1
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Yildiz A. Mechanism and regulation of kinesin motors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00780-6. [PMID: 39394463 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Kinesins are a diverse superfamily of microtubule-based motors that perform fundamental roles in intracellular transport, cytoskeletal dynamics and cell division. These motors share a characteristic motor domain that powers unidirectional motility and force generation along microtubules, and they possess unique tail domains that recruit accessory proteins and facilitate oligomerization, regulation and cargo recognition. The location, direction and timing of kinesin-driven processes are tightly regulated by various cofactors, adaptors, microtubule tracks and microtubule-associated proteins. This Review focuses on recent structural and functional studies that reveal how members of the kinesin superfamily use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to transport cargoes, depolymerize microtubules and regulate microtubule dynamics. I also survey how accessory proteins and post-translational modifications regulate the autoinhibition, cargo binding and motility of some of the best-studied kinesins. Despite much progress, the mechanism and regulation of kinesins are still emerging, and unresolved questions can now be tackled using newly developed approaches in biophysics and structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Yildiz
- Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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Guo W, Du D, Zhang H, Sanchez JE, Sun S, Xu W, Peng Y, Li L. Bound ion effects: Using machine learning method to study the kinesin Ncd's binding with microtubule. Biophys J 2024; 123:2740-2748. [PMID: 38160255 PMCID: PMC11393710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Ncd proteins are motor proteins that play important roles in spindle organization. Ncd and the tubulin dimer are highly charged. Thus, it is crucial to investigate Ncd-tubulin dimer interactions in the presence of ions, especially ions that are bound or restricted at the Ncd-tubulin dimer binding interfaces. To consider the ion effects, widely used implicit solvent models treat ions implicitly in the continuous solvent environment without focusing on the individual ions' effects. But highly charged biomolecules such as the Ncd and tubulin dimer may capture some ions at highly charged regions as bound ions. Such bound ions are restricted to their binding sites; thus, they can be treated as part of the biomolecules. By applying multiscale computational methods, including the machine-learning-based Hybridizing Ions Treatment-2 program, molecular dynamics simulations, DelPhi, and DelPhiForce, we studied the interaction between the Ncd motor domain and the tubulin dimer using a hybrid solvent model, which considers the bound ions explicitly and the other ions implicitly in the solvent environment. To identify the importance of treating bound ions explicitly, we also performed calculations using the implicit solvent model without considering the individual bound ions. We found that the calculations of the electrostatic features differ significantly between those of the hybrid solvent model and the pure implicit solvent model. The analyses show that treating bound ions at highly charged regions explicitly is crucial for electrostatic calculations. This work proposes a machine-learning-based approach to handle the bound ions using the hybrid solvent model. Such an approach is not only capable of handling kinesin-tubulin complexes but is also appropriate for other highly charged biomolecules, such as DNA/RNA, viral capsid proteins, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Guo
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Hubei, China; Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Dan Du
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Houfang Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Hubei, China
| | - Jason E Sanchez
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Shengjie Sun
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Xu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Hubei, China
| | - Yunhui Peng
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Hubei, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas.
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3
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Aquino-Perez C, Safaralizade M, Podhajecky R, Wang H, Lansky Z, Grosse R, Macurek L. FAM110A promotes mitotic spindle formation by linking microtubules with actin cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321647121. [PMID: 38995965 PMCID: PMC11260166 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321647121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise segregation of chromosomes during mitosis requires assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle followed by correct attachment of microtubules to the kinetochores. This highly spatiotemporally organized process is controlled by various mitotic kinases and molecular motors. We have recently shown that Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) promotes timely progression through mitosis by phosphorylating FAM110A leading to its enrichment at spindle poles. However, the mechanism by which FAM110A exerts its function in mitosis is unknown. Using structure prediction and a set of deletion mutants, we mapped here the interaction of the N- and C-terminal domains of FAM110A with actin and tubulin, respectively. Next, we found that the FAM110A-Δ40-61 mutant deficient in actin binding failed to rescue defects in chromosomal alignment caused by depletion of endogenous FAM110A. Depletion of FAM110A impaired assembly of F-actin in the proximity of spindle poles and was rescued by expression of the wild-type FAM110A, but not the FAM110A-Δ40-61 mutant. Purified FAM110A promoted binding of F-actin to microtubules as well as bundling of actin filaments in vitro. Finally, we found that the inhibition of CK1 impaired spindle actin formation and delayed progression through mitosis. We propose that CK1 and FAM110A promote timely progression through mitosis by mediating the interaction between spindle microtubules and filamentous actin to ensure proper mitotic spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Aquino-Perez
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, PragueCZ14220, Czech Republic
| | - Mahira Safaralizade
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Roman Podhajecky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, VestecCZ25250, Czech Republic
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, VestecCZ25250, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Libor Macurek
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, PragueCZ14220, Czech Republic
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4
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Meißner L, Niese L, Schüring I, Mitra A, Diez S. Human kinesin-5 KIF11 drives the helical motion of anti-parallel and parallel microtubules around each other. EMBO J 2024; 43:1244-1256. [PMID: 38424239 PMCID: PMC10987665 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, motor proteins and microtubule-associated protein organize the spindle apparatus by cross-linking and sliding microtubules. Kinesin-5 plays a vital role in spindle formation and maintenance, potentially inducing twist in the spindle fibers. The off-axis power stroke of kinesin-5 could generate this twist, but its implications in microtubule organization remain unclear. Here, we investigate 3D microtubule-microtubule sliding mediated by the human kinesin-5, KIF11, and found that the motor caused right-handed helical motion of anti-parallel microtubules around each other. The sidestepping ratio increased with reduced ATP concentration, indicating that forward and sideways stepping of the motor are not strictly coupled. Further, the microtubule-microtubule distance (motor extension) during sliding decreased with increasing sliding velocity. Intriguingly, parallel microtubules cross-linked by KIF11 orbited without forward motion, with nearly full motor extension. Altering the length of the neck linker increased the forward velocity and pitch of microtubules in anti-parallel overlaps. Taken together, we suggest that helical motion and orbiting of microtubules, driven by KIF11, contributes to flexible and context-dependent filament organization, as well as torque regulation within the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Meißner
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- BASS Center, Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Department, Yale University, 06511, New Haven, USA
| | - Lukas Niese
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Schüring
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aniruddha Mitra
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Hannaford MR, Rusan NM. Positioning centrioles and centrosomes. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311140. [PMID: 38512059 PMCID: PMC10959756 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the primary microtubule organizer in eukaryotic cells. In addition to shaping the intracellular microtubule network and the mitotic spindle, centrosomes are responsible for positioning cilia and flagella. To fulfill these diverse functions, centrosomes must be properly located within cells, which requires that they undergo intracellular transport. Importantly, centrosome mispositioning has been linked to ciliopathies, cancer, and infertility. The mechanisms by which centrosomes migrate are diverse and context dependent. In many cells, centrosomes move via indirect motor transport, whereby centrosomal microtubules engage anchored motor proteins that exert forces on those microtubules, resulting in centrosome movement. However, in some cases, centrosomes move via direct motor transport, whereby the centrosome or centriole functions as cargo that directly binds molecular motors which then walk on stationary microtubules. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of centrosome motility and the consequences of centrosome mispositioning and identify key questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Sun M, Wang Y, Xin G, Yang B, Jiang Q, Zhang C. NuSAP regulates microtubule flux and Kif2A localization to ensure accurate chromosome congression. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202108070. [PMID: 38117947 PMCID: PMC10733630 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise chromosome congression and segregation requires the proper assembly of a steady-state metaphase spindle, which is dynamic and maintained by continuous microtubule flux. NuSAP is a microtubule-stabilizing and -bundling protein that promotes chromosome-dependent spindle assembly. However, its function in spindle dynamics remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that NuSAP regulates the metaphase spindle length control. Mechanistically, NuSAP facilitates kinetochore capture and spindle assembly by promoting Eg5 binding to microtubules. It also prevents excessive microtubule depolymerization through interaction with Kif2A, which reduces Kif2A spindle-pole localization. NuSAP is phosphorylated by Aurora A at Ser-240 during mitosis, and this phosphorylation promotes its interaction with Kif2A on the spindle body and reduces its localization with the spindle poles, thus maintaining proper spindle microtubule flux. NuSAP knockout resulted in the formation of shorter spindles with faster microtubule flux and chromosome misalignment. Taken together, we uncover that NuSAP participates in spindle assembly, dynamics, and metaphase spindle length control through the regulation of microtubule flux and Kif2A localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Sun
- The Academy for Cell and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Xin
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Biying Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- The Academy for Cell and Life Health, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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7
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Tran MV, Khuntsariya D, Fetter RD, Ferguson JW, Wang JT, Long AF, Cote LE, Wellard SR, Vázquez-Martínez N, Sallee MD, Genova M, Magiera MM, Eskinazi S, Lee JD, Peel N, Janke C, Stearns T, Shen K, Lansky Z, Magescas J, Feldman JL. MAP9/MAPH-9 supports axonemal microtubule doublets and modulates motor movement. Dev Cell 2024; 59:199-210.e11. [PMID: 38159567 PMCID: PMC11385174 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Microtubule doublets (MTDs) comprise an incomplete microtubule (B-tubule) attached to the side of a complete cylindrical microtubule. These compound microtubules are conserved in cilia across the tree of life; however, the mechanisms by which MTDs form and are maintained in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we identify microtubule-associated protein 9 (MAP9) as an MTD-associated protein. We demonstrate that C. elegans MAPH-9, a MAP9 homolog, is present during MTD assembly and localizes exclusively to MTDs, a preference that is in part mediated by tubulin polyglutamylation. We find that loss of MAPH-9 causes ultrastructural MTD defects, including shortened and/or squashed B-tubules with reduced numbers of protofilaments, dysregulated axonemal motor velocity, and perturbed cilia function. Because we find that the mammalian ortholog MAP9 localizes to axonemes in cultured mammalian cells and mouse tissues, we propose that MAP9/MAPH-9 plays a conserved role in regulating ciliary motors and supporting the structure of axonemal MTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Tran
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daria Khuntsariya
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James W Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandra F Long
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lauren E Cote
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Maria D Sallee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mariya Genova
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Sani Eskinazi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nina Peel
- The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Jérémy Magescas
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jessica L Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Lawrence EJ, Chatterjee S, Zanic M. More is different: Reconstituting complexity in microtubule regulation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105398. [PMID: 37898404 PMCID: PMC10694663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal filaments that undergo stochastic switching between phases of polymerization and depolymerization-a behavior known as dynamic instability. Many important cellular processes, including cell motility, chromosome segregation, and intracellular transport, require complex spatiotemporal regulation of microtubule dynamics. This coordinated regulation is achieved through the interactions of numerous microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with microtubule ends and lattices. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of microtubule regulation, focusing on results arising from biochemical in vitro reconstitution approaches using purified multiprotein ensembles. We discuss how the combinatory effects of MAPs affect both the dynamics of individual microtubule ends, as well as the stability and turnover of the microtubule lattice. In addition, we highlight new results demonstrating the roles of protein condensates in microtubule regulation. Our overall intent is to showcase how lessons learned from reconstitution approaches help unravel the regulatory mechanisms at play in complex cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Saptarshi Chatterjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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9
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Shah S, Mittal P, Kumar D, Mittal A, Ghosh SK. Evidence of kinesin motors involved in stable kinetochore assembly during early meiosis. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar107. [PMID: 37556230 PMCID: PMC10559306 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-12-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the budding yeast, kinetochores remain attached to microtubules, except for a brief period during S phase. Sister-kinetochores separate into two clusters (bilobed organization) upon stable end-on attachment to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. However, in meiosis, the outer kinetochore protein (Ndc80) reassembles at the centromeres much later after prophase I, establishing new kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Perhaps due to this, despite homolog bi-orientation, we observed that the Ndc80 are linearly dispersed between spindle poles during metaphase I of meiosis. The presence of end-on attachment marker Dam1 as a cluster near each pole suggests one of the other possibilities that the pole-proximal and pole-distal kinetochores are attached end-on and laterally to the microtubules, respectively. Colocalization studies of kinetochores and kinesin motors suggest that budding yeast kinesin 5, Cin8, and Kip1 perhaps localize to the end-on attached kinetochores while kinesin 8 and Kip3 resides at all the kinetochores. Our findings, including kinesin 5 and Ndc80 coappearance after prophase I and reduced Ndc80 levels in cin8 null mutant, suggest that kinesin motors are crucial for kinetochore reassembly and stability during early meiosis. Thus, this work reports yet another meiosis specific function of kinesin motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Shah
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Priyanka Mittal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Deepanshu Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Anjani Mittal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Santanu K. Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
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10
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Sladewski TE, Campbell PC, Billington N, D'Ordine A, Cole JL, de Graffenried CL. Cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei relies on an orphan kinesin that dynamically crosslinks microtubules. Curr Biol 2023; 33:899-911.e5. [PMID: 36787745 PMCID: PMC10023446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Many single-celled eukaryotes have complex cell morphologies defined by microtubules arranged into higher-order structures. The auger-like shape of the parasitic protist Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) is mediated by a parallel array of microtubules that underlies the plasma membrane. The subpellicular array must be partitioned and segregated using a microtubule-based mechanism during cell division. We previously identified an orphan kinesin, KLIF, that localizes to the ingressing cleavage furrow and is essential for the completion of cytokinesis. We have characterized the biophysical properties of a truncated KLIF construct in vitro to gain mechanistic insight into the function of this novel kinesin. We find that KLIF is a non-processive dimeric kinesin that dynamically crosslinks microtubules. Microtubules crosslinked by KLIF in an antiparallel orientation are translocated relative to one another, while microtubules crosslinked parallel to one another remain static, resulting in the formation of organized parallel bundles. In addition, we find that KLIF stabilizes the alignment of microtubule plus ends. These features provide a mechanistic understanding for how KLIF functions to form a new pole of aligned microtubule plus ends that defines the shape of the new cell posterior, which is an essential requirement for the completion of cytokinesis in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Sladewski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Paul C Campbell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Neil Billington
- Laboratory of Physiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra D'Ordine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - James L Cole
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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11
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Tran MV, Ferguson JW, Cote LE, Khuntsariya D, Fetter RD, Wang JT, Wellard SR, Sallee MD, Genova M, Eskinazi S, Magiera MM, Janke C, Stearns T, Lansky Z, Shen K, Magescas J, Feldman JL. MAP9/MAPH-9 supports axonemal microtubule doublets and modulates motor movement. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529616. [PMID: 36865107 PMCID: PMC9980146 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule doublets (MTDs) are a well conserved compound microtubule structure found primarily in cilia. However, the mechanisms by which MTDs form and are maintained in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize microtubule-associated protein 9 (MAP9) as a novel MTD-associated protein. We demonstrate that C. elegans MAPH-9, a MAP9 homolog, is present during MTD assembly and localizes exclusively to MTDs, a preference that is in part mediated by tubulin polyglutamylation. Loss of MAPH-9 caused ultrastructural MTD defects, dysregulated axonemal motor velocity, and perturbed cilia function. As we found that the mammalian ortholog MAP9 localized to axonemes in cultured mammalian cells and mouse tissues, we propose that MAP9/MAPH-9 plays a conserved role in supporting the structure of axonemal MTDs and regulating ciliary motors.
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12
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Favre-Bulle IA, Scott EK. Optical tweezers across scales in cell biology. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:932-946. [PMID: 35672197 PMCID: PMC9588623 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical tweezers (OT) provide a noninvasive approach for delivering minute physical forces to targeted objects. Controlling such forces in living cells or in vitro preparations allows for the measurement and manipulation of numerous processes relevant to the form and function of cells. As such, OT have made important contributions to our understanding of the structures of proteins and nucleic acids, the interactions that occur between microscopic structures within cells, the choreography of complex processes such as mitosis, and the ways in which cells interact with each other. In this review, we highlight recent contributions made to the field of cell biology using OT and provide basic descriptions of the physics, the methods, and the equipment that made these studies possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itia A Favre-Bulle
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, 4067, Brisbane, Australia; School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, 4067, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Ethan K Scott
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, 4067, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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13
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Dale KL, Armond JW, Hynds RE, Vladimirou E. Modest increase of KIF11 expression exposes fragilities in the mitotic spindle, causing chromosomal instability. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs260031. [PMID: 35929456 PMCID: PMC10500341 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), the process of increased chromosomal alterations, compromises genomic integrity and has profound consequences on human health. Yet, our understanding of the molecular and mechanistic basis of CIN initiation remains limited. We developed a high-throughput, single-cell, image-based pipeline employing deep-learning and spot-counting models to detect CIN by automatically counting chromosomes and micronuclei. To identify CIN-initiating conditions, we used CRISPR activation in human diploid cells to upregulate, at physiologically relevant levels, 14 genes that are functionally important in cancer. We found that upregulation of CCND1, FOXA1 and NEK2 resulted in pronounced changes in chromosome counts, and KIF11 upregulation resulted in micronuclei formation. We identified KIF11-dependent fragilities within the mitotic spindle; increased levels of KIF11 caused centrosome fragmentation, higher microtubule stability, lagging chromosomes or mitotic catastrophe. Our findings demonstrate that even modest changes in the average expression of single genes in a karyotypically stable background are sufficient for initiating CIN by exposing fragilities of the mitotic spindle, which can lead to a genomically diverse cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Dale
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Mitotic Dynamics and Chromosomal Instability Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonathan W. Armond
- Mitotic Dynamics and Chromosomal Instability Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert E. Hynds
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Epithelial Cell Biology in ENT Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Elina Vladimirou
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Mitotic Dynamics and Chromosomal Instability Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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14
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Henkin G, Chew WX, Nédélec F, Surrey T. Cross-linker design determines microtubule network organization by opposing motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206398119. [PMID: 35960844 PMCID: PMC9388136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206398119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, cross-linking motors determine the architecture of the spindle, a dynamic microtubule network that segregates the chromosomes in eukaryotes. It is unclear how motors with opposite directionality coordinate to drive both contractile and extensile behaviors in the spindle. Particularly, the impact of different cross-linker designs on network self-organization is not understood, limiting our understanding of self-organizing structures in cells but also our ability to engineer new active materials. Here, we use experiment and theory to examine active microtubule networks driven by mixtures of motors with opposite directionality and different cross-linker design. We find that although the kinesin-14 HSET causes network contraction when dominant, it can also assist the opposing kinesin-5 KIF11 to generate extensile networks. This bifunctionality results from HSET's asymmetric design, distinct from symmetric KIF11. These findings expand the set of rules underlying patterning of active microtubule assemblies and allow a better understanding of motor cooperation in the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Henkin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Xiang Chew
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Nédélec
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Surrey
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010 Spain
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15
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She ZY, Zhong N, Wei YL. Kinesin-5 Eg5 mediates centrosome separation to control spindle assembly in spermatocytes. Chromosoma 2022; 131:87-105. [PMID: 35437661 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-022-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate centrosome separation is critical for bipolar spindle organization and faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. Kinesin-5 Eg5 is essential for centrosome separation and spindle organization in somatic cells; however, the detailed functions and mechanisms of Eg5 in spermatocytes remain unclear. In this study, we show that Eg5 proteins are located at spindle microtubules and centrosomes in spermatocytes both in vivo and in vitro. We reveal that the spermatocytes are arrested at metaphase I in seminiferous tubules after Eg5 inhibition. Eg5 ablation results in cell cycle arrest, the formation of monopolar spindle, and chromosome misalignment in cultured GC-2 spd cells. Importantly, we find that the long-term inhibition of Eg5 results in an increased number of centrosomes and chromosomal instability in spermatocytes. Our findings indicate that Eg5 mediates centrosome separation to control spindle assembly and chromosome alignment in spermatocytes, which finally contribute to chromosome stability and faithful cell division of the spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Ning Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
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16
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Shan MM, Zou YJ, Pan ZN, Zhang HL, Xu Y, Ju JQ, Sun SC. Kinesin motor KIFC1 is required for tubulin acetylation and actin-dependent spindle migration in mouse oocyte meiosis. Development 2022; 149:274327. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mammalian oocyte maturation is a unique asymmetric division, which is mainly because of actin-based spindle migration to the cortex. In the present study, we report that a kinesin motor KIFC1, which is associated with microtubules for the maintenance of spindle poles in mitosis, is also involved in actin dynamics in murine oocyte meiosis, co-localizing with microtubules during mouse oocyte maturation. Depletion of KIFC1 caused the failure of polar body extrusion, and we found that meiotic spindle formation and chromosome alignment were disrupted. This might be because of the effects of KIFC1 on HDAC6 and NAT10-based tubulin acetylation, which further affected microtubule stability. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that KIFC1 also associated with several actin nucleation factors and we found that KIFC1 was essential for the distribution of actin filaments, which further affected spindle migration. Depletion of KIFC1 leaded to aberrant expression of formin 2 and the ARP2/3 complex, and endoplasmic reticulum distribution was also disturbed. Exogenous KIFC1 mRNA supplement could rescue these defects. Taken together, as well as its roles in tubulin acetylation, our study reported a previously undescribed role of kinesin KIFC1 on the regulation of actin dynamics for spindle migration in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Jing Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao-Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Qian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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17
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Kuo YW, Howard J. In Vitro Reconstitution of Microtubule Dynamics and Severing Imaged by Label-Free Interference-Reflection Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2430:73-91. [PMID: 35476326 PMCID: PMC9131738 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1983-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic architecture of the microtubule cytoskeleton is crucial for cell division, motility and morphogenesis. The dynamic properties of microtubules-growth, shrinkage, nucleation, and severing-are regulated by an arsenal of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The activities of many of these MAPs have been reconstituted in vitro using microscope assays. As an alternative to fluorescence microscopy, interference-reflection microscopy (IRM) has been introduced as an easy-to-use, wide-field imaging technique that allows label-free visualization of microtubules with high contrast and speed. IRM circumvents several problems associated with fluorescence microscopy including the high concentrations of tubulin required for fluorescent labeling, the potential perturbation of function caused by the fluorophores, and the risks of photodamage. IRM can be implemented on a standard epifluorescence microscope at low cost and can be combined with fluorescence techniques like total-internal-reflection-fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Here we describe the experimental procedure to image microtubule dynamics and severing using IRM , providing practical tips and guidelines to resolve possible experimental hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Masucci EM, Relich PK, Lakadamyali M, Ostap EM, Holzbaur ELF. Microtubule dynamics influence the retrograde biased motility of kinesin-4 motor teams in neuronal dendrites. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar52. [PMID: 34705476 PMCID: PMC9265162 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-10-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules establish the directionality of intracellular transport by kinesins and dynein through polarized assembly, but it remains unclear how directed transport occurs along microtubules organized with mixed polarity. We investigated the ability of the plus end–directed kinesin-4 motor KIF21B to navigate mixed polarity microtubules in mammalian dendrites. Reconstitution assays with recombinant KIF21B and engineered microtubule bundles or extracted neuronal cytoskeletons indicate that nucleotide-independent microtubule-binding regions of KIF21B modulate microtubule dynamics and promote directional switching on antiparallel microtubules. Optogenetic recruitment of KIF21B to organelles in live neurons induces unidirectional transport in axons but bidirectional transport with a net retrograde bias in dendrites. Removal of the secondary microtubule-binding regions of KIF21B or dampening of microtubule dynamics with low concentrations of nocodazole eliminates retrograde bias in live dendrites. Further exploration of the contribution of microtubule dynamics in dendrites to directionality revealed plus end–out microtubules to be more dynamic than plus end–in microtubules, with nocodazole preferentially stabilizing the plus end–out population. We propose a model in which both nucleotide-sensitive and -insensitive microtubule-binding sites of KIF21B motors contribute to the search and selection of stable plus end–in microtubules within the mixed polarity microtubule arrays characteristic of mammalian dendrites to achieve net retrograde movement of KIF21B-bound cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Masucci
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Peter K Relich
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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19
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The Arabidopsis thaliana Kinesin-5 AtKRP125b Is a Processive, Microtubule-Sliding Motor Protein with Putative Plant-Specific Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111361. [PMID: 34768803 PMCID: PMC8583919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle during cell division requires several microtubule-interacting motor proteins. Members of the kinesin-5 family play an essential role in the bipolar organization of the spindle. These highly conserved, homotetrameric proteins cross-link anti-parallel microtubules and slide them apart to elongate the spindle during the equal separation of chromosomes. Whereas vertebrate kinesin-5 proteins are well studied, knowledge about the biochemical properties and the function of plant kinesin-5 proteins is still limited. Here, we characterized the properties of AtKRP125b, one of four kinesin-5 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. In in vitro motility assays, AtKRP125b displayed the archetypal characteristics of a kinesin-5 protein, a low velocity of about 20 nm·s−1, and a plus end-directed, processive movement. Moreover, AtKRP125b was able to cross-link microtubules and to slide them apart, as required for developing and maintaining the mitotic spindle. In line with such a function, GFP-AtKRP125b fusion proteins were predominantly detected in the nucleus when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf protoplasts or Nicotiana benthamiana epidermis cells and analyzed by confocal microscopy. However, we also detected GFP signals in the cytoplasm, suggesting additional functions. By generating and analyzing AtKRP125b promoter-reporter lines, we showed that the AtKRP125b promoter was active in the vascular tissue of roots, lateral roots, cotyledons, and true leaves. Remarkably, we could not detect promoter activity in meristematic tissues. Taken together, our biochemical data support a role of AtKRP125b in mitosis, but it may also have additional functions outside the nucleus and during interphase.
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20
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Bujak Ł, Holanová K, García Marín A, Henrichs V, Barvík I, Braun M, Lánský Z, Piliarik M. Fast Leaps between Millisecond Confinements Govern Ase1 Diffusion along Microtubules. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100370. [PMID: 34927934 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion is the most fundamental mode of protein translocation within cells. Confined diffusion of proteins along the electrostatic potential constituted by the surface of microtubules, although modeled meticulously in molecular dynamics simulations, has not been experimentally observed in real-time. Here, interferometric scattering microscopy is used to directly visualize the movement of the microtubule-associated protein Ase1 along the microtubule surface at nanometer and microsecond resolution. Millisecond confinements of Ase1 and fast leaps between these positions of dwelling preferentially occurring along the microtubule protofilaments are resolved, revealing Ase1's mode of diffusive translocation along the microtubule's periodic surface. The derived interaction potential closely matches the tubulin-dimer periodicity and the distribution of the electrostatic potential on the microtubule lattice. It is anticipated that mapping the interaction landscapes for different proteins on microtubules, finding plausible energetic barriers of different positioning and heights, can provide valuable insights into regulating the dynamics of essential cytoskeletal processes, such as intracellular cargo trafficking, cell division, and morphogenesis, all of which rely on diffusive translocation of proteins along microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Bujak
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Holanová
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio García Marín
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Verena Henrichs
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Barvík
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2026/5, Prague, 12116, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Lánský
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Piliarik
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
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21
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Xie P. Modeling processive motion of kinesin-13 MCAK and kinesin-14 Cik1-Kar3 molecular motors. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2092-2105. [PMID: 34382258 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-13 MCAK, which is composed of two identical motor domains, can undergo unbiased one-dimensional diffusion on microtubules. Kinesin-14 Cik1-Kar3, which is composed of a Kar3 motor domain and a Cik1 motor homology domain with no ATPase activity, can move processively toward the minus end of microtubules. Here, we present a model for the diffusion of MCAK homodimer and a model for the processive motion of Cik1-Kar3 heterodimer. Although the two dimeric motors show different domain composition, in the models it is proposed that the two motors use the similar physical mechanism to move processively. With the models, the dynamics of the two dimers is studied analytically. The theoretical results for MCAK reproduce quantitatively the available experimental data about diffusion constant and lifetime of the motor bound to microtubule in different nucleotide states. The theoretical results for Cik1-Kar3 reproduce quantitatively the available experimental data about load dependence of velocity and explain consistently the available experimental data about effects of the exchange and mutation of the motor homology domain on the velocity of the heterodimer. Moreover, predicted results for other aspects of the dynamics of the two dimers are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Al Azzam O, Trussell CL, Reinemann DN. Measuring force generation within reconstituted microtubule bundle assemblies using optical tweezers. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:111-125. [PMID: 34051127 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins and microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) are critical to sustain life, facilitating cargo transport, cell division, and motility. To interrogate the mechanistic underpinnings of their function, these microtubule-based motors and proteins have been studied extensively at the single molecule level. However, a long-standing issue in the single molecule biophysics field has been how to investigate motors and associated proteins within a physiologically relevant environment in vitro. While the one motor/one filament orientation of a traditional optical trapping assay has revolutionized our knowledge of motor protein mechanics, this reductionist geometry does not reflect the structural hierarchy in which many motors work within the cellular environment. Here, we review approaches that combine the precision of optical tweezers with reconstituted ensemble systems of microtubules, MAPs, and kinesins to understand how each of these unique elements work together to perform large scale cellular tasks, such as but not limited to building the mitotic spindle. Not only did these studies develop novel techniques for investigating motor proteins in vitro, but they also illuminate ensemble filament and motor synergy that helps bridge the mechanistic knowledge gap between previous single molecule and cell level studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Al Azzam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Cameron Lee Trussell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Dana N Reinemann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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23
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Barisic M, Rajendraprasad G, Steblyanko Y. The metaphase spindle at steady state - Mechanism and functions of microtubule poleward flux. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:99-117. [PMID: 34053864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a bipolar cellular structure, built from tubulin polymers, called microtubules, and interacting proteins. This macromolecular machine orchestrates chromosome segregation, thereby ensuring accurate distribution of genetic material into the two daughter cells during cell division. Powered by GTP hydrolysis upon tubulin polymerization, the microtubule ends exhibit a metastable behavior known as the dynamic instability, during which they stochastically switch between the growth and shrinkage phases. In the context of the mitotic spindle, dynamic instability is furthermore regulated by microtubule-associated proteins and motor proteins, which enables the spindle to undergo profound changes during mitosis. This highly dynamic behavior is essential for chromosome capture and congression in prometaphase, as well as for chromosome alignment to the spindle equator in metaphase and their segregation in anaphase. In this review we focus on the mechanisms underlying microtubule dynamics and sliding and their importance for the maintenance of shape, structure and dynamics of the metaphase spindle. We discuss how these spindle properties are related to the phenomenon of microtubule poleward flux, highlighting its highly cooperative molecular basis and role in keeping the metaphase spindle at a steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yulia Steblyanko
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Robert HML, Holanová K, Bujak Ł, Vala M, Henrichs V, Lánský Z, Piliarik M. Fast photothermal spatial light modulation for quantitative phase imaging at the nanoscale. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2921. [PMID: 34012021 PMCID: PMC8134576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial light modulators have become an essential tool for advanced microscopy, enabling breakthroughs in 3D, phase, and super-resolution imaging. However, continuous spatial-light modulation that is capable of capturing sub-millisecond microscopic motion without diffraction artifacts and polarization dependence is challenging. Here we present a photothermal spatial light modulator (PT-SLM) enabling fast phase imaging for nanoscopic 3D reconstruction. The PT-SLM can generate a step-like wavefront change, free of diffraction artifacts, with a high transmittance and a modulation efficiency independent of light polarization. We achieve a phase-shift > π and a response time as short as 70 µs with a theoretical limit in the sub microsecond range. We used the PT-SLM to perform quantitative phase imaging of sub-diffractional species to decipher the 3D nanoscopic displacement of microtubules and study the trajectory of a diffusive microtubule-associated protein, providing insights into the mechanism of protein navigation through a complex microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien M L Robert
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Holanová
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Łukasz Bujak
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Vala
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Verena Henrichs
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Lánský
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Piliarik
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic.
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25
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Cutillas V, Johnston CA. Mud binds the kinesin-14 Ncd in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101016. [PMID: 34027137 PMCID: PMC8134030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of proper mitotic spindle structure is necessary for error-free chromosome segregation and cell division. Spindle assembly is controlled by force-generating kinesin motors that contribute to its geometry and bipolarity, and balancing motor-dependent forces between opposing kinesins is critical to the integrity of this process. Non-claret dysjunctional (Ncd), a Drosophila kinesin-14 member, crosslinks and slides microtubule minus-ends to focus spindle poles and sustain bipolarity. However, mechanisms that regulate Ncd activity during mitosis are underappreciated. Here, we identify Mushroom body defect (Mud), the fly ortholog of human NuMA, as a direct Ncd binding partner. We demonstrate this interaction involves a short coiled-coil domain within Mud (MudCC) binding the N-terminal, non-motor microtubule-binding domain of Ncd (NcdnMBD). We further show that the C-terminal ATPase motor domain of Ncd (NcdCTm) directly interacts with NcdnMBD as well. Mud binding competes against this self-association and also increases NcdnMBD microtubule binding in vitro. Our results describe an interaction between two spindle-associated proteins and suggest a potentially new mode of minus-end motor protein regulation at mitotic spindle poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cutillas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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26
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Jiang Z, Zhang S, Lee YM, Teng X, Yang Q, Toyama Y, Liou YC. Hyaluronan-Mediated Motility Receptor Governs Chromosome Segregation by Regulating Microtubules Sliding Within the Bridging Fiber. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000493. [PMID: 33788418 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Accurate segregation of chromosomes during anaphase relies on the central spindle and its regulators. A newly raised concept of the central spindle, the bridging fiber, shows that sliding of antiparallel microtubules (MTs) within the bridging fiber promotes chromosome segregation. However, the regulators of the bridging fiber and its regulatory mechanism on MTs sliding remain largely unknown. In this study, the non-motor microtubule-associated protein, hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), is identified as a novel regulator of the bridging fiber. It then identifies that HMMR regulates MTs sliding within the bridging fiber by cooperating with its binding partner HSET. By utilizing a laser-based cell ablation system and photoactivation approach, the study's results reveal that depletion of HMMR causes an inhibitory effect on MTs sliding within the bridging fiber and disrupts the forced uniformity on the kinetochore-attached microtubules-formed fibers (k-fibers). These are created by suppressing the dynamics of HSET, which functions in transiting the force from sliding of bridging MTs to the k-fiber. This study sheds new light on the novel regulatory mechanism of MTs sliding within the bridging fiber by HMMR and HSET and uncovers the role of HMMR in chromosome segregation during anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Jiang
- Laboratory of Precision Cancer Medicine, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiang Teng
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117573, Singapore
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27
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Maruyama Y, Sugawa M, Yamaguchi S, Davies T, Osaki T, Kobayashi T, Yamagishi M, Takeuchi S, Mishima M, Yajima J. CYK4 relaxes the bias in the off-axis motion by MKLP1 kinesin-6. Commun Biol 2021; 4:180. [PMID: 33568771 PMCID: PMC7876049 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin, a complex of the MKLP1 kinesin-6 and CYK4 GAP subunits, plays key roles in metazoan cytokinesis. CYK4-binding to the long neck region of MKLP1 restricts the configuration of the two MKLP1 motor domains in the centralspindlin. However, it is unclear how the CYK4-binding modulates the interaction of MKLP1 with a microtubule. Here, we performed three-dimensional nanometry of a microbead coated with multiple MKLP1 molecules on a freely suspended microtubule. We found that beads driven by dimeric MKLP1 exhibited persistently left-handed helical trajectories around the microtubule axis, indicating torque generation. By contrast, centralspindlin, like monomeric MKLP1, showed similarly left-handed but less persistent helical movement with occasional rightward movements. Analysis of the fluctuating helical movement indicated that the MKLP1 stochastically makes off-axis motions biased towards the protofilament on the left. CYK4-binding to the neck domains in MKLP1 enables more flexible off-axis motion of centralspindlin, which would help to avoid obstacles along crowded spindle microtubules. Analysing the 3D movement of MKLP1 motors, Maruyama et al. find that dimeric C. elegans MKLP1 drives a left-handed helical motion around the microtubule with minimum protofilament switching to the right side whereas less persistent motions are driven by monomers or by heterotetramers with CYK4. These findings suggest how obstacles along crowded spindle microtubules may be avoided by CYK4 binding to MKLP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Maruyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sugawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tim Davies
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamagishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Junichiro Yajima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Research Center for complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Ems-McClung SC, Emch M, Zhang S, Mahnoor S, Weaver LN, Walczak CE. RanGTP induces an effector gradient of XCTK2 and importin α/β for spindle microtubule cross-linking. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133528. [PMID: 31865374 PMCID: PMC7041689 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High RanGTP around chromatin is important for governing spindle assembly during meiosis and mitosis by releasing the inhibitory effects of importin α/β. Here we examine how the Ran gradient regulates Kinesin-14 function to control spindle organization. We show that Xenopus Kinesin-14, XCTK2, and importin α/β form an effector gradient that is highest at the poles and diminishes toward the chromatin, which is opposite the RanGTP gradient. Importin α and β preferentially inhibit XCTK2 antiparallel microtubule cross-linking and sliding by decreasing the microtubule affinity of the XCTK2 tail domain. This change in microtubule affinity enables RanGTP to target endogenous XCTK2 to the spindle. We propose that these combined actions of the Ran pathway are critical to promote Kinesin-14 parallel microtubule cross-linking to help focus spindle poles for efficient bipolar spindle assembly. Furthermore, our work illustrates that RanGTP regulation in the spindle is not simply a switch, but rather generates effector gradients where importins α and β gradually tune the activities of spindle assembly factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mackenzie Emch
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | - Serena Mahnoor
- Indiana University International Summer Undergraduate Research Program, Bloomington, IN
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29
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Zheng F, Dong F, Yu S, Li T, Jian Y, Nie L, Fu C. Klp2 and Ase1 synergize to maintain meiotic spindle stability during metaphase I. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13287-13298. [PMID: 32723864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle apparatus segregates bi-oriented sister chromatids during mitosis but mono-oriented homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. It has remained unclear if similar molecular mechanisms operate to regulate spindle dynamics during mitosis and meiosis I. Here, we employed live-cell microscopy to compare the spindle dynamics of mitosis and meiosis I in fission yeast cells and demonstrated that the conserved kinesin-14 motor Klp2 plays a specific role in maintaining metaphase spindle length during meiosis I but not during mitosis. Moreover, the maintenance of metaphase spindle stability during meiosis I requires the synergism between Klp2 and the conserved microtubule cross-linker Ase1, as the absence of both proteins causes exacerbated defects in metaphase spindle stability. The synergism is not necessary for regulating mitotic spindle dynamics. Hence, our work reveals a new molecular mechanism underlying meiotic spindle dynamics and provides insights into understanding differential regulation of meiotic and mitotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fenfen Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tianpeng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yanze Jian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lingyun Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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30
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Zhernov I, Diez S, Braun M, Lansky Z. Intrinsically Disordered Domain of Kinesin-3 Kif14 Enables Unique Functional Diversity. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3342-3351.e5. [PMID: 32649913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their force-generating motor domains, kinesin motor proteins feature various accessory domains enabling them to fulfill a variety of functions in the cell. Human kinesin-3, Kif14, localizes to the midbody of the mitotic spindle and is involved in the progression of cytokinesis. The specific motor properties enabling Kif14's cellular functions, however, remain unknown. Here, we show in vitro that the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of Kif14 enables unique functional diversity of the kinesin. Using single molecule TIRF microscopy, we found that Kif14 exists either as a diffusible monomer or as processive dimer and that the disordered domain (1) enables diffusibility of the monomeric Kif14, (2) renders the dimeric Kif14 super-processive and enables the kinesin to pass through highly crowded areas, (3) enables robust, autonomous Kif14 tracking of growing microtubule tips, independent of microtubule end-binding (EB) proteins, and (4) is sufficient to enable crosslinking of parallel microtubules and necessary to enable Kif14-driven sliding of antiparallel ones. We explain these features of Kif14 by the observed diffusible interaction of the disordered domain with the microtubule lattice and the observed increased affinity of the disordered domain for GTP-bound tubulin. We suggest that the disordered domain tethers the motor domain to the microtubule providing a diffusible foothold and a regulatory hub, tuning the kinesin's interaction with microtubules. Our findings thus exemplify pliable protein tethering as a fundamental mechanism of molecular motor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Zhernov
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic.
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31
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Chuang CH, Schlientz AJ, Yang J, Bowerman B. Microtubule assembly and pole coalescence: early steps in Caenorhabditiselegans oocyte meiosis I spindle assembly. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio052308. [PMID: 32493729 PMCID: PMC7328010 DOI: 10.1242/bio.052308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How oocytes assemble bipolar meiotic spindles in the absence of centrosomes as microtubule organizing centers remains poorly understood. We have used live cell imaging in Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate requirements for the nuclear lamina and for conserved regulators of microtubule dynamics during oocyte meiosis I spindle assembly, assessing these requirements with respect to recently identified spindle assembly steps. We show that the nuclear lamina is required for microtubule bundles to form a peripheral cage-like structure that appears shortly after oocyte nuclear envelope breakdown and surrounds the oocyte chromosomes, although bipolar spindles still assembled in its absence. Although two conserved regulators of microtubule nucleation, RAN-1 and γ-tubulin, are not required for bipolar spindle assembly, both contribute to normal levels of spindle-associated microtubules and spindle assembly dynamics. Finally, the XMAP215 ortholog ZYG-9 and the nearly identical minus-end directed kinesins KLP-15/16 are required for proper assembly of the early cage-like structure of microtubule bundles, and for early spindle pole foci to coalesce into a bipolar structure. Our results provide a framework for assigning molecular mechanisms to recently described steps in C. elegans oocyte meiosis I spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Aleesa J Schlientz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Biology, 1229 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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32
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Braun M, Diez S, Lansky Z. Cytoskeletal organization through multivalent interactions. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/12/jcs234393. [PMID: 32540925 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton consists of polymeric protein filaments with periodic lattices displaying identical binding sites, which establish a multivalent platform for the binding of a plethora of filament-associated ligand proteins. Multivalent ligand proteins can tether themselves to the filaments through one of their binding sites, resulting in an enhanced reaction kinetics for the remaining binding sites. In this Opinion, we discuss a number of cytoskeletal phenomena underpinned by such multivalent interactions, namely (1) generation of entropic forces by filament crosslinkers, (2) processivity of molecular motors, (3) spatial sorting of proteins, and (4) concentration-dependent unbinding of filament-associated proteins. These examples highlight that cytoskeletal filaments constitute the basis for the formation of microenvironments, which cytoskeletal ligand proteins can associate with and, once engaged, can act within at altered reaction kinetics. We thus argue that multivalency is one of the properties crucial for the functionality of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
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33
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Kinesin-14 motors drive a right-handed helical motion of antiparallel microtubules around each other. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2565. [PMID: 32444784 PMCID: PMC7244531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the mitotic spindle, kinesin motors cross-link and slide overlapping microtubules. Some of these motors exhibit off-axis power strokes, but their impact on motility and force generation in microtubule overlaps has not been investigated. Here, we develop and utilize a three-dimensional in vitro motility assay to explore kinesin-14, Ncd, driven sliding of cross-linked microtubules. We observe that free microtubules, sliding on suspended microtubules, not only rotate around their own axis but also move around the suspended microtubules with right-handed helical trajectories. Importantly, the associated torque is large enough to cause microtubule twisting and coiling. Further, our technique allows us to measure the in situ spatial extension of the motors between cross-linked microtubules to be about 20 nm. We argue that the capability of microtubule-crosslinking kinesins to cause helical motion of overlapping microtubules around each other allows for flexible filament organization, roadblock circumvention and torque generation in the mitotic spindle. Some kinesins exhibit off-axis power strokes but their impact on motility and force generation in microtubule overlaps has not been investigated so far. Here authors use a 3D in vitro motility assay and find that Ndc’s off-axis motor forces generate torque in antiparallel microtubules which causes microtubule twisting and coiling.
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34
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Goupil A, Nano M, Letort G, Gemble S, Edwards F, Goundiam O, Gogendeau D, Pennetier C, Basto R. Chromosomes function as a barrier to mitotic spindle bipolarity in polyploid cells. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133854. [PMID: 32328633 PMCID: PMC7147111 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ploidy variations such as genome doubling are frequent in human tumors and have been associated with genetic instability favoring tumor progression. How polyploid cells deal with increased centrosome numbers and DNA content remains unknown. Using Drosophila neuroblasts and human cancer cells to study mitotic spindle assembly in polyploid cells, we found that most polyploid cells divide in a multipolar manner. We show that even if an initial centrosome clustering step can occur at mitotic entry, the establishment of kinetochore-microtubule attachments leads to spatial chromosome configurations, whereby the final coalescence of supernumerary poles into a bipolar array is inhibited. Using in silico approaches and various spindle and DNA perturbations, we show that chromosomes act as a physical barrier blocking spindle pole coalescence and bipolarity. Importantly, microtubule stabilization suppressed multipolarity by improving both centrosome clustering and pole coalescence. This work identifies inhibitors of bipolar division in polyploid cells and provides a rationale to understand chromosome instability typical of polyploid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Goupil
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Maddalena Nano
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Letort
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, UMR7241/U1050, Paris, France
| | - Simon Gemble
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Frances Edwards
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Oumou Goundiam
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Gogendeau
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Carole Pennetier
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
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35
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Matis M. The Mechanical Role of Microtubules in Tissue Remodeling. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900244. [PMID: 32249455 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, tissues undergo extensive remodeling to get their final shape. Such precise sculpting requires the application of forces generated within cells by the cytoskeleton and transmission of these forces through adhesion molecules within and between neighboring cells. Within individual cells, microtubules together with actomyosin filaments and intermediate filaments form the composite cytoskeleton that controls cell mechanics during tissue rearrangements. While studies have established the importance of actin-based mechanical forces that are coupled via intercellular junctions, relatively little is known about the contribution of other cytoskeletal components such as microtubules to cell mechanics during morphogenesis. In this review the focus is on recent findings, highlighting the direct mechanical role of microtubules beyond its well-established role in trafficking and signaling during tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Matis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.,'Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
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36
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TRIM8 interacts with KIF11 and KIFC1 and controls bipolar spindle formation and chromosomal stability. Cancer Lett 2020; 473:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Microtubule Minus-End Binding Protein CAMSAP2 and Kinesin-14 Motor KIFC3 Control Dendritic Microtubule Organization. Curr Biol 2020; 30:899-908.e6. [PMID: 32084403 PMCID: PMC7063570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites are characterized by an anti-parallel microtubule organization. The mixed oriented microtubules promote dendrite development and facilitate polarized cargo trafficking; however, the mechanism that regulates dendritic microtubule organization is still unclear. Here, we found that the kinesin-14 motor KIFC3 is important for organizing dendritic microtubules and to control dendrite development. The kinesin-14 motor proteins (Drosophila melanogaster Ncd, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kar3, Saccharomyces pombe Pkl1, and Xenopus laevis XCTK2) are characterized by a C-terminal motor domain and are well described to organize the spindle microtubule during mitosis using an additional microtubule binding site in the N terminus [1-4]. In mammals, there are three kinesin-14 members, KIFC1, KIFC2, and KIFC3. It was recently shown that KIFC1 is important for organizing axonal microtubules in neurons, a process that depends on the two microtubule-interacting domains [5]. Unlike KIFC1, KIFC2 and KIFC3 lack the N-terminal microtubule binding domain and only have one microtubule-interacting domain, the motor domain [6, 7]. Thus, in order to regulate microtubule-microtubule crosslinking or sliding, KIFC2 and KIFC3 need to interact with additional microtubule binding proteins to connect two microtubules. We found that KIFC3 has a dendrite-specific distribution and interacts with microtubule minus-end binding protein CAMSAP2. Depletion of KIFC3 or CAMSAP2 results in increased microtubule dynamics during dendritic development. We propose a model in which CAMSAP2 anchors KIFC3 at microtubule minus ends and immobilizes microtubule arrays in dendrites.
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38
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Hao SL, Yang WX. KIFC1 is essential for normal spermatogenesis and its depletion results in early germ cell apoptosis in the Kuruma shrimp, Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12773-12792. [PMID: 31895691 PMCID: PMC6949060 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the dynamic mechanisms during spermatogenesis of the penaeid prawns, the full length of kifc1 was cloned from testis cDNA of Penaeus japonicus through RACE. Both semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot results indicated that KIFC1 was extensive expressed in different tissue of P. japonicus. Compared with other tissue, the highest expression of KIFC1 occurred in the testis. According to the immunofluorescence results, the KIFC1 protein was detected at each stage of whole process of spermatogenesis. In the spermatogonial phase, KIFC1 mainly dispersed in cytoplasm and co-localized with microtubules, while abundant KIFC1 signal was detected in the nucleus of spermatocytes. At the early stage of spermatids, KIFC1 was transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, and it assisted microtubule assembly onto one side of the nucleus. Finally, in mature sperm, it was weakly expressed in the acrosome. This implies that KIFC1 may participate in the mitosis of spermatogonia, meiosis of spermatocyte, and acrosome formation during spermiogenesis; it may also play functions in acrosome maintaining in mature sperm. In addition, the results of KIFC1 knockdown by dsRNA injection in vivo reveal that decreased KIFC1 expression may induce aberrant microtubule assembly, and it leads to spermatogonia and spermatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Li Hao
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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39
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Del Castillo U, Norkett R, Gelfand VI. Unconventional Roles of Cytoskeletal Mitotic Machinery in Neurodevelopment. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:901-911. [PMID: 31597609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At first look, cell division and neurite formation seem to be two different, essential biological processes. However, both processes require extensive reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and especially microtubules. Remarkably, in recent years, independent work from several groups has shown that multiple cytoskeletal components previously considered specific for the mitotic machinery play important roles in neurite initiation and extension. In this review article, we describe how several cytoplasmic and mitotic microtubule motors, components of mitotic kinetochores, and cortical actin participate in reorganization of the microtubule network required to form and maintain axons and dendrites. The emerging similarities between these two biological processes will certainly generate new insights into the mechanisms generating the unique morphology of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urko Del Castillo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rosalind Norkett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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40
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Burute M, Kapitein LC. Cellular Logistics: Unraveling the Interplay Between Microtubule Organization and Intracellular Transport. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:29-54. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the cytoskeleton and serve as tracks for motor protein–based intracellular transport. Microtubule networks are highly diverse across different cell types and are believed to adapt to cell type–specific transport demands. Here we review how the spatial organization of different subsets of microtubules into higher-order networks determines the traffic rules for motor-based transport in different animal cell types. We describe the interplay between microtubule network organization and motor-based transport within epithelial cells, oocytes, neurons, cilia, and the spindle apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Interactions between motor domains in kinesin-14 Ncd - a molecular dynamics study. Biochem J 2019; 476:2449-2462. [PMID: 31416830 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Minus-end directed, non-processive kinesin-14 Ncd is a dimeric protein with C-terminally located motor domains (heads). Generation of the power-stroke by Ncd consists of a lever-like rotation of a long superhelical 'stalk' segment while one of the kinesin's heads is bound to the microtubule. The last ∼30 amino acids of Ncd head play a crucial but still poorly understood role in this process. Here, we used accelerated molecular dynamics simulations to explore the conformational dynamics of several systems built upon two crystal structures of Ncd, the asymmetrical T436S mutant in pre-stroke/post-stroke conformations of two partner subunits and the symmetrical wild-type protein in pre-stroke conformation of both subunits. The results revealed a new conformational state forming following the inward motion of the subunits and stabilized with several hydrogen bonds to residues located on the border or within the C-terminal linker, i.e. a modeled extension of the C-terminus by residues 675-683. Forming of this new, compact Ncd conformation critically depends on the length of the C-terminus extending to at least residue 681. Moreover, the associative motion leading to the compact conformation is accompanied by a partial lateral rotation of the stalk. We propose that the stable compact conformation of Ncd may represent an initial state of the working stroke.
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42
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Phragmoplast Orienting Kinesin 2 Is a Weak Motor Switching between Processive and Diffusive Modes. Biophys J 2019; 115:375-385. [PMID: 30021112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant development and morphology relies on the accurate insertion of new cell walls during cytokinesis. However, how a plant cell correctly orients a new wall is poorly understood. Two kinesin class-12 members, phragmoplast orienting kinesin 1 (POK1) and POK2, are involved in the process, but how these molecular machines work is not known. Here, we used in vivo and single-molecule in vitro measurements to determine how Arabidopsis thaliana POK2 motors function mechanically. We found that POK2 is a very weak, on average plus-end-directed, moderately fast kinesin. Interestingly, POK2 switches between processive and diffusive modes characterized by an exclusive-state mean-squared-displacement analysis. Our results support a model that POK motors push against peripheral microtubules of the phragmoplast for its guidance. This pushing model may mechanically explain the conspicuous narrowing of the division site. Together, our findings provide mechanical insight into how active motors accurately position new cell walls in plants.
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43
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Strothman C, Farmer V, Arpağ G, Rodgers N, Podolski M, Norris S, Ohi R, Zanic M. Microtubule minus-end stability is dictated by the tubulin off-rate. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2841-2853. [PMID: 31420452 PMCID: PMC6719460 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic organization of microtubule minus ends is vital for the formation and maintenance of acentrosomal microtubule arrays. In vitro, both microtubule ends switch between phases of assembly and disassembly, a behavior called dynamic instability. Although minus ends grow slower, their lifetimes are similar to those of plus ends. The mechanisms underlying these distinct dynamics remain unknown. Here, we use an in vitro reconstitution approach to investigate minus-end dynamics. We find that minus-end lifetimes are not defined by the mean size of the protective GTP-tubulin cap. Rather, we conclude that the distinct tubulin off-rate is the primary determinant of the difference between plus- and minus-end dynamics. Further, our results show that the minus-end-directed kinesin-14 HSET/KIFC1 suppresses tubulin off-rate to specifically suppress minus-end catastrophe. HSET maintains its protective minus-end activity even when challenged by a known microtubule depolymerase, kinesin-13 MCAK. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms of minus-end dynamics, essential for our understanding of microtubule minus-end regulation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Strothman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Veronica Farmer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Göker Arpağ
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Nicole Rodgers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Marija Podolski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephen Norris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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44
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Maryshev I, Goryachev AB, Marenduzzo D, Morozov A. Dry active turbulence in a model for microtubule-motor mixtures. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6038-6043. [PMID: 31298679 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics and phase behaviour of a dry suspension of microtubules and molecular motors. We obtain a set of continuum equations by rigorously coarse graining a microscopic model where motor-induced interactions lead to parallel or antiparallel ordering. Through numerical simulations, we show that this model generically creates either stable stripes, or a never-settling pattern where stripes periodically form, rotate and then split up. We derive a minimal model which displays the same instability as the full model, and clarifies the underlying physical mechanism. The necessary ingredients are an extensile flux arising from microtubule sliding and an interfacial torque favouring ordering along density gradients. We argue that our minimal model unifies various previous observations of chaotic behaviour in dry active matter into a general universality class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Maryshev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Davide Marenduzzo
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Alexander Morozov
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.
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45
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Allard J, Doumic M, Mogilner A, Oelz D. Bidirectional sliding of two parallel microtubules generated by multiple identical motors. J Math Biol 2019; 79:571-594. [PMID: 31016335 PMCID: PMC11100485 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is often assumed in biophysical studies that when multiple identical molecular motors interact with two parallel microtubules, the microtubules will be crosslinked and locked together. The aim of this study is to examine this assumption mathematically. We model the forces and movements generated by motors with a time-continuous Markov process and find that, counter-intuitively, a tug-of-war results from opposing actions of identical motors bound to different microtubules. The model shows that many motors bound to the same microtubule generate a great force applied to a smaller number of motors bound to another microtubule, which increases detachment rate for the motors in minority, stabilizing the directional sliding. However, stochastic effects cause occasional changes of the sliding direction, which has a profound effect on the character of the long-term microtubule motility, making it effectively diffusion-like. Here, we estimate the time between the rare events of switching direction and use them to estimate the effective diffusion coefficient for the microtubule pair. Our main result is that parallel microtubules interacting with multiple identical motors are not locked together, but rather slide bidirectionally. We find explicit formulae for the time between directional switching for various motor numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marie Doumic
- Inria, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab. J.L. Lions UMR CNRS 7598, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Dietmar Oelz
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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46
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Mihalas BP, Camlin NJ, Xavier MJ, Peters AE, Holt JE, Sutherland JM, McLaughlin EA, Eamens AL, Nixon B. The small non-coding RNA profile of mouse oocytes is modified during aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:2968-2997. [PMID: 31128574 PMCID: PMC6555462 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oocytes are reliant on messenger RNA (mRNA) stores to support their survival and integrity during a protracted period of transcriptional dormancy as they await ovulation. Oocytes are, however, known to experience an age-associated alteration in mRNA transcript abundance, a phenomenon that contributes to reduced developmental potential. Here we have investigated whether the expression profile of small non-protein-coding RNAs (sRNAs) is similarly altered in aged mouse oocytes. The application of high throughput sequencing revealed substantial changes to the global sRNA profile of germinal vesicle stage oocytes from young (4-6 weeks) and aged mice (14-16 months). Among these, 160 endogenous small-interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs) and 10 microRNAs (miRNAs) were determined to differentially accumulate within young and aged oocytes. Further, we revealed decreased expression of two members of the kinesin protein family, Kifc1 and Kifc5b, in aged oocytes; family members selectively targeted for expression regulation by endo-siRNAs of elevated abundance. The implications of reduced Kifc1 and Kifc5b expression were explored using complementary siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition strategies, both of which led to increased rates of aneuploidy in otherwise healthy young oocytes. Collectively, our data raise the prospect that altered sRNA abundance, specifically endo-siRNA abundance, could influence the quality of the aged oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina P Mihalas
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Environmental and Life Sciences and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Nicole J Camlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Miguel J Xavier
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Environmental and Life Sciences and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Alexandra E Peters
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Environmental and Life Sciences and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Janet E Holt
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Environmental and Life Sciences and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Jessie M Sutherland
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Environmental and Life Sciences and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Environmental and Life Sciences and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Science, the University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Andrew L Eamens
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Environmental and Life Sciences and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
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47
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Gicking AM, Qiu W, Hancock WO. Mitotic kinesins in action: diffusive searching, directional switching, and ensemble coordination. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 29:1153-1156. [PMID: 29757705 PMCID: PMC5935065 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-10-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle assembly requires the collective action of multiple microtubule motors that coordinate their activities in ensembles. However, despite significant advances in our understanding of mitotic kinesins at the single-motor level, multi-motor systems are challenging to reconstitute in vitro and thus less well understood. Recent findings highlighted in this perspective demonstrate how various properties of kinesin-5 and -14 motors—diffusive searching, directional switching, and multivalent interactions—allow them to achieve their physiological roles of cross-linking parallel microtubules and sliding antiparallel ones during cell division. Additionally, we highlight new experimental techniques that will help bridge the gap between in vitro biophysical studies and in vivo cell biology investigations and provide new insights into how specific single-molecule mechanisms generate complex cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Gicking
- Department of Physics and, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics and, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802
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48
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Mitotic Motor KIFC1 Is an Organizer of Microtubules in the Axon. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3792-3811. [PMID: 30804089 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3099-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KIFC1 (also called HSET or kinesin-14a) is best known as a multifunctional motor protein essential for mitosis. The present studies are the first to explore KIFC1 in terminally postmitotic neurons. Using RNA interference to partially deplete KIFC1 from rat neurons (from animals of either gender) in culture, pharmacologic agents that inhibit KIFC1, and expression of mutant KIFC1 constructs, we demonstrate critical roles for KIFC1 in regulating axonal growth and retraction as well as growth cone morphology. Experimental manipulations of KIFC1 elicit morphological changes in the axon as well as changes in the organization, distribution, and polarity orientation of its microtubules. Together, the results indicate a mechanism by which KIFC1 binds to microtubules in the axon and slides them into alignment in an ATP-dependent fashion and then cross-links them in an ATP-independent fashion to oppose their subsequent sliding by other motors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we establish that KIFC1, a molecular motor well characterized in mitosis, is robustly expressed in neurons, where it has profound influence on the organization of microtubules in a number of different functional contexts. KIFC1 may help answer long-standing questions in cellular neuroscience such as, mechanistically, how growth cones stall and how axonal microtubules resist forces that would otherwise cause the axon to retract. Knowledge about KIFC1 may help researchers to devise strategies for treating disorders of the nervous system involving axonal retraction given that KIFC1 is expressed in adult neurons as well as developing neurons.
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49
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Schmidt-Cernohorska M, Zhernov I, Steib E, Le Guennec M, Achek R, Borgers S, Demurtas D, Mouawad L, Lansky Z, Hamel V, Guichard P. Flagellar microtubule doublet assembly in vitro reveals a regulatory role of tubulin C-terminal tails. Science 2019; 363:285-288. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule doublets (MTDs), consisting of an incomplete B-microtubule at the surface of a complete A-microtubule, provide a structural scaffold mediating intraflagellar transport and ciliary beating. Despite the fundamental role of MTDs, the molecular mechanism governing their formation is unknown. We used a cell-free assay to demonstrate a crucial inhibitory role of the carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) tail of tubulin in MTD assembly. Removal of the C-terminal tail of an assembled A-microtubule allowed for the nucleation of a B-microtubule on its surface. C-terminal tails of only one A-microtubule protofilament inhibited this side-to-surface tubulin interaction, which would be overcome in vivo with binding protein partners. The dynamics of B-microtubule nucleation and its distinctive isotropic elongation was elucidated by using live imaging. Thus, inherent interaction properties of tubulin provide a structural basis driving flagellar MTD assembly.
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50
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Wijeratne S, Subramanian R. Geometry of antiparallel microtubule bundles regulates relative sliding and stalling by PRC1 and Kif4A. eLife 2018; 7:32595. [PMID: 30353849 PMCID: PMC6200392 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor and non-motor crosslinking proteins play critical roles in determining the size and stability of microtubule-based architectures. Currently, we have a limited understanding of how geometrical properties of microtubule arrays, in turn, regulate the output of crosslinking proteins. Here we investigate this problem in the context of microtubule sliding by two interacting proteins: the non-motor crosslinker PRC1 and the kinesin Kif4A. The collective activity of PRC1 and Kif4A also results in their accumulation at microtubule plus-ends (‘end-tag’). Sliding stalls when the end-tags on antiparallel microtubules collide, forming a stable overlap. Interestingly, we find that structural properties of the initial array regulate microtubule organization by PRC1-Kif4A. First, sliding velocity scales with initial microtubule-overlap length. Second, the width of the final overlap scales with microtubule lengths. Our analyses reveal how micron-scale geometrical features of antiparallel microtubules can regulate the activity of nanometer-sized proteins to define the structure and mechanics of microtubule-based architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithara Wijeratne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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