1
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Zhang S, Fu M, Zhang H, Yin H, Ding Y. Emission control status and future perspectives of diesel trucks in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:702-713. [PMID: 39095202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Chinese diesel trucks are the main contributors to NOx and particulate matter (PM) vehicle emissions. An increase in diesel trucks could aggravate air pollution and damage human health. The Chinese government has recently implemented a series of emission control technologies and measures for air quality improvement. This paper summarizes recent control technologies and measures for diesel truck emissions in China and introduces the comprehensive application of control technologies and measures in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding regions. Remote online monitoring technology has been adopted according to the China VI standard for heavy-duty diesel trucks, and control measures such as transportation structure adjustment and heavy pollution enterprise classification control continue to support the battle action plan for pollution control. Perspectives and suggestions are provided for promoting pollution control and supervision of diesel truck emissions: adhere to the concept of overall management and control, vigorously promote the application of systematic and technological means in emission monitoring, continuously facilitate cargo transportation structure adjustment and promote new energy freight vehicles. This paper aims to accelerate the implementation of control technologies and measures throughout China. China is endeavouring to control diesel truck exhaust pollution. China is willing to cooperate with the world to protect the global ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mingliang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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2
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Manzueta R, Kumar P, Ariño AH, Martín-Gómez C. Strategies to reduce air pollution emissions from urban residential buildings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175809. [PMID: 39197781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
As cities continue to grow, developing mitigation strategies is crucial to minimize the corresponding increase in air pollutants. One source of potentially controllable air pollution is the emissions from residential buildings. We conducted a literature review to systematically examine air pollution emissions from residential buildings in urban areas, identifying pollutants and their sources; investigated mitigation-aimed intervention types by field of application or study, and finally listed and discussed strategies to reduce the concentration of air pollutants in residential buildings. Our compilation shows that among the nature-based solutions, green walls offered the highest relative reduction of air pollution (-15 % NO2 and -23 % PM10). Of the construction-based solutions, already-available photocatalytic paint can achieve reductions of 25 % NO, 23 % NOx and 19 % NO2 as is. Industrial-based solutions promise high levels of reduction, but these must be adapted to residential buildings. The integration of various existing and potentially adapted mitigation solutions may achieve even higher pollution reduction rates in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robiel Manzueta
- Department of Construction, Building Services and Structures, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Arturo H Ariño
- Department of Environmental Biology and Institute of Biodiversity and Environment (BIOMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.
| | - César Martín-Gómez
- Department of Construction, Building Services and Structures, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.
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3
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Yang P, Wang H, Wu X, Xiao S, Zheng X, You Y, Zhang S, Wu Y. Long-term plume-chasing measurements: Emission characteristics and spatial patterns of heavy-duty trucks in a megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124819. [PMID: 39236837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the emissions of heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) is crucial for managing air quality in megacities, especially concerning nitrogen oxides (NOX) and black carbon (BC). This study employed mobile plume chasing to monitor the real-world emissions of over 7778 HDDTs in Shenzhen. The findings indicate that the real-world NOX emission factors (EF) of China IV trucks did not differ significantly from those of China III, whereas China V and VI vehicles demonstrated fleet-averaged reductions of 27% and 85%, respectively. For China V, a significant decrease in the NOX EF for HDDTs registered after 2017 was attributed to the installation of advanced aftertreatment systems, including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) and Diesel Particle Filters (DPF), along with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). These technologies led to an average reduction of 42% in NOX and 61% in BC emissions. Seasonal variations were pronounced, with winter (∼20 °C) NOX EF 40% higher than summer (∼35 °C) levels. Conversely, BC EF decreased by 26% in winter, indicating significant impacts of ambient temperature on emissions. Spatial analysis revealed that the average NOX EF of HDDTs on east freeways was 1.4 times higher than that on urban expressways, influenced by variations in the proportion of vehicle types segmented by usage. These findings offer a comprehensive perspective on HDDTs emissions, highlighting the importance of large-scale emission monitoring through plume chasing for precise and effective control of real-world HDDTs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shupei Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Yan You
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ye Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China.
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4
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Wang X, Yang Q, Li X, Li Z, Gao C, Zhang H, Chu X, Redshaw C, Shi S, Wu YA, Ma Y, Peng Y, Li J, Feng S. Exploring the dynamic evolution of lattice oxygen on exsolved-Mn 2O 3@SmMn 2O 5 interfaces for NO Oxidation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7613. [PMID: 39223132 PMCID: PMC11369115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lattice oxygen in metal oxides plays an important role in the reaction of diesel oxidation catalysts, but the atomic-level understanding of structural evolution during the catalytic process remains elusive. Here, we develop a Mn2O3/SmMn2O5 catalyst using a non-stoichiometric exsolution method to explore the roles of lattice oxygen in NO oxidation. The enhanced covalency of Mn-O bond and increased electron density at Mn3+ sites, induced by the interface between exsolved Mn2O3 and mullite, lead to the formation of highly active lattice oxygen adjacent to Mn3+ sites. Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies show that the activated lattice oxygen enables reversible changes in Mn valence states and Mn-O bond covalency during redox cycles, reducing energy barriers for NO oxidation and promoting NO2 desorption via the cooperative Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. Therefore, the Mn2O3/SmMn2O5 exhibits higher NO oxidation activity and better resistance to hydrothermal aging compared to a commercial Pt/Al2O3 catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Qilei Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chuan Gao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Chu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Shucheng Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yimin A Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yongliang Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yue Peng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Junhua Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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5
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Tang M, Shen Y, Ge Y, Gao J, Wang C, Wu L, Si S. Laboratory and field evaluation of a low-cost optical particle sizer. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 142:215-225. [PMID: 38527887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Low-cost sensors are widely used to collect high-spatial-resolution particulate matter data that traditional reference monitoring devices cannot. In addition to the mass concentration, the number concentration and size distribution are also fundamental in determining the origin and hazard level of particulate pollution. Therefore, low-cost optical sensors have been improved to establish optical particle sizers (OPSs). In this study, a low-cost OPS, the Nova SDS029, is introduced, and it is evaluated in comparison to two reference instruments-the GRIMM 11-D and the TSI 3330. We first tested the sizing accuracy using polystyrene latex spheres. Then, we assessed the mass and number size distribution accuracy in three application scenarios: indoor smoking, ambient air quality, and mobile monitoring. The evaluations suggest that the low-cost SDS029 rivals research-grade optical sizers in many aspects. For example, (1) the particle diameters obtained with the SDS029 are close to the reference instruments (usually < 10%) in the 0.3-5 µm range; (2) the number of particles and mass concentration are highly correlated (r ≥ 0.99) with the values obtained with the reference instruments; and (3) the SDS029 slightly underestimates the number concentration, but the derived PM2.5 values are closer to monitoring station than the reference instruments. The successful application of the SDS029 in multiple scenarios suggests that a plausible particle size distribution can be obtained in an easy and cost-efficient way. We believe that low-cost OPSs will increasingly be used to map the sources and risk levels of particles at the city scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yicheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanzhen Ge
- Tai'an Ecological Environment Protection Control Center, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Chong Wang
- Jinan Grid-Based Supervision Center of Ecological and Environmental Protection, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Liqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shuchun Si
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, China
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Wang S, Liu J, Jin Z, Guo S, Cheng D, Deng J, Zhang D. Gas-Phase Regeneration of Metal-Poisoned V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 NH 3-SCR Catalysts via a Masking and Reconstruction Strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39013630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Renewing metal-poisoned NH3-SCR catalysts holds great potential for mitigating environmental pollution and utilizing hazardous wastes simultaneously. Ionic compounds containing heavy metals often exhibit limited solubility due to their high polarizability, making traditional washing techniques ineffective in removing heavy metal poisons. This study presents a gas-based method for regenerating heavy-metal-poisoned V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts employed in NH3-SCR techniques. The regeneration is achieved by employing a masking and reconstruction strategy, which involves the in situ formation of NO2 to mediate the production of SO3. This enables the effective bonding of Pb and triggers the reconstruction of active VOx sites. In situ spectroscopy confirms that the sulfation of PbO restores acidity, while the occupied effect resulting from the sulfation of TiO2 promotes the formation of more polymeric VOx species. Consequently, the regenerated catalyst exhibits enhanced activity and superior resistance to metal poisons compared with the fresh catalyst. The innovative method offers a promising solution for extending the lifespan of poisoned catalysts, reducing waste generation, and enhancing the efficiency of NH3-SCR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- Innovation Institute of Carbon Neutrality, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Innovation Institute of Carbon Neutrality, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zaisheng Jin
- Innovation Institute of Carbon Neutrality, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- Innovation Institute of Carbon Neutrality, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Danhong Cheng
- Innovation Institute of Carbon Neutrality, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiang Deng
- Innovation Institute of Carbon Neutrality, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- Innovation Institute of Carbon Neutrality, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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7
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Özdemir ET, Birinci E, Deniz A. Multi-source observations on the effect of atmospheric blocking on air quality in İstanbul: a study case. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:698. [PMID: 38963549 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is affected by the atmospheric dynamics. This study aims to determine that air pollution concentration values in İstanbul increased significantly and reached peak values due to atmospheric blocking between the 30th of December 2022 and the 5th of January 2023. In this study, hourly pollutant data was obtained from 16 air quality monitoring stations (AQMS), the exact reanalysis data was extracted from ERA5 database, and inversion levels and meteorological and synoptic analyses were used to determine the effects of atmospheric blocking on air pollution. Also, cloud base heights and vertical visibility measurements were taken with a ceilometer. Statistical calculations and data visualizations were performed using the R and Grads program. Omega-type blocking, which started in İstanbul on December 30, 2022, had a significant impact on the 1st and 2nd of January 2023, and PM10 and PM2.5 concentration values reached their peak values at 572.8 and 254.20 µg/m3, respectively. In addition, it was found that the average concentration values in the examined period in almost all stations were higher than the averages for January and February. As a result, air quality in İstanbul was determined as "poor" between these calendar dates. It was found that the blocking did not affect the ozone (µg/m3) concentration. It was also found that the concentrations of particulate matter (PM) 10 µm or less in diameter (PM10) and PM 2.5 µm or less in diameter (PM2.5) were increased by the blocking effect in the İstanbul area. Finally, according to the data obtained using the ceilometer, cloud base heights decreased to 30 m and vertical visibility to 10 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Tuncay Özdemir
- Department of Meteorological Engineering, İstanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enes Birinci
- Department of Meteorological Engineering, İstanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ali Deniz
- Department of Meteorological Engineering, İstanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Xue T, Li J, Chen L, Li K, Hua Y, Yang Y, Dong F. Photocatalytic NO x removal and recovery: progress, challenges and future perspectives. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9026-9046. [PMID: 38903227 PMCID: PMC11186336 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01891e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The excessive production of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from energy production, agricultural activities, transportation, and other human activities remains a pressing issue in atmospheric environment management. NO x serves both as a significant pollutant and a potential feedstock for energy carriers. Photocatalytic technology for NO x removal and recovery has received widespread attention and has experienced rapid development in recent years owing to its environmental friendliness, mild reaction conditions, and high efficiency. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in photocatalytic removal, encompassing NO x oxidation removal (including single and synergistic removal and NO3 - decomposition), NO x reduction to N2, and the emergent NO x upcycling into green ammonia. Special focus is given to the molecular understanding of the interfacial nitrogen-associated reaction mechanisms and their regulation pathways. Finally, the status and the challenges of photocatalytic NO x removal and recovery are critically discussed and future outlooks are proposed for their potential practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Jing Li
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Lvcun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 611756 China
| | - Kanglu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 611756 China
| | - Ying Hua
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT Shantou 515041 Guangdong China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
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9
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Zhao P, Wu X, Zhang S, He L, Yang Y, Hu Q, Huang C, Yu B, Wu Y. Regulatory Insights for On-Board Monitoring of Vehicular NOx Emission Compliance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7968-7976. [PMID: 38680115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) have adverse effects on human health and the environment. On-board monitoring (OBM), which can continuously collect vehicle performance and NOx emissions throughout the operation lifespan, is recognized as the core technology for future vehicle in-use compliance, but its large-scale application has not been reported. Here, we utilized OBM data from 22,520 HDDVs in China to evaluate their real-world NOx emissions. Our findings showed that China VI HDDVs had a 73% NOx emission reduction compared with China V vehicles, but a considerable proportion still faced a significant risk of higher NOx emissions than the corresponding limits. The unsatisfactory efficiency of the emission treatment system under disadvantageous driving conditions (e.g., low speed or ambient temperature) resulted in the incompliance of NOx emissions, especially for utility vehicles (sanitation/garbage trucks). Furthermore, the observed intertrip and seasonal variability of NOx emissions demonstrated the need for a long-term continuous monitoring protocol instead of instantaneous evaluation for the OBM. With both functions of emission monitoring and malfunction diagnostics, OBM has the potential to accurately verify the in-use compliance status of large-scale HDDVs and discern the responsibility of high-emitting activities from manufacturers, vehicle operators, and driving conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liqiang He
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Beijing Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qingyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Bingyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Internet of Vehicle Technical Innovation and Testing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Nath U, Sarma M. Realization of efficient and selective NO and NO 2 detection via surface functionalized h-B 2S 2 monolayer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12386-12396. [PMID: 38623866 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00332b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In the ever-growing field of two-dimensional (2D) materials, the boron-sulfide (B2S2) monolayer is a promising new addition to MoS2-like 2D materials, with the boron (a lighter element) pair (B2 pair) having similar valence electrons to Mo. Herein, we have functionalized the h-phase boron sulfide monolayer by introducing oxygen atoms (Oh-B2S2) to widen its application scope as a gas sensor. The charge carrier mobilities of this system were found to be 790 × 102 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 32 × 102 cm2 V-1 s-1 for electrons and holes, respectively, which are much higher than the mobilities of the MoS2 monolayer. The potential application of the 2D Oh-B2S2 monolayer in the realm of gas sensing was evaluated using a combination of density functional theory (DFT), ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) based simulations. Our results imply that the Oh-B2S2 monolayer outperforms graphene and MoS2 in NO and NO2 selective sensing with higher adsorption energies (-0.56 and -0.16 eV) and charge transfer values (0.34 and 0.13e). Furthermore, the current-voltage characteristics show that the Oh-B2S2 monolayer may selectively detect NO and NO2 gases after bias 1.4 V, providing a greater possibility for the development of boron-based gas-sensing devices for future nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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11
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Park K, Lee J. Mitigating air and noise pollution through highway capping: The Bundang-Suseo Highway Cap Project case study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123620. [PMID: 38387547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Highways, while vital for transportation, often lead to heightened air and noise pollution, adversely affecting nearby communities. This study delves into the effectiveness of highway capping, a sustainable urban development strategy, in addressing these environmental challenges, with a specific focus on the Bundang-Suseo Highway in South Korea. This study employed a multifaceted approach, incorporating on-road monitoring, in situ measurements, and vertical assessments using UAVs. Following the cap's installation, the area experienced more stable pollutant levels, marking a notable shift from the previously fluctuating conditions heavily influenced by the highway. In-depth in situ monitoring near the cap revealed significant reductions in noise and pollutants like UFP and BC. Furthermore, UAV monitoring captured these changes in pollutant levels at different altitudes. Notably, the installation of the highway cap led to increased PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 levels at ground level, but a decrease above the cap, emphasizing the critical importance of intentional highway cap design in enhancing urban air quality and reducing exposure to harmful pollutants. This research yields invaluable insights for urban planners, health authorities, and policymakers, aiding the precise identification of pollution-prone areas and advocating for improved highway cap design to enhance urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitae Park
- Department of Urban Design and Studies, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Jeongwoo Lee
- Department of Urban Design and Studies, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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12
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Tian M, He L, Peng D, Fu M, Ma S, Mu J, Yu Q, Wang J, Yin H, Wang J. Characterizing NOx emissions from diesel trucks with tampered aftertreatment systems and its implications for identifying high emitters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170378. [PMID: 38280581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Reducing the differences between real-world and certificated NOx emission levels is an important element of in-use emission surveillance programs. Therefore, investigating the characteristics of the vehicles which have much higher NOx emissions (i.e., high-emitters) and determining a reasonable cut-off point to identify high-emitters with a low false detection rate is important. In this study, six diesel trucks were tested under different aftertreatment conditions. The results showed that the discrepancies of fuel-specific NOx emissions between vehicles with functioning and tampered selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems occur mainly from medium- to high-speed modes. This is because the SCR systems were at low conversion efficiencies when the exhaust temperature was low, including cold-start and urban creep conditions. By using binary classification, we selected fuel-specific NOx cut-off points for high-emitters from China V and China VI diesel trucks. The false detection rate of high-emitters can decrease by 33 % and 95 %, if only NOx emissions from medium- to high-speed modes were used for the chosen cut-off points, respectively. This work highlights the importance of in-use emission compliance programs. It also suggests that high-emitters can be more accurately identified at medium- to high-speed modes if using instantaneous emission data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Liqiang He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Di Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Mingliang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Shuai Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Jinsong Mu
- Xiamen Environment Protection Vehicle Emission Control Technology Center, Xiamen 361023, PR China
| | - Quanshun Yu
- CATARC Automotive Test Center (Tianjin) Company Limited, Tianjin 300300, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- Jinan Automobile Testing Center Co, Ltd., Jinan 250102, PR China
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Junfang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
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13
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Quan J, Huo J, Zhang C, Pan Y, Ma P, Liao Z, Cheng Z, Jia X, Wang Q, Fu Q, Mu Y, Hu F. High organic aerosol in the low layer over a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP): Observations based on large tethered balloon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170039. [PMID: 38219998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
High mass concentration of organic aerosol (OA) and its fraction in PM2.5 (particle matter with radius <2.5 μm) were observed in the low layer over a rural site of the North China Plain (NCP) in winter 2018. The mass fraction of OA in PM2.5 was 65.5 % at ground level (5 m above ground), and decreased to 37.1 % in layer of 200-1000 m. In addition, there was a sharp decrease of OA at around the top of planetary boundary layer (PBL), which was distinctly different from the vertical distributions of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA, e.g., nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and sulfate (SO42-)). The altitude with sharp decrease of OA was very low in the morning and evening, e.g., the sharp decrease of OA occurred at a height <50 m at nighttime on Dec. 19, while was elevated in the noon with the PBL development. Furthermore, OA at ground level exhibited a distinct diurnal variation with a night-to-day ratio of 2.3, which was much larger than those of SIA and inactive CO. All the above results indicated the extremely high OA concentration at the rural site was mainly attributed to direct emission from local sources, such as the combustion of coal and biomass for heating. The extremely high OA could be expected in vest rural areas of the NCP in winter because the farmer activities are very similar to the investigated rural site, underscoring the urgency to mitigate OA emission in rural area for improving the local as well as the regional air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannong Quan
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Juntao Huo
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yubing Pan
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Pengkun Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xingcan Jia
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China; Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200235, China.
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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14
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He L, Li G, Wu X, Zhang S, Tian M, Li Z, Huang C, Hu Q, Wu Y, Hao J. Characteristics of NO X and NH 3 emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel vehicles with various aftertreatment technologies in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133073. [PMID: 38039816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Some in-use China IV and China V heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems probably fail to mitigate nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions as expected. Meanwhile, these SCR-equipped HDDVs might emit excessive ammonia (NH3). To better understand the NOX and NH3 emissions from typical HDDVs in China, seventeen in-use vehicles with various emission-control technologies were tested by using laboratory chassis dynamometers. The results indicated that individual NOX and NH3 emissions from HDDV fleets widely varied owing to differences in aftertreatment performance. China V and VI HDDVs with effectively functioning SCRs could substantially control their NOX emissions to be below the corresponding emission limits (i.e., 4.0 and 0.69 g/kWh for China V and China VI vehicles, respectively) but with a potential risk of high NH3 emissions caused by diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) overdosing. Furthermore, higher vehicle speed and payload resulted in lower NOX emissions and possibly higher NH3 emissions from HDDVs with effectively functioning SCRs, while higher NOX emissions from tampered- and non-SCR HDDVs. NOX emissions from China VI HDDVs were more sensitive to cold starts compared to China V and earlier vehicles, but there was no significant discrepancy in NH3 emissions between cold- and hot-start tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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He J, Deng J, Lan T, Liu X, Shen Y, Han L, Wang J, Zhang D. Strong metal oxide-zeolite interactions during selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133164. [PMID: 38103292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In response to the stricter EU VII emission standards and the "150 ℃ challenge", selective catalytic reduction by ammonia (NH3-SCR) catalysts for motor vehicles are required to achieve high NO conversion below 200 °C. Compounding metal oxides with zeolites is an important strategy to design the low-temperature SCR catalysts. Here, we original prepared Cu-SSZ-13 @ MnGdOx (Cu-Z @ MGO), which achieved over 90% NO conversion and 95% N2 selectivity at 150 ℃. It has been demonstrated that a uniform mesoporous loaded layer of MGO grows on Cu-Z, and a recrystallization zone appears at the MGO-Cu-Z interface. We discover that the excellent low-temperature SCR activity derives from the strong metal oxide-zeolite interaction (SMZI) effects. The SMZI effects cause the anchor and high dispersion of MGO on the surface of Cu-Z. Driven by the SMZI effects, the Mn3+/Mn4+ redox cycle ensures the low and medium temperature-SCR activity and the Cu2+/Cu+ redox cycle guarantees the medium and high temperature-SCR activity. The introduction of MGO improves the reaction activity of -NH2 species adsorbed at Mn sites at 150 ℃, achieving a cycle of reduction and oxidation reactions at low temperatures. This strategy of inducing SMZI effects of metal oxides and zeolites paves a way for development of high-performance catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebing He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Tianwei Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yongjie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Lupeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Junan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Institute of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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16
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Garcia-Marlès M, Lara R, Reche C, Pérez N, Tobías A, Savadkoohi M, Beddows D, Salma I, Vörösmarty M, Weidinger T, Hueglin C, Mihalopoulos N, Grivas G, Kalkavouras P, Ondráček J, Zíková N, Niemi JV, Manninen HE, Green DC, Tremper AH, Norman M, Vratolis S, Eleftheriadis K, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Alonso-Blanco E, Wiedensohler A, Weinhold K, Merkel M, Bastian S, Hoffmann B, Altug H, Petit JE, Favez O, Dos Santos SM, Putaud JP, Dinoi A, Contini D, Timonen H, Lampilahti J, Petäjä T, Pandolfi M, Hopke PK, Harrison RM, Alastuey A, Querol X. Inter-annual trends of ultrafine particles in urban Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108510. [PMID: 38460241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm), have been reported to potentially penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, translocate through the alveoli, and affect various organs, potentially correlating with increased mortality. The aim of this study is to assess long-term trends (5-11 years) in mostly urban UFP concentrations based on measurements of particle number size distributions (PNSD). Additionally, concentrations of other pollutants and meteorological variables were evaluated to support the interpretations. PNSD datasets from 12 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 3 suburban background (SUB) and 1 regional background (RB) sites in 15 European cities and 1 in the USA were evaluated. The non-parametric Theil-Sen's method was used to detect monotonic trends. Meta-analyses were carried out to assess the overall trends and those for different environments. The results showed significant decreases in NO, NO2, BC, CO, and particle concentrations in the Aitken (25-100 nm) and the Accumulation (100-800 nm) modes, suggesting a positive impact of the implementation of EURO 5/V and 6/VI vehicle standards on European air quality. The growing use of Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs) might also have clearly reduced exhaust emissions of BC, PM, and the Aitken and Accumulation mode particles. However, as reported by prior studies, there remains an issue of poor control of Nucleation mode particles (smaller than 25 nm), which are not fully reduced with current DPFs, without emission controls for semi-volatile organic compounds, and might have different origins than road traffic. Thus, contrasting trends for Nucleation mode particles were obtained across the cities studied. This mode also affected the UFP and total PNC trends because of the high proportion of Nucleation mode particles in both concentration ranges. It was also found that the urban temperature increasing trends might have also influenced those of PNC, Nucleation and Aitken modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| | - Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa 08242, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Vörösmarty
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece; Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nadĕžda Zíková
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Box 8136, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, German
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hicran Altug
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | | | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Malley CS, Anenberg SC, Shindell DT. Improving consistency in estimating future health burdens from environmental risk factors: Case study for ambient air pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108560. [PMID: 38492497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Future changes in exposure to risk factors should impact mortality rates and population. However, studies commonly use mortality rates and population projections developed exogenously to the health impact assessment model used to quantify future health burdens attributable to environmental risks that are therefore invariant to projected exposure levels. This impacts the robustness of many future health burden estimates for environmental risk factors. This work describes an alternative methodology that more consistently represents the interaction between risk factor exposure, population and mortality rates, using ambient particulate air pollution (PM2.5) as a case study. A demographic model is described that estimates future population based on projected births, mortality and migration. Mortality rates are disaggregated between the fraction due to PM2.5 exposure and other factors for a historic year, and projected independently. Accounting for feedbacks between future risk factor exposure and population and mortality rates can greatly affect estimated future attributable health burdens. The demographic model estimates much larger PM2.5-attributable health burdens with constant 2019 PM2.5 (∼10.8 million deaths in 2050) compared to a model using exogenous population and mortality rate projections (∼7.3 million), largely due to differences in mortality rate projection methods. Demographic model-projected PM2.5-attributable mortality can accumulate substantially over time. For example, ∼71 million more people are estimated to be alive in 2050 when WHO guidelines (5 µg m-3) are achieved compared to constant 2019 PM2.5 concentrations. Accounting for feedbacks is more important in applications with relatively high future PM2.5 concentrations, and relatively large changes in non-PM2.5 mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Drew T Shindell
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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18
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Jiang H, Wang J, Tian M, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu J, Fu M, Yin H, Ding Y. Assessment of identification performance for high emission heavy-duty diesel vehicles by means of remote sensing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168851. [PMID: 38029995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
To improve the accuracy of detecting high NO (nitric oxide) emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) by remote sensing (RS), the emissions of one HDDV complied with China V regulation and one HDDV complied with China VI regulation at constant speeds, with and without after-treatment devices, are tested by a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) and RS. The optimized measurement procedures for detecting high NO emissions from China V and China VI HDDVs by RS are summarized. The correlation of RS and PEMS data shows that the ratio of NO to CO2 (carbon dioxide) is a more appropriate RS measurement than NO concentration alone for identifying high emitters, although NO concentrations of 600 ppm and 100 ppm can be used as a basis for distinguishing between China V and China VI HDDVs, respectively. When the NO/CO2 ratio is >200 × 10-4 and 25 × 10-4, identifying China V and China VI HDDV high emitters, respectively, is possible. Additionally considering the vehicle speed can reduce the high emitter identification error rate, and excluding data where vehicle acceleration is less than -0.1 m/s2 can further improve identification accuracy. Four new high-emitter identification methods based on different combinations of measurements are shown to improve identification efficiency with only small increases in identification error. This study provides evidence to support the future development of high-precision RS methodologies for identifying high-emission vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junfang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miao Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yingzhi Zhang
- Anhui Baolong Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Hefei 230000, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Anhui Baolong Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Anhui Baolong Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Mingliang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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19
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Min H, Kwon O, Lee J, Choi E, Kim J, Lee N, Eum K, Lee KH, Kim DW, Lee W. N-Carbon-Doped Binary Nanophase of Metal Oxide/Metal-Organic Framework for Extremely Sensitive and Selective Gas Response. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309041. [PMID: 38041566 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are highly ordered structures exhibiting sub-nanometer porosity, possess significant potential for diverse gas applications. However, their inherent insulative properties limit their utility in electrochemical gas sensing. This investigation successfully modifies the electrical conductivity of zeolitic imidazolte framework-8 (ZIF-8) employing a straightforward surface oxidation methodology. A ZIF-8 polycrystalline layer is applied on a wafer-scale oxide substrate and subjects to thermal annealing at 300 °C under ambient air conditions, resulting in nanoscale oxide layers while preserving the fundamental properties of the ZIF-8. Subsequent exposure to NO2 instigates the evolution of an electrically interconnected structure with the formation of electron-rich dopants derived from the decomposition of nitrogen-rich organic linkers. The N-carbon-hybridized ZnO/ZIF-8 device demonstrates remarkable sensitivity (≈130 ppm-1 ) and extreme selectivity in NO2 gas detection with a lower detection limit of 0.63 ppb under 150 °C operating temperature, surpassing the performance of existing sensing materials. The exceptional performances result from the Debye length scale dimensionality of ZnO and the high affinity of ZIF-8 to NO2 . The methodology for manipulating MOF conductivity through surface oxidation holds the potential to accelerate the development of MOF-hybridized conductive channels for a variety of electrical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyegi Min
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- KIURI Institute, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Nick J. Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ohchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyeon Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Eum
- School of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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20
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Moztarzadeh O, Jamshidi M, Taherpour AA, Babuska V. Molecular modelling of fullerene C 60 functionalized by nitric oxide for use in biological environment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2565. [PMID: 38297014 PMCID: PMC10831047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique potential of fullerene C60 for various biological applications has ignited significant interest. However, its inherent non-polarity poses a critical challenge for its effective integration within biological systems. This study delves into the intricate physicochemical characteristics of the innovative [C60 + NO] complex using density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. The computational analyses encompass molecular charge, surface electrostatic potential, and dipole moment evaluations. Impressively, the dipole moment of the [C60 + NO] complex significantly increases to 12.92 D. Meticulous surface analysis reveals a subtle interplay between molecular structures, indicating weak interactions. The analysis of the absorption spectrum unveils a noteworthy red-shift of 200 nm subsequent to complex formation. To elucidate the electron transfer mechanisms, we explore photo-induced electron transfer through CAM-B3LYP. This exploration elucidates intricate pathways governing electron transfer, with complementary insights gleaned from Marcus theory's outputs, especially the Gibbs free energy of electron transfer. Changes in the physicochemical properties of approaching C60 and NO molecules reveal interesting results compared to separate molecules. These findings resonate profoundly in the context of potential biological and pharmaceutical utilization. With implications for the biomedical area, the outcomes linked to the [C60 + NO] complex kindle optimism for pioneering biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Moztarzadeh
- Department of Stomatology, University Hospital Pilsen, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Morteza Jamshidi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Vaclav Babuska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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21
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Luo Z, He T, Yi W, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liu H, He K. Advancing shipping NO x pollution estimation through a satellite-based approach. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgad430. [PMID: 38145246 PMCID: PMC10745280 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Estimating shipping nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and their associated ambient NO2 impacts is a complex and time-consuming task. In this study, a satellite-based ship pollution estimation model (SAT-SHIP) is developed to estimate regional shipping NOx emissions and their contribution to ambient NO2 concentrations in China. Unlike the traditional bottom-up approach, SAT-SHIP employs satellite observations with varying wind patterns to improve the top-down emission inversion methods for individual sectors amidst irregular emission plume signals. Through SAT-SHIP, shipping NOx emissions for 17 ports in China are estimated. The results show that SAT-SHIP performed comparably with the bottom-up approach, with an R2 value of 0.8. Additionally, SAT-SHIP reveals that the shipping sector in port areas contributes ∼21 and 11% to NO2 concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas of China, respectively, which is consistent with the results from chemical transportation model simulations. This approach has practical implications for policymakers seeking to identify pollution sources and develop effective strategies to mitigate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Luo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tingkun He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen Yi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junchao Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhining Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongyue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Liu C, Pei Y, Wu C, Zhang F, Qin J. Novel insights into the NOx emissions characteristics in PEMS tests of a heavy-duty vehicle under different payloads. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119400. [PMID: 37925984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Real Drive Emission (RDE) test with Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) is a widely adopted way to assess vehicle emission compliance. However, the current NOx emissions calculation method stipulated in the China VI emission standard easily ignores the NOx emissions during cold start and low-power operation. To study the effect of cold start and low-power operation on the calculation of NOx emissions in the PEMS test, in this study, a China VI Heavy-Duty Vehicle (HDV) for urban use was used to conduct PEMS tests under various vehicle payload conditions. The data analysis results show that the increase in vehicle payload is beneficial to reducing the specific NOx emissions and passing the NOx emission compliance test because the increased payload improves the NOx conversion efficiency of the SCR system. Cold start duration has no obvious relationship with vehicle payload, accounting for only about 4∼6% in each test, but contributing more than 30% of NOx emissions. Due to the effect of the power threshold and the 90th cumulative percentile, the cold start data has little influence on the result of the NOx emissions assessment and the maximum variation of the NOx emissions result in this study is an 8% rise. For the HDV for urban use, the variation of the power threshold resulting from vehicle payload is small, no more than 2% in this study. The presence of the power threshold makes almost only the low-power operation in the second half of urban driving have an impact on the NOx emissions calculation, which may make more than 50% of NOx emissions in the PEMS test be neglected. The impact of the low-power operation on NOx emissions calculation result will be significantly enhanced if all windows are considered in the Moving Average Window (MAW) method. In the meantime, the degree of variation is closely related to the NOx emissions level during the first half of urban driving. The maximum deterioration of NOx emission assessment result can be more than 90% in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiqiang Pei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chunling Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; CATARC Automotive Test Center Company Limited, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Qin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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23
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Ghadimi S, Zhu H, Durbin TD, Cocker DR, Karavalakis G. Exceedances of Secondary Aerosol Formation from In-Use Natural Gas Heavy-Duty Vehicles Compared to Diesel Heavy-Duty Vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19979-19989. [PMID: 37988584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
This work, for the first time, assessed the secondary aerosol formation from both in-use diesel and natural gas heavy-duty vehicles of different vocations when they were operated on a chassis dynamometer while the vehicles were exercised on different driving cycles. Testing was performed on natural gas vehicles equipped with three-way catalysts (TWCs) and diesel trucks equipped with diesel oxidation catalysts, diesel particulate filters, and selective catalytic reduction systems. Secondary aerosol was measured after introducing dilute exhaust into a 30 m3 environmental chamber. Particulate matter ranged from 0.18 to 0.53 mg/mile for the diesel vehicles vs 1.4-85 mg/mile for the natural gas vehicles, total particle number ranged from 4.01 × 1012 to 3.61 × 1013 for the diesel vehicles vs 5.68 × 1012-2.75 × 1015 for the natural gas vehicles, and nonmethane organic gas emissions ranged from 0.032 to 0.05 mg/mile for the diesel vehicles vs 0.012-1.35 mg/mile for the natural gas vehicles. Ammonia formation was favored in the TWC and was found in higher concentrations for the natural gas vehicles (ranged from ∼0 to 1.75 g/mile) than diesel vehicles (ranged from ∼0 to 0.4 g/mile), leading to substantial secondary ammonium nitrate formation (ranging from 8.5 to 98.8 mg/mile for the natural gas vehicles). For the diesel vehicles, one had a secondary ammonium nitrate of 18.5 mg/mile, while the other showed essentially no secondary ammonium nitrate formation. The advanced aftertreatment controls in diesel vehicles resulted in almost negligible secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation (ranging from 0.046 to 2.04 mg/mile), while the natural gas vehicles led to elevated SOA formation that was likely sourced from the engine lubricating oil (ranging from 3.11 to 39.7 mg/mile). For two natural gas vehicles, the contribution of lightly oxidized lubricating oil in the primary organic aerosol was dominant (as shown in the mass spectra analysis), leading to enhanced SOA mass. Heavily oxidized lubricating oil was also observed to contribute to the SOA formation for other natural gas vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Ghadimi
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hanwei Zhu
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David R Cocker
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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24
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Li Z, Qi R, Li Y, Miao J, Li Y, Zhang M, He Z, Zhang N, Pan L. The ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars: Can it help control prospective marine pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shandong Province, China? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132451. [PMID: 37669606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The constantly increasing amount of road vehicles causes massive exhaust emissions of pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), necessitating a global responsibility to implement the policy of the ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars. Here, we assessed the policy control efficiency on marine pollution of PAHs in China through scenario modeling and prediction models, based on pollution monitoring, risk assessment, and source apportionment of PAHs in typical bays of Shandong Province. The results showed that in 2021, the pollution risk levels were relatively low (HI: 0.008-0.068, M-ERM-Q: 0.001-0.016, IBR: 1.23-2.69, ILCR: 8.11 ×10-6-1.99 ×10-5), and PAHs were mainly derived from traffic emissions (24.9%-35.2%), coal combustion (25.2%-32.9%), petroleum (17.2%-28.9%), and biomass combustion (17.6%-22.8%). In 2050, the predicted decrease of pollution risk values after the implementation of the policy was significant (12%-26%), and the gap between 2021 and 2050 was also significantly huge (18%-85%) without considering possible substitution of conventional energy. Collectively, this study built systematic approaches for assessing prospective marine pollution of PAHs. However, due to the particularity of Shandong Province, i.e., its national predominance of conventional energy consumption, the policy may be more effective when it comes to other coastal areas worldwide, calling for a larger scale research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruicheng Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yufen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaobing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhiheng He
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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25
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Wang H, Zhang S, Wu X, Wen Y, Li Z, Wu Y. Emission Measurements on a Large Sample of Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks in China by Using Mobile Plume Chasing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15153-15161. [PMID: 37750423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Real-world heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDTs) were found to emit far more excess nitrogen oxides (NOX) and black carbon (BC) pollutants than regulation limits. It is essential to systematically evaluate on-road NOX and BC emission levels for mitigating HDT emissions. This study launched 2109 plume chasing campaigns for NOX and BC emissions of HDTs across several regions in China from 2017 to 2020. It was found that NOX emissions had limited reductions from China III to China V, while BC emissions of HDTs exhibited high reductions with stricter emission standard implementation. This paper showed that previous studies underestimated 18% of NOX emissions in China in 2019 and nearly half of the real-world NOX emissions from HDTs (determined by updating the emission trends of HDTs) exceeded the regulation limits. Furthermore, the ambient temperature was identified as a primary driver of NOX emissions for HDTs, and the low-temperature penalty has caused a 9-29% increase in NOX emissions in winter in major regions of China. These results would provide important data support for the precise control of the NOX and BC emissions from HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Ambient Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yifan Wen
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Ambient Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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26
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Ting YC, Chang PK, Hung PC, Chou CCK, Chi KH, Hsiao TC. Characterizing emission factors and oxidative potential of motorcycle emissions in a real-world tunnel environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116601. [PMID: 37429395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Transportation emissions significantly affect human health, air quality, and climate in urban areas. This study conducted experiments in an urban tunnel in Taipei, Taiwan, to characterize vehicle emissions under real driving conditions, providing emission factors of PM2.5, eBC, CO, and CO2. By applying multiple linear regression, it derives individual emission factors for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), light-duty vehicles (LDVs), and motorcycles (MCs). Additionally, the oxidative potential using dithiothreitol assay (OPDTT) was established to understand PM2.5 toxicity. Results showed HDVs dominated PM2.5 and eBC concentrations, while LDVs and MCs influenced CO and CO2 levels. The CO emission factor for transportation inside the tunnel was found to be higher than those in previous studies, likely owing to the increased fraction of MCs, which generally emit higher CO levels. Among the three vehicle types, HDVs exhibited the highest PM2.5 and eBC emission factors, while CO and CO2 levels were relatively higher for LDVs and MCs. The OPDTTm demonstrated that fresh traffic emissions were less toxic than aged aerosols, but higher OPDTTv indicated the impact on human health cannot be ignored. This study updates emission factors for various vehicle types, aiding in accurate assessment of transportation emissions' effects on air quality and human health, and providing a guideline for formulating mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Hung
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles C-K Chou
- Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Colledge of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Hu C, Wang C, Luo Y, Zheng C. Green financing and technological innovation influence on e-commerce industry green environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:104886-104900. [PMID: 37713079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The urgent need to address environmental concerns has led to the adoption of green production targets by businesses worldwide. This paper explores the influence of green financing and technological innovation on green e-commerce as companies seek to achieve these targets. The study uses a qualitative research design, employing semi-structured interviews with industry experts to gather data. The findings indicate that green financing has a significant positive effect on adopting green production practices and implementing green technological innovations, positively impacting green e-commerce. To reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and promote long-term economic development, COP 26's guiding principles emphasize the need for robust institutions and environmentally responsible technology innovation. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and associated factors will be analyzed in this research for numerous South Asian nations from 1995 to 2020. Institutional and green technological improvements, alternative energy sources, more accessible commerce, population growth, and economic growth are all examples of such factors. With the possibility of residual cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity, the research used second-generation panel methodologies to investigate the interrelationships between the variables. Switching to renewable energy sources and implementing environmentally friendly technology innovations have both been shown to cut CO2 emissions by an empirically supported 0.084% and 0.054%, respectively. There is a 0.215 percentage point deterioration in environmental quality due to poor institutional quality, a growing population, increased trade openness, and a thriving economy. The study concludes that achieving green production targets depend on the availability of green financing and the adoption of green technological innovations in the e-commerce industry. This paper provides insights for policymakers, businesses, and investors interested in promoting sustainable business practices and the achievement of green production targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caishuang Hu
- School of Management, Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, 511300, China
| | - Canghong Wang
- School of Accounting and Finance, Xi'an Peihua University, Xi'an, 710125, China.
| | - Yibin Luo
- School of Management, Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, 511300, China
| | - Chaoliang Zheng
- School of Accounting, Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, 511300, China
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28
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Shen Z, Wang P, Hu X, Qu W, Liu X, Zhang D. Ultrahighly Alkali-Tolerant NO x Reduction over Self-Adaptive CePO 4/FePO 4 Catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14472-14481. [PMID: 37695840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst deactivation caused by alkali metal poisoning has long been a key bottleneck in the application of selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR), limiting the service life of the catalyst and increasing the cost of environmental protection. Despite great efforts, continuous accumulation of alkali metal deposition makes the resistance capacity of 2 wt % K2O difficult to enhance via merely loading acid sites on the surface, resulting in rapid deactivation and frequent replacement of the NH3-SCR catalyst. To further improve the resistance of alkali metals, encapsulating alkali metals into the bulk phase could be a promising strategy. The bottleneck of 2 wt % K2O tolerance has been solved by virtue of ultrahigh potassium storage capacity in the amorphous FePO4 bulk phase. Amorphous FePO4 as a support of the NH3-SCR catalyst exhibited a self-adaptive alkali-tolerance mechanism, where potassium ions spontaneously migrated into the bulk phase of amorphous FePO4 and were anchored by PO43- with the generation of Fe2O3 at the NH3-SCR reaction temperature. This ingenious potassium storage mechanism could boost the K2O resistance capacity to 6 wt % while maintaining approximately 81% NOx conversion. Besides, amorphous FePO4 also exhibited excellent resistance to individual and coexistence of alkali (K2O and Na2O), alkali earth (CaO), and heavy metals (PbO and CdO), providing long durability for CePO4/FePO4 catalysts in flue gas with multipollutants. The cheap and accessible amorphous FePO4 paves the way for the development and implementation of poisoning-resistant NOx abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Penglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaonan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wenqiang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Wen Y, Liu M, Zhang S, Wu X, Wu Y, Hao J. Updating On-Road Vehicle Emissions for China: Spatial Patterns, Temporal Trends, and Mitigation Drivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14299-14309. [PMID: 37706680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle emissions in China have been decoupled from rapid motorization owing to comprehensive control strategies. China's increasingly ambitious goals for better air quality are calling for deep emission mitigation, posing a need to develop an up-to-date emission inventory that can reflect the fast-developing policies on vehicle emission control. Herein, large-sample vehicle emission measurements were collected to update the vehicle emission inventory. For instance, ambient temperature correction modules were developed to depict the remarkable regional and seasonal emission variations, showing that the monthly emission disparities for total hydrocarbon (THC) and nitrogen oxide (NOX) in January and July could be up to 1.7 times in northern China. Thus, the emission ratios of THC and NOX can vary dramatically among various seasons and provinces, which have not been considered well by previous simulations regarding the nonlinear atmospheric chemistry of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) formation. The new emission results indicate that vehicular carbon monoxide (CO), THC, and PM2.5 emissions decreased by 69, 51, and 61%, respectively, during 2010-2019. However, the controls of NOX and ammonia (NH3) emissions were not as efficient as other pollutants. Under the most likely future scenario (PC [1]), CO, THC, NOX, PM2.5, and NH3 emissions were anticipated to reduce by 35, 36, 35, 45, and 4%, respectively, from 2019 to 2025. These reductions will be expedited with expected decreases of 56, 58, 74, 53, and 51% from 2025 to 2035, which are substantially promoted by the massive deployment of new energy vehicles and more stringent emission standards. The updated vehicle emission inventory can serve as an important tool to develop season- and location-specific mitigation strategies of vehicular emission precursors to alleviate haze and O3 problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wen
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China
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Cheng S, Zhang B, Peng P, Lu F. Health and economic benefits of heavy-duty diesel truck emission control policies in Beijing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108152. [PMID: 37598595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 emissions from heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) have a significant impact on air quality, human health, and climate change, and seriously threaten the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Globally, a series of emission control measures have been implemented to reduce pollution emissions from HDDTs. Current studies assessing the impact of these measures on air quality and human health have mainly used coarse-grained emission data as input to dispersion model, resulting in the inability to capture the spatiotemporal variability of pollutant concentrations and tending to increase the uncertainty of health impact assessment results. In this study, we quantified the impact of pollution control policies for HDDTs in Beijing on PM2.5 concentrations, human health, and economic losses by integrating policy scenario analysis, pollution dispersion simulation, public health impact and economic benefit assessment models, supported by high spatiotemporal resolution emission data from HDDTs. The results show that PM2.5 concentrations from HDDTs exhibit significant spatial aggregation characteristics, with the intensity of aggregation at night being about twice as high as that during the day. The emission hotspots are mainly concentrated in the sixth, fifth and fourth rings and major highways. Compared to the "business as usual" scenario in 2018, the current policy of updating the fuel standard to China VI and the emission standard to China 6 can reduce PM2.5 concentrations by 96.72%, thereby avoiding 612 premature deaths, which is equivalent to obtaining economic benefits of 1.65 billion CNY. This study further emphasizes the importance of high spatiotemporal resolution emission data during traffic dispersion modeling. The results can help improve the understanding of the effectiveness of emission reduction measures for HDDTs from a health benefit perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China.
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31
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Ding H, Zhao Y, Miao S, Chen T, Liu Y. Temporal-spatial dynamic characteristics of vehicle emissions on intercity roads in Guangdong Province based on vehicle identity detection data. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:126-138. [PMID: 37032029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Estimating intercity vehicle emissions precisely would benefit collaborative control in multiple cities. Considering the variability of emissions caused by vehicles, roads, and traffic, the 24-hour change characteristics of air pollutants (CO, HC, NOX, PM2.5) on the intercity road network of Guangdong Province by vehicle categories and road links were revealed based on vehicle identity detection data in real-life traffic for each hour in July 2018. The results showed that the spatial diversity of emissions caused by the unbalanced economy was obvious. The vehicle emissions in the Pearl River Delta region (PRD) with a higher economic level were approximately 1-2 times those in the non-Pearl River Delta region (non-PRD). Provincial roads with high loads became potential sources of high emissions. Therefore, emission control policies must emphasize the PRD and key roads by travel guidance to achieve greater reduction. Gasoline passenger cars with a large proportion of traffic dominated morning and evening peaks in the 24-hour period and were the dominant contributors to CO and HC emissions, contributing more than 50% in the daytime (7:00-23:00) and higher than 26% at night (0:00-6:00). Diesel trucks made up 10% of traffic, but were the dominant player at night, contributed 50%-90% to NOX and PM2.5 emissions, with a marked 24-hour change rule of more than 80% at night (23:00-5:00) and less than 60% during daytime. Therefore, targeted control measures by time-section should be set up on collaborative control. These findings provide time-varying decision support for variable vehicle emission control on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- College of Automation & College of Artifical Intelligence, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongming Zhao
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Transport System, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Traffic Environmental Monitoring and Control, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shenhua Miao
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Transport System, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Traffic Environmental Monitoring and Control, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Transport System, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Traffic Environmental Monitoring and Control, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Transport System, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Traffic Environmental Monitoring and Control, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Su F, Xu Q, Yin S, Wang K, Liu G, Wang P, Kang M, Zhang R, Ying Q. Contributions of local emissions and regional background to summertime ozone in central China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117778. [PMID: 37019021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Source contributions and regional transport of maximum daily average 8-h (MDA8) O3 during a high O3 month (June 2019) in Henan province in central China are explored using a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The monthly average MDA8 O3 exceeds ∼70 ppb in more than half of the areas and shows a clear spatial gradient, with lower O3 concentrations in the southwest and higher in the northeast. Significant contributions of anthropogenic emissions to monthly average MDA8 O3 concentrations of more than 20 ppb are predicted in the provincial capital Zhengzhou, mostly due to emissions from the transportation sector (∼50%) and in the areas in the north and northeast regions where industrial and power generation-related emissions are high. Biogenic emissions in the region only contribute to approximately 1-3 ppb of monthly average MDA8 O3. In industrial areas north of the province, their contributions reach 5-7 ppb. Two CMAQ-based O3-NOx-VOCs sensitivity assessments (the local O3 sensitivity ratios based on the direct decoupled method and the production ratio of H2O2 to HNO3) and the satellite HCHO to NO2 column density ratio consistently show that most of the areas in Henan are in NOx-limited regime. In contrast, the high O3 concentration areas in the north and at the city centers are in the VOC-limited or transition regimes. The results from this study suggest that although reducing NOx emissions to reduce O3 pollution in the region is desired in most areas, VOC reductions must be applied to urban and industrial regions. Source apportionment simulations with and without Henan anthropogenic emissions show that the benefit of local anthropogenic NOx reduction might be lower than expected from the source apportionment results because the contributions of Henan background O3 increase in response to the reduced local anthropogenic emissions due to less NO titration. Thus, collaborative O3 controls in neighboring provinces are needed to reduce O3 pollution problems in Henan effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcheng Su
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qixiang Xu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mingjie Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3136, USA.
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Lyu L, Ji Z, Yin H, Wang J, Yang W, Tan J, Hao L, Wang X, Wang H, Ge Y, Wang Y. NOx emission deterioration in modern heavy-duty diesel vehicles based on long-term real driving measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116396. [PMID: 37327837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
NOx emissions from diesel vehicles generally deteriorate with increased durability mileage owing to the wear and deterioration of engines and after-treatment systems. Three China-VI heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) were selected for four-phase long-term real driving emission (RDE) tests using the portable emission measurement system (PEMS). After 200,000 km of on-road driving, the maximum NOx emission factor of the test vehicles (387.06 mg/kWh) was found to be significantly lower than the NOx limit of 690 mg/kWh. Under all driving conditions, the NOx conversion efficiency of selected catalytic reduction (SCR) decreased almost linearly as the durability mileage increased. Importantly, the deterioration rate of the NOx conversion efficiency in low-temperature intervals was discernibly higher than that in high-temperature intervals. The NOx conversion efficiency at 200 °C dropped by 16.67-19.82% with higher durability mileage; however, the highest values at 275-400 °C only decreased by 4.11%. Interestingly, the SCR catalyst at 250 °C showed strong NOx conversion efficiency and durability (maximum decline of 2.11%). Overall, the poor de-NOx performance of SCR catalysts at low temperatures significantly challenges the long-term effective control of NOx emissions from HDDVs. Thus, improving the NOx conversion efficiency and durability at low-temperature intervals is the top priority for SCR catalyst optimization; NOx emissions from HDDVs at low velocities and loads should also be monitored by environmental authorities. The linear fitting coefficient for the NOx emission factors of the four-phase RDE tests was 0.90-0.92, indicating that NOx emissions deteriorated linearly with an increase in mileage. Based on the linear fitting results, the NOx emission control of the test vehicles during 700,000 km of on-road driving was highly likely to be qualified. These results can be used by environmental authorities to supervise the NOx emission conformity of in-use HDDVs after validation using other types of vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Lyu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhongrui Ji
- Emission Regulation Office, Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Junfang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Shandong Shengxiang Intelligent Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Weifang, 262100, China
| | - Jianwei Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lijun Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunshan Ge
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yachao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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Che Y, Liu X, Shen Z, Zhang K, Hu X, Chen A, Zhang D. Improved N 2 Selectivity of MnO x Catalysts for NO x Reduction by Engineering Bridged Mn 3+ Sites. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7434-7443. [PMID: 37200447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mn-based catalysts are promising for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 at low temperatures due to their excellent redox capacity. However, the N2 selectivity of Mn-based catalysts is an urgent problem for practical application owing to excessive oxidizability. To solve this issue, we report a Mn-based catalyst using amorphous ZrTiOx as the support (Mn/ZrTi-A) with both excellent low-temperature NOx conversion and N2 selectivity. It is found that the amorphous structure of ZrTiOx modulates the metal-support interaction for anchoring the highly dispersed active MnOx species and constructs a uniquely bridged Mn3+ bonded with the support through oxygen linked to Ti4+ and Zr4+, respectively, which regulates the optimal oxidizability of the MnOx species. As a result, Mn/ZrTi-A is not conducive to the formation of ammonium nitrate that readily decomposes to N2O, thus further increasing N2 selectivity. This work investigates the role of an amorphous support in promoting the N2 selectivity of a manganese-based catalyst and sheds light on the design of efficient low-temperature deNOx catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Che
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhi Shen
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaonan Hu
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Aling Chen
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Qu W, Fang X, Ren Z, Chen J, Liu X, Ma Z, Tang X. NO Selective Catalytic Reduction over Atom-Pair Active Sites Accelerated via In Situ NO Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7858-7866. [PMID: 37161886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 is the most efficient technology for NOx emissions control, but the activity of catalysts decreases exponentially with the decrease in reaction temperature, hindering the application of the technology in low-temperature SCR to treat industrial stack gases. Here, we present an industrially practicable technology to significantly enhance the SCR activity at low temperatures (<250 °C). By introducing an appropriate amount of O3 into the simulated stack gas, we find that O3 can stoichiometrically oxidize NO to generate NO2, which enables NO reduction to follow the fast SCR mechanism so as to accelerate SCR at low temperatures, and, in particular, an increase in SCR rate by more than four times is observed over atom-pair V1-W1 active sites supported on TiO2(001) at 200 °C. Using operando SCR tests and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra, we reveal that the introduction of O3 allows SCR to proceed along a NH4NO3-mediated Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, in which the adsorbed nitrate species speed up the re-oxidation of the catalytic sites that is the rate-limiting step of SCR, thus leading to the enhancement of activity at low temperatures. This technology could be applicable in the real stack gas conditions because O3 exclusively oxidizes NO even in the co-presence of SO2 and H2O, which provides a general strategy to improve low-temperature SCR efficacy from another perspective beyond designing catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Qu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue Fang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhouhong Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junxiao Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xingfu Tang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment & Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Xu H, Zhang L, Chang H, Han J, Wu D, Gong X, Fu M. Measuring the route topography impact on real driving emissions based on neural network models. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116072. [PMID: 37150389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Route topography is an important test boundary of real driving emission (RDE) tests. However, the RDE test boundaries, such as atmospheric environment, driver behavior, route topography, and traffic congestion, are random, uncertain, and completely coupled. It is difficult to know to what extent route topography can determine on-road emissions, especially in a region with hilly topography. In this regard, the neural network predictor importance algorithms were proposed to measure the importance of the route topography test boundary. Based on tens of thousands of data window samples from the RDE tests in Chongqing, factor analysis was performed to reduce the data dimensionality and eliminate information overlap, and neural network models were established to predict pollutant emissions and calculate the relative importance of input variables. The results show that route topography is comparable to trip dynamics for on-road emissions but the importance of the route topography test boundary is not fully appreciated in the existing RDE regulation, making mountain cities suffer from severe vehicle emissions that are not effectively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Xu
- China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 401122, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Hong Chang
- China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 401122, China
| | - Jinlin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technology University of Eindhoven, NL-5600, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiangkun Gong
- China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 401122, China
| | - Mingming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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Wu X, Zhao H, He L, Yang X, Jiang H, Fu M, Yin H, Ding Y. Impacts on real-world extra cold start emissions: Fuel injection, powertrain, aftertreatment and ambient temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121339. [PMID: 36863441 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vehicles emit substantial amounts of pollutants during start periods. Engine starts mainly occur in urban areas, causing serious harm to humans. To investigate the impacts on extra cold start emissions (ECSEs), eleven China 6 vehicles with various control technologies (fuel injection, powertrain, and aftertreatment) were monitored with a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) at different temperatures. For conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), the average ECSEs of CO2 increased by 24%, while the average ECSEs of NOx and particle number (PN) decreased by 38% and 39%, respectively, with air conditioning (AC) on. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles had 5% lower CO2 ECSEs, but 261% higher NOx ECSEs and 318% higher PN ECSEs than port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles at 23 °C. The average PN ECSEs were significantly reduced by gasoline particle filters (GPFs). The GPF filtration efficiency was higher in GDI than PFI vehicles due to particle size distribution. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) generated excessive PN extra start emissions (ESEs), resulting in a 518% increase compared to ICEVs. The start times of the GDI-engine HEV accounted for 11% of the whole test time, but the proportion of PN ESEs relative to total emissions were 23%. Linear simulation based on the decrease in ECSEs with increasing temperature underestimated the PN ECSEs from PFI and GDI vehicles by 39% and 21%, respectively. For ICEVs, CO ECSEs varied with temperature in a U shape with a minimum at 27 °C; NOx ECSEs decreased as ambient temperature increased; PFI vehicles generated more PN ECSEs at 32 °C than GDI vehicles, stressing the significance of ECSEs at high temperature. These results are useful for improving emission models and assessing air pollution exposure in urban aeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liqiang He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Han Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Mingliang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Nan N, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Chen R, Qin G, Sang N. Overview of PM 2.5 and health outcomes: Focusing on components, sources, and pollutant mixture co-exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138181. [PMID: 36806809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 varies in source and composition over time and space as a complicated mixture. Consequently, the health effects caused by PM2.5 varies significantly over time and generally exhibit significant regional variations. According to numerous studies, a notable relationship exists between PM2.5 and the occurrence of many diseases, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous system diseases, as well as cancer. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of PM2.5 on human health is critical. The toxic effects of various PM2.5 components, as well as the overall toxicity of PM2.5 are discussed in this review to provide a foundation for precise PM2.5 emission control. Furthermore, this review summarizes the synergistic effect of PM2.5 and other pollutants, which can be used to draft effective policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Nan
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, PR China; Beijing City University, Beijing, 11418, PR China.
| | - Guohua Qin
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
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Chen L, Ren S, Chen T, Li X, Wang M, Chen Z, Liu Q. Low-Temperature NH3-SCR Performance and In Situ DRIFTS Study on Zeolite X-Supported Different Crystal Phases of MnO2 Catalysts. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of zeolite-X-supported different crystal phases of MnO2 (α-MnO2, β-MnO2, γ-MnO2, and σ-MnO2) catalysts were prepared via a solid-state diffusion method and high-heat treatment method to explore their low-temperature NH3-SCR performance. All of the catalysts featured typical octahedral zeolite X structures and manganese dioxides species of various crystal types dispersed across the support surface. Throughout the entire temperature range of the reaction, γ-MnO2/X catalyst had the highest NO conversion. Additionally, β-MnO2/X, γ-MnO2/X, and σ-MnO2/X catalysts had nearly 100% of N2 selectivity, whereas the α-MnO2/X catalyst had the lowest N2 selectivity (about 90%) below 125 °C. Moreover, the γ-MnO2/X catalyst demonstrated superior acidity capacity and reduction ability compared with the other three catalysts. All the catalysts contained the essential intermediates NH2NO and NH4NO3 species, which are essential to the SCR reaction. More acid sites and nitrate species existed on the γ-MnO2/X catalyst than on the other catalysts, thereby boosting the SCR reaction.
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40
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Wei L, Yu Z, Zhu C, Chen Y, Pei Z, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. An evaluation of the impact of traffic on the distribution of PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in the soils and moss of the southeast Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160938. [PMID: 36526168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants in high-altitude mountains such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have attracted extensive attention due to their potential impact on fragile ecosystems. Rapid development of the economy and society has promoted pollution caused by local traffic emissions in the TP. Among the pollutants emitted by traffic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) are of particular concern due to their high toxicity. The TP provides an environment to explore the degree and range of contribution for traffic-induced PAHs and OPAHs. In this study, soils and moss were collected at different altitudes and distances from the G318 highway in the southeast TP. The total concentrations of PAHs (∑16PAHs) and OPAHs (∑6OPAHs) in soils were in the range of 3.29-119 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 0.54-9.65 ng/g dw, respectively. ∑16PAH and ∑6OPAH concentrations decreased logarithmically with increasing distance from traffic. A significantly positive correlation between ∑16PAHs and altitude was found at sampling points closest to traffic. Dominant PAHs constituents in soil and moss included chrysene (CHR), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF); prevalent OPAH compounds were 9-fluorenone (9-FO) and 9,10-anthraquinone (ATQ). These compounds were related to characteristics of traffic emissions. The multiple diagnosis ratio and correlation analysis showed that exhaust emissions were the main source of the PAHs and OPAHs in the studied environment. PMF modeling quantification of the relative contribution of traffic emissions to PAHs in roadside soils was 45 % on average. The present study characterized the extent and range of traffic-induced PAH and OPAH emissions, providing valuable information for understanding the environmental behaviors and potential risks of traffic-related contaminants in high-altitude areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Wei
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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41
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NO 2 Sensing Capability of Pt-Au-SnO 2 Composite Nanoceramics at Room Temperature. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041759. [PMID: 36838747 PMCID: PMC9967472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite ceramics of metal oxides and noble metals have received much attention for sensing reducing gases at room temperature. Presently, composite ceramics of SnO2 and noble metals have been prepared and investigated for sensing oxidizing NO2 at room temperature. While dramatic increases in resistance were observed for both 1 wt% Pt-SnO2 and 5 wt% Au-SnO2 composite nanoceramics after being exposed to NO2 at room temperature, the largest increase in resistance was observed for 1 wt% Pt-5 wt% -Au-SnO2 composite nanoceramics among the three composites. The response to 0.5 ppm NO2--20% O2-N2 was as high as 875 at room temperature, with a response time of 2566 s and a recovery time of 450 s in the air of 50% relative humidity (RH). Further investigation revealed that water molecules in the air are essential for recovering the resistance of Pt-Au-SnO2 composite nanoceramics. A room temperature NO2-sensing mechanism has been established, in which NO2 molecules are catalyzed by Pt-Au to be chemisorbed on SnO2 at room temperature, and desorbed from SnO2 by the attraction of water molecules in the air. These results suggest that composite ceramics of metal oxides and noble metals should be promising for room temperature sensing, not only reducing gases, but also oxidizing gases.
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Dieng M, Sankar S, Ni P, Florea I, Alpuim P, Capasso A, Yassar A, Bouanis FZ. Solution-Processed Functionalized Graphene Film Prepared by Vacuum Filtration for Flexible NO 2 Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1831. [PMID: 36850429 PMCID: PMC9965048 DOI: 10.3390/s23041831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale production of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) has led to the availability of solution-processable GNSs on the commercial scale. The controlled vacuum filtration method is a scalable process for the preparation of wafer-scale films of GNSs, which can be used for gas sensing applications. Here, we demonstrate the use of this deposition method to produce functional gas sensors, using a chemiresistor structure from GNS solution-based techniques. The GNS suspension was prepared by liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The effect of non-covalent functionalization with Co-porphyrin and Fe-phthalocyanines on the sensor properties was studied. The pristine and functionalized GNS films were characterized using different techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical characterizations. The morphological and spectroscopic analyses both confirm that the molecules (Co-porphyrin and Fe-phthalocyanine) were successfully adsorbed onto the GNSs surface through π-π interactions. The chemiresistive sensor response of functionalized GNSs toward the low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (0.5-2 ppm) was studied and compared with those of the film of pristine GNSs. The tests on the sensing performance clearly showed sensitivity to a low concentration of NO2 (5 ppm). Furthermore, the chemical modification of GNSs significantly improves NO2 sensing performance compared to the pristine GNSs. The sensor response can be modulated by the type of adsorbed molecules. Indeed, Co-Por exhibited negative responsiveness (the response of Co-Por-GNS sensors and pristine GNS devices was 13.1% and 15.6%, respectively, after exposure to 0.5 ppm of NO2). Meanwhile, Fe-Phc-GNSs induced the opposite behavior resulting in an increase in the sensor response (the sensitivity was 8.3% and 7.8% of Fe-Phc-GNSs and pristine GNSs, respectively, at 0.5 ppm NO2 gas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbaye Dieng
- COSYS-IMSE, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films, UMR 7647 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Siva Sankar
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pingping Ni
- COSYS-IMSE, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films, UMR 7647 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ileana Florea
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films, UMR 7647 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pedro Alpuim
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Center of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Andrea Capasso
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Abderrahim Yassar
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films, UMR 7647 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Fatima Zahra Bouanis
- COSYS-IMSE, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films, UMR 7647 CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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43
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Williams ID, Blyth M. Autogeddon or autoheaven: Environmental and social effects of the automotive industry from launch to present. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159987. [PMID: 36372167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The automotive industry is one of the most significant and increasing sources of pollution worldwide. Previous studies examining its impacts focus on the post-1950 era as data available before this period is scarce. This study carefully reconstructs six datasets from the early 20th century to 2019 for the UK: annual number of motor cars, road lengths, road fatalities, NOx and CO emissions, and fuel consumption. Interpolation was prudently used to fill gaps in the data sets. Results highlight changing health, social and environmental effects throughout the growth of the automotive sector. Ratios of fatalities to cars indicate social ingraining of the car and rapid response to legislation. Significant emissions resulted from the early industry. Successful remediation of emissions occurred in the late 20th century. All variables studied were interrelated, but expansion of road networks particularly contributed to a range of both positive and (unintended) negative consequences. World War 2 appears to have been a landmark for the automotive industry, producing capacity for mass production, personal mobility and research and therefore a struggle between impacts and social policies. We have demonstrated that technological developments and regulatory interventions relating to the motor industry, alongside events that have catalysed societal change, have been crucial in terms of subsequently providing benefits to society whilst also acting to mitigate (but not prevent) the adverse and frequently devastating impacts of motor vehicles on human health and the environment. A periodic, regular, overarching, independent review (~ every 5 years) of the collective positive and negative impacts of the motor vehicle industry and appropriate interventions are essential to maintain and improve social benefits and public and environmental health, as well as supporting delivery of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Williams
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Blyth
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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44
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Sicard P, Agathokleous E, Anenberg SC, De Marco A, Paoletti E, Calatayud V. Trends in urban air pollution over the last two decades: A global perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160064. [PMID: 36356738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3), fine particles (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the most harmful urban air pollutants regarding human health effects. Here, we aimed at assessing trends in concurrent exposure of global urban population to O3, PM2.5, and NO2 between 2000 and 2019. PM2.5, NO2, and O3 mean concentrations and summertime mean of the daily maximum 8-h values (O3 MDA8) were analyzed (Mann-Kendall test) using data from a global reanalysis, covering 13,160 urban areas, and a ground-based monitoring network (Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report), collating surface O3 observations at nearly 10,000 stations worldwide. At global scale, PM2.5 exposures declined slightly from 2000 to 2019 (on average, - 0.2 % year-1), with 65 % of cities showing rising levels. Improvements were observed in the Eastern US, Europe, Southeast China, and Japan, while the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia experienced increases. The annual NO2 mean concentrations increased globally at 71 % of cities (on average, +0.4 % year-1), with improvements in North America and Europe, and increases in exposures in sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, and South Asia regions, in line with socioeconomic development. Global exposure of urban population to O3 increased (on average, +0.8 % year-1 at 89 % of stations), due to lower O3 titration by NO. The summertime O3 MDA8 rose at 74 % of cities worldwide (on average, +0.6 % year-1), while a decline was observed in North America, Northern Europe, and Southeast China, due to the reduction in precursor emissions. The highest O3 MDA8 increases (>3 % year-1) occurred in Equatorial Africa, South Korea, and India. To reach air quality standards and mitigate outdoor air pollution effects, actions are urgently needed at all governance levels. More air quality monitors should be installed in cities, particularly in Africa, for improving risk and exposure assessments, concurrently with implementation of effective emission control policies that will consider regional socioeconomic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan C Anenberg
- George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, United States
| | | | | | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, Parque Tecnológico, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Paterna, Spain
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45
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Karl T, Lamprecht C, Graus M, Cede A, Tiefengraber M, Vila-Guerau de Arellano J, Gurarie D, Lenschow D. High urban NO x triggers a substantial chemical downward flux of ozone. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2365. [PMID: 36652521 PMCID: PMC9848777 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) play a central role in catalyzing tropospheric ozone formation. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has recently reemerged as a key target for air pollution control measures, and observational evidence points toward a limited understanding of ozone in high-NOx environments. A complete understanding of the mechanisms controlling the rapid atmospheric cycling between ozone (O3)-nitric oxide (NO)-NO2 in high-NOx regimes at the surface is therefore paramount but remains challenging because of competing dynamical and chemical effects. Here, we present long-term eddy covariance measurements of O3, NO, and NO2, over an urban area, that allow disentangling important physical and chemical processes. When generalized, our findings suggest that the depositional O3 flux near the surface in urban environments is negligible compared to the flux caused by chemical conversion of O3. This leads to an underestimation of the Leighton ratio and is a key process for modulating urban NO2 mixing ratios. As a consequence, primary NO2 emissions have been significantly overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karl
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Lamprecht
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Graus
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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46
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Cheng S, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Peng P, Lu F. Multiscale spatiotemporal variations of NO x emissions from heavy duty diesel trucks in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158753. [PMID: 36108863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) cause serious pollution to urban and regional environment. Understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of pollution emissions and its impact factors is the basis for implementing emission reduction measures. However, since the multiscale emission inventory of HDDTs is not currently established, multiscale analysis of these issues is still lacking. Therefore, this study uses massive trajectory data, detailed vehicle specification information and road network information, combined with localized emission factors, to construct a multiscale NOx emission inventory of HDDTs with high spatiotemporal resolution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Then the multiscale spatiotemporal variations of NOx emissions are analyzed by using spatial statistical indicators and multiscale geographical weighted regression model. The results show that the NOx emissions of HDDTs show different spatiotemporal distribution and aggregation characteristics at different scales. Specifically, link-scale emissions are concentrated to a few highways and are dominated by Low-Low cluster. While county-scale and city-scale emissions are concentrated in the eastern plains, mainly in High-High and Low-Low clusters. There are spatial heterogeneity and multiscale effects of socioeconomic and road attribute characteristics on the NOx emissions from HDDTs. Population density, urbanization rate, proportion of second industry, and proportion of highway affect the NOx emissions of HDDTs globally, while per capita GDP and road density have local effects. Our results extend the scientific understanding of the multiscale spatiotemporal variations of HDDTs and may provide a scientific basis for the development of targeted emission control measures for HDDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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47
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Nawaz MO, Henze DK, Anenberg SC, Braun C, Miller J, Pronk E. A Source Apportionment and Emission Scenario Assessment of PM 2.5- and O 3-Related Health Impacts in G20 Countries. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000713. [PMID: 36618583 PMCID: PMC9811479 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution is a leading risk factor for premature death globally; however, the complexity of its formation and the diversity of its sources can make it difficult to address. The Group of Twenty (G20) countries are a collection of the world's largest and most influential economies and are uniquely poised to take action to reduce the global health burden associated with air pollution. We present a framework capable of simultaneously identifying regional and sectoral sources of the health impacts associated with two air pollutants, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) in G20 countries; this framework is also used to assess the health impacts associated with emission reductions. This approach combines GEOS-Chem adjoint sensitivities, satellite-derived data, and a new framework designed to better characterize the non-linear relationship between O3 exposures and nitrogen oxides emissions. From this approach, we estimate that a 50% reduction of land transportation emissions by 2040 would result in 251 thousand premature deaths avoided in G20 countries. These premature deaths would be attributable equally to reductions in PM2.5 and O3 exposure which make up 51% and 49% of the potential benefits, respectively. In our second application, we estimate that the energy generation related co-benefits associated with G20 countries staying on pace with their net-zero carbon dioxide targets would be 290 thousand premature deaths avoided in 2040; action by India (47%) would result in the most benefits of any country and a majority of these avoided deaths would be attributable to reductions in PM2.5 exposure (68%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Omar Nawaz
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Daven K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Joshua Miller
- The International Council on Clean TransportationSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Erik Pronk
- The International Council on Clean TransportationSan FranciscoCAUSA
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48
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Deng M, Chen D, Zhang G, Cheng H. Policy-driven variations in oxidation potential and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Wuhan, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158255. [PMID: 36028034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China has implemented several control measures to mitigate PM2.5 pollution and improve air quality, such as the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (APPCAP). To comprehensively assess the changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the corresponding health risk with the implementation of APPCAP, this study examined PM2.5 samples collected in Wuhan in 2012/2013 and 2018 for water-soluble ions, carbonaceous fractions, and elements, respectively. Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was used to determine the oxidation potential (OP) of PM2.5. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the multiple linear regression (MLR) model were used to analyze PM2.5 sources and the contribution of each source to the OP of PM2.5. The results showed that PM2.5 concentrations in Wuhan decreased significantly, however, there was little change in the health risk and a significant increase in intrinsic toxicity. DTTv (the volume-normalized dithiothreitol) showed high correlations (r > 0.5, p < 0.01) with water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC), secondary ions (NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+), and elements. Compared to 2012/2013, the contribution of vehicle emissions and secondary aerosol sources to PM2.5 increased significantly in 2018. Biomass burning sources significantly contribute to DTTv in the summer and autumn, and secondary aerosol sources significantly contribute to DTTv in winter. The human health impacts from coal combustion sources remained high, while vehicle emission sources increased. In the context of decreasing PM2.5 concentrations, the role of vehicle emissions health impacts is increasingly significant due to the large increment in vehicle ownership and high inherent OP. Therefore, targeting vehicle emissions for control is of great importance for human health and needs to be given great attention in future policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Danhong Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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49
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Casallas A, Castillo-Camacho MP, Guevara-Luna MA, González Y, Sanchez E, Belalcazar LC. Spatio-temporal analysis of PM 2.5 and policies in Northwestern South America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158504. [PMID: 36075422 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal variations, and exceedances of the PM2.5 concentrations in Northwestern South America at different scales to assess the implemented policies and identify the involved phenomena. Through reanalysis and ground-based data, we found that high PM2.5 levels in most cities of the region are caused by wildfires and local emissions, including the capital cities of Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panamá. In-situ measurements suggest that the majority of the cities comply with the local but not with the WHO guidelines, indicating that local annual limits should be more restrictive. Two peaks in the daily variations of PM2.5 (related to vehicle emissions) and also a steeper decrease around noon (associated with an increase in wind speed and in the boundary layer height) were identified. The trend-analysis shows that Bogotá and Medellín have a decreasing PM2.5 annual-trend (between -0.8μgm-3 and -1.7μgm-3) that corresponds to effective policies. In contrast, Cali has a positive annual-trend (0.8μgm-3) most likely because of Short-Range Transport produced by a northerly-flow from a highly polluted neighboring city, which also affects Cali's PM2.5 diurnal cycle, or by local-dynamics. The exceedances show that the policies are working on an annual but not at a daily time-scale. These results serve as a first input for additional studies, with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the contaminant before adapting current policies or implementing new policies and measures that need to include a joint international, regional, and inter-city efforts regarding pollution transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Casallas
- Earth System Physics, Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; Escuela de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Marco Andrés Guevara-Luna
- LIVE-Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue de l'Argonne, Strasbourg, France; Conservación, Bioprospección y Desarrollo Sostenible (COBIDES), Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente (ECAPMA), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yuri González
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Edwin Sanchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Carlos Belalcazar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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He L, You Y, Zheng X, Zhang S, Li Z, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Hao J. The impacts from cold start and road grade on real-world emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline, diesel and hybrid-electric light-duty passenger vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158045. [PMID: 35981594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Progressively stringent regulations regarding vehicle emissions and fuel economy have spurred technology diversification in light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs). To assess the real-world emissions and fuel economy performances of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, on-road measurements of ten gasoline, four diesel and six full hybrid LDPVs were performed using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) in Macao, China. The hot-running emission results indicate that the high emission risks of gasoline vehicles are associated with high mileage and old model years. Diesel vehicles are found to be the highest pollutant emitters in this study due to the intentional removal of aftertreatment systems. Under hot-running conditions, HEVs, as expected, could achieve carbon-reduction benefits of approximately 30 % (i.e., lower CO2 emissions and fuel consumption) compared to their conventional gasoline counterparts, while no measurable reduction in pollutant emissions was observed except in NOX (~70 % reduction). In contrast, the cold-start extra emissions (CSEEs) of CO2 reached 120-364 g/start for these HEVs, even exceeding the maximum values of conventional gasoline vehicles. However, the higher CO2 CSEEs of HEVs can be far offset by their hot-running emission reduction benefits. For tailpipe pollutants, the CSEEs of the HEVs were reduced by 21 %-68 % on average in comparison to those of conventional gasoline vehicles. Furthermore, strong correlations (R2 values of 0.69-0.89) between the road grades and relative emissions were observed. These results can provide necessary information regarding the improvement of future LDPV emission models and inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang He
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan You
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zikai Zhang
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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