0246-23.2024. [PMID: 38351133 PMCID: PMC10913050 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0246-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The subependymal zone (SEZ), also known as the subventricular zone (SVZ), constitutes a neurogenic niche that persists during postnatal life. In humans, the neurogenic potential of the SEZ declines after the first year of life. However, studies discovering markers of stem and progenitor cells highlight the neurogenic capacity of progenitors in the adult human SEZ, with increased neurogenic activity occurring under pathological conditions. In the present study, the complete cellular niche of the adult human SEZ was characterized by single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and compared between four youth (age 16-22) and four middle-aged adults (age 44-53). We identified 11 cellular clusters including clusters expressing marker genes for neural stem cells (NSCs), neuroblasts, immature neurons, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. The relative abundance of NSC and neuroblast clusters did not differ between the two age groups, indicating that the pool of SEZ NSCs does not decline in this age range. The relative abundance of oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia decreased in middle-age, indicating that the cellular composition of human SEZ is remodeled between youth and adulthood. The expression of genes related to nervous system development was higher across different cell types, including NSCs, in youth as compared with middle-age. These transcriptional changes suggest ongoing central nervous system plasticity in the SEZ in youth, which declined in middle-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Puvogel
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Alsema
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley F North
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville 20850, Maryland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13201
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
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8
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Suresh V, Bhattacharya B, Tshuva RY, Danan Gotthold M, Olender T, Bose M, Pradhan SJ, Zeev BB, Smith RS, Tole S, Galande S, Harwell CC, Baizabal JM, Reiner O. PRDM16 co-operates with LHX2 to shape the human brain. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 3:kvae001. [PMID: 38595939 PMCID: PMC10914218 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PRDM16 is a dynamic transcriptional regulator of various stem cell niches, including adipocytic, hematopoietic, cardiac progenitors, and neural stem cells. PRDM16 has been suggested to contribute to 1p36 deletion syndrome, one of the most prevalent subtelomeric microdeletion syndromes. We report a patient with a de novo nonsense mutation in the PRDM16 coding sequence, accompanied by lissencephaly and microcephaly features. Human stem cells were genetically modified to mimic this mutation, generating cortical organoids that exhibited altered cell cycle dynamics. RNA sequencing of cortical organoids at day 32 unveiled changes in cell adhesion and WNT-signaling pathways. ChIP-seq of PRDM16 identified binding sites in postmortem human fetal cortex, indicating the conservation of PRDM16 binding to developmental genes in mice and humans, potentially at enhancer sites. A shared motif between PRDM16 and LHX2 was identified and further examined through comparison with LHX2 ChIP-seq data from mice. These results suggested a collaborative partnership between PRDM16 and LHX2 in regulating a common set of genes and pathways in cortical radial glia cells, possibly via their synergistic involvement in cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Suresh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Bidisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rami Yair Tshuva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Miri Danan Gotthold
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mahima Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Saurabh J Pradhan
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, 3 Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruria Ben Zeev
- Edmond and Lily Safra Pediatric Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Richard Scott Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Epigenetics, Shiv Nadar University, Shiv Nadar IoE, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh - 201314, India
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, 1651 4th St, San Francisco, CA94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - José-Manuel Baizabal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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9
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Li Z, Liu G, Yang L, Sun M, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Gao Y, Jiang X, Su Z, Li X, Yang Z. BMP7 expression in mammalian cortical radial glial cells increases the length of the neurogenic period. Protein Cell 2024; 15:21-35. [PMID: 37300483 PMCID: PMC10762677 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The seat of human intelligence is the human cerebral cortex, which is responsible for our exceptional cognitive abilities. Identifying principles that lead to the development of the large-sized human cerebral cortex will shed light on what makes the human brain and species so special. The remarkable increase in the number of human cortical pyramidal neurons and the size of the human cerebral cortex is mainly because human cortical radial glial cells, primary neural stem cells in the cortex, generate cortical pyramidal neurons for more than 130 days, whereas the same process takes only about 7 days in mice. The molecular mechanisms underlying this difference are largely unknown. Here, we found that bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) is expressed by increasing the number of cortical radial glial cells during mammalian evolution (mouse, ferret, monkey, and human). BMP7 expression in cortical radial glial cells promotes neurogenesis, inhibits gliogenesis, and thereby increases the length of the neurogenic period, whereas Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling promotes cortical gliogenesis. We demonstrate that BMP7 signaling and SHH signaling mutually inhibit each other through regulation of GLI3 repressor formation. We propose that BMP7 drives the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian cortex by increasing the length of the neurogenic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mengge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhejun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanjing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaosu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Abstract
Brain development in humans is achieved through precise spatiotemporal genetic control, the mechanisms of which remain largely elusive. Recently, integration of technological advances in human stem cell-based modelling with genome editing has emerged as a powerful platform to establish causative links between genotypes and phenotypes directly in the human system. Here, we review our current knowledge of complex genetic regulation of each key step of human brain development through the lens of evolutionary specialization and neurodevelopmental disorders and highlight the use of human stem cell-derived 2D cultures and 3D brain organoids to investigate human-enriched features and disease mechanisms. We also discuss opportunities and challenges of integrating new technologies to reveal the genetic architecture of human brain development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Akula SK, Exposito-Alonso D, Walsh CA. Shaping the brain: The emergence of cortical structure and folding. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2836-2849. [PMID: 38113850 PMCID: PMC10793202 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex-the brain's covering and largest region-has increased in size and complexity in humans and supports higher cognitive functions such as language and abstract thinking. There is a growing understanding of the human cerebral cortex, including the diversity and number of cell types that it contains, as well as of the developmental mechanisms that shape cortical structure and organization. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of molecular and cellular processes, as well as mechanical forces, that regulate the folding of the cerebral cortex. Advances in human genetics, coupled with experimental modeling in gyrencephalic species, have provided insights into the central role of cortical progenitors in the gyrification and evolutionary expansion of the cerebral cortex. These studies are essential for understanding the emergence of structural and functional organization during cortical development and the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with cortical malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam K Akula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - David Exposito-Alonso
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Patowary A, Zhang P, Jops C, Vuong CK, Ge X, Hou K, Kim M, Gong N, Margolis M, Vo D, Wang X, Liu C, Pasaniuc B, Li JJ, Gandal MJ, de la Torre-Ubieta L. Developmental isoform diversity in the human neocortex informs neuropsychiatric risk mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.25.534016. [PMID: 36993726 PMCID: PMC10055310 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.25.534016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
RNA splicing is highly prevalent in the brain and has strong links to neuropsychiatric disorders, yet the role of cell-type-specific splicing or transcript-isoform diversity during human brain development has not been systematically investigated. Here, we leveraged single-molecule long-read sequencing to deeply profile the full-length transcriptome of the germinal zone (GZ) and cortical plate (CP) regions of the developing human neocortex at tissue and single-cell resolution. We identified 214,516 unique isoforms, of which 72.6% are novel (unannotated in Gencode-v33), and uncovered a substantial contribution of transcript-isoform diversity, regulated by RNA binding proteins, in defining cellular identity in the developing neocortex. We leveraged this comprehensive isoform-centric gene annotation to re-prioritize thousands of rare de novo risk variants and elucidate genetic risk mechanisms for neuropsychiatric disorders. One-Sentence Summary A cell-specific atlas of gene isoform expression helps shape our understanding of brain development and disease. Structured Abstract INTRODUCTION: The development of the human brain is regulated by precise molecular and genetic mechanisms driving spatio-temporal and cell-type-specific transcript expression programs. Alternative splicing, a major mechanism increasing transcript diversity, is highly prevalent in the human brain, influences many aspects of brain development, and has strong links to neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite this, the cell-type-specific transcript-isoform diversity of the developing human brain has not been systematically investigated.RATIONALE: Understanding splicing patterns and isoform diversity across the developing neocortex has translational relevance and can elucidate genetic risk mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, short-read sequencing, the prevalent technology for transcriptome profiling, is not well suited to capturing alternative splicing and isoform diversity. To address this, we employed third-generation long-read sequencing, which enables capture and sequencing of complete individual RNA molecules, to deeply profile the full-length transcriptome of the germinal zone (GZ) and cortical plate (CP) regions of the developing human neocortex at tissue and single-cell resolution.RESULTS: We profiled microdissected GZ and CP regions of post-conception week (PCW) 15-17 human neocortex in bulk and at single-cell resolution across six subjects using high-fidelity long-read sequencing (PacBio IsoSeq). We identified 214,516 unique isoforms, of which 72.6% were novel (unannotated in Gencode), and >7,000 novel exons, expanding the proteome by 92,422 putative proteoforms. We uncovered thousands of isoform switches during cortical neurogenesis predicted to impact RNA regulatory domains or protein structure and implicating previously uncharacterized RNA-binding proteins in cellular identity and neuropsychiatric disease. At the single-cell level, early-stage excitatory neurons exhibited the greatest isoform diversity, and isoform-centric single-cell clustering led to the identification of previously uncharacterized cell states. We systematically assessed the contribution of transcriptomic features, and localized cell and spatio-temporal transcript expression signatures across neuropsychiatric disorders, revealing predominant enrichments in dynamic isoform expression and utilization patterns and that the number and complexity of isoforms per gene is strongly predictive of disease. Leveraging this resource, we re-prioritized thousands of rare de novo risk variants associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), more broadly, to potentially more severe consequences and revealed a larger proportion of cryptic splice variants with the expanded transcriptome annotation provided in this study.CONCLUSION: Our study offers a comprehensive landscape of isoform diversity in the human neocortex during development. This extensive cataloging of novel isoforms and splicing events sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders and presents an opportunity to explore rare genetic variants linked to these conditions. The implications of our findings extend beyond fundamental neuroscience, as they provide crucial insights into the molecular basis of developmental brain disorders and pave the way for targeted therapeutic interventions. To facilitate exploration of this dataset we developed an online portal ( https://sciso.gandallab.org/ ).
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13
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Suresh V, Bhattacharya B, Tshuva RY, Danan Gotthold M, Olender T, Bose M, Pradhan SJ, Ben Zeev B, Smith RS, Tole S, Galande S, Harwell C, Baizabal JM, Reiner O. PRDM16 co-operates with LHX2 to shape the human brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.12.553065. [PMID: 37609127 PMCID: PMC10441425 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.12.553065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
PRDM16 is a dynamic transcriptional regulator of various stem cell niches, including adipocytic, hematopoietic, cardiac progenitors, and neural stem cells. PRDM16 has been suggested to contribute to 1p36 deletion syndrome, one of the most prevalent subtelomeric microdeletion syndromes. We report a patient with a de novo nonsense mutation in the PRDM16 coding sequence, accompanied by lissencephaly and microcephaly features. Human stem cells were genetically modified to mimic this mutation, generating cortical organoids that exhibited altered cell cycle dynamics. RNA sequencing of cortical organoids at day 32 unveiled changes in cell adhesion and WNT-signaling pathways. ChIP-seq of PRDM16 identified binding sites in postmortem human fetal cortex, indicating the conservation of PRDM16 binding to developmental genes in mice and humans, potentially at enhancer sites. A shared motif between PRDM16 and LHX2 was identified and further examined through comparison with LHX2 ChIP-seq data from mice. These results suggested a collaborative partnership between PRDM16 and LHX2 in regulating a common set of genes and pathways in cortical radial glia cells, possibly via their synergistic involvement in cortical development.
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14
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Akeret K, Weller M, Krayenbühl N. The anatomy of neuroepithelial tumours. Brain 2023:7171408. [PMID: 37201913 PMCID: PMC10393414 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurological conditions conceal specific anatomical patterns. Their study contributes to the understanding of disease biology and to tailored diagnostics and therapy. Neuroepithelial tumours exhibit distinct anatomical phenotypes and spatiotemporal dynamics that differ from those of other brain tumours. Brain metastases display a preference for the cortico-subcortical boundaries of watershed areas and have a predominantly spherical growth. Primary CNS lymphomas localize to the white matter and generally invade along fibre tracts. In neuroepithelial tumours, topographic probability mapping and unsupervised topological clustering have identified an inherent radial anatomy and adherence to ventriculopial configurations of specific hierarchical orders. Spatiotemporal probability and multivariate survival analyses have identified a temporal and prognostic sequence underlying the anatomical phenotypes of neuroepithelial tumours. Gradual neuroepithelial de-differentiation and declining prognosis follow (i) an expansion into higher order radial units; (ii) a subventricular spread; and (iii) the presence of mesenchymal patterns (expansion along white matter tracts, leptomeningeal or perivascular invasion, CSF spread). While different pathophysiological hypotheses have been proposed, the cellular and molecular mechanisms dictating this anatomical behaviour remain largely unknown. Here we adopt an ontogenetic approach towards the understanding of neuroepithelial tumour anatomy. Contemporary perception of histo- and morphogenetic processes during neurodevelopment permit us to conceptualize the architecture of the brain into hierarchically organized radial units. The anatomical phenotypes in neuroepithelial tumours and their temporal and prognostic sequences share remarkable similarities with the ontogenetic organization of the brain and the anatomical specifications that occur during neurodevelopment. This macroscopic coherence is reinforced by cellular and molecular observations that the initiation of various neuroepithelial tumours, their intratumoural hierarchy and tumour progression are associated with the aberrant reactivation of surprisingly normal ontogenetic programs. Generalizable topological phenotypes could provide the basis for an anatomical refinement of the current classification of neuroepithelial tumours. In addition, we have proposed a staging system for adult-type diffuse gliomas that is based on the prognostically critical steps along the sequence of anatomical tumour progression. Considering the parallels in anatomical behaviour between different neuroepithelial tumours, analogous staging systems may be implemented for other neuroepithelial tumour types and subtypes. Both the anatomical stage of a neuroepithelial tumour and the spatial configuration of its hosting radial unit harbour the potential to stratify treatment decisions at diagnosis and during follow-up. More data on specific neuroepithelial tumour types and subtypes are needed to increase the anatomical granularity in their classification and to determine the clinical impact of stage-adapted and anatomically tailored therapy and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Akeret
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Centre, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Centre, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Krayenbühl
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Gkini V, Namba T. Glutaminolysis and the Control of Neural Progenitors in Neocortical Development and Evolution. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:177-189. [PMID: 35057642 PMCID: PMC10018057 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211069060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple types of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) contribute to the development of the neocortex, a brain region responsible for our higher cognitive abilities. Proliferative capacity of NPCs varies among NPC types, developmental stages, and species. The higher proliferative capacity of NPCs in the developing human neocortex is thought to be a major contributing factor why humans have the most expanded neocortex within primates. Recent studies have shed light on the importance of cell metabolism in the neocortical NPC proliferative capacity. Specifically, glutaminolysis, a metabolic pathway that converts glutamine to glutamate and then to α-ketoglutarate, has been shown to play a critical role in human NPCs, both in apical and basal progenitors. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of NPC metabolism, focusing especially on glutaminolysis, and discuss the role of NPC metabolism in neocortical development, evolution, and neurodevelopmental disorders, providing a broader perspective on a newly emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Gkini
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE—Helsinki
Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takashi Namba
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE—Helsinki
Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Takashi Namba, Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE
— Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO 63,
Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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16
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Qi J, Mo F, An NA, Mi T, Wang J, Qi J, Li X, Zhang B, Xia L, Lu Y, Sun G, Wang X, Li C, Hu B. A Human-Specific De Novo Gene Promotes Cortical Expansion and Folding. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204140. [PMID: 36638273 PMCID: PMC9982566 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Newly originated de novo genes have been linked to the formation and function of the human brain. However, how a specific gene originates from ancestral noncoding DNAs and becomes involved in the preexisting network for functional outcomes remains elusive. Here, a human-specific de novo gene, SP0535, is identified that is preferentially expressed in the ventricular zone of the human fetal brain and plays an important role in cortical development and function. In human embryonic stem cell-derived cortical organoids, knockout of SP0535 compromises their growth and neurogenesis. In SP0535 transgenic (TG) mice, expression of SP0535 induces fetal cortex expansion and sulci and gyri-like structure formation. The progenitors and neurons in the SP0535 TG mouse cortex tend to proliferate and differentiate in ways that are unique to humans. SP0535 TG adult mice also exhibit improved cognitive ability and working memory. Mechanistically, SP0535 interacts with the membrane protein Na+ /K+ ATPase subunit alpha-1 (ATP1A1) and releases Src from the ATP1A1-Src complex, allowing increased level of Src phosphorylation that promotes cell proliferation. Thus, SP0535 is the first proven human-specific de novo gene that promotes cortical expansion and folding, and can function through incorporating into an existing conserved molecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Fan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ni A. An
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Tingwei Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Jun‐Tian Qi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Xiangshang Li
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Boya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Longkuo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yingfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Gaoying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chuan‐Yun Li
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic MedicineInstitute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijing100101China
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17
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Vanderhaeghen P, Polleux F. Developmental mechanisms underlying the evolution of human cortical circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:213-232. [PMID: 36792753 PMCID: PMC10064077 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The brain of modern humans has evolved remarkable computational abilities that enable higher cognitive functions. These capacities are tightly linked to an increase in the size and connectivity of the cerebral cortex, which is thought to have resulted from evolutionary changes in the mechanisms of cortical development. Convergent progress in evolutionary genomics, developmental biology and neuroscience has recently enabled the identification of genomic changes that act as human-specific modifiers of cortical development. These modifiers influence most aspects of corticogenesis, from the timing and complexity of cortical neurogenesis to synaptogenesis and the assembly of cortical circuits. Mutations of human-specific genetic modifiers of corticogenesis have started to be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, providing evidence for their physiological relevance and suggesting potential relationships between the evolution of the human brain and its sensitivity to specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The current understanding of neurological diseases is derived mostly from direct analysis of patients and from animal models of disease. However, most patient studies do not capture the earliest stages of disease development and offer limited opportunities for experimental intervention, so rarely yield complete mechanistic insights. The use of animal models relies on evolutionary conservation of pathways involved in disease and is limited by an inability to recreate human-specific processes. In vitro models that are derived from human pluripotent stem cells cultured in 3D have emerged as a new model system that could bridge the gap between patient studies and animal models. In this Review, we summarize how such organoid models can complement classical approaches to accelerate neurological research. We describe our current understanding of neurodevelopment and how this process differs between humans and other animals, making human-derived models of disease essential. We discuss different methodologies for producing organoids and how organoids can be and have been used to model neurological disorders, including microcephaly, Zika virus infection, Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, and neurodevelopmental diseases, such as Timothy syndrome, Angelman syndrome and tuberous sclerosis. We also discuss the current limitations of organoid models and outline how organoids can be used to revolutionize research into the human brain and neurological diseases. In this Review, Eichmüller and Knoblich discuss how human brain organoids can recapitulate the unique processes that occur in human brain development and how they can complement classical approaches to revolutionize research into neurological diseases. Development of the human brain involves unique processes that are relevant to neurological disease but cannot be studied in animal models, so alternative model systems are required. Organoids are 3D human cell culture models that originate from pluripotent stem cells and recapitulate the hallmarks of human neurodevelopment, enabling studies of human brain development in vitro. Specific mutations can be introduced into organoids to study their effects on neurodevelopment; combined with high-throughput screening methods, this approach can determine the disease relevance of mutations in human tissue. To study specific diseases, brain organoids can be generated from induced pluripotent stem cells from individual patients, thereby preserving the specific genetic background of the individual and generating an insightful model. Through recapitulation of previously inaccessible periods of human brain development, brain organoids have enabled identification of novel mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. Combining organoids, patient research and animal models enables us to take full advantage of each of these systems and will provide unprecedented insights into neurodevelopment and neurological diseases.
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19
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Tanabe K, Nobuta H, Yang N, Ang CE, Huie P, Jordan S, Oldham MC, Rowitch DH, Wernig M. Generation of functional human oligodendrocytes from dermal fibroblasts by direct lineage conversion. Development 2022; 149:275808. [PMID: 35748297 PMCID: PMC9357374 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, possess great potential for disease modeling and cell transplantation-based therapies for leukodystrophies. However, caveats to oligodendrocyte differentiation protocols ( Ehrlich et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2013; Douvaras and Fossati, 2015) from human embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which include slow and inefficient differentiation, and tumorigenic potential of contaminating undifferentiated pluripotent cells, are major bottlenecks towards their translational utility. Here, we report the rapid generation of human oligodendrocytes by direct lineage conversion of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). We show that the combination of the four transcription factors OLIG2, SOX10, ASCL1 and NKX2.2 is sufficient to convert HDFs to induced oligodendrocyte precursor cells (iOPCs). iOPCs resemble human primary and iPSC-derived OPCs based on morphology and transcriptomic analysis. Importantly, iOPCs can differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Finally, iOPCs derived from patients with Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease, a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy caused by mutations in the proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) gene, showed increased cell death compared with iOPCs from healthy donors. Thus, human iOPCs generated by direct lineage conversion represent an attractive new source for human cell-based disease models and potentially myelinating cell grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanabe
- I Peace, Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiroko Nobuta
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheen Euong Ang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip Huie
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sacha Jordan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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20
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Evolutionarily conservative and non-conservative regulatory networks during primate interneuron development revealed by single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing. Cell Res 2022; 32:425-436. [PMID: 35273378 PMCID: PMC9061815 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences in size and function between primate and rodent brains, and the association of disturbed excitatory/inhibitory balance with many neurodevelopmental disorders highlight the importance to study primate ganglionic eminences (GEs) development. Here we used single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing to characterize the emergence of cell diversity in monkey and human GEs where most striatal and cortical interneurons are generated. We identified regional and temporal diversity among progenitor cells which give rise to a variety of interneurons. These cells are specified within the primate GEs by well conserved gene regulatory networks, similar to those identified in mice. However, we detected, in human, several novel regulatory pathways or factors involved in the specification and migration of interneurons. Importantly, comparison of progenitors between our human and published mouse GE datasets led to the discovery and confirmation of outer radial glial cells in GEs in human cortex. Our findings reveal both evolutionarily conservative and nonconservative regulatory networks in primate GEs, which may contribute to their larger brain sizes and more complex neural networks compared with mouse.
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21
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Zhu X, Guo Y, Chu C, Liu D, Duan K, Yin Y, Si C, Kang Y, Yao J, Du X, Li J, Zhao S, Ai Z, Zhu Q, Ji W, Niu Y, Li T. BRN2 as a key gene drives the early primate telencephalon development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl7263. [PMID: 35245119 PMCID: PMC8896791 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary mutations in primate-specific genes drove primate cortex expansion. However, whether conserved genes with previously unidentified functions also play a key role in primate brain expansion remains unknown. Here, we focus on BRN2 (POU3F2), a gene encoding a neural transcription factor commonly expressed in both primates and mice. Compared to the limited effects on mouse brain development, BRN2 biallelic knockout in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) is lethal before midgestation. Histology analysis and single-cell transcriptome show that BRN2 deficiency decreases RGC expansion, induces precocious differentiation, and alters the trajectory of neurogenesis in the telencephalon. BRN2, serving as an upstream factor, controls specification and differentiation of ganglionic eminences. In addition, we identified the conserved function of BRN2 in cynomolgus monkeys to human RGCs. BRN2 may function by directly regulating SOX2 and STAT3 and maintaining HOPX. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism that BRN2, a conserved gene, drives early primate telencephalon development by gaining novel mechanistic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Dahai Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Kui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chenyang Si
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Junjun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xuewei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Junliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shumei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zongyong Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuyu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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22
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Zarekiani P, Nogueira Pinto H, Hol EM, Bugiani M, de Vries HE. The neurovascular unit in leukodystrophies: towards solving the puzzle. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:18. [PMID: 35227276 PMCID: PMC8887016 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a highly organized multicellular system localized in the brain, formed by neuronal, glial (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and vascular (endothelial cells and pericytes) cells. The blood-brain barrier, a complex and dynamic endothelial cell barrier in the brain microvasculature that separates the blood from the brain parenchyma, is a component of the NVU. In a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, dysfunctions of the NVU occurs. There is, however, a lack of knowledge regarding the NVU function in leukodystrophies, which are rare monogenic disorders that primarily affect the white matter. Since leukodystrophies are rare diseases, human brain tissue availability is scarce and representative animal models that significantly recapitulate the disease are difficult to develop. The introduction of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) now makes it possible to surpass these limitations while maintaining the ability to work in a biologically relevant human context and safeguarding the genetic background of the patient. This review aims to provide further insights into the NVU functioning in leukodystrophies, with a special focus on iPSC-derived models that can be used to dissect neurovascular pathophysiology in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parand Zarekiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrique Nogueira Pinto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Sokpor G, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Tuoc T. Regulation of Cell Delamination During Cortical Neurodevelopment and Implication for Brain Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824802. [PMID: 35281509 PMCID: PMC8904418 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development is dependent on key processes that can influence apical progenitor cell division and progeny. Pivotal among such critical cellular processes is the intricate mechanism of cell delamination. This indispensable cell detachment process mainly entails the loss of apical anchorage, and subsequent migration of the mitotic derivatives of the highly polarized apical cortical progenitors. Such apical progenitor derivatives are responsible for the majority of cortical neurogenesis. Many factors, including transcriptional and epigenetic/chromatin regulators, are known to tightly control cell attachment and delamination tendency in the cortical neurepithelium. Activity of these molecular regulators principally coordinate morphogenetic cues to engender remodeling or disassembly of tethering cellular components and external cell adhesion molecules leading to exit of differentiating cells in the ventricular zone. Improper cell delamination is known to frequently impair progenitor cell fate commitment and neuronal migration, which can cause aberrant cortical cell number and organization known to be detrimental to the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. Indeed, some neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including Heterotopia, Schizophrenia, Hydrocephalus, Microcephaly, and Chudley-McCullough syndrome have been associated with cell attachment dysregulation in the developing mammalian cortex. This review sheds light on the concept of cell delamination, mechanistic (transcriptional and epigenetic regulation) nuances involved, and its importance for corticogenesis. Various neurodevelopmental disorders with defective (too much or too little) cell delamination as a notable etiological underpinning are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Sokpor,
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Tran Tuoc,
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24
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Paredes MF, Mora C, Flores-Ramirez Q, Cebrian-Silla A, Del Dosso A, Larimer P, Chen J, Kang G, Gonzalez Granero S, Garcia E, Chu J, Delgado R, Cotter JA, Tang V, Spatazza J, Obernier K, Ferrer Lozano J, Vento M, Scott J, Studholme C, Nowakowski TJ, Kriegstein AR, Oldham MC, Hasenstaub A, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A, Huang EJ. Nests of dividing neuroblasts sustain interneuron production for the developing human brain. Science 2022; 375:eabk2346. [PMID: 35084970 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human cortex contains inhibitory interneurons derived from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), a germinal zone in the embryonic ventral forebrain. How this germinal zone generates sufficient interneurons for the human brain remains unclear. We found that the human MGE (hMGE) contains nests of proliferative neuroblasts with ultrastructural and transcriptomic features that distinguish them from other progenitors in the hMGE. When dissociated hMGE cells are transplanted into the neonatal mouse brain, they reform into nests containing proliferating neuroblasts that generate young neurons that migrate extensively into the mouse forebrain and mature into different subtypes of functional interneurons. Together, these results indicate that the nest organization and sustained proliferation of neuroblasts in the hMGE provide a mechanism for the extended production of interneurons for the human forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F Paredes
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cristina Mora
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Arantxa Cebrian-Silla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ashley Del Dosso
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Phil Larimer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jiapei Chen
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gugene Kang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susana Gonzalez Granero
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julia Chu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ryan Delgado
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cotter
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Vivian Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julien Spatazza
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jaime Ferrer Lozano
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Scott
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Colin Studholme
- Biomedical Image Computing Group, Departments of Pediatrics, Bioengineering, and Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Developmental and Stem Cell Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrea Hasenstaub
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valencia, Spain
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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25
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Prodromidou K, Matsas R. Evolving features of human cortical development and the emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in neural progenitor cell diversity and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:56. [PMID: 34921638 PMCID: PMC11071749 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex is a uniquely complex structure encompassing an unparalleled diversity of neuronal types and subtypes. These arise during development through a series of evolutionary conserved processes, such as progenitor cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, incorporating human-associated adaptations including a protracted neurogenesis and the emergence of novel highly heterogeneous progenitor populations. Disentangling the unique features of human cortical development involves elucidation of the intricate developmental cell transitions orchestrated by progressive molecular events. Crucially, developmental timing controls the fine balance between cell cycle progression/exit and the neurogenic competence of precursor cells, which undergo morphological transitions coupled to transcriptome-defined temporal states. Recent advances in bulk and single-cell transcriptomic technologies suggest that alongside protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs exert important regulatory roles in these processes. Interestingly, a considerable number of novel long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have appeared in human and non-human primates suggesting an evolutionary role in shaping cortical development. Here, we present an overview of human cortical development and highlight the marked diversification and complexity of human neuronal progenitors. We further discuss how lncRNAs and miRNAs constitute critical components of the extended epigenetic regulatory network defining intermediate states of progenitors and controlling cell cycle dynamics and fate choices with spatiotemporal precision, during human neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanella Prodromidou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece.
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece
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26
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Kelley KW, Pașca SP. Human brain organogenesis: Toward a cellular understanding of development and disease. Cell 2021; 185:42-61. [PMID: 34774127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the human nervous system is a distinctly complex although highly regulated process. Human tissue inaccessibility has impeded a molecular understanding of the developmental specializations from which our unique cognitive capacities arise. A confluence of recent technological advances in genomics and stem cell-based tissue modeling is laying the foundation for a new understanding of human neural development and dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease. Here, we review recent progress on uncovering the cellular and molecular principles of human brain organogenesis in vivo as well as using organoids and assembloids in vitro to model features of human evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergiu P Pașca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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27
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Penisson M, Jin M, Wang S, Hirotsune S, Francis F, Belvindrah R. Lis1 mutation prevents basal radial glia-like cell production in the mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:942-957. [PMID: 34635911 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral cortical malformations are associated with progenitor proliferation and neuronal migration abnormalities. Progenitor cells include apical radial glia, intermediate progenitors and basal (or outer) radial glia (bRGs or oRGs). bRGs are few in number in lissencephalic species (e.g. the mouse) but abundant in gyrencephalic brains. The LIS1 gene coding for a dynein regulator, is mutated in human lissencephaly, associated also in some cases with microcephaly. LIS1 was shown to be important during cell division and neuronal migration. Here, we generated bRG-like cells in the mouse embryonic brain, investigating the role of Lis1 in their formation. This was achieved by in utero electroporation of a hominoid-specific gene TBC1D3 (coding for a RAB-GAP protein) at mouse embryonic day (E) 14.5. We first confirmed that TBC1D3 expression in wild-type (WT) brain generates numerous Pax6+ bRG-like cells that are basally localized. Second, using the same approach, we assessed the formation of these cells in heterozygote Lis1 mutant brains. Our novel results show that Lis1 depletion in the forebrain from E9.5 prevented subsequent TBC1D3-induced bRG-like cell amplification. Indeed, we observe perturbation of the ventricular zone (VZ) in the mutant. Lis1 depletion altered adhesion proteins and mitotic spindle orientations at the ventricular surface and increased the proportion of abventricular mitoses. Progenitor outcome could not be further altered by TBC1D3. We conclude that disruption of Lis1/LIS1 dosage is likely to be detrimental for appropriate progenitor number and position, contributing to lissencephaly pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Penisson
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Mingyue Jin
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Shengming Wang
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Shinji Hirotsune
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Richard Belvindrah
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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28
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Abstract
The human brain is characterized by the large size and intricate folding of its cerebral cortex, which are fundamental for our higher cognitive function and frequently altered in pathological dysfunction. Cortex folding is not unique to humans, nor even to primates, but is common across mammals. Cortical growth and folding are the result of complex developmental processes that involve neural stem and progenitor cells and their cellular lineages, the migration and differentiation of neurons, and the genetic programs that regulate and fine-tune these processes. All these factors combined generate mechanical stress and strain on the developing neural tissue, which ultimately drives orderly cortical deformation and folding. In this review we examine and summarize the current knowledge on the molecular, cellular, histogenic and mechanical mechanisms that are involved in and influence folding of the cerebral cortex, and how they emerged and changed during mammalian evolution. We discuss the main types of pathological malformations of human cortex folding, their specific developmental origin, and how investigating their genetic causes has illuminated our understanding of key events involved. We close our review by presenting the state-of-the-art animal and in vitro models of cortex folding that are currently used to study these devastating developmental brain disorders in children, and what are the main challenges that remain ahead of us to fully understand brain folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Del Valle Anton
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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29
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Bhaduri A, Sandoval-Espinosa C, Otero-Garcia M, Oh I, Yin R, Eze UC, Nowakowski TJ, Kriegstein AR. An atlas of cortical arealization identifies dynamic molecular signatures. Nature 2021; 598:200-204. [PMID: 34616070 PMCID: PMC8494648 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human brain is subdivided into distinct anatomical structures, including the neocortex, which in turn encompasses dozens of distinct specialized cortical areas. Early morphogenetic gradients are known to establish early brain regions and cortical areas, but how early patterns result in finer and more discrete spatial differences remains poorly understood1. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing to profile ten major brain structures and six neocortical areas during peak neurogenesis and early gliogenesis. Within the neocortex, we find that early in the second trimester, a large number of genes are differentially expressed across distinct cortical areas in all cell types, including radial glia, the neural progenitors of the cortex. However, the abundance of areal transcriptomic signatures increases as radial glia differentiate into intermediate progenitor cells and ultimately give rise to excitatory neurons. Using an automated, multiplexed single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization approach, we find that laminar gene-expression patterns are highly dynamic across cortical regions. Together, our data suggest that early cortical areal patterning is defined by strong, mutually exclusive frontal and occipital gene-expression signatures, with resulting gradients giving rise to the specification of areas between these two poles throughout successive developmental timepoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Carmen Sandoval-Espinosa
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Irene Oh
- Rebus Biosystems, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | | | - Ugomma C Eze
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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30
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Taubes A, Nova P, Zalocusky KA, Kosti I, Bicak M, Zilberter MY, Hao Y, Yoon SY, Oskotsky T, Pineda S, Chen B, Jones EAA, Choudhary K, Grone B, Balestra ME, Chaudhry F, Paranjpe I, De Freitas J, Koutsodendris N, Chen N, Wang C, Chang W, An A, Glicksberg BS, Sirota M, Huang Y. Experimental and real-world evidence supporting the computational repurposing of bumetanide for APOE4-related Alzheimer's disease. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:932-947. [PMID: 36172600 PMCID: PMC9514594 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The evident genetic, pathological, and clinical heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses challenges for traditional drug development. We conducted a computational drug repurposing screen for drugs to treat apolipoprotein (apo) E4-related AD. We first established apoE-genotype-dependent transcriptomic signatures of AD by analyzing publicly-available human brain database. We then queried these signatures against the Connectivity Map database containing transcriptomic perturbations of >1300 drugs to identify those that best reverse apoE-genotype-specific AD signatures. Bumetanide was identified as a top drug for apoE4 AD. Bumetanide treatment of apoE4 mice without or with Aβ accumulation rescued electrophysiological, pathological, or cognitive deficits. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed transcriptomic reversal of AD signatures in specific cell types in these mice, a finding confirmed in apoE4-iPSC-derived neurons. In humans, bumetanide exposure was associated with a significantly lower AD prevalence in individuals over the age of 65 in two electronic health record databases, suggesting effectiveness of bumetanide in preventing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Taubes
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Phil Nova
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly A. Zalocusky
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Idit Kosti
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, USA
| | - Mesude Bicak
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Misha Y. Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tomiko Oskotsky
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, USA
| | - Silvia Pineda
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Emily A. Aery Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Krishna Choudhary
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian Grone
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maureen E. Balestra
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fayzan Chaudhry
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ishan Paranjpe
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica De Freitas
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Development and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nuo Chen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Celine Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - William Chang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alice An
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Glicksberg
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, USA
- Correspondence: Yadong Huang () or Marina Sirota ()
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence: Yadong Huang () or Marina Sirota ()
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31
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Libé-Philippot B, Vanderhaeghen P. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Linking Human Cortical Development and Evolution. Annu Rev Genet 2021; 55:555-581. [PMID: 34535062 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is at the core of brain functions that are thought to be particularly developed in the human species. Human cortex specificities stem from divergent features of corticogenesis, leading to increased cortical size and complexity. Underlying cellular mechanisms include prolonged patterns of neuronal generation and maturation, as well as the amplification of specific types of stem/progenitor cells. While the gene regulatory networks of corticogenesis appear to be largely conserved among all mammals including humans, they have evolved in primates, particularly in the human species, through the emergence of rapidly divergent transcriptional regulatory elements, as well as recently duplicated novel genes. These human-specific molecular features together control key cellular milestones of human corticogenesis and are often affected in neurodevelopmental disorders, thus linking human neural development, evolution, and diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Libé-Philippot
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; .,Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM) and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; .,Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM) and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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32
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Tasdemir-Yilmaz OE, Druckenbrod NR, Olukoya OO, Dong W, Yung AR, Bastille I, Pazyra-Murphy MF, Sitko AA, Hale EB, Vigneau S, Gimelbrant AA, Kharchenko PV, Goodrich LV, Segal RA. Diversity of developing peripheral glia revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2516-2535.e8. [PMID: 34469751 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system responds to a wide variety of sensory stimuli, a process that requires great neuronal diversity. These diverse neurons are closely associated with glial cells originating from the neural crest. However, the molecular nature and diversity among peripheral glia are not understood. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile developing and mature glia from somatosensory dorsal root ganglia and auditory spiral ganglia. We found that glial precursors (GPs) in these two systems differ in their transcriptional profiles. Despite their unique features, somatosensory and auditory GPs undergo convergent differentiation to generate molecularly uniform myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells. By contrast, somatosensory and auditory satellite glial cells retain system-specific features. Lastly, we identified a glial signature gene set, providing new insights into commonalities among glia across the nervous system. This survey of gene expression in peripheral glia constitutes a resource for understanding functions of glia across different sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge E Tasdemir-Yilmaz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noah R Druckenbrod
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Weixiu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea R Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isle Bastille
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria F Pazyra-Murphy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Austen A Sitko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan B Hale
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sébastien Vigneau
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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33
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Berto S, Liu Y, Konopka G. Genomics at cellular resolution: insights into cognitive disorders and their evolution. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:R1-R9. [PMID: 32566943 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput genomic sequencing approaches have held the promise of understanding and ultimately leading to treatments for cognitive disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Although significant progress has been made into identifying genetic variants associated with these diseases, these studies have also uncovered that these disorders are mostly genetically complex and thus challenging to model in non-human systems. Improvements in such models might benefit from understanding the evolution of the human genome and how such modifications have affected brain development and function. The intersection of genome-wide variant information with cell-type-specific expression and epigenetic information will further assist in resolving the contribution of particular cell types in evolution or disease. For example, the role of non-neuronal cells in brain evolution and cognitive disorders has gone mostly underappreciated until the recent availability of single-cell transcriptomic approaches. In this review, we discuss recent studies that carry out cell-type-specific assessments of gene expression in brain tissue across primates and between healthy and disease populations. The emerging results from these studies are beginning to elucidate how specific cell types in the evolved human brain are contributing to cognitive disorders.
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34
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Yang L, Li Z, Liu G, Li X, Yang Z. Developmental Origins of Human Cortical Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:47-68. [PMID: 34374948 PMCID: PMC8783027 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cortical radial glial cells are primary neural stem cells that give rise to cortical glutaminergic projection pyramidal neurons, glial cells (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) and olfactory bulb GABAergic interneurons. One of prominent features of the human cortex is enriched with glial cells, but there are major gaps in understanding how these glial cells are generated. Herein, by integrating analysis of published human cortical single-cell RNA-Seq datasets with our immunohistochemistical analyses, we show that around gestational week 18, EGFR-expressing human cortical truncated radial glial cells (tRGs) give rise to basal multipotent intermediate progenitors (bMIPCs) that express EGFR, ASCL1, OLIG2 and OLIG1. These bMIPCs undergo several rounds of mitosis and generate cortical oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and olfactory bulb interneurons. We also characterized molecular features of the cortical tRG. Integration of our findings suggests a general picture of the lineage progression of cortical radial glial cells, a fundamental process of the developing human cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaosu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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35
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Pinson A, Huttner WB. Neocortex expansion in development and evolution-from genes to progenitor cell biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:9-18. [PMID: 34098196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions in humans, is primarily due to an increased and prolonged proliferation of neural progenitor cells during development. Basal progenitors, and in particular basal radial glial cells, are thought to have a key role in the increased generation of neurons that constitutes a foundation of neocortex expansion. Recent studies have identified primate-specific and human-specific genes and changes in gene expression that promote increased proliferative capacity of cortical progenitors. In many cases, the cell biological basis underlying this increase has been uncovered. Model systems such as mouse, ferret, nonhuman primates, and cerebral organoids have been used to establish the relevance of these genes for neocortex expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneline Pinson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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36
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Lanjewar SN, Sloan SA. Growing Glia: Cultivating Human Stem Cell Models of Gliogenesis in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649538. [PMID: 33842475 PMCID: PMC8027322 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia are present in all organisms with a central nervous system but considerably differ in their diversity, functions, and numbers. Coordinated efforts across many model systems have contributed to our understanding of glial-glial and neuron-glial interactions during nervous system development and disease, but human glia exhibit prominent species-specific attributes. Limited access to primary samples at critical developmental timepoints constrains our ability to assess glial contributions in human tissues. This challenge has been addressed throughout the past decade via advancements in human stem cell differentiation protocols that now offer the ability to model human astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Here, we review the use of novel 2D cell culture protocols, 3D organoid models, and bioengineered systems derived from human stem cells to study human glial development and the role of glia in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A. Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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37
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Amin S, Borrell V. The Extracellular Matrix in the Evolution of Cortical Development and Folding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:604448. [PMID: 33344456 PMCID: PMC7744631 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.604448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the mammalian cerebral cortex leading to humans involved a remarkable sophistication of developmental mechanisms. Specific adaptations of progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal migration mechanisms have been proposed to play major roles in this evolution of neocortical development. One of the central elements influencing neocortex development is the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides both a structural framework during tissue formation and to present signaling molecules to cells, which directly influences cell behavior and movement. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the role of ECM molecules on progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal migration, and how these contribute to cerebral cortex expansion and folding. We discuss how transcriptomic studies in human, ferret and mouse identify components of ECM as being candidate key players in cortex expansion during development and evolution. Then we focus on recent functional studies showing that ECM components regulate cortical progenitor cell proliferation, neuron migration and the mechanical properties of the developing cortex. Finally, we discuss how these features differ between lissencephalic and gyrencephalic species, and how the molecular evolution of ECM components and their expression profiles may have been fundamental in the emergence and evolution of cortex folding across mammalian phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
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38
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Ferent J, Zaidi D, Francis F. Extracellular Control of Radial Glia Proliferation and Scaffolding During Cortical Development and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578341. [PMID: 33178693 PMCID: PMC7596222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. These neurons are hence dependent upon RG extensions to support their migration from apical to basal regions. Several studies have investigated how intracellular determinants are required for RG polarity and subsequent formation and maintenance of their processes. Fewer studies have identified the influence of the extracellular environment on this architecture. This review will focus on extracellular factors which influence RG morphology and pyramidal neuronal migration during normal development and their perturbations in pathology. During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. This particular conformation allows aRGs to be exposed to long range and short range signaling cues, whereas basal RGs (bRGs, also known as outer RGs, oRGs) have their cell bodies located throughout the cortical wall, limiting their access to ventricular factors. Long range signals impacting aRGs include secreted molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Neuregulin, EGF, FGF, Wnt, BMP). Secreted molecules also contribute to the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin, reelin). Classical short range factors include cell to cell signaling, adhesion molecules and mechano-transduction mechanisms (e.g., TAG1, Notch, cadherins, mechanical tension). Changes in one or several of these components influencing the RG extracellular environment can disrupt the development or maintenance of RG architecture on which neuronal migration relies, leading to a range of cortical malformations. First, we will detail the known long range signaling cues impacting RG. Then, we will review how short range cell contacts are also important to instruct the RG framework. Understanding how RG processes are structured by their environment to maintain and support radial migration is a critical part of the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Donia Zaidi
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
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39
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Kalebic N, Huttner WB. Basal Progenitor Morphology and Neocortex Evolution. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:843-853. [PMID: 32828546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex is widely considered to be a basis of increased cognitive abilities. This expansion is a consequence of the enhanced production of neurons during the fetal/embryonic development of the neocortex, which in turn reflects an increased proliferative capacity of neural progenitor cells; in particular basal progenitors (BPs). The remarkable heterogeneity of BP subtypes across mammals, notably their various morphotypes and molecular fingerprints, which has recently been revealed, corroborates the importance of BPs for neocortical expansion. Here, we argue that the morphology of BPs is a key cell biological basis for maintaining their high proliferative capacity and therefore plays crucial roles in the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Human Technopole, Milan, Italy.
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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40
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Li Z, Tyler WA, Haydar TF. Lessons from single cell sequencing in CNS cell specification and function. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:138-143. [PMID: 32679535 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern RNA sequencing methods have greatly increased our understanding of the molecular fingerprint of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Technical approaches with greater sensitivity and throughput have uncovered new connections between gene expression, cell biology, and ultimately CNS function. In recent years, single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has made a large impact on the neurosciences by enhancing the resolution of types of cells that make up the CNS and shedding light on their developmental trajectories and how their diversity is modified across species. Here we will review the advantages, innovations, and challenges of the single cell genomics era and highlight how it has impacted our understanding of neurodevelopment and neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William A Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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41
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Esteve P, Crespo I, Kaimakis P, Sandonís A, Bovolenta P. Sfrp1 Modulates Cell-signaling Events Underlying Telencephalic Patterning, Growth and Differentiation. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1059-1074. [PMID: 30084950 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium develops-from medial to lateral-into the choroid plaque, cortical hem, hippocampal primordium and isocortex under the influence of Bmp, Wnt and Notch signaling. Correct telencephalic development requires a tight coordination of the extent/duration of these signals, but the identification of possible molecular coordinators is still limited. Here, we postulated that Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 1 (Sfrp1), a multifunctional regulator of Bmp, Wnt and Notch signaling strongly expressed during early telencephalic development, may represent 1 of such molecules. We report that in E10.5-E12.5 Sfrp1-/- embryos, the hem and hippocampal domains are reduced in size whereas the prospective neocortex is medially extended. These changes are associated with a significant reduction of the medio-lateral telencephalic expression of Axin2, a read-out of Wnt/βcatenin signaling activation. Furthermore, in the absence of Sfrp1, Notch signaling is increased, cortical progenitor cell cycle is shorter, with expanded progenitor pools and enhanced generation of early-born neurons. Hence, in postnatal Sfrp1-/- animals the anterior hippocampus is reduced and the neocortex is shorter in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral axis but is thicker. We propose that, by controlling Wnt and Notch signaling in opposite directions, Sfrp1 promotes hippocampal patterning and balances medio-lateral and antero-posterior cortex expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Crespo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Polynikis Kaimakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Africa Sandonís
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Wang Q, Dong X, Lu J, Hu T, Pei G. Constitutive activity of a G protein-coupled receptor, DRD1, contributes to human cerebral organoid formation. Stem Cells 2020; 38:653-665. [PMID: 32052915 PMCID: PMC7384186 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intricate balance of neural stem cell (NSC) amplification and neurogenesis is central to nervous system development. Dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) is a typical G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) mainly expressed in neurogenic area, with high constitutive activity. The receptor appears in the embryonic period before the formation of mature synaptic contacts, which indicates that dopamine receptor and its constitutive activity play crucial roles in the embryonic brain development. Here, we found that DRD1 was enriched in human NSCs. Inhibition of the receptor activity by its inverse agonists promoted human NSCs proliferation and impeded its differentiation. These results were also mimicked by genetic knockdown of DRD1, which also blocked the effects of inverse agonists, suggesting a receptor‐dependent manner. More interestingly, knock‐in A229T mutant with reduced DRD1 constitutive activity by CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing technology resulted into increased endogenous human NSCs proliferation. These results were well reproduced in human cerebral organoids, and inhibition of the DRD1 constitutive activity by its inverse agonists induced the expansion and folding of human cerebral organoids. The anatomic analysis uncovered that decreasing the constitutive activity of DRD1 by its inverse agonists promoted the NSCs proliferation and maintenance that led to hindered cortical neurogenesis. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the PKC‐CBP pathway was involved in the regulation by DRD1. Thus, our findings indicate that the constitutive activity of DRD1 and possibly other GPCRs plays an important role in the development of human nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoxu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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43
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Wang R, Sharma R, Shen X, Laughney AM, Funato K, Clark PJ, Shpokayte M, Morgenstern P, Navare M, Xu Y, Harbi S, Masilionis I, Nanjangud G, Yang Y, Duran-Rehbein G, Hemberg M, Pe'er D, Tabar V. Adult Human Glioblastomas Harbor Radial Glia-like Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:338-350. [PMID: 32004492 PMCID: PMC7014025 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial glia (RG) cells are the first neural stem cells to appear during embryonic development. Adult human glioblastomas harbor a subpopulation of RG-like cells with typical RG morphology and markers. The cells exhibit the classic and unique mitotic behavior of normal RG in a cell-autonomous manner. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses of glioblastoma cells reveal transcriptionally dynamic clusters of RG-like cells that share the profiles of normal human fetal radial glia and that reside in quiescent and cycling states. Functional assays show a role for interleukin in triggering exit from dormancy into active cycling, suggesting a role for inflammation in tumor progression. These data are consistent with the possibility of persistence of RG into adulthood and their involvement in tumor initiation or maintenance. They also provide a putative cellular basis for the persistence of normal developmental programs in adult tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Shen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgshire CB10 1SA, UK; ShaoYang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ashley M Laughney
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kosuke Funato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philip J Clark
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, PA 64742, USA
| | - Monika Shpokayte
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter Morgenstern
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Monalisa Navare
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yichi Xu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Ignas Masilionis
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gouri Nanjangud
- Molecular Cytology Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanhong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel Duran-Rehbein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Martin Hemberg
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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44
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Grenier K, Kao J, Diamandis P. Three-dimensional modeling of human neurodegeneration: brain organoids coming of age. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:254-274. [PMID: 31444473 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing in aging nations. These relentless and progressive diseases remain largely without disease-modifying treatments despite decades of research and investments. It is becoming clear that traditional two-dimensional culture and animal model systems, while providing valuable insights on the major pathophysiological pathways associated with these diseases, have not translated well to patients' bedside. Fortunately, the advent of induced-pluripotent stem cells and three-dimensional cell culture now provide tools that are revolutionizing the study of human diseases by permitting analysis of patient-derived human tissue with non-invasive procedures. Specifically, brain organoids, self-organizing neural structures that can mimic human fetal brain development, have now been harnessed to develop alternative models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, and Frontotemporal dementia by recapitulating important neuropathological hallmarks found in these disorders. Despite these early breakthroughs, several limitations need to be vetted in brain organoid models in order to more faithfully match human tissue qualities, including relative tissue immaturity, lack of vascularization and incomplete cellular diversity found in this culture system. Here, we review current brain organoid protocols, the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, and early studies with brain organoid neurodegeneration models. We then discuss the multiple engineering and conceptual challenges surrounding their use and provide possible solutions and exciting avenues to be pursued. Altogether, we believe that brain organoids models, improved with classical and emerging molecular and analytic tools, have the potential to unravel the opaque pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration and devise novel treatments for an array of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Grenier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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45
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Torres R, Lang UE, Hejna M, Shelton SJ, Joseph NM, Shain AH, Yeh I, Wei ML, Oldham MC, Bastian BC, Judson-Torres RL. MicroRNA Ratios Distinguish Melanomas from Nevi. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:164-173.e7. [PMID: 31580842 PMCID: PMC6926155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of microRNAs as biomarkers has been proposed for many diseases, including the diagnosis of melanoma. Although hundreds of microRNAs have been identified as differentially expressed in melanomas as compared to benign melanocytic lesions, a limited consensus has been achieved across studies, constraining the effective use of these potentially useful markers. In this study, we applied a machine learning-based pipeline to a dataset consisting of genetic features, clinical features, and next-generation microRNA sequencing from micro-dissected formalin-fixed paraffin embedded melanomas and their adjacent benign precursor nevi. We identified patient age and tumor cellularity as variables that frequently confound the measured expression of potentially diagnostic microRNAs. By employing the ratios of microRNAs that were either enriched or depleted in melanoma compared to the nevi as a normalization strategy, we developed a model that classified all the available published cohorts with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.98. External validation on an independent cohort classified lesions with 81% sensitivity and 88% specificity and was uninfluenced by the tumor content of the sample or patient age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ursula E Lang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miroslav Hejna
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel J Shelton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nancy M Joseph
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - A Hunter Shain
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maria L Wei
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert L Judson-Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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46
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Balikov DA, Neal EH, Lippmann ES. Organotypic Neurovascular Models: Past Results and Future Directions. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:273-284. [PMID: 31699496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The high failure rates of clinical trials in neurodegeneration, perhaps most apparent in recent high-profile failures of potential Alzheimer's disease therapies, have partially motivated the development of improved human cell-based models to bridge the gap between well-plate assays and preclinical efficacy studies in mice. Recently, cerebral organoids derived from stem cells have gained significant traction as 3D models of central nervous system (CNS) regions. Although this technology is promising, several limitations still exist; most notably, improper structural organization of neural cells and a lack of functional glia and vasculature. Here, we provide an overview of the cerebral organoid field and speculate how engineering strategies, including biomaterial fabrication and templating, might be used to overcome existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Balikov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emma H Neal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ethan S Lippmann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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47
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Munji RN, Soung AL, Weiner GA, Sohet F, Semple BD, Trivedi A, Gimlin K, Kotoda M, Korai M, Aydin S, Batugal A, Cabangcala AC, Schupp PG, Oldham MC, Hashimoto T, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Daneman R. Profiling the mouse brain endothelial transcriptome in health and disease models reveals a core blood-brain barrier dysfunction module. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1892-1902. [PMID: 31611708 PMCID: PMC6858546 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels in the CNS form a specialized and critical structure, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We present a resource to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate BBB function in health and dysfunction during disease. Using endothelial cell enrichment and RNA sequencing, we analyzed the gene expression of endothelial cells in mice, comparing brain endothelial cells with peripheral endothelial cells. We also assessed the regulation of CNS endothelial gene expression in models of stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and seizure, each having profound BBB disruption. We found that although each is caused by a distinct trigger, they exhibit strikingly similar endothelial gene expression changes during BBB disruption, comprising a core BBB dysfunction module that shifts the CNS endothelial cells into a peripheral endothelial cell-like state. The identification of a common pathway for BBB dysfunction suggests that targeting therapeutic agents to limit it may be effective across multiple neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeben Nocon Munji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Allison Luen Soung
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Aaron Weiner
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fabien Sohet
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bridgette Deanne Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kayleen Gimlin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Masakazu Kotoda
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Masaaki Korai
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sidar Aydin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Austin Batugal
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Georg Schupp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Clark Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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48
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Shull G, Haffner C, Huttner WB, Kodandaramaiah SB, Taverna E. Robotic platform for microinjection into single cells in brain tissue. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47880. [PMID: 31469223 PMCID: PMC6776899 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microinjection into single cells in brain tissue is a powerful technique to study and manipulate neural stem cells. However, such microinjection requires expertise and is a low-throughput process. We developed the "Autoinjector", a robot that utilizes images from a microscope to guide a microinjection needle into tissue to deliver femtoliter volumes of liquids into single cells. The Autoinjector enables microinjection of hundreds of cells within a single organotypic slice, resulting in an overall yield that is an order of magnitude greater than manual microinjection. The Autoinjector successfully targets both apical progenitors (APs) and newborn neurons in the embryonic mouse and human fetal telencephalon. We used the Autoinjector to systematically study gap-junctional communication between neural progenitors in the embryonic mouse telencephalon and found that apical contact is a characteristic feature of the cells that are part of a gap junction-coupled cluster. The throughput and versatility of the Autoinjector will render microinjection an accessible high-performance single-cell manipulation technique and will provide a powerful new platform for performing single-cell analyses in tissue for bioengineering and biophysics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Shull
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaTwin CitiesMNUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaTwin CitiesMNUSA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaTwin CitiesMNUSA
| | - Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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49
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Molnár Z, Clowry GJ, Šestan N, Alzu'bi A, Bakken T, Hevner RF, Hüppi PS, Kostović I, Rakic P, Anton ES, Edwards D, Garcez P, Hoerder‐Suabedissen A, Kriegstein A. New insights into the development of the human cerebral cortex. J Anat 2019; 235:432-451. [PMID: 31373394 PMCID: PMC6704245 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex constitutes more than half the volume of the human brain and is presumed to be responsible for the neuronal computations underlying complex phenomena, such as perception, thought, language, attention, episodic memory and voluntary movement. Rodent models are extremely valuable for the investigation of brain development, but cannot provide insight into aspects that are unique or highly derived in humans. Many human psychiatric and neurological conditions have developmental origins but cannot be studied adequately in animal models. The human cerebral cortex has some unique genetic, molecular, cellular and anatomical features, which need to be further explored. The Anatomical Society devoted its summer meeting to the topic of Human Brain Development in June 2018 to tackle these important issues. The meeting was organized by Gavin Clowry (Newcastle University) and Zoltán Molnár (University of Oxford), and held at St John's College, Oxford. The participants provided a broad overview of the structure of the human brain in the context of scaling relationships across the brains of mammals, conserved principles and recent changes in the human lineage. Speakers considered how neuronal progenitors diversified in human to generate an increasing variety of cortical neurons. The formation of the earliest cortical circuits of the earliest generated neurons in the subplate was discussed together with their involvement in neurodevelopmental pathologies. Gene expression networks and susceptibility genes associated to neurodevelopmental diseases were discussed and compared with the networks that can be identified in organoids developed from induced pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some aspects of in vivo development. New views were discussed on the specification of glutamatergic pyramidal and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. With the advancement of various in vivo imaging methods, the histopathological observations can be now linked to in vivo normal conditions and to various diseases. Our review gives a general evaluation of the exciting new developments in these areas. The human cortex has a much enlarged association cortex with greater interconnectivity of cortical areas with each other and with an expanded thalamus. The human cortex has relative enlargement of the upper layers, enhanced diversity and function of inhibitory interneurons and a highly expanded transient subplate layer during development. Here we highlight recent studies that address how these differences emerge during development focusing on diverse facets of our evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gavin J. Clowry
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Nenad Šestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Ayman Alzu'bi
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineYarmouk UniversityIrbidJordan
| | | | | | - Petra S. Hüppi
- Dept. de l'enfant et de l'adolescentHôpitaux Universitaires de GenèveGenèveSwitzerland
| | - Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - E. S. Anton
- UNC Neuroscience CenterDepartment of Cell and Molecular PhysiologyThe University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing BrainBiomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences,King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Patricia Garcez
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJInstitute of Biomedical SciencesRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Arnold Kriegstein
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUCSFSan FranciscoCAUSA
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50
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Penisson M, Ladewig J, Belvindrah R, Francis F. Genes and Mechanisms Involved in the Generation and Amplification of Basal Radial Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:381. [PMID: 31481878 PMCID: PMC6710321 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex relies on different types of progenitor cell. Among them, the recently described basal radial glial cell (bRG) is suggested to be of critical importance for the development of the brain in gyrencephalic species. These cells are highly numerous in primate and ferret brains, compared to lissencephalic species such as the mouse in which they are few in number. Their somata are located in basal subventricular zones in gyrencephalic brains and they generally possess a basal process extending to the pial surface. They sometimes also have an apical process directed toward the ventricular surface, similar to apical radial glial cells (aRGs) from which they are derived, and whose somata are found more apically in the ventricular zone. bRGs share similarities with aRGs in terms of gene expression (SOX2, PAX6, and NESTIN), whilst also expressing a range of more specific genes (such as HOPX). In primate brains, bRGs can divide multiple times, self-renewing and/or generating intermediate progenitors and neurons. They display a highly specific cytokinesis behavior termed mitotic somal translocation. We focus here on recently identified molecular mechanisms associated with the generation and amplification of bRGs, including bRG-like cells in the rodent. These include signaling pathways such as the FGF-MAPK cascade, SHH, PTEN/AKT, PDGF pathways, and proteins such as INSM, GPSM2, ASPM, TRNP1, ARHGAP11B, PAX6, and HIF1α. A number of these proteins were identified through transcriptome comparisons in human aRGs vs. bRGs, and validated by modifying their activities or expression levels in the mouse. This latter experiment often revealed enhanced bRG-like cell production, even in some cases generating folds (gyri) on the surface of the mouse cortex. We compare the features of the identified cells and methods used to characterize them in each model. These important data converge to indicate pathways essential for the production and expansion of bRGs, which may help us understand cortical development in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Penisson
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Belvindrah
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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