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Pan J, Wang J, Li K, Dai X, Li Q, Chong D, Chen B, Yan J, Wang H. Efficient molecular doping of polymeric semiconductors improved by coupled reaction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5854. [PMID: 38997309 PMCID: PMC11245478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exploring chemical doping method to improve the electrical conductivity of polymers is still very attractive for researchers. In this work, we report a developed method of doping a polymer semiconductor aided by the coupled reaction that commonly exists in biological systems where a non-spontaneous reaction is driven by a spontaneous reaction. During the doping process, the chemical reaction between the dopant and the polymer is promoted by introducing a thermodynamically favorable reaction via adding additives that are highly reactive to the reduction product of the dopant to form a coupled reaction, thus significantly improving the electrical conductivity of polymers by 3-7 orders. This coupled reaction doping process shows the potential of wide applications in exploring efficient doping systems to prepare functional conducting polymers, which could be a powerful tool for modern organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering & Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering & Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kuncai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering & Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering & Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Daotong Chong
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering & Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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2
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Xiong M, Deng XY, Tian SY, Liu KK, Fang YH, Wang JR, Wang Y, Liu G, Chen J, Villalva DR, Baran D, Gu X, Lei T. Counterion docking: a general approach to reducing energetic disorder in doped polymeric semiconductors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4972. [PMID: 38862491 PMCID: PMC11166965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular doping plays an important role in controlling the carrier concentration of organic semiconductors. However, the introduction of dopant counterions often results in increased energetic disorder and traps due to the molecular packing disruption and Coulomb potential wells. To date, no general strategy has been proposed to reduce the counterion-induced structural and energetic disorder. Here, we demonstrate the critical role of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) between counterions and polymers. Employing a computer-aided approach, we identified the optimal counterions and discovered that NCIs determine their docking positions, which significantly affect the counterion-induced energetic disorder. With the optimal counterions, we successfully reduced the energetic disorder to levels even lower than that of the undoped polymer. As a result, we achieved a high n-doped electrical conductivity of over 200 S cm-1 and an eight-fold increase in the thermoelectric power factor. We found that the NCIs have substantial effects on doping efficiency, polymer backbone planarity, and Coulomb potential landscape. Our work not only provides a general strategy for identifying the most suitable counterions but also deepens our understanding of the counterion effects on doped polymeric semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuang-Yan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai-Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Hui Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Juan-Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Diego Rosas Villalva
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Derya Baran
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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3
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Jin W, Yang CY, Pau R, Wang Q, Tekelenburg EK, Wu HY, Wu Z, Jeong SY, Pitzalis F, Liu T, He Q, Li Q, Huang JD, Kroon R, Heeney M, Woo HY, Mura A, Motta A, Facchetti A, Fahlman M, Loi MA, Fabiano S. Photocatalytic doping of organic semiconductors. Nature 2024; 630:96-101. [PMID: 38750361 PMCID: PMC11153156 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Chemical doping is an important approach to manipulating charge-carrier concentration and transport in organic semiconductors (OSCs)1-3 and ultimately enhances device performance4-7. However, conventional doping strategies often rely on the use of highly reactive (strong) dopants8-10, which are consumed during the doping process. Achieving efficient doping with weak and/or widely accessible dopants under mild conditions remains a considerable challenge. Here, we report a previously undescribed concept for the photocatalytic doping of OSCs that uses air as a weak oxidant (p-dopant) and operates at room temperature. This is a general approach that can be applied to various OSCs and photocatalysts, yielding electrical conductivities that exceed 3,000 S cm-1. We also demonstrate the successful photocatalytic reduction (n-doping) and simultaneous p-doping and n-doping of OSCs in which the organic salt used to maintain charge neutrality is the only chemical consumed. Our photocatalytic doping method offers great potential for advancing OSC doping and developing next-generation organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Riccardo Pau
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eelco K Tekelenburg
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Federico Pitzalis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Roma "La Sapienza" and INSTM, UdR Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
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4
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Iqbal T, Sun S, Liu K, Zhu X. Regioisomeric thieno[3,4- d]thiazole-based A-Q-D-Q-A-type NIR acceptors for efficient non-fullerene organic solar cells. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10969-10977. [PMID: 38577434 PMCID: PMC10993312 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01513d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the potential of regioisomeric quinoidal-resonance π-spacers in designing near-infrared (NIR) non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) for high-performance organic solar cell devices. Adopting thienothiazole as the π-spacer, two new isomeric A-Q-D-Q-A NFAs, TzN-S and TzS-S, are designed and synthesized. Both NFAs demonstrate a broad spectral response extended to the NIR region. However, they exhibit different photovoltaic properties when they were mixed with the PCE10 donor to fabricate respective solar cells. The optimal device of TzS-S achieves a PCE of 10.75%, much higher than that of TzN-S based ones (6.13%). The more favorable energetic offset and better molecular packing contribute to the better charge generation and transport, which explains the relative superiority of TzS-S NFA. This work sheds new light on the regioisomeric effect of component materials for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen Iqbal
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shaoming Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Kerui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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5
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Tang H, Bai Y, Zhao H, Qin X, Hu Z, Zhou C, Huang F, Cao Y. Interface Engineering for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2212236. [PMID: 36867581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have made dramatic advancements during the past decades owing to the innovative material design and device structure optimization, with power conversion efficiencies surpassing 19% and 20% for single-junction and tandem devices, respectively. Interface engineering, by modifying interface properties between different layers for OSCs, has become a vital part to promote the device efficiency. It is essential to elucidate the intrinsic working mechanism of interface layers, as well as the related physical and chemical processes that manipulate device performance and long-term stability. In this article, the advances in interface engineering aimed to pursue high-performance OSCs are reviewed. The specific functions and corresponding design principles of interface layers are summarized first. Then, the anode interface layer, cathode interface layer in single-junction OSCs, and interconnecting layer of tandem devices are discussed in separate categories, and the interface engineering-related improvements on device efficiency and stability are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with application of interface engineering are discussed with the emphasis on large-area, high-performance, and low-cost device manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuanqing Bai
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xudong Qin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, China
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6
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Wang Z, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Li Y, Yu H, He G. Realizing one-step two-electron transfer of naphthalene diimides via a regional charge buffering strategy for aqueous organic redox flow batteries. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1283-1293. [PMID: 38165892 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Naphthalene diimide derivatives show great potential for application in neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) due to their highly conjugated molecular structure and stable two-electron storage capacity. However, the two-electron redox process of naphthalene diimides typically occurs via two separate steps with the transfer of one electron per step ("two-step two-electron" transfer process), which leads to an inevitable loss of voltage and energy. Herein, we report a novel regional charge buffering strategy that utilizes the core-substituted electron-donating group to adjust the redox properties of naphthalene diimides, realizing two electron transfer via a single-step redox process ("one-step two-electron" transfer process). The symmetrical battery testing of NDI-DEtOH revealed exceptional intrinsic stability lasting for 11 days with a daily decay rate of only 0.11%. Meanwhile, AORFBs with NDI-DMe/FcNCl and NDI-DEtOH/FcNCl exhibited a remarkable 40% improvement in peak power density at 50% state of charge (SOC) in comparison to NDI/FcNCl-based AORFBs. In addition, the battery's energy efficiency has increased by 24%, resulting in much more stable output power and significantly improved energy efficiency. These results are of great significance to practical applications of AORFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengrong Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Xuri Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Yawen Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, China
- Future Industrial Innovation Institute of Emerging Information Storage and Smart Sensor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
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Xu C, Wang D. Theoretical Perspective of Enhancing Order in n-Doped Thermoelectric Polymers through Side Chain Engineering: The Interplay of Counterion-Backbone Interaction and Side Chain Steric Hindrance. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1776-1783. [PMID: 38284760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers doped with n-type dopants are widely sought after for their potential in organic thermoelectric devices. However, the existing structural disorder significantly hampers their charge transport and thermoelectric performance. In this Letter, we propose a mechanism to mitigate this disorder through side chain engineering. Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that strong Coulomb interactions between counterions and charged polymer backbones induce a transition in the stacking arrangement of the polymer backbones from a slipped to a vertical configuration. However, the presence of side chain steric hindrance impedes the formation of closely packed and ordered vertical stacking arrangements, resulting in greater distances between adjacent backbones and a higher level of structural disorder in the doped films. Therefore, we propose minimizing side chain steric hindrance to enhance the structural order in doped films. Our findings provide essential insights for advancing high-performance thermoelectric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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8
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Ishii M, Yamashita Y, Watanabe S, Ariga K, Takeya J. Doping of molecular semiconductors through proton-coupled electron transfer. Nature 2023; 622:285-291. [PMID: 37821588 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemical doping of molecular semiconductors is based on electron-transfer reactions between the semiconductor and dopant molecules; here, the redox potential of the dopant is key to control the Fermi level of the semiconductor1,2. The tunability and reproducibility of chemical doping are limited by the availability of dopant materials and the effects of impurities such as water. Here we focused on proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reactions, which are widely used in biochemical processes3,4; their redox potentials depend on an easily handled parameter, that is, proton activity. We immersed p-type organic semiconductor thin films in aqueous solutions with PCET-based redox pairs and hydrophobic molecular ions. Synergistic reactions of PCET and ion intercalation resulted in efficient chemical doping of crystalline organic semiconductor thin films under ambient conditions. In accordance with the Nernst equation, the Fermi levels of the semiconductors were controlled reproducibly with a high degree of precision-a thermal energy of about 25 millielectronvolts at room temperature and over a few hundred millielectronvolts around the band edge. A reference-electrode-free, resistive pH sensor based on this method is also proposed. A connection between semiconductor doping and proton activity, a widely used parameter in chemical and biochemical processes, may help create a platform for ambient semiconductor processes and biomolecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishii
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan.
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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9
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Qian S, Lin HA, Pan Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Geng Z, Wu Q, He Y, Zhu B. Chemically revised conducting polymers with inflammation resistance for intimate bioelectronic electrocoupling. Bioact Mater 2023; 26:24-51. [PMID: 36875055 PMCID: PMC9975642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers offer attractive mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, tunable interfacial barrier with metal, tissue matchable softness, and versatile chemical functionalization, making them robust to bridge the gap between brain tissue and electronic circuits. This review focuses on chemically revised conducting polymers, combined with their superior and controllable electrochemical performance, to fabricate long-term bioelectronic implants, addressing chronic immune responses, weak neuron attraction, and long-term electrocommunication instability challenges. Moreover, the promising progress of zwitterionic conducting polymers in bioelectronic implants (≥4 weeks stable implantation) is highlighted, followed by a comment on their current evolution toward selective neural coupling and reimplantable function. Finally, a critical forward look at the future of zwitterionic conducting polymers for in vivo bioelectronic devices is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hsing-An Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qichao Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yunhua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yong He
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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10
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Tang CG, Syafiqah MN, Koh QM, Ang MCY, Choo KK, Sun MM, Callsen M, Feng YP, Chua LL, Png RQ, Ho PKH. Water binding and hygroscopicity in π-conjugated polyelectrolytes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3978. [PMID: 37407561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of water strongly influences structure, dynamics and properties of ion-containing soft matter. Yet, the hydration of such matter is not well understood. Here, we show through a large study of monovalent π-conjugated polyelectrolytes that their reversible hydration, up to several water molecules per ion pair, occurs chiefly at the interface between the ion clusters and the hydrophobic matrix without disrupting ion packing. This establishes the appropriate model to be surface hydration, not the often-assumed internal hydration of the ion clusters. Through detailed analysis of desorption energies and O-H vibrational frequencies, together with OPLS4 and DFT calculations, we have elucidated key binding motifs of the sorbed water. Type-I water, which desorbs below 50 °C, corresponds to hydrogen-bonded water clusters constituting secondary hydration. Type-II water, which typically desorbs over 50-150 °C, corresponds to water bound to the anion under the influence of a proximal cation, or to a cation‒anion pair, at the cluster surface. This constitutes primary hydration. Type-III water, which irreversibly desorbs beyond 150 °C, corresponds to water kinetically trapped between ions. Its amount varies strongly with processing and heat treatment. As a consequence, hygroscopicity-which is the water sorption capacity per ion pair-depends not only on the ions, but also their cluster morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Guanyu Tang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mazlan Nur Syafiqah
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi-Mian Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mervin Chun-Yi Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kim-Kian Choo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming-Ming Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Callsen
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuan-Ping Feng
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lay-Lay Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Rui-Qi Png
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Peter K H Ho
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Yuan D, Liu W, Zhu X. Efficient and air-stable n-type doping in organic semiconductors. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37183967 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) enables feasible tuning of carrier concentration, charge mobility, and energy levels, which is critical for the applications of OSCs in organic electronic devices. However, in comparison with p-type doping, n-type doping has lagged far behind. The achievement of efficient and air-stable n-type doping in OSCs would help to significantly improve electron transport and device performance, and endow new functionalities, which are, therefore, gaining increasing attention currently. In this review, the issue of doping efficiency and doping air stability in n-type doped OSCs was carefully addressed. We first clarified the main factors that influenced chemical doping efficiency in n-type OSCs and then explain the origin of instability in n-type doped films under ambient conditions. Doping microstructure, charge transfer, and dissociation efficiency were found to determine the overall doping efficiency, which could be precisely tuned by molecular design and post treatments. To further enhance the air stability of n-doped OSCs, design strategies such as tuning the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, charge delocalization, intermolecular stacking, in situ n-doping, and self-encapsulations are discussed. Moreover, the applications of n-type doping in advanced organic electronics, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectrics are being introduced. Finally, an outlook is provided on novel doping ways and material systems that are aimed at stable and efficient n-type doped OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wuyue Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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12
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Louis H, Mbim EN, Okon GA, Edet UO, Benjamin I, Ejiofor EU, Manicum ALE. Systematic exo-endo encapsulation of hydroxyurea (HU) by Cu, Ag, and Au-doped gallium nitride nanotubes (GaNNT) for smart therapeutic delivery. Comput Biol Med 2023; 161:106934. [PMID: 37257404 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Similar to the more well-known carbon nanotubes, gallium nitride nanotubes (GaNNT) are among the materials that scientists have found to be extremely helpful in transporting drugs and to provide significant potential for multi-modal medical therapies. Here, the potential of Cu, Ag, and Au-doped GaNNT for smart delivery of the anticancer medication hydroxyurea (HU) was extensively investigated employing quantum chemical analysis and density functional theory (DFT) computation at the B3LYP-GD3BJ/def2-SVP level of theory. The systematic approach used in this study entails examining the exo (outside)-and endo (inside) loading of HU utilizing the investigated nanotubes in order to understand the adsorption, sensing processes, bonding types, and thermodynamic properties. Results of the HOMO-LUMO studies show that metal-doped GaNNTs with the hydroxyurea (HU) at the endo - interaction of the drug of the nanotube produced more reduced energy gaps (0.911-2.039 eV) compared with metal-doped GaNNTs complexes at the outside - interaction of the drug on the nanotube (2.25-3.22 eV) and as such reveal their suitability for use as drug delivery materials. As observed in the endo-interaction of HU adsorptions in the tubes, HU_endo_Au@GaNNT possessed the highest adsorption energy values of -118.716 kcal/mol which shows the most chemisorption between the surfaces and the adsorbate while for HU_exo_Ag@GaNNT is -97.431 kcal/mol for the highest exo-interactions. These results suggest that HU drug interacted inside the Ag, Au, and Cu doped GaNNT will be very proficient as a carrier of the HU drug into bio systems. These results are along with visual studies of weak interactions, thermodynamics, sensor, and drug release mechanisms suggest strongly the endo-encapsulation of HU as the best mode for smart drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Elizabeth N Mbim
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria
| | - Gideon A Okon
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Nigeria
| | - Uwem O Edet
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Emmanuel U Ejiofor
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Nigeria
| | - Amanda-Lee E Manicum
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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Chen P, Wang D, Luo L, Meng J, Zhou Z, Dai X, Zou Y, Tan L, Shao X, Di CA, Jia C, Zhang HL, Liu Z. Self-Doping Naphthalene Diimide Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Unipolar n-Type OTFTs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300240. [PMID: 36812459 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) materials is vital for flexible electronics. Numerous OTFTs are so far reported but obtaining high-performance and reliable OTFTs simultaneously for flexible electronics is still challenging. Herein, it is reported that self-doping in conjugated polymer enables high unipolar n-type charge mobility in flexible OTFTs, as well as good operational/ambient stability and bending resistance. New naphthalene diimide (NDI)-conjugated polymers PNDI2T-NM17 and PNDI2T-NM50 with different contents of self-doping groups on their side chains are designed and synthesized. The effects of self-doping on the electronic properties of resulting flexible OTFTs are investigated. The results reveal that the flexible OTFTs based on self-doped PNDI2T-NM17 exhibit unipolar n-type charge-carrier properties and good operational/ambient stability thanks to the appropriate doping level and intermolecular interactions. The charge mobility and on/off ratio are fourfold and four orders of magnitude higher than those of undoped model polymer, respectively. Overall, the proposed self-doping strategy is useful for rationally designing OTFT materials with high semiconducting performance and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinqiu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhaoqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ye Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Luxi Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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14
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Shen Z, Lu W, Wei P, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Bu L, Lu G. Highly Conductive Ultrathin Layers of Conjugated Polymers for Metal-Free Coplanar Transistors with Single-Polymer Transport Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12099-12108. [PMID: 36808932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although metal or oxide conductive films are widely used as electrodes of electronic devices, organic electrodes would be more favorable for next-generation organic electronics. Here, using some model conjugated polymers as examples, we report a class of highly conductive and optically transparent polymer ultrathin layers. Vertical phase separation of semiconductor/insulator blends leads to a highly ordered two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin layer of conjugated-polymer chains on the insulator. Afterwards, the thermally evaporated dopants on the ultrathin layer lead to a conductivity of up to 103 S cm-1 and a sheet resistance 103 Ω/square for a model conjugated polymer poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes) (PBTTT). The high conductivity is due to the high hole mobility (∼ 20 cm2 V-1 s-1), although doping-induced charge density is still in the moderate range of 1020 cm-3 with a 1 nm thick dopant. Metal-free monolithic coplanar field-effect transistors using the same conjugated-polymer ultrathin layer with alternatively doped regions as electrodes and a semiconductor layer are realized. The field-effect mobility of this monolithic transistor is over 2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for PBTTT, one order higher than that of the conventional PBTTT transistor using metal electrodes. The optical transparency of the single conjugated-polymer transport layer is over 90%, demonstrating a bright future for all-organic transparent electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Shen
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wanlong Lu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yihang Jiang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Laju Bu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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15
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Zhou D, Han L, Hu L, Yang S, Shen X, Li Y, Tong Y, Wang F, Li Z, Chen L. Bay-Functionalized Perylene Diimide Derivative Cathode Interfacial Layer for High-Performance Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8367-8376. [PMID: 36721874 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic solar cells (OSCs) has acquired rapid progress with the development of nonfullerene acceptors. Interfacial engineering is also significant for the enhancement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) in OSCs. Among the cathode interfacial materials (CIMs), perylene diimide (PDI) small molecules are promising owing to the excellent electron affinity and electron mobility. Although the well-known PDINN molecule has excellent properties, it has a high planarity formed by an extensive rigid π-conjugated backbone. Because the PDI molecular backbone has a strong tendency to aggregate, it causes the problem of excessive molecular aggregation and stacking, which directly leads to excessive crystallinity. Proper accumulation is beneficial for charge transport, but oversized crystals formed by overaggregation will hinder charge transport, ultimately affecting the film morphology and charge transport efficiency. Modifying the bay position of PDINN is an effective strategy to reduce the planarity, modulate the molecular aggregation, optimize the morphology, and enhance the charge-collecting efficiency. Therefore, PDINN-S was synthesized from PDINN by substituting the hydrogen with thiophene. The optimal PCE in the PM6:Y6 active layer was 16.18% and remained at 80% of the initial value after 720 h in a glovebox. This provides some guidance for exploring CIMs and preparing large-scale OSCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang330063, China
| | - Liangjing Han
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang330063, China
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, 899 Guangqiong Avenue, Jiaxing314001, China
| | - Lin Hu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, 899 Guangqiong Avenue, Jiaxing314001, China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Xingxing Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Yubing Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang330063, China
| | - Yongfen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang330063, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang330063, China
| | - Zaifang Li
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, 899 Guangqiong Avenue, Jiaxing314001, China
| | - Lie Chen
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang330031, China
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16
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Guo J, Liu Y, Chen P, Wang X, Wang Y, Guo J, Qiu X, Zeng Z, Jiang L, Yi Y, Watanabe S, Liao L, Bai Y, Nguyen T, Hu Y. Revealing the Electrophilic-Attack Doping Mechanism for Efficient and Universal p-Doping of Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203111. [PMID: 36089649 PMCID: PMC9661849 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Doping is of great importance to tailor the electrical properties of semiconductors. However, the present doping methodologies for organic semiconductors (OSCs) are either inefficient or can only apply to some OSCs conditionally, seriously limiting their general applications. Herein, a novel p-doping mechanism is revealed by investigating the interactions between the dopant trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate (TrTPFB) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). It is found that electrophilic attack of the trityl cations on thiophenes results in the formation of tritylated thiophenium ions, which subsequently induce electron transfer from neighboring P3HT chains to realize p-doping. This unique p-doping mechanism enables TrTPFB to p-dope various OSCs including those with high ionization energy (IE ≈ 5.8 eV). Moreover, this doping mechanism endows TrTPFB with strong doping capability, leading to doping efficiency of over 80% in P3HT. The discovery and elucidation of this novel doping mechanism not only points out that strong electrophiles are a class of efficient p-dopants for OSCs, but also provides new opportunities toward highly efficient doping of various OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Ping‐An Chen
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Yanpei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Xincan Qiu
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Material ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba77‐8561Japan
| | - Lei Liao
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Yugang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Thuc‐Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic SolidsDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California at Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA93106USA
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan UniversityShenzhen518063P. R. China
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17
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Borrmann F, Tsuda T, Guskova O, Kiriy N, Hoffmann C, Neusser D, Ludwigs S, Lappan U, Simon F, Geisler M, Debnath B, Krupskaya Y, Al‐Hussein M, Kiriy A. Charge-Compensated N-Doped π-Conjugated Polymers: Toward both Thermodynamic Stability of N-Doped States in Water and High Electron Conductivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203530. [PMID: 36065004 PMCID: PMC9631074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The understanding and applications of electron-conducting π-conjugated polymers with naphtalene diimide (NDI) blocks show remarkable progress in recent years. Such polymers demonstrate a facilitated n-doping due to the strong electron deficiency of the main polymer chain and the presence of the positively charged side groups stabilizing a negative charge of the n-doped backbone. Here, the n-type conducting NDI polymer with enhanced stability of its n-doped states for prospective "in-water" applications is developed. A combined experimental-theoretical approach is used to identify critical features and parameters that control the doping and electron transport process. The facilitated polymer reduction ability and the thermodynamic stability in water are confirmed by electrochemical measurements and doping studies. This material also demonstrates a high conductivity of 10-2 S cm-1 under ambient conditions and 10-1 S cm-1 in vacuum. The modeling explains the stabilizing effects for various dopants. The simulations show a significant doping-induced "collapse" of the positively charged side chains on the core bearing a partial negative charge. This explains a decrease in the lamellar spacing observed in experiments. This study fundamentally enables a novel pathway for achieving both thermodynamic stability of the n-doped states in water and the high electron conductivity of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Borrmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Takuya Tsuda
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS)TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Nataliya Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Cedric Hoffmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - David Neusser
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Bipasha Debnath
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Yulia Krupskaya
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Mahmoud Al‐Hussein
- Physics Department and Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific ResearchThe University of JordanAmman11942Jordan
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
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18
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Tang H, Dou Y, Tan R, Chen Z, Liu C, Zhang K, Zhang J, Huang F, Cao Y. N-type conjugated polyelectrolyte enabled by in situ self-doping during aldol condensation. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Powell D, Zhang X, Nwachukwu CI, Miller EJ, Hansen KR, Flannery L, Ogle J, Berzansky A, Labram JG, Roberts AG, Whittaker-Brooks L. Establishing Self-Dopant Design Principles from Structure-Function Relationships in Self-n-Doped Perylene Diimide Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204656. [PMID: 36040126 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-doping is a particular doping method that has been applied to a wide range of organic semiconductors. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the relationship between dopant structure and function. A structurally diverse series of self-n-doped perylene diimides (PDIs) is investigated to study the impact of steric encumbrance, counterion selection, and dopant/PDI tether distance on functional parameters such as doping, stability, morphology, and charge-carrier mobility. The studies show that self-n-doping is best enabled by the use of sterically encumbered ammoniums with short tethers and Lewis basic counterions. Additionally, water is found to inhibit doping, which concludes that thermal degradation is merely a phenomenological feature of certain dopants, and that residual solvent evaporation is the primary driver of thermally activated doping. In situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering studies show that sample annealing increases the π-π stacking distance and shrinks grain boundaries for improved long-range ordering. These features are then correlated to contactless carrier-mobility measurements with time-resolved microwave conductivity before and after thermal annealing. The collective relationships between structural features and functionality are finally used to establish explicit self-n-dopant design principles for the future design of materials with improved functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Xueqiao Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Edwin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kameron R Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Laura Flannery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jonathan Ogle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alex Berzansky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John G Labram
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Andrew G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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20
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A polymer electrolyte design enables ultralow-work-function electrode for high-performance optoelectronics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4987. [PMID: 36008446 PMCID: PMC9411633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient solution-processed conductive materials with a sufficient low work function are essential to facilitate electron injection in electronic and optoelectronic devices but are challenging. Here, we design an electrically conducting and ambient-stable polymer electrolyte with an ultralow work function down to 2.2 eV, which arises from heavy n-doping of dissolved salts to polymer matrix. Such materials can be solution processed into uniform and smooth films on various conductors including graphene, conductive metal oxides, conducting polymers and metals to substantially improve their electron injection, enabling high-performance blue light-emitting diodes and transparent light-emitting diodes. This work provides a universal strategy to design a wide range of stable charge injection materials with tunable work function. As an example, we also synthesize a high-work-function polymer electrolyte material for high-performance solar cells. Ambient-stable solution-processed conductive materials with a low work function are essential to facilitate electron injection. Here, the authors design and synthesise polymer electrolyte with work function down to 2.2 eV for applications in high-performance light-emitting diodes and solar cells.
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21
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Measuring the Pores’ Structure in P3HT Organic Polymeric Semiconductor Films Using Interface Electrolyte/Organic Semiconductor Redox Injection Reactions and Bulk Space-Charge. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173456. [PMID: 36080532 PMCID: PMC9460914 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is another in a series of follow-up articles on the new spectroscopic method Energy Resolved–Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (ER-EIS) and presents a continuation of the effort to explain the method for electronic structure elucidation and its possibilities in the study of organic polymeric semiconductors. In addition to the detailed information on the electronic structure of the investigated organic semiconductor, the paper deals with three of the hitherto not solved aspects of the method, (1) the pores structure, which has been embedded in the evaluation framework of the ER-EIS method and shown, how the basic quantities of the pores structure, the volume density of the pores’ density coefficient β = (0.038 ± 0.002) nm−1 and the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface areas SABET SA == 34.5 m2g−1 may be found by the method, here for the archetypal poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) films. It is next shown, why the pore’s existence needs not to endanger the spectroscopic results of the ER-EIS method, and a proper way of the ER-EIS data evaluation is presented to avoid it. It is highlighted (2), how may the measurements of the pore structure contribute to the determination of the, for the method ER-EIS important, real rate constant of the overall Marcus’ D-A charge-transfer process for the poreless material and found its value kctD-A = (2.2 ± 0.6) × 10−25 cm4 s−1 for P3HT films examined. It is also independently attempted (3) to evaluate the range of kctD-A, based on the knowledge of the individual reaction rates in a chain of reactions, forming the whole D-A process, where the slowest one (organic semiconductor hopping transport) determines the tentative total result kctD-A ≅ 10−25 cm4 s−1. The effect of injection of high current densities by redox interface reactions in the bulk of OS with built-in pores structure may be very interesting for the design of new devices of organic electronics.
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22
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Powell D, Whittaker-Brooks L. Concepts and principles of self-n-doping in perylene diimide chromophores for applications in biochemistry, energy harvesting, energy storage, and catalysis. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2026-2052. [PMID: 35670455 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00279e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-doping is an essential method of increasing carrier concentrations in organic electronics that eliminates the need to tailor host-dopant miscibility, a necessary step when employing molecular dopants. Self-n-doping can be accomplished using amines or ammonium counterions as an electron source, which are being incorporated into an ever-increasingly diverse range of organic materials spanning many applications. Self-n-doped materials have demonstrated exemplary and, in many cases, benchmark performances in a variety of applications. However, an in-depth review of the method is lacking. Perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores are an important mainstay in the semiconductor literature with well-known structure-function characteristics and are also one of the most widely utilized scaffolds for self-n-doping. In this review, we describe the unique properties of self-n-doped PDIs, delineate structure-function relationships, and discuss self-n-doped PDI performance in a range of applications. In particular, the impact of amine/ammonium incorporation into the PDI scaffold on doping efficiency is reviewed with regard to attachment mode, tether distance, counterion selection, and steric encumbrance. Self-n-doped PDIs are a unique set of PDI structural derivatives whose properties are amenable to a broad range of applications such as biochemistry, solar energy conversion, thermoelectric modules, batteries, and photocatalysis. Finally, we discuss challenges and the future outlook of self-n-doping principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
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23
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Wang LX, Tang CG, Tan ZS, Phua HY, Chen J, Lei W, Png RQ, Chua LL, Ho PKH. Double-type-I charge-injection heterostructure for quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2147-2159. [PMID: 35616351 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00859e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enforcing balanced electron-hole injection into the emitter layer of quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) remains key to maximizing the quantum efficiency over a wide current density range. This was previously thought not possible for quantum dot (QD) emitters because of their very deep energy bands. Here, we show using Mesolight® blue-emitting CdZnSeS/ZnS QDs as a model that its valence levels are in fact considerably shallower than the corresponding band maximum of the bulk semiconductor, which makes the ideal double-type-I injection/confinement heterostructure accessible using a variety of polymer organic semiconductors as transport and injection layers. We demonstrate flat external quantum efficiency characteristics that indicate near perfect recombination within the QD layer over several decades of current density from the onset of device turn-on of about 10 μA cm-2, for both normal and inverted QLED architectures. We also demonstrate that these organic semiconductors do not chemically degrade the QDs, unlike the usual ZnMgO nanoparticles. However, these more efficient injection heterostructures expose a new vulnerability of the QDs to in device electrochemical degradation. The work here opens a clear path towards next-generation ultra-high-performance, all-solution-processed QLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xi Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cindy G Tang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore.
| | - Zhao-Siu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore.
| | - Hao-Yu Phua
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore.
| | - Jing Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qi Png
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore.
| | - Lay-Lay Chua
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore.
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore.
| | - Peter K H Ho
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore.
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24
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Zhang T, Wang F, Kim HB, Choi IW, Wang C, Cho E, Konefal R, Puttisong Y, Terado K, Kobera L, Chen M, Yang M, Bai S, Yang B, Suo J, Yang SC, Liu X, Fu F, Yoshida H, Chen WM, Brus J, Coropceanu V, Hagfeldt A, Brédas JL, Fahlman M, Kim DS, Hu Z, Gao F. Ion-modulated radical doping of spiro-OMeTAD for more efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Science 2022; 377:495-501. [PMID: 35901165 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been obtained with the organic hole transporter 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD). Conventional doping of spiro-OMeTAD with hygroscopic lithium salts and volatile 4-tert-butylpyridine is a time-consuming process and also leads to poor device stability. We developed a new doping strategy for spiro-OMeTAD that avoids post-oxidation by using stable organic radicals as the dopant and ionic salts as the doping modulator (referred to as ion-modulated radical doping). We achieved PCEs of >25% and much-improved device stability under harsh conditions. The radicals provide hole polarons that instantly increase the conductivity and work function (WF), and ionic salts further modulate the WF by affecting the energetics of the hole polarons. This organic semiconductor doping strategy, which decouples conductivity and WF tunability, could inspire further optimization in other optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hak-Beom Kim
- Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Woo Choi
- Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eunkyung Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Rafal Konefal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kosuke Terado
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Libor Kobera
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mengyun Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sai Bai
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bowen Yang
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science (LSPM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jiajia Suo
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science (LSPM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shih-Chi Yang
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fan Fu
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jiri Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science (LSPM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dong Suk Kim
- Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhangjun Hu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
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25
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Liu Z, Li X, Lu Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Huang T, Zhang D, Duan L. In situ-formed tetrahedrally coordinated double-helical metal complexes for improved coordination-activated n-doping. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1215. [PMID: 35260594 PMCID: PMC8904628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ coordination-activated n-doping by air-stable metals in electron-transport organic ligands has proven to be a viable method to achieve Ohmic electron injection for organic optoelectronics. However, the mutual exclusion of ligands with high nucleophilic quality and strong electron affinity limits the injection efficiency. Here, we propose meta-linkage diphenanthroline-type ligands, which not only possess high electron affinity and good electron transport ability but also favour the formation of tetrahedrally coordinated double-helical metal complexes to decrease the ionization energy of air-stable metals. An electron injection layer (EIL) compatible with various cathodes and electron transport materials is developed with silver as an n-dopant, and the injection efficiency outperforms conventional EILs such as lithium compounds. A deep-blue organic light-emitting diode with an optimized EIL achieves a high current efficiency calibrated by the y colour coordinate (0.045) of 237 cd A-1 and a superb LT95 of 104.1 h at 5000 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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26
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Jacobs IE, D'Avino G, Lemaur V, Lin Y, Huang Y, Chen C, Harrelson TF, Wood W, Spalek LJ, Mustafa T, O'Keefe CA, Ren X, Simatos D, Tjhe D, Statz M, Strzalka JW, Lee JK, McCulloch I, Fratini S, Beljonne D, Sirringhaus H. Structural and Dynamic Disorder, Not Ionic Trapping, Controls Charge Transport in Highly Doped Conducting Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3005-3019. [PMID: 35157800 PMCID: PMC8874922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Doped organic semiconductors are critical to emerging device applications, including thermoelectrics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing devices. It is commonly assumed that low conductivities in these materials result primarily from charge trapping by the Coulomb potentials of the dopant counterions. Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study rebutting this belief. Using a newly developed doping technique based on ion exchange, we prepare highly doped films with several counterions of varying size and shape and characterize their carrier density, electrical conductivity, and paracrystalline disorder. In this uniquely large data set composed of several classes of high-mobility conjugated polymers, each doped with at least five different ions, we find electrical conductivity to be strongly correlated with paracrystalline disorder but poorly correlated with ionic size, suggesting that Coulomb traps do not limit transport. A general model for interacting electrons in highly doped polymers is proposed and carefully parametrized against atomistic calculations, enabling the calculation of electrical conductivity within the framework of transient localization theory. Theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental data, providing insights into the disorder-limited nature of charge transport and suggesting new strategies to further improve conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Yue Lin
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Chen Chen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Thomas F Harrelson
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road Building 67, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William Wood
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Leszek J Spalek
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Tarig Mustafa
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christopher A O'Keefe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Martin Statz
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simone Fratini
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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27
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Zhou X, Zhang J, Bai G, Wang C, He W, Sun X, Zhang J, Miao J. A novel energy level detector for molecular semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2717-2728. [PMID: 35072681 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01842f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multifunction of molecule-based devices is always achieved by improving their charge transport characteristics. These characteristics depend strongly on the energy levels of molecular semiconductors, which fundamentally govern the working principle and device performance. Therefore, an accurate measurement of these energy levels is crucial for evaluating the availability of the prepared materials and thus optimizing the device performance. Here, an easy-to-operate three-terminal hot electron transistor has been developed, which comprises a molecular optoelectronic device that records the charge transport. It achieves exceptional properties including the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit level, highest occupied molecular orbit level, higher energy states, and higher electronic bandgap. When compared with existing techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, inverse photoemission spectroscopy, and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, the hot electron transistor provides in-situ characterization and categorizes the measured energy information as intrinsic properties of the molecular semiconductor. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth understanding of the fundamental device-physics, which provides promising guidance for performance optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Juansu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Guoliang Bai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Wenxiang He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangnan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710072, P. R. China
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28
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Lou Y, Wei J, Li M, Zhu Y. Distal Ionic Substrate-Catalyst Interactions Enable Long-Range Stereocontrol: Access to Remote Quaternary Stereocenters through a Desymmetrizing Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:123-129. [PMID: 34979078 PMCID: PMC9549467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spatial distancing of a substrate's reactive group and nonreactive catalyst-binding group from its pro-stereogenic element presents substantial hurdles in asymmetric catalysis. In this context, we report a desymmetrizing Suzuki-Miyaura reaction that establishes chirality at a remote quaternary carbon. The anionic, chiral catalyst exerts stereocontrol through electrostatic steering of substrates, even as the substrate's reactive group and charged catalyst-binding group become increasingly distanced. This study demonstrates that precise long-range stereocontrol is achievable by engaging ionic substrate-ligand interactions at a distal position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Lou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Junqiang Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Kurosawa T, Okamoto T, Yamashita Y, Kumagai S, Watanabe S, Takeya J. Strong and Atmospherically Stable Dicationic Oxidative Dopant. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101998. [PMID: 34713616 PMCID: PMC8693046 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the doping level of semiconducting polymer using strong dopants is essential for achieving good electrical conductivity. As for p-dopant, raising the electron affinity of a neutral compound through the dense introduction of electron-withdrawing group has always been the predominant strategy to achieve strong dopant. However, this simple and intuitive strategy faces extendibility, accessibility, and stability issues for further development. Herein, the use of dicationic state of tetraaryl benzidine (TAB2+ ) in conjunction with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion (TFSI- ) as a strong and atmospherically stable p-dopant (TAB-2TFSI), for which the concept is hinted from a rapid and spontaneous dimerization of radical cation dopant, is demonstrated. TAB-2TFSI possesses a large redox potential such that it would have deteriorated when in contact with H2 O. However, no trace of degradation after 1 year of storage under atmospheric conditions is observed. When doping the state-of-the-art semiconducting polymer with TAB-2TFSI, a high doping level together with significantly enhanced crystallinity is achieved which led to an electrical conductivity as high as 656 S cm-1 . The concept of utilizing charged molecule as a dopant is highly versatile and will potentially accelerate the development of a strong yet stable dopant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Kurosawa
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okamoto
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 205-0044, Japan
| | - Shohei Kumagai
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 205-0044, Japan
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30
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Hu C, Chen L, Hu Y, Chen A, Chen L, Jiang H, Li C. Light-Motivated SnO 2 /TiO 2 Heterojunctions Enabling the Breakthrough in Energy Density for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103558. [PMID: 34626027 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Powering lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by light-irradiation will bring a paradigm shift in energy-storage technologies. Herein, a photoaccelerated rechargeable LIB employing SnO2 /TiO2 heterojunction nanoarrays as a multifunctional anode is developed. The electron-hole pairs generated by the Lix TiO2 (x ≥ 0) under light irradiation synergistically enhance the lithiation kinetics and electrochemical reversibility of both SnO2 and TiO2 . Specifically, the electrons can quickly pour into the SnO2 and the generated Sn due to the more positive conduction band potentials (vs TiO2 ), and mean while the holes also promote the intercalation of Li+ into TiO2 by reaching charge balance. A remarkable increase in areal specific capacity is therefore achieved from 1.91 to 3.47 mAh cm-2 at 5 mA cm-2 . More impressively, there is no capacity loss even through 100 cycles, which is the best report for photorechargeable LIBs to date, owing to the strong and stable photoresponse current. This finding exhibits a feasible pathway to break the limitation in the energy density of LIBs by the efficient conversion and storage of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanjie Hu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Aiping Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Long Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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31
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Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Moon Y, Ha JW, Yoon M, Hwang DH, Lee J. Surface Polarization Doping in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Copolymers Using Cross-Linkable Terpolymer Dielectric Layers Containing Fluorinated Functional Units. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54227-54236. [PMID: 34734703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to tune the electrical properties of inorganic semiconductors via a doping process in the fabrication of cutting-edge electronic devices; however, the doping in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is limited by the uncontrollable dopant diffusion and low doping efficiencies. This study proposes the use of a fluorinated functional group in a polymer dielectric layer as an effective p-type doping strategy for ambipolar diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor-acceptor (D-A)-type semiconducting copolymer films used in OFETs, without generating structural perturbations. To experimentally verify the surface polarization doping effect of the fluorinated group, two terpolymers─poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-3-azidopropyl-methacrylate-co-propargyl-methacrylate) (5F-SAPMA), wherein fluorinated units are included, and poly(phenyl-methacrylate-co-3-azidopropyl-methacrylate-co-propargyl-methacrylate) (PhAPMA), without fluorinated units─are designed and synthesized for use in OFETs. The synthesized 5F-SAPMA and PhAPMA films were cross-linked through the click reaction between the alkyne and azide units in the terpolymers at 150 °C to provide chemical, thermal, and mechanical stabilities and solvent resistance. The electrical characterization of the OFETs with the newly synthesized terpolymer dielectrics reveals that the surface polarization induced by the fluorinated groups of the 5F-SAPMA dielectrics leads to the generation of additional hole charges and helps minimize the broadening of the extended tail states in the vicinity of the valence band (highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level). This not only enables a transition from the ambipolar to p-type dominant characteristics but also helps increase the hole mobility from 0.023 to 0.305 cm2/(V·s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Moon
- Department of Graphic Arts Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woon Ha
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Yoon
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoul Lee
- Department of Graphic Arts Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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33
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Transition metal-catalysed molecular n-doping of organic semiconductors. Nature 2021; 599:67-73. [PMID: 34732866 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemical doping is a key process for investigating charge transport in organic semiconductors and improving certain (opto)electronic devices1-9. N(electron)-doping is fundamentally more challenging than p(hole)-doping and typically achieves a very low doping efficiency (η) of less than 10%1,10. An efficient molecular n-dopant should simultaneously exhibit a high reducing power and air stability for broad applicability1,5,6,9,11, which is very challenging. Here we show a general concept of catalysed n-doping of organic semiconductors using air-stable precursor-type molecular dopants. Incorporation of a transition metal (for example, Pt, Au, Pd) as vapour-deposited nanoparticles or solution-processable organometallic complexes (for example, Pd2(dba)3) catalyses the reaction, as assessed by experimental and theoretical evidence, enabling greatly increased η in a much shorter doping time and high electrical conductivities (above 100 S cm-1; ref. 12). This methodology has technological implications for realizing improved semiconductor devices and offers a broad exploration space of ternary systems comprising catalysts, molecular dopants and semiconductors, thus opening new opportunities in n-doping research and applications12, 13.
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34
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Ang MCY, Dhar N, Khong DT, Lew TTS, Park M, Sarangapani S, Cui J, Dehadrai A, Singh GP, Chan-Park MB, Sarojam R, Strano M. Nanosensor Detection of Synthetic Auxins In Planta using Corona Phase Molecular Recognition. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3032-3046. [PMID: 34375072 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic auxins such as 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) have been extensively used in plant tissue cultures and as herbicides because they are chemically more stable and potent than most endogenous auxins. A tool for rapid in planta detection of these compounds will enhance our knowledge about hormone distribution and signaling and facilitate more efficient usage of synthetic auxins in agriculture. In this work, we show the development of real-time and nondestructive in planta NAA and 2,4-D nanosensors based on the concept of corona phase molecular recognition (CoPhMoRe), to replace the current state-of-the-art sensing methods that are destructive and laborious. By designing a library of cationic polymers wrapped around single-walled carbon nanotubes with general affinity for chemical moieties displayed on auxins and its derivatives, we developed selective sensors for these synthetic auxins, with a particularly large quenching response to NAA (46%) and a turn-on response to 2,4-D (51%). The NAA and 2,4-D nanosensors are demonstrated in planta across several plant species including spinach, Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana), Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (pak choi), and Oryza sativa (rice) grown in various media, including soil, hydroponic, and plant tissue culture media. After 5 h of 2,4-D supplementation to the hydroponic medium, 2,4-D is seen to accumulate in susceptible dicotyledon pak choi leaves, while no uptake is observed in tolerant monocotyledon rice leaves. As such, the 2,4-D nanosensor had demonstrated its capability for rapid testing of herbicide susceptibility and could help elucidate the mechanisms of 2,4-D transport and the basis for herbicide resistance in crops. The success of the CoPhMoRe technique for measuring these challenging plant hormones holds tremendous potential to advance the plant biology study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervin Chun-Yi Ang
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Niha Dhar
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Duc Thinh Khong
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Tedrick Thomas Salim Lew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Minkyung Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sreelatha Sarangapani
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Jianqiao Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aniket Dehadrai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gajendra Pratap Singh
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Michael Strano
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Zhang B, Liu J, Ren M, Wu C, Moran TJ, Zeng S, Chavez SE, Hou Z, Li Z, LaChance AM, Jow TR, Huey BD, Cao Y, Sun L. Reviving the "Schottky" Barrier for Flexible Polymer Dielectrics with a Superior 2D Nanoassembly Coating. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101374. [PMID: 34288156 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The organic insulator-metal interface is the most important junction in flexible electronics. The strong band offset of organic insulators over the Fermi level of electrodes should theoretically impart a sufficient impediment for charge injection known as the Schottky barrier. However, defect formation through Anderson localization due to topological disorder in polymers leads to reduced barriers and hence cumbersome devices. A facile nanocoating comprising hundreds of highly oriented organic/inorganic alternating nanolayers is self-coassembled on the surface of polymer films to revive the Schottky barrier. Carrier injection over the enhanced barrier is further shunted by anisotropic 2D conduction. This new interface engineering strategy allows a significant elevation of the operating field for organic insulators by 45% and a 7× improvement in discharge efficiency for Kapton at 150 °C. This superior 2D nanocoating thus provides a defect-tolerant approach for effective reviving of the Schottky barrier, one century after its discovery, broadly applicable for flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Ming Ren
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chao Wu
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Thomas J Moran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Songshan Zeng
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Sonia E Chavez
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Zaili Hou
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Zongze Li
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Anna Marie LaChance
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - T Richard Jow
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
| | - Bryan D Huey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yang Cao
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Luyi Sun
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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36
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Kim CH. Bulk versus Contact Doping in Organic Semiconductors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070742. [PMID: 34202611 PMCID: PMC8307412 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a comparative theoretical analysis of different doping schemes in organic semiconductor devices. Especially, an in-depth investigation into bulk and contact doping methods is conducted, focusing on their direct impact on the terminal characteristics of field-effect transistors. We use experimental data from a high-performance undoped organic transistor to prepare a base simulation framework and carry out a series of predictive simulations with various position- and density-dependent doping conditions. Bulk doping is shown to offer an overall effective current modulation, while contact doping proves to be rather useful to overcome high-barrier contacts. We additionally demonstrate the concept of selective channel doping as an alternative and establish a critical understanding of device performances associated with the key electrostatic features dictated by interfaces and applied voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
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37
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Overcoming the water oxidative limit for ultra-high-workfunction hole-doped polymers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3345. [PMID: 34099650 PMCID: PMC8184950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely thought that the water-oxidation reaction limits the maximum work function to about 5.25 eV for hole-doped semiconductors exposed to the ambient, constrained by the oxidation potential of air-saturated water. Here, we show that polymer organic semiconductors, when hole-doped, can show work functions up to 5.9 eV, and yet remain stable in the ambient. We further show that de-doping of the polymer is not determined by the oxidation of bulk water, as previously thought, due to its general absence, but by the counter-balancing anion and its ubiquitously hydrated complexes. The effective donor levels of these species, representing the edge of the 'chemical' density of states, can be depressed to about 6.0 eV below vacuum level. This can be achieved by raising the oxidation potential for hydronium generation, using large super-acid anions that are themselves also stable against oxidation. In this way, we demonstrate that poly(fluorene-alt-triarylamine) derivatives with tethered perfluoroalkyl-sulfonylimidosulfonyl anions can provide ambient solution-processability directly in the ultrahigh-workfunction hole-doped state to give films with good thermal stability. These results lay the path for design of soft materials for battery, bio-electronic and thermoelectric applications.
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38
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Nanocontacts give efficient hole injection in organic electronics. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:875-879. [PMID: 36654235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Improving organic photovoltaic cells by forcing electrode work function well beyond onset of Ohmic transition. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2250. [PMID: 33854070 PMCID: PMC8047006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As electrode work function rises or falls sufficiently, the organic semiconductor/electrode contact reaches Fermi-level pinning, and then, few tenths of an electron-volt later, Ohmic transition. For organic solar cells, the resultant flattening of open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) leads to a ‘plateau’ that maximizes power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we demonstrate this plateau in fact tilts slightly upwards. Thus, further driving of the electrode work function can continue to improve Voc and FF, albeit slowly. The first effect arises from the coercion of Fermi level up the semiconductor density-of-states in the case of ‘soft’ Fermi pinning, raising cell built-in potential. The second effect arises from the contact-induced enhancement of majority-carrier mobility. We exemplify these using PBDTTPD:PCBM solar cells, where PBDTTPD is a prototypal face-stacked semiconductor, and where work function of the hole collection layer is systematically ‘tuned’ from onset of Fermi-level pinning, through Ohmic transition, and well into the Ohmic regime. Both open-circuit voltage and fill factor of organic solar cells are affected by the metal-organic semiconductor interface. Here, the authors demonstrate that the voltage can continue to rise when the Fermi level is forced up to the semiconductor density-of-states tail.
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Feng C, Wang X, Chen G, Zhang B, He Z, Cao Y. Mechanism of the Alcohol-Soluble Ionic Organic Interlayer in Organic Solar Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4347-4354. [PMID: 33797928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations and corresponding experimental measurements, the adsorption behaviors and working mechanism of the alcohol-soluble ionic organic interlayer on different electrode substrates were studied. The results suggest that, when the ionic organic bipyridine salt interlayer (FPyBr) is adsorbed on the Ag surface, Br- will break away from molecule chains and form new chemical bonds with the Ag substrate, as confirmed by both the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study and DFT study for the first time. Charges are further found to transfer to the Ag substrate from the new interlayer molecular structure without Br-, resulting in adsorption dipoles directed from Ag to the interlayer. Moreover, the direction of the intrinsic dipole of the molecule itself on the Ag substrate is also verified, which is the same as that of the adsorption dipole. Subsequently, the superposition of the two dipoles results in a large reduction of the Ag substrate work function. In addition, the dipole formation mechanism of the interlayer on the ITO surface was also studied. The change in the work function of the ITO substrate by this interlayer is found to be smaller than that of Ag as confirmed by both a DFT study and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) results, which is mainly due to the reversed direction of the molecular intrinsic dipole with respect to the interfacial dipole. The worst device performance of organic solar cells based on the ITO-FPyBr substrate is considered to be one of the consequences of the feature. The findings here are of great importance for the study of the mechanism of the ionic organic interlayer in organic electronic devices, providing insightful understandings on how to further improve the material and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guiting Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Zhicai He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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41
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Xiong M, Yan X, Li J, Zhang S, Cao Z, Prine N, Lu Y, Wang J, Gu X, Lei T. Efficient n‐Doping of Polymeric Semiconductors through Controlling the Dynamics of Solution‐State Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xinwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jia‐Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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42
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Choquet D, Sainlos M, Sibarita JB. Advanced imaging and labelling methods to decipher brain cell organization and function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:237-255. [PMID: 33712727 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The brain is arguably the most complex organ. The branched and extended morphology of nerve cells, their subcellular complexity, the multiplicity of brain cell types as well as their intricate connectivity and the scattering properties of brain tissue present formidable challenges to the understanding of brain function. Neuroscientists have often been at the forefront of technological and methodological developments to overcome these hurdles to visualize, quantify and modify cell and network properties. Over the last few decades, the development of advanced imaging methods has revolutionized our approach to explore the brain. Super-resolution microscopy and tissue imaging approaches have recently exploded. These instrumentation-based innovations have occurred in parallel with the development of new molecular approaches to label protein targets, to evolve new biosensors and to target them to appropriate cell types or subcellular compartments. We review the latest developments for labelling and functionalizing proteins with small localization and functionalized reporters. We present how these molecular tools are combined with the development of a wide variety of imaging methods that break either the diffraction barrier or the tissue penetration depth limits. We put these developments in perspective to emphasize how they will enable step changes in our understanding of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Choquet
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France. .,University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Matthieu Sainlos
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
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43
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Shi Y, Liu J, Hu Y, Hu W, Jiang L. Effect of contact resistance in organic field‐effect transistors. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Micro‐Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Electronics Hunan University Changsha China
| | - Wenping Hu
- College of Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Hu L, You W, Sun L, Yu S, Yang M, Wang H, Li Z, Zhou Y. Surface doping of non-fullerene photoactive layer by soluble polyoxometalate for printable organic solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2689-2692. [PMID: 33595026 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The non-fullerene photoactive layer (PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F) film is first immersed into a PMA solution to induce an effective surface p-type doping. An improved hole-collection and a high PCE of 11.37% was obtained, although the non-fullerene OSCs were without a commonly evaporated MoO3. This surface doping technique is an effective and feasible strategy for the printable electronics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Wen You
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Lulu Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shen Yu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengyuan Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Wang
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China. and Centre for Future Materials, The University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Zaifang Li
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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45
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Zhao C, Zhang Z, Han F, Xia D, Xiao C, Fang J, Zhang Y, Wu B, You S, Wu Y, Li W. An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Electrolyte as a Cathode Interlayer for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Faming Han
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jie Fang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Binghui Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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46
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Zhao C, Zhang Z, Han F, Xia D, Xiao C, Fang J, Zhang Y, Wu B, You S, Wu Y, Li W. An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Electrolyte as a Cathode Interlayer for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8526-8531. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Faming Han
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jie Fang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Binghui Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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47
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Xiong M, Yan X, Li JT, Zhang S, Cao Z, Prine N, Lu Y, Wang JY, Gu X, Lei T. Efficient n-Doping of Polymeric Semiconductors through Controlling the Dynamics of Solution-State Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8189-8197. [PMID: 33403799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Doping of polymeric semiconductors limits the miscibility between polymers and dopants. Although significant efforts have been devoted to enhancing miscibility through chemical modification, the electrical conductivities of n-doped polymeric semiconductors are usually below 10 S cm-1 . We report a different approach to overcome the miscibility issue by modulating the solution-state aggregates of conjugated polymers. We found that the solution-state aggregates of conjugated polymers not only changed with solvent and temperature but also changed with solution aging time. Modulating the solution-state polymer aggregates can directly influence their solid-state microstructures and miscibility with dopants. As a result, both high doping efficiency and high charge-carrier mobility were simultaneously obtained. The n-doped electrical conductivity of P(PzDPP-CT2) can be tuned up to 32.1 S cm-1 . This method can also be used to improve the doping efficiency of other polymer systems (e.g. N2200) with different aggregation tendencies and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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48
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Watanabe S, Hakamatani R, Yaegashi K, Yamashita Y, Nozawa H, Sasaki M, Kumagai S, Okamoto T, Tang CG, Chua L, Ho PKH, Takeya J. Surface Doping of Organic Single-Crystal Semiconductors to Produce Strain-Sensitive Conductive Nanosheets. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002065. [PMID: 33552854 PMCID: PMC7856890 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A highly periodic electrostatic potential, even though established in van der Waals bonded organic crystals, is essential for the realization of a coherent band electron system. While impurity doping is an effective chemical operation that can precisely tune the energy of an electronic system, it always faces an unavoidable difficulty in molecular crystals because the introduction of a relatively high density of dopants inevitably destroys the highly ordered molecular framework. In striking contrast, a versatile strategy is presented to create coherent 2D electronic carriers at the surface of organic semiconductor crystals with their precise molecular structures preserved perfectly. The formation of an assembly of redox-active molecular dopants via a simple one-shot solution process on a molecularly flat crystalline surface allows efficient chemical doping and results in a relatively high carrier density of 1013 cm-2 at room temperature. Structural and magnetotransport analyses comprehensively reveal that excellent carrier transport and piezoresistive effects can be obtained that are similar to those in bulk crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- AIST‐UTokyo Advanced Operando‐Mesurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO‐OIL)AIST5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)4‐1‐8 HonchoKawaguchiSaitama332‐0012Japan
| | - Ryohei Hakamatani
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
| | - Keita Yaegashi
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- International Center of Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI‐MANA)National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)1‐1 NamikiTsukuba305‐0044Japan
| | - Han Nozawa
- PI‐CRYSTAL Inc.5‐4‐19 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐0882Japan
| | - Mari Sasaki
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
| | - Shohei Kumagai
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okamoto
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- AIST‐UTokyo Advanced Operando‐Mesurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO‐OIL)AIST5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)4‐1‐8 HonchoKawaguchiSaitama332‐0012Japan
| | - Cindy G. Tang
- Department of PhysicsNational University of SingaporeLower Kent Ridge RoadSingaporeS117550Singapore
| | - Lay‐Lay Chua
- Department of PhysicsNational University of SingaporeLower Kent Ridge RoadSingaporeS117550Singapore
- Department of ChemistryNational University of SingaporeLower Kent Ridge RoadSingaporeS1175502Singapore
| | - Peter K. H. Ho
- Department of PhysicsNational University of SingaporeLower Kent Ridge RoadSingaporeS117550Singapore
| | - Jun Takeya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- AIST‐UTokyo Advanced Operando‐Mesurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO‐OIL)AIST5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐8561Japan
- International Center of Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI‐MANA)National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)1‐1 NamikiTsukuba305‐0044Japan
- PI‐CRYSTAL Inc.5‐4‐19 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba277‐0882Japan
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Yoon SE, Park J, Kwon JE, Lee SY, Han JM, Go CY, Choi S, Kim KC, Seo H, Kim JH, Kim BG. Improvement of Electrical Conductivity in Conjugated Polymers through Cascade Doping with Small-Molecular Dopants. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2005129. [PMID: 33135210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Doping capability is primitively governed by the energy level offset between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of conjugated polymers (CPs) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of dopants. A poor doping efficiency is obtained when doping directly using NOBF4 forming a large energy offset with the CP, while the devised doping strategy is found to significantly improve the doping efficiency (electrical conductivity) by sequentially treating the NOBF4 to the pre-doped CP with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane (F4TCNQ), establishing a relatively small energy level offset. It is verified that the cascade doping strategy requires receptive sites for each dopant to further improve the doping efficiency, and provides fast reaction kinetics energetically. An outstanding electrical conductivity (>610 S cm-1 ) is achieved through the optimization of the devised doping strategy, and spectroscopy analysis, including Hall effect measurement, supports more efficient charge carrier generation via the devised cascade doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jaehong Park
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kwon
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk, 55324, Korea
| | - Sang Yeon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Ji Min Han
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Chae Young Go
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Siku Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Ki Chul Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hyungtak Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jong H Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Bong-Gi Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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Xu H, Zou H, Zhou D, Zeng G, Chen L, Liao X, Chen Y. Printable Hole Transport Layer for 1.0 cm 2 Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52028-52037. [PMID: 33151681 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, most of the hole transport layers (HTLs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) are unable to meet the requirements of printing preparation, which imposes restrictions on the commercial process of the OSCs severely. Here, we report a printable HTL, PCPDTK0.50H0.50-TT. The PM6:Y6:PC71BM device with PCPDTK0.50H0.50-TT as an HTL exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.3% (with an area of 0.04 cm2). More importantly, the PCE of the device is up to 10.2%, with an area of 1.0 cm2 prepared by the wire-bar coating PCPDTK0.50H0.50-TT HTL, which is in favor of the printing fabrication of the OSCs. In view of the superiorities of the large-area printing and the impressive PCE, we believe that PCPDTK0.50H0.50-TT should be a potential HTL for industrial production of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe Avenue, Nanchang 330063, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Helong Zou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe Avenue, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe Avenue, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lie Chen
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xunfan Liao
- Institute of Advanced Scientific Research (iASR), Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Advanced Scientific Research (iASR), Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
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