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Wei T, Ma D, Liu L, Huang Y, Zhang X, Xu M, Wei Y, Wei J, Deng X. Lactate promotes bone healing by regulating the osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through activating Olfr1440. Transl Res 2024:S1931-5244(24)00143-9. [PMID: 39038535 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Bone malunion or nonunion leads to functional and esthetic problems and is a major healthcare burden. Activation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and subsequent induction of osteogenic differentiation by local metabolites are crucial steps for bone healing, which has not yet been completely investigated. Here, we found that lactate levels are rapidly increased at the local injury site during the early phase of bone defect healing, which facilitates the healing process by enhancing BMSCs regenerative capacity. Mechanistically, lactate serves as a ligand for the Olfr1440 olfactory receptor, to trigger an intracellular calcium influx that in turn activates osteogenic phenotype transition of BMSCs. Conversely, ablation of Olfr1440 delays skeletal repair and remodelling, as evidenced by thinner cortical bone and less woven bone formation in vivo. Administration of lactate in the defect area enhanced bone regeneration. These findings thus revealed the key roles of lactate in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which deepened our understanding of the bone healing process, as well as provided cues for a potential therapeutic option that might greatly improve bone defect treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Wei
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, No.37A, Xishiku Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Danning Ma
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials; No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials; No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials; No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Dental Materials & Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials; No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials; No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials; No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jinqi Wei
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, No.37A, Xishiku Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, PR China.
| | - Xuliang Deng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials; No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
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Shi K, Jiao Y, Yang L, Yuan G, Jia J. New insights into the roles of olfactory receptors in cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1615-1626. [PMID: 38761351 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with seven transmembrane domains that bind to specific exogenous chemical ligands and transduce intracellular signals. They constitute the largest gene family in the human genome. They are expressed in the epithelial cells of the olfactory organs and in the non-olfactory tissues such as the liver, kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, intestines, muscle, testis, placenta, cerebral cortex, and skin. They play important roles in the normal physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent evidence has highlighted a close association between ORs and several metabolic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Furthermore, ORs play an essential role in the development and functional regulation of the cardiovascular system and are implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms of CVDs, including atherosclerosis (AS), heart failure (HF), aneurysms, and hypertension (HTN). This review describes the specific mechanistic roles of ORs in the CVDs, and highlights the future clinical application prospects of ORs in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangru Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Alvarez-Araos P, Jiménez S, Salazar-Ardiles C, Núñez-Espinosa C, Paez V, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, Raberin A, Millet GP, Iturriaga R, Andrade DC. Baroreflex and chemoreflex interaction in high-altitude exposure: possible role on exercise performance. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1422927. [PMID: 38895516 PMCID: PMC11184637 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1422927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic chemoreflex and the arterial baroreflex are implicated in the ventilatory response to exercise. It is well known that long-term exercise training increases parasympathetic and decreases sympathetic tone, both processes influenced by the arterial baroreflex and hypoxic chemoreflex function. Hypobaric hypoxia (i.e., high altitude [HA]) markedly reduces exercise capacity associated with autonomic reflexes. Indeed, a reduced exercise capacity has been found, paralleled by a baroreflex-related parasympathetic withdrawal and a pronounced chemoreflex potentiation. Additionally, it is well known that the baroreflex and chemoreflex interact, and during activation by hypoxia, the chemoreflex is predominant over the baroreflex. Thus, the baroreflex function impairment may likely facilitate the exercise deterioration through the reduction of parasympathetic tone following acute HA exposure, secondary to the chemoreflex activation. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to describe the main physiological mechanisms controlling baro- and chemoreflex function and their role in exercise capacity during HA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alvarez-Araos
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Sergio Jiménez
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro Asistencial de Docencia e Investigación (CADI-UMAG), Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Paez
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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4
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Leonard EM, Porteus CS, Brink D, Milsom WK. Fish gill chemosensing: knowledge gaps and inconsistencies. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01553-5. [PMID: 38758303 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we explore the inconsistencies in the data and gaps in our knowledge that exist in what is currently known regarding gill chemosensors which drive the cardiorespiratory reflexes in fish. Although putative serotonergic neuroepithelial cells (NEC) dominate the literature, it is clear that other neurotransmitters are involved (adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetylcholine, purines, and dopamine). And although we assume that these agents act on neurons synapsing with the NECs or in the afferent or efferent limbs of the paths between chemosensors and central integration sites, this process remains elusive and may explain current discrepancies or species differences in the literature. To date it has been impossible to link the distribution of NECs to species sensitivity to different stimuli or fish lifestyles and while the gills have been shown to be the primary sensing site for respiratory gases, the location (gills, oro-branchial cavity or elsewhere) and orientation (external/water or internal/blood sensing) of the NECs are highly variable between species of water and air breathing fish. Much of what has been described so far comes from studies of hypoxic responses in fish, however, changes in CO2, ammonia and lactate have all been shown to elicit cardio-respiratory responses and all have been suggested to arise from stimulation of gill NECs. Our view of the role of NECs is broadening as we begin to understand the polymodal nature of these cells. We begin by presenting the fundamental picture of gill chemosensing that has developed, followed by some key unanswered questions about gill chemosensing in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Leonard
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Cosima S Porteus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Deidre Brink
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Willmann K, Moita LF. Physiologic disruption and metabolic reprogramming in infection and sepsis. Cell Metab 2024; 36:927-946. [PMID: 38513649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Effective responses against severe systemic infection require coordination between two complementary defense strategies that minimize the negative impact of infection on the host: resistance, aimed at pathogen elimination, and disease tolerance, which limits tissue damage and preserves organ function. Resistance and disease tolerance mostly rely on divergent metabolic programs that may not operate simultaneously in time and space. Due to evolutionary reasons, the host initially prioritizes the elimination of the pathogen, leading to dominant resistance mechanisms at the potential expense of disease tolerance, which can contribute to organ failure. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the role of physiological perturbations resulting from infection in immune response dynamics and the metabolic program requirements associated with resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms. We then discuss how insight into the interplay of these mechanisms could inform future research aimed at improving sepsis outcomes and the potential for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Willmann
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis F Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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6
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Beito MR, Ashraf S, Odogwu D, Harmancey R. Role of Ectopic Olfactory Receptors in the Regulation of the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Axis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:548. [PMID: 38792570 PMCID: PMC11122380 DOI: 10.3390/life14050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) represent one of the largest yet least investigated families of G protein-coupled receptors in mammals. While initially believed to be functionally restricted to the detection and integration of odors at the olfactory epithelium, accumulating evidence points to a critical role for ectopically expressed ORs in the regulation of cellular homeostasis in extranasal tissues. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on the expression and physiological functions of ectopic ORs in the cardiovascular system, kidneys, and primary metabolic organs and emphasizes how altered ectopic OR signaling in those tissues may impact cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Romain Harmancey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.R.B.); (S.A.); (D.O.)
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7
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Xu J, Choi R, Gupta K, Warren HR, Santhanam L, Pluznick JL. An evolutionarily conserved olfactory receptor is required for sex differences in blood pressure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1487. [PMID: 38507492 PMCID: PMC10954203 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Sex differences in blood pressure are well-established, with premenopausal women having lower blood pressure than men by ~10 millimeters of mercury; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We report here that sex differences in blood pressure are absent in olfactory receptor 558 knockout (KO) mice. Olfr558 localizes to renin-positive cells in the kidney and to vascular smooth muscle cells. Female KOs exhibit increased blood pressure and increased pulse wave velocity. In contrast, male KO mice have decreased renin expression and activity, altered vascular reactivity, and decreased diastolic pressure. A rare OR51E1 (human ortholog) missense variant has a statistically significant sex interaction effect with diastolic blood pressure, increasing diastolic blood pressure in women but decreasing it in men. In summary, our findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role for OLFR558/OR51E1 to mediate sex differences in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rira Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kunal Gupta
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen R. Warren
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology & Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Wang N, Peng YJ, Kang W, Hildreth M, Prabhakar NR, Nanduri J. Transcriptomic Analysis of Postnatal Rat Carotid Body Development. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:302. [PMID: 38540361 PMCID: PMC10970570 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB), located bilaterally at the carotid artery bifurcations, is the primary sensory organ for monitoring arterial blood O2 levels. Carotid bodies are immature at birth, exhibiting low sensitivity to hypoxia, and become more sensitive with maturation during the first few weeks of neonatal life. To understand the molecular basis for the postnatal developmental hypoxic responses of CB, we isolated CBs from 5-day and 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and performed RNA sequencing, which allows comprehensive analysis of gene expression. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were generated using Edge R, while functional enrichment analysis was performed using gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Analysis of RNA-Seq data showed 2604 DEGs of the total 12,696 genes shared between neonates and adults. Of the 2604 DEGs, 924 genes were upregulated, and 1680 genes were downregulated. Further analysis showed that genes related to oxidative phosphorylation (Ox/phos) and hypoxia-signaling pathways were significantly upregulated in neonatal CBs compared to adult CBs, suggesting a possible link to differential developmental hypoxic responses seen in CB. Genes related to cytokine signaling (INFγ and TNFα) and transcription factors (CREB and NFΚB) mediated pathways were enriched in adult CBs, suggesting that expression of these pathways may be linked to developmental regulation. The RNA-Seq results were verified by analyzing mRNA changes in selected genes by qRT-PCR. Our results of enrichment analysis of biological pathways offer valuable insight into CB hypoxic sensing responses related to the development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenjun Kang
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Hildreth
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nanduri R. Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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9
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Colinas O, Mombaerts P, López-Barneo J, Ortega-Sáenz P. Carotid Body Function in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Conditional Olfr78 Knockout Mice. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae010. [PMID: 38706960 PMCID: PMC11065104 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The Olfr78 gene encodes a G-protein-coupled olfactory receptor that is expressed in several ectopic sites. Olfr78 is one of the most abundant mRNA species in carotid body (CB) glomus cells. These cells are the prototypical oxygen (O2) sensitive arterial chemoreceptors, which, in response to lowered O2 tension (hypoxia), activate the respiratory centers to induce hyperventilation. It has been proposed that Olfr78 is a lactate receptor and that glomus cell activation by the increase in blood lactate mediates the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). However, this proposal has been challenged by several groups showing that Olfr78 is not a physiologically relevant lactate receptor and that the O2-based regulation of breathing is not affected in constitutive Olfr78 knockout mice. In another study, constitutive Olfr78 knockout mice were reported to have altered systemic and CB responses to mild hypoxia. To further characterize the functional role of Olfr78 in CB glomus cells, we here generated a conditional Olfr78 knockout mouse strain and then restricted the knockout to glomus cells and other catecholaminergic cells by crossing with a tyrosine hydroxylase-specific Cre driver strain (TH-Olfr78 KO mice). We find that TH-Olfr78 KO mice have a normal HVR. Interestingly, glomus cells of TH-Olfr78 KO mice exhibit molecular and electrophysiological alterations as well as a reduced dopamine content in secretory vesicles and neurosecretory activity. These functional characteristics resemble those of CB neuroblasts in wild-type mice. We suggest that, although Olfr78 is not essential for CB O2 sensing, activation of Olfr78-dependent pathways is required for maturation of glomus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Colinas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevile 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevile 41013, Spain
| | - Peter Mombaerts
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevile 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevile 41013, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevile 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevile 41013, Spain
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10
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He M, Wei W, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Peng D, Kasimumali A, Rong S. Gut microbial metabolites SCFAs and chronic kidney disease. J Transl Med 2024; 22:172. [PMID: 38369469 PMCID: PMC10874542 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is steadily escalating, with discernible linkage to the intricate terrain of intestinal microecology. The intestinal microbiota orchestrates a dynamic equilibrium in the organism, metabolizing dietary-derived compounds, a process which profoundly impacts human health. Among these compounds, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which result from microbial metabolic processes, play a versatile role in influencing host energy homeostasis, immune function, and intermicrobial signaling, etc. SCFAs emerge as pivotal risk factors influencing CKD's development and prognosis. This paper review elucidates the impact of gut microbial metabolites, specifically SCFAs, on CKD, highlighting their role in modulating host inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, cellular autophagy, the immune milieu, and signaling cascades. An in-depth comprehension of the interplay between SCFAs and kidney disease pathogenesis may pave the way for their utilization as biomarkers for CKD progression and prognosis or as novel adjunctive therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wenqian Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhouxia Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ayijiaken Kasimumali
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu Rong
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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11
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Iring A, Baranyi M, Iring-Varga B, Mut-Arbona P, Gál ZT, Nagy D, Hricisák L, Varga J, Benyó Z, Sperlágh B. Blood oxygen regulation via P2Y12R expressed in the carotid body. Respir Res 2024; 25:61. [PMID: 38281036 PMCID: PMC10821555 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral blood oxygen monitoring via chemoreceptors in the carotid body (CB) is an integral function of the autonomic cardiorespiratory regulation. The presence of the purinergic P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) has been implicated in CB; however, the exact role of the receptor in O2 sensing and signal transduction is unknown. METHODS The presence of P2Y12R was established by immunoblotting, RT qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Primary glomus cells were used to assess P2Y12R function during hypoxia and hypercapnia, where monoamines were measured by HPLC; calcium signal was recorded utilizing OGB-1 and N-STORM Super-Resolution System. Ingravescent hypoxia model was tested in anaesthetized mice of mixed gender and cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded in control and receptor-deficient or drug-treated experimental animals. RESULTS Initially, the expression of P2Y12R in adult murine CB was confirmed. Hypoxia induced a P2Y12R-dependent release of monoamine transmitters from isolated CB cells. Receptor activation with the endogenous ligand ADP promoted release of neurotransmitters under normoxic conditions, while blockade disrupted the amplitude and duration of the intracellular calcium concentration. In anaesthetised mice, blockade of P2Y12R expressed in the CB abrogated the initiation of compensatory cardiorespiratory changes in hypoxic environment, while centrally inhibited receptors (i.e. microglial receptors) or receptor-deficiency induced by platelet depletion had limited influence on the physiological adjustment to hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral P2Y12R inhibition interfere with the complex mechanisms of acute oxygen sensing by influencing the calcium signalling and the release of neurotransmitter molecules to evoke compensatory response to hypoxia. Prospectively, the irreversible blockade of glomic receptors by anti-platelet drugs targeting P2Y12Rs, propose a potential, formerly unrecognized side-effect to anti-platelet medications in patients with pulmonary morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Iring
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Iring-Varga
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna T Gál
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Dorina Nagy
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Semmelweis University (HUN-REN-SU), Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - László Hricisák
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Semmelweis University (HUN-REN-SU), Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - János Varga
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Semmelweis University (HUN-REN-SU), Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
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12
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Beumer J, Clevers H. Hallmarks of stemness in mammalian tissues. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 38181752 PMCID: PMC10769195 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
All adult tissues experience wear and tear. Most tissues can compensate for cell loss through the activity of resident stem cells. Although the cellular maintenance strategies vary greatly between different adult (read: postnatal) tissues, the function of stem cells is best defined by their capacity to replace lost tissue through division. We discuss a set of six complementary hallmarks that are key enabling features of this basic function. These include longevity and self-renewal, multipotency, transplantability, plasticity, dependence on niche signals, and maintenance of genome integrity. We discuss these hallmarks in the context of some of the best-understood adult stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Nakao A, Liu K, Takahashi N, Mori Y. [Universal roles of the TRPA1 channel in oxygen-sensing]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2024; 159:165-168. [PMID: 38692881 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen suffices the ATP production required for the survival of us aerobic organisms. But it is also true that oxygen acts as a source of reactive oxygen species that elicit a spectrum of damages in living organisms. To cope with such intrinsic ambiguity of biological activity oxygen exerts, aerobic mechanisms are equipped with an exquisite adaptive system, which sensitively detects partial pressure of oxygen within the body and controls appropriate oxygen supply to the tissues. Physiological responses to hypoxia are comprised of the acute and chronic phases, in the former of which the oxygen-sensing remains controversial particularly from mechanistic points of view. Recently, we have revealed that the prominently redox-sensitive cation channel TRPA1 plays key roles in oxygen-sensing mechanisms identified in the peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize recent development of researches on oxygen-sensing mechanisms including that in the carotid body, which has been recognized as the oxygen receptor organ central to acute oxygen-sensing. We also discuss how ubiquitously the TRPA1 contributes to the mechanisms underlying the acute phase of adaptation to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Nakao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Nobuaki Takahashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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14
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Teyani R, Moniri NH. Gut feelings in the islets: The role of the gut microbiome and the FFA2 and FFA3 receptors for short chain fatty acids on β-cell function and metabolic regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3113-3129. [PMID: 37620991 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are biosynthesized via fermentation of polysaccharides by gastrointestinal microbiota and have been shown to have wide-reaching effects on almost all tissues, including the pancreatic islets. Historically, the effects of SCFAs have been attributed to their intracellular metabolism and function as energy sources, but the discovery of free fatty acid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the 2000s suggested that many functional outcomes of SCFAs are receptor-mediated. The SCFA receptors FFA2/GPR43 and FFA3/GPR41 are expressed on β-cells, where they regulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, making them attractive targets for treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Here, we provide an update on the current evidence regarding regulation of FFA2/FFA3 receptors by specific probiotic bacterial species within the gut microbiome that synthesize SCFAs. We also review the body of research regarding the FFA2- and FFA3 receptor-specific function of SCFAs on β-cells and discuss the somewhat controversial and opposing findings within these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Teyani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
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15
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Prabhakar NR, Peng YJ, Nanduri J. Carotid body hypersensitivity in intermittent hypoxia and obtructive sleep apnoea. J Physiol 2023; 601:5481-5494. [PMID: 37029496 DOI: 10.1113/jp284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid bodies are the principal sensory organs for detecting changes in arterial blood oxygen concentration, and the carotid body chemoreflex is a major regulator of the sympathetic tone, blood pressure and breathing. Intermittent hypoxia is a hallmark manifestation of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), which is a widespread respiratory disorder. In the first part of this review, we discuss the role of carotid bodies in heightened sympathetic tone and hypertension in rodents treated with intermittent hypoxia, and the underlying cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms. We also present evidence for hitherto-uncharacterized role of carotid body afferents in triggering cellular and molecular changes induced by intermittent hypoxia. In the second part of the review, we present evidence for a contribution of a hypersensitive carotid body to OSA and potential therapeutic intervention to mitigate OSA in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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16
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Ma H, Fang W, Li Q, Wang Y, Hou SX. Arf1 Ablation in Colorectal Cancer Cells Activates a Super Signal Complex in DC to Enhance Anti-Tumor Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2305089. [PMID: 37786300 PMCID: PMC10646219 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The anti-tumor immune response relies on interactions among tumor cells and immune cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells regulate DCs as well as DCs regulate T cells remain enigmatic. Here, the authors identify a super signaling complex in DCs that mediates the Arf1-ablation-induced anti-tumor immunity. They find that the Arf1-ablated tumor cells release OxLDL, HMGB1, and genomic DNA, which together bound to a coreceptor complex of CD36/TLR2/TLR6 on DC surface. The complex then is internalized into the Rab7-marked endosome in DCs, and further joined by components of the NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome and cGAS-STING triple pathways to form a super signal complex for producing different cytokines, which together promote CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration, cross-priming and stemness. Blockage of the HMGB1-gDNA complex or reducing expression in each member of the coreceptors or the cGAS/STING pathway prevents production of the cytokines. Moreover, depletion of the type I IFNs and IL-1β cytokines abrogate tumor regression in mice bearing the Arf1-ablated tumor cells. These findings reveal a new molecular mechanism by which dying tumor cells releasing several factors to activate the triple pathways in DC for producing multiple cytokines to simultaneously promote DC activation, T cell infiltration, cross-priming and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Ma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of Metabolism and Integrative BiologyHuman Phenome InstituteDepartment of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Wanqi Fang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of Metabolism and Integrative BiologyHuman Phenome InstituteDepartment of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Qiaoming Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of Metabolism and Integrative BiologyHuman Phenome InstituteDepartment of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of Metabolism and Integrative BiologyHuman Phenome InstituteDepartment of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Steven X. Hou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of Metabolism and Integrative BiologyHuman Phenome InstituteDepartment of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
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17
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Burtscher J, Citherlet T, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Raberin A, Krumm B, Hohenauer E, Egg M, Lichtblau M, Müller J, Rybnikova EA, Gatterer H, Debevec T, Baillieul S, Manferdelli G, Behrendt T, Schega L, Ehrenreich H, Millet GP, Gassmann M, Schwarzer C, Glazachev O, Girard O, Lalande S, Hamlin M, Samaja M, Hüfner K, Burtscher M, Panza G, Mallet RT. Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of intermittent hypoxia conditioning. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37860950 DOI: 10.1113/jp285230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly associated with pathological conditions, particularly obstructive sleep apnoea. However, IH is also increasingly used to enhance health and performance and is emerging as a potent non-pharmacological intervention against numerous diseases. Whether IH is detrimental or beneficial for health is largely determined by the intensity, duration, number and frequency of the hypoxic exposures and by the specific responses they engender. Adaptive responses to hypoxia protect from future hypoxic or ischaemic insults, improve cellular resilience and functions, and boost mental and physical performance. The cellular and systemic mechanisms producing these benefits are highly complex, and the failure of different components can shift long-term adaptation to maladaptation and the development of pathologies. Rather than discussing in detail the well-characterized individual responses and adaptations to IH, we here aim to summarize and integrate hypoxia-activated mechanisms into a holistic picture of the body's adaptive responses to hypoxia and specifically IH, and demonstrate how these mechanisms might be mobilized for their health benefits while minimizing the risks of hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition - GC17, Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mona Lichtblau
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Rybnikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL-Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastien Baillieul
- Service Universitaire de Pneumologie Physiologie, University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Tom Behrendt
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, University Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oleg Glazachev
- Department of Normal Physiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Lalande
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital for Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gino Panza
- The Department of Health Care Sciences, Program of Occupational Therapy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center Detroit, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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18
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Liu W, Zhang S, Li Q, Wu Y, Jia X, Feng W, Li Z, Shi Y, Hou Q, Ma J, Liu Y, Gao P, Ganz T, Liu S. Lactate modulates iron metabolism by binding soluble adenylyl cyclase. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1597-1612.e6. [PMID: 37480842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of lactate (LA) can occur during exercise and in many diseases such as cancers. Individuals with hyperlactatemia often display anemia, decreased serum iron, and elevated hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism. However, it is unknown whether and how LA regulates hepcidin expression. Here, we show LA binds to soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in normal hepatocytes and affects systemic iron homeostasis in mice by increasing hepcidin expression. Comprehensive in vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments show that the LA-sAC interaction raises cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which activates the PKA-Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway to increase hepcidin transcription. We verified this regulatory axis in wild-type mice and in mice with disordered iron homeostasis. LA also regulates hepcidin in humans at rest and subjected to extensive exercise that produce elevated LA. Our study links hyperlactatemia to iron deficiency, offering a mechanistic explanation for anemias seen in athletes and patients with lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Quanjin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenya Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingzhi Hou
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Pu Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sijin Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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19
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Pezzuto B, Agostoni P. The Current Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in the Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Hypertension. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5465. [PMID: 37685532 PMCID: PMC10487723 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease with a poor prognosis if left untreated. Despite remarkable achievements in understanding disease pathophysiology, specific treatments, and therapeutic strategies, we are still far from a definitive cure for the disease, and numerous evidences have underlined the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to improve the prognosis. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard for assessing functional capacity and evaluating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying exercise limitation. As effort dyspnea is the earliest and one of the main clinical manifestations of PAH, CPET has been shown to provide valid support in early detection, differential diagnosis, and prognostic stratification of PAH patients, being a useful tool in both the first approach to patients and follow-up. The purpose of this review is to present the current applications of CPET in pulmonary hypertension and to propose possible future utilization to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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20
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Emhoff CAW, Messonnier LA. Concepts of Lactate Metabolic Clearance Rate and Lactate Clamp for Metabolic Inquiry: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3213. [PMID: 37513631 PMCID: PMC10385598 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is known to play a central role in the link between glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, as well as to serve as a primary gluconeogenic precursor. Blood lactate concentration is sensitive to the metabolic state of tissues and organs as lactate rates of appearance and disposal/disappearance in the circulation rise and fall in response to physical exercise and other metabolic disturbances. The highest lactate flux rates have been measured during moderate intensity exercise in endurance-trained individuals who exhibit muscular and metabolic adaptations lending to superior oxidative capacity. In contrast, a diminished ability to utilize lactate is associated with poor metabolic fitness. Given these widespread implications in exercise performance and health, we discuss the concept of lactate metabolic clearance rate, which increases at the onset of exercise and, unlike flux rates, reaches a peak just below the power output associated with the maximal lactate steady state. The metabolic clearance rate is determined by both disposal rate and blood concentration, two parameters that are mutually interdependent and thus difficult to parse during steady state exercise studies. We review the evolution of the in vivo lactate clamp methodology to control blood lactate concentration and discuss its application in the investigation of whole-body lactate disposal capacities. In conclusion, we assert that the lactate clamp is a useful research methodology for examining lactate flux, in particular the factors that drive metabolic clearance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An W Emhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Saint Mary's College of California, Moraga, CA 94575, USA
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, F-73000 Chambéry, France
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21
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Peng YJ, Nanduri J, Wang N, Kumar GK, Bindokas V, Paul BD, Chen X, Fox AP, Vignane T, Filipovic MR, Prabhakar NR. Hypoxia sensing requires H 2S-dependent persulfidation of olfactory receptor 78. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3026. [PMID: 37406126 PMCID: PMC10321732 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) sensing by the carotid body is critical for maintaining cardiorespiratory homeostasis during hypoxia. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling is implicated in carotid body activation by low O2. Here, we show that persulfidation of olfactory receptor 78 (Olfr78) by H2S is an integral component of carotid body activation by hypoxia. Hypoxia and H2S increased persulfidation in carotid body glomus cells and persulfidated cysteine240 in Olfr78 protein in heterologous system. Olfr78 mutants manifest impaired carotid body sensory nerve, glomus cell, and breathing responses to H2S and hypoxia. Glomus cells are positive for GOlf, adenylate cyclase 3 (Adcy3) and cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2 (Cnga2), key molecules of odorant receptor signaling. Adcy3 or Cnga2 mutants exhibited impaired carotid body and glomus cell responses to H2S and breathing responses to hypoxia. These results suggest that H2S through redox modification of Olfr78 participates in carotid body activation by hypoxia to regulate breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ganesh K Kumar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vytautas Bindokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacological Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - Aaron P Fox
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacological Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thibaut Vignane
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße, 1144139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Milos R Filipovic
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße, 1144139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Long A, Liu Y, Fang X, Jia L, Li Z, Hu J, Wu S, Chen C, Huang P, Wang Y. Famsin, a novel gut-secreted hormone, contributes to metabolic adaptations to fasting via binding to its receptor OLFR796. Cell Res 2023; 33:273-287. [PMID: 36806353 PMCID: PMC10066382 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine is responsible for nutrient absorption and orchestrates metabolism in different organs during feeding, a process which is partly controlled by intestine-derived hormones. However, it is unclear whether the intestine plays an important role in metabolism during fasting. Here we have identified a novel hormone, famsin, which is secreted from the intestine and promotes metabolic adaptations to fasting. Mechanistically, famsin is shed from a single-pass transmembrane protein, Gm11437, during fasting and then binds OLFR796, an olfactory receptor, to activate intracellular calcium mobilization. This famsin-OLFR796 signaling axis promotes gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis for energy mobilization, and torpor for energy conservation during fasting. In addition, neutralization of famsin by an antibody improves blood glucose profiles in diabetic models, which identifies famsin as a potential therapeutic target for treating diabetes. Therefore, our results demonstrate that communication between the intestine and other organs by a famsin-OLFR796 signaling axis is critical for metabolic adaptations to fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yiguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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23
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Yao Y, Chen J, Li X, Chen ZF, Li P. A carotid body-brainstem neural circuit mediates sighing in hypoxia. Curr Biol 2023; 33:827-837.e4. [PMID: 36750092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased ventilation is a critical process that occurs when the body responds to a hypoxic environment. Sighs are long, deep breaths that prevent alveolar collapse, and their frequency is significantly increased by hypoxia. In this study, we first show that sighing is induced by hypoxia as a function of increased hypoxic severity and that hypoxia-induced sighing is capable of increasing the oxygen saturation in a mouse model. We next found that the gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp) expressing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are important in mediating hypoxia-induced sighing. Retrograde tracing from these Grp neurons reveals their direct afferent input from the petrosal ganglion neurons that innervate the carotid body, the major peripheral chemoreceptor that senses blood oxygen. Acute hypoxia preferentially activates these Grp neurons in the NTS. Photoactivation of these neurons through their projections in the inspiratory rhythm generator in the ventral medulla induces sighing, whereas genetic ablation or chemogenetic silencing of these neurons specifically diminishes the sighs, but not other respiratory responses, induced by hypoxia. Finally, the mice with reduced sighing in hypoxia exhibit an elevated heart-rate increase, which may compensate for maintaining the blood oxygen level. Therefore, we identified a neural circuit that connects the carotid body to the breathing control center in the ventral medulla with a specific function for hypoxia-induced sighing, which restores the oxygen level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Yao
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xingyu Li
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhou-Feng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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24
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Brooks GA, Osmond AD, Arevalo JA, Duong JJ, Curl CC, Moreno-Santillan DD, Leija RG. Lactate as a myokine and exerkine: drivers and signals of physiology and metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:529-548. [PMID: 36633863 PMCID: PMC9970662 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00497.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
No longer viewed as a metabolic waste product and cause of muscle fatigue, a contemporary view incorporates the roles of lactate in metabolism, sensing and signaling in normal as well as pathophysiological conditions. Lactate exists in millimolar concentrations in muscle, blood, and other tissues and can rise more than an order of magnitude as the result of increased production and clearance limitations. Lactate exerts its powerful driver-like influence by mass action, redox change, allosteric binding, and other mechanisms described in this article. Depending on the condition, such as during rest and exercise, following carbohydrate nutrition, injury, or pathology, lactate can serve as a myokine or exerkine with autocrine-, paracrine-, and endocrine-like functions that have important basic and translational implications. For instance, lactate signaling is: involved in reproductive biology, fueling the heart, muscle adaptation, and brain executive function, growth and development, and a treatment for inflammatory conditions. Lactate also works with many other mechanisms and factors in controlling cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation during exercise. Ironically, lactate can be disruptive of normal processes such as insulin secretion when insertion of lactate transporters into pancreatic β-cell membranes is not suppressed, and in carcinogenesis when factors that suppress carcinogenesis are inhibited, whereas factors that promote carcinogenesis are upregulated. Lactate signaling is important in areas of intermediary metabolism, redox biology, mitochondrial biogenesis, neurobiology, gut physiology, appetite regulation, nutrition, and overall health and vigor. The various roles of lactate as a myokine and exerkine are reviewed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lactate sensing and signaling is a relatively new and rapidly changing field. As a physiological signal lactate works both independently and in concert with other signals. Lactate operates via covalent binding and canonical signaling, redox change, and lactylation of DNA. Lactate can also serve as an element of feedback loops in cardiopulmonary regulation. From conception through aging lactate is not the only a myokine or exerkine, but it certainly deserves consideration as a physiological signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Diana D Moreno-Santillan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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25
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Coluzzi F, LeQuang JAK, Sciacchitano S, Scerpa MS, Rocco M, Pergolizzi J. A Closer Look at Opioid-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054575. [PMID: 36902007 PMCID: PMC10003084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Among several opioid-associated endocrinopathies, opioid-associated adrenal insufficiency (OIAI) is both common and not well understood by most clinicians, particularly those outside of endocrine specialization. OIAI is secondary to long-term opioid use and differs from primary adrenal insufficiency. Beyond chronic opioid use, risk factors for OIAI are not well known. OIAI can be diagnosed by a variety of tests, such as the morning cortisol test, but cutoff values are not well established and it is estimated that only about 10% of patients with OIAI will ever be properly diagnosed. This may be dangerous, as OIAI can lead to a potentially life-threatening adrenal crisis. OIAI can be treated and for patients who must continue opioid therapy, it can be clinically managed. OIAI resolves with opioid cessation. Better guidance for diagnosis and treatment is urgently needed, particularly in light of the fact that 5% of the United States population has a prescription for chronic opioid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Coluzzi
- Department Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Scerpa
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Rocco
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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26
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Wu Y, Ma W, Liu W, Zhang S. Lactate: a pearl dropped in the ocean-an overlooked signal molecule in physiology and pathology. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:295-307. [PMID: 36511218 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactate, once recognized as a wasty product from anaerobic glycolysis, is proved to be a pivotal signal molecule. Lactate accumulation occurs in diverse physiological and pathological settings due to the imbalance between lactate production and clearance. Under the condition with drastic changes in local microenvironment, such as tumorigenesis, inflammation, and microbial infection, the glycolysis turns to be active in surrounding cells leading to increased lactate release. Meanwhile, lactate can be utilized by these cells as an energy substrate and acts as a signal molecule to regulate cell functions through receptor-dependent or independent pathways. In this review, we tended to tease out the contribution of lactate in tumor progression and immunomodulation. And we also discussed the accessory role of lactate, beyond as the energy source only, in the growth of invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqi Ma
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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27
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Perry SF, Pan YK, Gilmour KM. Insights into the control and consequences of breathing adjustments in fishes-from larvae to adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1065573. [PMID: 36793421 PMCID: PMC9923008 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1065573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjustments of ventilation in fishes to regulate the volume of water flowing over the gills are critically important responses to match branchial gas transfer with metabolic needs and to defend homeostasis during environmental fluctuations in O2 and/or CO2 levels. In this focused review, we discuss the control and consequences of ventilatory adjustments in fish, briefly summarizing ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia before describing the current state of knowledge of the chemoreceptor cells and molecular mechanisms involved in sensing O2 and CO2. We emphasize, where possible, insights gained from studies on early developmental stages. In particular, zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae have emerged as an important model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of O2 and CO2 chemosensing as well as the central integration of chemosensory information. Their value stems, in part, from their amenability to genetic manipulation, which enables the creation of loss-of-function mutants, optogenetic manipulation, and the production of transgenic fish with specific genes linked to fluorescent reporters or biosensors.
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28
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Kim BY, Lee SH, Kim IK, Park JY, Bae JH. Chronic intermittent hypoxia impacts the olfactory nervous system in an age-dependent manner: pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:241-248. [PMID: 35780199 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive upper airway collapse during sleep, which induces chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). CIH results in low-grade inflammation, sympathetic overactivity, and oxidative stress. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how exposure to CIH affects olfaction. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate the cytotoxic effects of CIH exposure on mouse olfactory epithelium and the underlying pathophysiology involved. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into four groups: Youth mouse (You) + room air (RA), You + intermittent hypoxia (IH), Elderly mouse (Eld) + RA, and Eld + IH (n = 6 mice/group). Mice in the two hypoxia groups were exposed to CIH. The control condition involved exposure to room air (RA) for 4 weeks. Olfactory neuroepithelium was harvested for histologic examination, gene ontology analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting. RESULTS Based on qRT-PCR analysis, olfactory marker protein (OMP), Olfr1507, ADCY3, and GNAL mRNA levels were lower, whereas NGFR, CNPase, NGFRAP1, NeuN, and MAP-2 mRNA levels were higher in the You + IH group than in the You + RA group. Olfactory receptor-regulated genes, neurogenesis-related genes and immunohistochemical results were altered in nasal neuroepithelium under CIH exposure. CONCLUSIONS Based on genetic and cytologic analysis, CIH impacted the olfactory neuroepithelium in an age-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that CIH-induced damage to the olfactory neuroepithelium may induce more severe change in the youth than in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boo-Young Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University, Gangseo-gu, Gonghang-daero 260, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sang Haak Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Eunpyeong, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Kyoung Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Eunpyeong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Bae
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University, Gangseo-gu, Gonghang-daero 260, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Lazarov NE, Atanasova DY. Mechanisms of Chemosensory Transduction in the Carotid Body. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 237:49-62. [PMID: 37946077 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44757-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian carotid body (CB) is a polymodal chemoreceptor, which is activated by blood-borne stimuli, most notably hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis, thus ensuring an appropriate cellular response to changes in physical and chemical parameters of the blood. The glomus cells are considered the CB chemosensory cells and the initial site of chemoreceptor transduction. However, the molecular mechanisms by which they detect changes in blood chemical levels and how these changes lead to transmitter release are not yet well understood. Chemotransduction mechanisms are by far best described for oxygen and acid/carbon dioxide sensing. A few testable hypotheses have been postulated including a direct interaction of oxygen with ion channels in the glomus cells (membrane hypothesis), an indirect interface by a reversible ligand like a heme (metabolic hypothesis), or even a functional interaction between putative oxygen sensors (chemosome hypothesis) or the interaction of lactate with a highly expressed in the CB atypical olfactory receptor, Olfr78, (endocrine model). It is also suggested that sensory transduction in the CB is uniquely dependent on the actions and interactions of gaseous transmitters. Apparently, oxygen sensing does not utilize a single mechanism, and later observations have given strong support to a unified membrane model of chemotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai E Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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30
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Naressi RG, Schechtman D, Malnic B. Odorant receptors as potential drug targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:11-14. [PMID: 35999088 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Odorant receptors (ORs) belong to a large family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are highly expressed by olfactory sensory neurons of the nose. Accumulating evidence indicates that they are also expressed in a variety of nonolfactory tissues, which makes them new potential drug targets. Here we discuss the challenges and strategies to target these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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31
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Pauza AG, Murphy D, Paton JFR. Transcriptomics of the Carotid Body. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1427:1-11. [PMID: 37322330 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for treating sympathetically mediated cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic diseases. In adjunct to its classical role as an arterial O2 sensor, the CB is a multimodal sensor activated by a range of stimuli in the circulation. However, consensus on how CB multimodality is achieved is lacking; even the best studied O2-sensing appears to involve multiple convergent mechanisms. A strategy to understand multimodal sensing is to adopt a hypothesis-free, high-throughput transcriptomic approach. This has proven instrumental for understanding fundamental mechanisms of CB response to hypoxia and other stimulants, its developmental niche, cellular heterogeneity, laterality, and pathophysiological remodeling in disease states. Herein, we review this published work that reveals novel molecular mechanisms underpinning multimodal sensing and reveals numerous gaps in knowledge that require experimental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrys G Pauza
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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32
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Colinas O, Moreno-Domínguez A, Ortega-Sáenz P, López-Barneo J. Constitutive Expression of Hif2α Confers Acute O 2 Sensitivity to Carotid Body Glomus Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1427:153-162. [PMID: 37322346 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute oxygen (O2) sensing and adaptation to hypoxia are essential for physiological homeostasis. The prototypical acute O2 sensing organ is the carotid body, which contains chemosensory glomus cells expressing O2-sensitive K+ channels. Inhibition of these channels during hypoxia leads to cell depolarization, transmitter release, and activation of afferent sensory fibers terminating in the brain stem respiratory and autonomic centers. Focusing on recent data, here we discuss the special sensitivity of glomus cell mitochondria to changes in O2 tension due to Hif2α-dependent expression of several atypical mitochondrial electron transport chain subunits and enzymes. These are responsible for an accelerated oxidative metabolism and the strict dependence of mitochondrial complex IV activity on O2 availability. We report that ablation of Epas1 (the gene coding Hif2α) causes a selective downregulation of the atypical mitochondrial genes and a strong inhibition of glomus cell acute responsiveness to hypoxia. Our observations indicate that Hif2α expression is required for the characteristic metabolic profile of glomus cells and provide a mechanistic explanation for the acute O2 regulation of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Colinas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Leonard EM, Nurse CA. The Carotid Body "Tripartite Synapse": Role of Gliotransmission. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1427:185-194. [PMID: 37322349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, cardiorespiratory reflexes originating in the carotid body (CB) help maintain homeostasis by matching oxygen supply to oxygen demand. CB output to the brainstem is shaped by synaptic interactions at a "tripartite synapse" consisting of chemosensory (type I) cells, abutting glial-like (type II) cells, and sensory (petrosal) nerve terminals. Type I cells are stimulated by several blood-borne metabolic stimuli, including the novel chemoexcitant lactate. During chemotransduction, type I cells depolarize and release a multitude of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters/neuromodulators including ATP, dopamine (DA), histamine, and angiotensin II (ANG II). However, there is a growing appreciation that the type II cells may not be silent partners. Thus, similar to astrocytes at "tripartite synapses" in the CNS, type II cells may contribute to the afferent output by releasing "gliotransmitters" such as ATP. Here, we first consider whether type II cells can also sense lactate. Next, we review and update the evidence supporting the roles of ATP, DA, histamine, and ANG II in cross talk among the three main CB cellular elements. Importantly, we consider how conventional excitatory and inhibitory pathways, together with gliotransmission, help to coordinate activity within this network and thereby modulate afferent firing frequency during chemotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Leonard
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Colin A Nurse
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Zhang XN, Tao HP, Li S, Wang YJ, Wu SX, Pan B, Yang QE. Ldha-Dependent Metabolic Programs in Sertoli Cells Regulate Spermiogenesis in Mouse Testis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1791. [PMID: 36552300 PMCID: PMC9775226 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells play indispensable roles in spermatogenesis by providing the advanced germ cells with structural, nutritional, and regulatory support. Lactate is regarded as an essential Sertoli-cell-derived energy metabolite that nurses various types of spermatogenic cells; however, this assumption has not been tested using genetic approaches. Here, we have reported that the depletion of lactate production in Sertoli cells by conditionally deleting lactate dehydrogenase A (Ldha) greatly affected spermatogenesis. Ldha deletion in Sertoli cells significantly reduced the lactate production and resulted in severe defects in spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia and spermatocytes did not show even mild impairments, but the spermiogenesis of Ldha conditional knockout males was severely disrupted. Further analysis revealed that 2456 metabolites were altered in the sperm of the knockout animals, and specifically, lipid metabolism was dysregulated, including choline, oleic acid, and myristic acid. Surprisingly, choline supplementation completely rescued the spermiogenesis disorder that was caused by the loss of Ldha activities. Collectively, these data have demonstrated that the interruption of Sertoli-cell-derived lactate impacted sperm development through a choline-mediated mechanism. The outcomes of these findings have revealed a novel function of lactate in spermatogenesis and have therapeutic applications in treating human infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Ping Tao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qi-En Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China
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Leonard EM, Weaver FE, Nurse CA. Lactate sensing by neuroepithelial cells isolated from the gills of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). J Exp Biol 2022; 225:285898. [PMID: 36420741 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactate is produced in most vertebrate cells as a by-product of anaerobic metabolism. In addition to its role as a fuel for many tissues, circulating lactate can act as a signalling molecule and stimulates ventilation in air- and water-breathing vertebrates. Recent evidence suggests lactate acts on O2- and CO2/H+-sensitive chemoreceptors located in the mammalian carotid body. While analogous receptors (neuroepithelial cells or NECs) in fish gills are presumed to also function as lactate sensors, direct evidence is lacking. Here, using ratiometric Fura-2 Ca2+ imaging, we show that chemosensitive NECs isolated from killifish gills respond to lactate (5-10 mmol l-1; pHe ∼7.8) with intracellular Ca2+ elevations. These responses were inhibited by an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker (nifedipine; 0.5 µmol l-1), a monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) blocker (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate; 300 µmol l-1) or a competitive MCT substrate (pyruvate; 5 mmol l-1). These data provide the first direct evidence that gill NECs act as lactate sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Leonard
- Department of Biology, Wilfred Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3C5
| | - Fiona E Weaver
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Colin A Nurse
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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Brooks GA, Osmond AD, Arevalo JA, Curl CC, Duong JJ, Horning MA, Moreno Santillan DD, Leija RG. Lactate as a major myokine and exerkine. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:712. [PMID: 35915256 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Horning
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Diana D Moreno Santillan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Pak O, Nolte A, Knoepp F, Giordano L, Pecina P, Hüttemann M, Grossman LI, Weissmann N, Sommer N. Mitochondrial oxygen sensing of acute hypoxia in specialized cells - Is there a unifying mechanism? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148911. [PMID: 35988811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to acute hypoxia through cardiorespiratory responses is mediated by specialized cells in the carotid body and pulmonary vasculature to optimize systemic arterial oxygenation and thus oxygen supply to the tissues. Acute oxygen sensing by these cells triggers hyperventilation and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction which limits pulmonary blood flow through areas of low alveolar oxygen content. Oxygen sensing of acute hypoxia by specialized cells thus is a fundamental pre-requisite for aerobic life and maintains systemic oxygen supply. However, the primary oxygen sensing mechanism and the question of a common mechanism in different specialized oxygen sensing cells remains unresolved. Recent studies unraveled basic oxygen sensing mechanisms involving the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2 that is essential for the hypoxia-induced release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and subsequent acute hypoxic responses in both, the carotid body and pulmonary vasculature. This review compares basic mitochondrial oxygen sensing mechanisms in the pulmonary vasculature and the carotid body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pak
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Anika Nolte
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Fenja Knoepp
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Luca Giordano
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Petr Pecina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.
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Teveroni E, Di Nicuolo F, Vergani E, Bruno C, Maulucci G, Bianchetti G, Astorri AL, Grande G, Gervasoni J, Santucci L, De Spirito M, Urbani A, Pontecorvi A, Mancini F, Milardi D. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Modulate Sperm Migration through Olfactory Receptor 51E2 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112726. [PMID: 36361515 PMCID: PMC9658011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-orthotopic expression of olfactory receptors (ORs) includes the male reproductive system, and in particular spermatozoa; their active ligands could be essential to sperm chemotaxis and chemical sperm-oocyte communication. OR51E2 expression has been previously reported on sperm cells' surface. It has been demonstrated in different cellular models that olfactory receptor 51E2 (OR51E2) binds volatile short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as specific ligands. In the present research, we make use of Western blot, confocal microscopy colocalization analysis, and the calcium-release assay to demonstrate the activation of sperm cells through OR51E2 upon SCFAs stimulus. Moreover, we perform a novel modified swim-up assay to study the involvement of OR51E2/SCFAs in sperm migration. Taking advantage of computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA system), we determine the kinematics parameters of sperm cells migrating towards SCFAs-enriched medium, revealing that these ligands are able to promote a more linear sperm-cell orientation. Finally, we obtain SCFAs by mass spectrometry in cervico-vaginal mucus and show for the first time that a direct incubation between cervical mucus and sperm cells could promote their activation. This study can shed light on the possible function of chemosensory receptors in successful reproduction activity, laying the foundation for the development of new strategies for the treatment of infertile individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Teveroni
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Di Nicuolo
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Bianchetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Astorri
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grande
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Jacopo Gervasoni
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Santucci
- Metabolomics Research Core Facility, Gemelli Science and Technology Park (GSteP), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Francesca Mancini
- International Scientific Institute “Paul VI”, ISI, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Milardi
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Muhl L, Mocci G, Pietilä R, Liu J, He L, Genové G, Leptidis S, Gustafsson S, Buyandelger B, Raschperger E, Hansson EM, Björkegren JL, Vanlandewijck M, Lendahl U, Betsholtz C. A single-cell transcriptomic inventory of murine smooth muscle cells. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2426-2443.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xu J, Moore BN, Pluznick JL. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors and Blood Pressure Regulation: Council on Hypertension Mid-Career Award for Research Excellence 2021. Hypertension 2022; 79:2127-2137. [PMID: 35912645 PMCID: PMC9458621 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome influences host physiology and pathophysiology through several pathways, one of which is microbial production of chemical metabolites which interact with host signaling pathways. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are a class of gut microbial metabolites known to activate multiple signaling pathways in the host. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome is linked to blood pressure, that SCFAs modulate blood pressure regulation, and that delivery of exogenous SCFAs lowers blood pressure. Given that hypertension is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the examination of novel contributors to blood pressure regulation has the potential to lead to novel approaches or treatments. Thus, this review will discuss SCFAs with a focus on their host G protein-coupled receptors including GPR41 (G protein-coupled receptor 41), GPR43, and GPR109A, as well as OLFR78 (olfactory receptor 78) and OLFR558. This includes a discussion of the ligand profiles, G protein coupling, and tissue distribution of each receptor. We will also review phenotypes relevant to blood pressure regulation which have been reported to date for Gpr41, Gpr43, Gpr109a, and Olfr78 knockout mice. In addition, we will consider how SCFA signaling influences physiology at baseline, and, how SCFA signaling may contribute to blood pressure regulation in settings of hypertension. In sum, this review will integrate current knowledge regarding how SCFAs and their receptors regulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Brittni N. Moore
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jennifer L. Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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41
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Yang Z, Cheng J, Shang P, Sun JP, Yu X. Emerging roles of olfactory receptors in glucose metabolism. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 33:463-476. [PMID: 36229334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are widely expressed in extra-nasal tissues, where they participate in the regulation of divergent physiological processes. An increasing body of evidence over the past decade has revealed important regulatory roles for extra-nasal ORs in glucose metabolism. Recently, nonodorant endogenous ligands of ORs with metabolic significance have been identified, implying the therapeutic potential of ORs in the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the expression patterns and functions of ORs in key tissues involved in glucose metabolism modulation, describe odorant and endogenous OR ligands, explain the biased signaling downstream of ORs, and outline OR therapeutic potential.
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Akkuratova N, Faure L, Kameneva P, Kastriti ME, Adameyko I. Developmental heterogeneity of embryonic neuroendocrine chromaffin cells and their maturation dynamics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1020000. [PMID: 36237181 PMCID: PMC9553123 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1020000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) give rise to chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland via the "bridge" transient stage, according to recent functional experiments and single cell data from humans and mice. However, currently existing data do not resolve the finest heterogeneity of developing chromaffin populations. Here we took advantage of deep SmartSeq2 transcriptomic sequencing to expand our collection of individual cells from the developing murine sympatho-adrenal anlage and uncover the microheterogeneity of embryonic chromaffin cells and their corresponding developmental paths. We discovered that SCPs on the splachnic nerve show a high degree of microheterogeneity corresponding to early biases towards either Schwann or chromaffin terminal fates. Furthermore, we found that a post-"bridge" population of developing chromaffin cells gives rise to persisting oxygen-sensing chromaffin cells and the two terminal populations (adrenergic and noradrenergic) via diverging differentiation paths. Taken together, we provide a thorough identification of novel markers of adrenergic and noradrenergic populations in developing adrenal glands and report novel differentiation paths leading to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Akkuratova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Louis Faure
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Polina Kameneva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lakshmanan AP, Murugesan S, Al Khodor S, Terranegra A. The potential impact of a probiotic: Akkermansia muciniphila in the regulation of blood pressure—the current facts and evidence. Lab Invest 2022; 20:430. [PMID: 36153618 PMCID: PMC9509630 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is present in the human gut microbiota from infancy and gradually increases in adulthood. The potential impact of the abundance of A. muciniphila has been studied in major cardiovascular diseases including elevated blood pressure or hypertension (HTN). HTN is a major factor in premature death worldwide, and approximately 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years have hypertension. A. muciniphila is being considered a next-generation probiotic and though numerous studies had highlighted the positive role of A. muciniphila in lowering/controlling the HTN, however, few studies had highlighted the negative impact of increased abundance of A. muciniphila in the management of HTN. Thus, in the review, we aimed to discuss the current facts, evidence, and controversy about the role of A. muciniphila in the pathophysiology of HTN and its potential effect on HTN management/regulation, which could be beneficial in identifying the drug target for the management of HTN.
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Oh JH, Han YE, Bao YR, Kang CW, Koo J, Ku CR, Cho YH, Lee EJ. Olfactory marker protein regulation of glucagon secretion in hyperglycemia. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1502-1510. [PMID: 36104518 PMCID: PMC9534918 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory marker protein (OMP), which is also expressed in nonolfactory tissues, plays a role in regulating the kinetics and termination of olfactory transduction. Thus, we hypothesized that OMP may play a similar role in modulating the secretion of hormones involved in Ca2+ and cAMP signaling, such as glucagon. In the present study, we confirmed nonolfactory α-cell-specific OMP expression in human and mouse pancreatic islets as well as in the murine α-cell line αTC1.9. Glucagon and OMP expression increased under hyperglycemic conditions. Omp knockdown in hyperglycemic αTC1.9 cells using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced the responses to glucagon release and the related signaling pathways compared with the si-negative control. The OMPlox/lox;GCGcre/w mice expressed basal glucagon levels similar to those in the wild-type OMPlox/lox mice but showed resistance against streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. The ectopic olfactory signaling events in pancreatic α-cells suggest that olfactory receptor pathways could be therapeutic targets for reducing excessive glucagon levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hun Oh
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Eon Han
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ya Ru Bao
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan Woo Kang
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Arce-Álvarez A, Salazar-Ardiles C, Cornejo C, Paez V, Vásquez-Muñoz M, Stillner-Vilches K, Jara CR, Ramirez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M, Andrade DC. Chemoreflex Control as the Cornerstone in Immersion Water Sports: Possible Role on Breath-Hold. Front Physiol 2022; 13:894921. [PMID: 35733994 PMCID: PMC9207453 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.894921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersion water sports involve long-term apneas; therefore, athletes must physiologically adapt to maintain muscle oxygenation, despite not performing pulmonary ventilation. Breath-holding (i.e., apnea) is common in water sports, and it involves a decrease and increases PaO2 and PaCO2, respectively, as the primary signals that trigger the end of apnea. The principal physiological O2 sensors are the carotid bodies, which are able to detect arterial gases and metabolic alterations before reaching the brain, which aids in adjusting the cardiorespiratory system. Moreover, the principal H+/CO2 sensor is the retrotrapezoid nucleus, which is located at the brainstem level; this mechanism contributes to detecting respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Although these sensors have been characterized in pathophysiological states, current evidence shows a possible role for these mechanisms as physiological sensors during voluntary apnea. Divers and swimmer athletes have been found to displayed longer apnea times than land sports athletes, as well as decreased peripheral O2 and central CO2 chemoreflex control. However, although chemosensitivity at rest could be decreased, we recently found marked sympathoexcitation during maximum voluntary apnea in young swimmers, which could activate the spleen (which is a reservoir organ for oxygenated blood). Therefore, it is possible that the chemoreflex, autonomic function, and storage/delivery oxygen organ(s) are linked to apnea in immersion water sports. In this review, we summarized the available evidence related to chemoreflex control in immersion water sports. Subsequently, we propose a possible physiological mechanistic model that could contribute to providing new avenues for understanding the respiratory physiology of water sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Arce-Álvarez
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Carlos Cornejo
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Valeria Paez
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Manuel Vásquez-Muñoz
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Catherine R. Jara
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- *Correspondence: David C. Andrade, ,
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Holmes AP, Swiderska A, Nathanael D, Aldossary HS, Ray CJ, Coney AM, Kumar P. Are Multiple Mitochondrial Related Signalling Pathways Involved in Carotid Body Oxygen Sensing? Front Physiol 2022; 13:908617. [PMID: 35711317 PMCID: PMC9194093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.908617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that the carotid body (CB) type I cell mitochondria are unique, being inhibited by relatively small falls in PaO2 well above those known to inhibit electron transport in other cell types. This feature is suggested to allow for the CB to function as an acute O2 sensor, being stimulated and activating systemic protective reflexes before the metabolism of other cells becomes compromised. What is less clear is precisely how a fall in mitochondrial activity links to type I cell depolarisation, a process that is required for initiation of the chemotransduction cascade and post-synaptic action potential generation. Multiple mitochondrial/metabolic signalling mechanisms have been proposed including local generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), a change in mitochondrial/cellular redox status, a fall in MgATP and an increase in lactate. Although each mechanism is based on compelling experimental evidence, they are all not without question. The current review aims to explore the importance of each of these signalling pathways in mediating the overall CB response to hypoxia. We suggest that there is unlikely to be a single mechanism, but instead multiple mitochondrial related signalling pathways are recruited at different PaO2s during hypoxia. Furthermore, it still remains to be determined if mitochondrial signalling acts independently or in partnership with extra-mitochondrial O2-sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Holmes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Swiderska
- Unit of Cardiac Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Demitris Nathanael
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hayyaf S. Aldossary
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clare J. Ray
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Coney
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Prem Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Langan
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - John S Navarro
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Brooks GA. Reply from George A. Brooks. J Physiol 2022; 600:2815. [PMID: 35538394 PMCID: PMC9321151 DOI: 10.1113/jp283189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Cook TM, Mansuy-Aubert V. Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2068365. [PMID: 35482894 PMCID: PMC9067538 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2068365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trillions of bacteria reside within our gastrointestinal tract, ideally forming a mutually beneficial relationship between us. However, persistent changes in diet and lifestyle in the western diet and lifestyle contribute to a damaging of the gut microbiota-host symbiosis leading to diseases such as obesity and irritable bowel syndrome. Many symptoms and comorbidities associated with these diseases stem from dysfunctional signaling in peripheral neurons. Our peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of a variety of sensory, autonomic, and enteric neurons which coordinate key homeostatic functions such as gastrointestinal motility, digestion, immunity, feeding behavior, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and more. The composition and signaling of bacteria in our gut dramatically influences how our peripheral neurons regulate these functions, and we are just beginning to uncover the molecular mechanisms mediating this communication. In this review, we cover the general anatomy and function of the PNS, and then we discuss how the molecules secreted or stimulated by gut microbes signal through the PNS to alter host development and physiology. Finally, we discuss how leveraging the power of our gut microbes on peripheral nervous system signaling may offer effective therapies to counteract the rise in chronic diseases crippling the western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Cook
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA,CONTACT Virginie Mansuy-Aubert Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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50
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Caretta A, Mucignat-Caretta C. Not Only COVID-19: Involvement of Multiple Chemosensory Systems in Human Diseases. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:862005. [PMID: 35547642 PMCID: PMC9081982 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.862005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory systems are deemed marginal in human pathology. In appraising their role, we aim at suggesting a paradigm shift based on the available clinical and experimental data that will be discussed. Taste and olfaction are polymodal sensory systems, providing inputs to many brain structures that regulate crucial visceral functions, including metabolism but also endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Moreover, other visceral chemosensory systems monitor different essential chemical parameters of “milieu intérieur,” transmitting their data to the brain areas receiving taste and olfactory inputs; hence, they participate in regulating the same vital functions. These chemosensory cells share many molecular features with olfactory or taste receptor cells, thus they may be affected by the same pathological events. In most COVID-19 patients, taste and olfaction are disturbed. This may represent only a small portion of a broadly diffuse chemosensory incapacitation. Indeed, many COVID-19 peculiar symptoms may be explained by the impairment of visceral chemosensory systems, for example, silent hypoxia, diarrhea, and the “cytokine storm”. Dysregulation of chemosensory systems may underlie the much higher mortality rate of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) compared to ARDSs of different origins. In chronic non-infectious diseases like hypertension, diabetes, or cancer, the impairment of taste and/or olfaction has been consistently reported. This may signal diffuse chemosensory failure, possibly worsening the prognosis of these patients. Incapacitation of one or few chemosensory systems has negligible effects on survival under ordinary life conditions but, under stress, like metabolic imbalance or COVID-19 pneumonia, the impairment of multiple chemosensory systems may lead to dire consequences during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Caretta
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carla Mucignat-Caretta
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carla Mucignat-Caretta,
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