1
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Gentili PL, Stano P. Living cells and biological mechanisms as prototypes for developing chemical artificial intelligence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150060. [PMID: 38754164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a revolutionary impact on our societies. It is helping humans in facing the global challenges of this century. Traditionally, AI is developed in software or through neuromorphic engineering in hardware. More recently, a brand-new strategy has been proposed. It is the so-called Chemical AI (CAI), which exploits molecular, supramolecular, and systems chemistry in wetware to mimic human intelligence. In this work, two promising approaches for boosting CAI are described. One regards designing and implementing neural surrogates that can communicate through optical or chemical signals and give rise to networks for computational purposes and to develop micro/nanorobotics. The other approach concerns "bottom-up synthetic cells" that can be exploited for applications in various scenarios, including future nano-medicine. Both topics are presented at a basic level, mainly to inform the broader audience of non-specialists, and so favour the rise of interest in these frontier subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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2
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Baltussen MG, de Jong TJ, Duez Q, Robinson WE, Huck WTS. Chemical reservoir computation in a self-organizing reaction network. Nature 2024; 631:549-555. [PMID: 38926572 PMCID: PMC11254755 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reaction networks, such as those found in metabolism and signalling pathways, enable cells to process information from their environment1,2. Current approaches to molecular information processing and computation typically pursue digital computation models and require extensive molecular-level engineering3. Despite considerable advances, these approaches have not reached the level of information processing capabilities seen in living systems. Here we report on the discovery and implementation of a chemical reservoir computer based on the formose reaction4. We demonstrate how this complex, self-organizing chemical reaction network can perform several nonlinear classification tasks in parallel, predict the dynamics of other complex systems and achieve time-series forecasting. This in chemico information processing system provides proof of principle for the emergent computational capabilities of complex chemical reaction networks, paving the way for a new class of biomimetic information processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu G Baltussen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs J de Jong
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin Duez
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - William E Robinson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Valente S, Galanti A, Maghin E, Najdi N, Piccoli M, Gobbo P. Matching Together Living Cells and Prototissues: Will There Be Chemistry? Chembiochem 2024:e202400378. [PMID: 39031571 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Scientific advancements in bottom-up synthetic biology have led to the development of numerous models of synthetic cells, or protocells. To date, research has mainly focused on increasing the (bio)chemical complexity of these bioinspired micro-compartmentalized systems, yet the successful integration of protocells with living cells remains one of the major challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of the art in hybrid protocell/living cell and prototissue/living cell systems. Inspired by recent breakthroughs in tissue engineering, we review the chemical, bio-chemical, and mechano-chemical aspects that hold promise for achieving an effective integration of non-living and living matter. The future production of fully integrated protocell/living cell systems and increasingly complex prototissue/living tissue systems not only has the potential to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering, but also paves the way for new technologies in (bio)sensing, personalized therapy, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Valente
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Galanti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edoardo Maghin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Nahid Najdi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Gobbo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Unit of Trieste, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy
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4
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Tseng YC, Song J, Zhang J, Shandilya E, Sen A. Chemomechanical Communication between Liposomes Based on Enzyme Cascades. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16097-16104. [PMID: 38805671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Communication between cells is crucial to the survival of both uni- and multicellular organisms. The primary mode of communication involves chemical cues. There is great current interest in mimicking this behavior in synthetic cells to understand the physical basis of intercellular communication and design collective functional behavior. Using liposomal cell mimics, we demonstrate how a chemical input can elicit a mechanical response (enhanced motility). We employed a single substrate to trigger enzyme cascade-induced control of the diffusion of up to three different liposome populations. Furthermore, substrate competition allows temporal control over enhanced diffusion. The use of enzyme cascades to propagate chemical signals provides a robust and efficient mechanism for diverse populations of protocells to coordinate their motion in response to signals from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Ekta Shandilya
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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5
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Rothschild LJ, Averesch NJH, Strychalski EA, Moser F, Glass JI, Cruz Perez R, Yekinni IO, Rothschild-Mancinelli B, Roberts Kingman GA, Wu F, Waeterschoot J, Ioannou IA, Jewett MC, Liu AP, Noireaux V, Sorenson C, Adamala KP. Building Synthetic Cells─From the Technology Infrastructure to Cellular Entities. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:974-997. [PMID: 38530077 PMCID: PMC11037263 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The de novo construction of a living organism is a compelling vision. Despite the astonishing technologies developed to modify living cells, building a functioning cell "from scratch" has yet to be accomplished. The pursuit of this goal alone has─and will─yield scientific insights affecting fields as diverse as cell biology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology. Multiple approaches have aimed to create biochemical systems manifesting common characteristics of life, such as compartmentalization, metabolism, and replication and the derived features, evolution, responsiveness to stimuli, and directed movement. Significant achievements in synthesizing each of these criteria have been made, individually and in limited combinations. Here, we review these efforts, distinguish different approaches, and highlight bottlenecks in the current research. We look ahead at what work remains to be accomplished and propose a "roadmap" with key milestones to achieve the vision of building cells from molecular parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J. Rothschild
- Space Science
& Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research
Center, Moffett
Field, California 94035-1000, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nils J. H. Averesch
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Felix Moser
- Synlife, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-1661, United States
| | - John I. Glass
- J.
Craig
Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rolando Cruz Perez
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Blue
Marble
Space Institute of Science at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, United
States
| | - Ibrahim O. Yekinni
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brooke Rothschild-Mancinelli
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0150, United States
| | | | - Feilun Wu
- J. Craig
Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jorik Waeterschoot
- Mechatronics,
Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ion A. Ioannou
- Department
of Chemistry, MSRH, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Mechanical
Engineering & Biomedical Engineering, Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Biophysics, Applied Physics, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vincent Noireaux
- Physics
and Nanotechnology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carlise Sorenson
- Department
of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- Department
of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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6
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Ventura J, Llopis-Lorente A, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM, Martínez-Máñez R. Models of Chemical Communication for Micro/Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:815-830. [PMID: 38427324 PMCID: PMC10956390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Engineering chemical communication between micro/nanosystems (via the exchange of chemical messengers) is receiving increasing attention from the scientific community. Although a number of micro- and nanodevices (e.g., drug carriers, sensors, and artificial cells) have been developed in the last decades, engineering communication at the micro/nanoscale is a recent emergent topic. In fact, most of the studies in this research area have been published within the last 10 years. Inspired by nature─where information is exchanged by means of molecules─the development of chemical communication strategies holds wide implications as it may provide breakthroughs in many areas including nanotechnology, artificial cell research, biomedicine, biotechnology, and ICT. Published examples rely on nanotechnology and synthetic biology for the creation of micro- and nanodevices that can communicate. Communication enables the construction of new complex systems capable of performing advanced coordinated tasks that go beyond those carried out by individual entities. In addition, the possibility to communicate between synthetic and living systems can further advance our understanding of biochemical processes and provide completely new tailored therapeutic and diagnostic strategies, ways to tune cellular behavior, and new biotechnological tools. In this Account, we summarize advances by our laboratories (and others) in the engineering of chemical communication of micro- and nanoparticles. This Account is structured to provide researchers from different fields with general strategies and common ground for the rational design of future communication networks at the micro/nanoscale. First, we cover the basis of and describe enabling technologies to engineer particles with communication capabilities. Next, we rationalize general models of chemical communication. These models vary from simple linear communication (transmission of information between two points) to more complex pathways such as interactive communication and multicomponent communication (involving several entities). Using illustrative experimental designs, we demonstrate the realization of these models which involve communication not only between engineered micro/nanoparticles but also between particles and living systems. Finally, we discuss the current state of the topic and the future challenges to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ventura
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera
3, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Gartland SA, Johnson TG, Walkley E, Langton MJ. Inter-Vesicle Signal Transduction Using a Photo-Responsive Zinc Ionophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309080. [PMID: 37497854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of chemical information between cells and across lipid bilayer membranes is of profound significance in many biological processes. The design of synthetic signalling systems is a critical step towards preparing artificial cells with collective behaviour. Here, we report the first example of a synthetic inter-vesicle signalling system, in which diffusible chemical signals trigger transmembrane ion transport in a manner reminiscent of signalling pathways in biology. The system is derived from novel ortho-nitrobenzyl and BODIPY photo-caged ZnII transporters, in which cation transport is triggered by photo-decaging with UV or red light, respectively. This decaging reaction can be used to trigger the release of the cationophores from a small population of sender vesicles. This in turn triggers the transport of ions across the membrane of a larger population of receiver vesicles, but not across the sender vesicle membrane, leading to overall inter-vesicle signal transduction and amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Gartland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Toby G Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Euan Walkley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Matthew J Langton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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8
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Stano P. Chemical Systems for Wetware Artificial Life: Selected Perspectives in Synthetic Cell Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14138. [PMID: 37762444 PMCID: PMC10532297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent and important advances in bottom-up synthetic biology (SB), in particular in the field of the so-called "synthetic cells" (SCs) (or "artificial cells", or "protocells"), lead us to consider the role of wetware technologies in the "Sciences of Artificial", where they constitute the third pillar, alongside the more well-known pillars hardware (robotics) and software (Artificial Intelligence, AI). In this article, it will be highlighted how wetware approaches can help to model life and cognition from a unique perspective, complementary to robotics and AI. It is suggested that, through SB, it is possible to explore novel forms of bio-inspired technologies and systems, in particular chemical AI. Furthermore, attention is paid to the concept of semantic information and its quantification, following the strategy recently introduced by Kolchinsky and Wolpert. Semantic information, in turn, is linked to the processes of generation of "meaning", interpreted here through the lens of autonomy and cognition in artificial systems, emphasizing its role in chemical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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9
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Li Z, Wang J, O’Hagan MP, Huang F, Xia F, Willner I. Dynamic Fusion of Nucleic Acid Functionalized Nano-/Micro-Cell-Like Containments: From Basic Concepts to Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15308-15327. [PMID: 37549398 PMCID: PMC10448756 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion processes play key roles in biological transformations, such as endocytosis/exocytosis, signal transduction, neurotransmission, or viral infections, and substantial research efforts have been directed to emulate these functions by artificial means. The recognition and dynamic reconfiguration properties of nucleic acids provide a versatile means to induce membrane fusion. Here we address recent advances in the functionalization of liposomes or membranes with structurally engineered lipidated nucleic acids guiding the fusion of cell-like containments, and the biophysical and chemical parameters controlling the fusion of the liposomes will be discussed. Intermembrane bridging by duplex or triplex nucleic acids and light-induced activation of membrane-associated nucleic acid constituents provide the means for spatiotemporal fusion of liposomes or nucleic acid modified liposome fusion with native cell membranes. The membrane fusion processes lead to exchange of loads in the fused containments and are a means to integrate functional assemblies. This is exemplified with the operation of biocatalytic cascades and dynamic DNA polymerization/nicking or transcription machineries in fused protocell systems. Membrane fusion processes of protocell assemblies are found to have important drug-delivery, therapeutic, sensing, and biocatalytic applications. The future challenges and perspectives of DNA-guided fused containments and membranes are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- The
Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jianbang Wang
- The
Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michael P. O’Hagan
- The
Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Fujian Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering
Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty
of Materials Science and Chemistry, China
University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Xia
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering
Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty
of Materials Science and Chemistry, China
University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Itamar Willner
- The
Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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10
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Walczak M, Mancini L, Xu J, Raguseo F, Kotar J, Cicuta P, Di Michele L. A Synthetic Signaling Network Imitating the Action of Immune Cells in Response to Bacterial Metabolism. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301562. [PMID: 37156014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art bottom-up synthetic biology allows to replicate many basic biological functions in artificial-cell-like devices. To mimic more complex behaviors, however, artificial cells would need to perform many of these functions in a synergistic and coordinated fashion, which remains elusive. Here, a sophisticated biological response is considered, namely the capture and deactivation of pathogens by neutrophil immune cells, through the process of netosis. A consortium consisting of two synthetic agents is designed-responsive DNA-based particles and antibiotic-loaded lipid vesicles-whose coordinated action mimics the sought immune-like response when triggered by bacterial metabolism. The artificial netosis-like response emerges from a series of interlinked sensing and communication pathways between the live and synthetic agents, and translates into both physical and chemical antimicrobial actions, namely bacteria immobilization and exposure to antibiotics. The results demonstrate how advanced life-like responses can be prescribed with a relatively small number of synthetic molecular components, and outlines a new strategy for artificial-cell-based antimicrobial solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Walczak
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Leonardo Mancini
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jiayi Xu
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Federica Raguseo
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- fabriCELL, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jurij Kotar
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lorenzo Di Michele
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- fabriCELL, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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11
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Damiano L, Stano P. Explorative Synthetic Biology in AI: Criteria of Relevance and a Taxonomy for Synthetic Models of Living and Cognitive Processes. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2023; 29:367-387. [PMID: 37490711 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
This article tackles the topic of the special issue "Biology in AI: New Frontiers in Hardware, Software and Wetware Modeling of Cognition" in two ways. It addresses the problem of the relevance of hardware, software, and wetware models for the scientific understanding of biological cognition, and it clarifies the contributions that synthetic biology, construed as the synthetic exploration of cognition, can offer to artificial intelligence (AI). The research work proposed in this article is based on the idea that the relevance of hardware, software, and wetware models of biological and cognitive processes-that is, the concrete contribution that these models can make to the scientific understanding of life and cognition-is still unclear, mainly because of the lack of explicit criteria to assess in what ways synthetic models can support the experimental exploration of biological and cognitive phenomena. Our article draws on elements from cybernetic and autopoietic epistemology to define a framework of reference, for the synthetic study of life and cognition, capable of generating a set of assessment criteria and a classification of forms of relevance, for synthetic models, able to overcome the sterile, traditional polarization of their evaluation between mere imitation and full reproduction of the target processes. On the basis of these tools, we tentatively map the forms of relevance characterizing wetware models of living and cognitive processes that synthetic biology can produce and outline a programmatic direction for the development of "organizationally relevant approaches" applying synthetic biology techniques to the investigative field of (embodied) AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Damiano
- IULM University, Research Group on the Epistemology of the Sciences of the Artificial, Department of Communication, Arts, and Media.
| | - Pasquale Stano
- University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies
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12
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Yin Z, Gao N, Xu C, Li M, Mann S. Autonomic Integration in Nested Protocell Communities. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37369121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The self-driven organization of model protocells into higher-order nested cytomimetic systems with coordinated structural and functional relationships offers a step toward the autonomic implementation of artificial multicellularity. Here, we describe an endosymbiotic-like pathway in which proteinosomes are captured within membranized alginate/silk fibroin coacervate vesicles by guest-mediated reconfiguration of the host protocells. We demonstrate that interchange of coacervate vesicle and droplet morphologies through proteinosome-mediated urease/glucose oxidase activity produces discrete nested communities capable of integrated catalytic activity and selective disintegration. The self-driving capacity is modulated by an internalized fuel-driven process using starch hydrolases sequestered within the host coacervate phase, and structural stabilization of the integrated protocell populations can be achieved by on-site enzyme-mediated matrix reinforcement involving dipeptide supramolecular assembly or tyramine-alginate covalent cross-linking. Our work highlights a semi-autonomous mechanism for constructing symbiotic cell-like nested communities and provides opportunities for the development of reconfigurable cytomimetic materials with structural, functional, and organizational complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuping Yin
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Ning Gao
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Can Xu
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study (ZIAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 429 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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13
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Cook A, Novosedlik S, van Hest JCM. Complex Coacervate Materials as Artificial Cells. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 4:287-298. [PMID: 37009061 PMCID: PMC10043873 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.2c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells have evolved to be self-sustaining compartmentalized systems that consist of many thousands of biomolecules and metabolites interacting in complex cycles and reaction networks. Numerous subtle intricacies of these self-assembled structures are still largely unknown. The importance of liquid-liquid phase separation (both membraneless and membrane bound) is, however, recognized as playing an important role in achieving biological function that is controlled in time and space. Reconstituting biochemical reactions in vitro has been a success of the last decades, for example, establishment of the minimal set of enzymes and nutrients able to replicate cellular activities like the in vitro transcription translation of genes to proteins. Further than this though, artificial cell research has the aim of combining synthetic materials and nonliving macromolecules into ordered assemblies with the ability to carry out more complex and ambitious cell-like functions. These activities can provide insights into fundamental cell processes in simplified and idealized systems but could also have an applied impact in synthetic biology and biotechnology in the future. To date, strategies for the bottom-up fabrication of micrometer scale life-like artificial cells have included stabilized water-in-oil droplets, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV's), hydrogels, and complex coacervates. Water-in-oil droplets are a valuable and easy to produce model system for studying cell-like processes; however, the lack of a crowded interior can limit these artificial cells in mimicking life more closely. Similarly membrane stabilized vesicles, such as GUV's, have the additional membrane feature of cells but still lack a macromolecularly crowded cytoplasm. Hydrogel-based artificial cells have a macromolecularly dense interior (although cross-linked) that better mimics cells, in addition to mechanical properties more similar to the viscoelasticity seen in cells but could be seen as being not dynamic in nature and limiting to the diffusion of biomolecules. On the other hand, liquid-liquid phase separated complex coacervates are an ideal platform for artificial cells as they can most accurately mimic the crowded, viscous, highly charged nature of the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Other important key features that researchers in the field target include stabilizing semipermeable membranes, compartmentalization, information transfer/communication, motility, and metabolism/growth. In this Account, we will briefly cover aspects of coacervation theory and then outline key cases of synthetic coacervate materials used as artificial cells (ranging from polypeptides, modified polysaccharides, polyacrylates, and polymethacrylates, and allyl polymers), finishing with envisioned opportunities and potential applications for coacervate artificial cells moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
B. Cook
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Novosedlik
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Toward Interdisciplinary Synergies in Molecular Communications: Perspectives from Synthetic Biology, Nanotechnology, Communications Engineering and Philosophy of Science. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010208. [PMID: 36676156 PMCID: PMC9861838 DOI: 10.3390/life13010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Within many chemical and biological systems, both synthetic and natural, communication via chemical messengers is widely viewed as a key feature. Often known as molecular communication, such communication has been a concern in the fields of synthetic biologists, nanotechnologists, communications engineers, and philosophers of science. However, interactions between these fields are currently limited. Nevertheless, the fact that the same basic phenomenon is studied by all of these fields raises the question of whether there are unexploited interdisciplinary synergies. In this paper, we summarize the perspectives of each field on molecular communications, highlight potential synergies, discuss ongoing challenges to exploit these synergies, and present future perspectives for interdisciplinary efforts in this area.
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15
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Jiang W, Wu Z, Gao Z, Wan M, Zhou M, Mao C, Shen J. Artificial Cells: Past, Present and Future. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15705-15733. [PMID: 36226996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and allow researchers to explore biological process and the origin of life. The construction methods for artificial cells, through both top-down or bottom-up approaches, have achieved great progress over the past decades. Here we present a comprehensive overview on the development of artificial cells and their properties and applications. Artificial cells are derived from lipids, polymers, lipid/polymer hybrids, natural cell membranes, colloidosome, metal-organic frameworks and coacervates. They can be endowed with various functions through the incorporation of proteins and genes on the cell surface or encapsulated inside of the cells. These modulations determine the properties of artificial cells, including producing energy, cell growth, morphology change, division, transmembrane transport, environmental response, motility and chemotaxis. Multiple applications of these artificial cells are discussed here with a focus on therapeutic applications. Artificial cells are used as carriers for materials and information exchange and have been shown to function as targeted delivery systems of personalized drugs. Additionally, artificial cells can function to substitute for cells with impaired function. Enzyme therapy and immunotherapy using artificial cells have been an intense focus of research. Finally, prospects of future development of cell-mimic properties and broader applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zheng Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Stimuli-responsive vesicles as distributed artificial organelles for bacterial activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206563119. [PMID: 36223394 PMCID: PMC9586261 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206563119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is a hallmark of living systems. As such, engineering artificial cells that possess this behavior has been at the heart of activities in bottom-up synthetic biology. Communication between artificial and living cells has potential to confer novel capabilities to living organisms that could be exploited in biomedicine and biotechnology. However, most current approaches rely on the exchange of chemical signals that cannot be externally controlled. Here, we report two types of remote-controlled vesicle-based artificial organelles that translate physical inputs into chemical messages that lead to bacterial activation. Upon light or temperature stimulation, artificial cell membranes are activated, releasing signaling molecules that induce protein expression in Escherichia coli. This distributed approach differs from established methods for engineering stimuli-responsive bacteria. Here, artificial cells (as opposed to bacterial cells themselves) are the design unit. Having stimuli-responsive elements compartmentalized in artificial cells has potential applications in therapeutics, tissue engineering, and bioremediation. It will underpin the design of hybrid living/nonliving systems where temporal control over population interactions can be exerted.
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17
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Wang X, Wu S, Tang TYD, Tian L. Engineering strategies for sustainable synthetic cells. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Stano P. Exploring Information and Communication Theories for Synthetic Cell Research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:927156. [PMID: 35910013 PMCID: PMC9334554 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.927156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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19
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Programmable synthetic cell networks regulated by tuneable reaction rates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3885. [PMID: 35794089 PMCID: PMC9259615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled compartmentalised information processing and communication via molecular diffusion underpin network based population dynamics as observed in biological systems. Understanding how both compartmentalisation and communication can regulate information processes is key to rational design and control of compartmentalised reaction networks. Here, we integrate PEN DNA reactions into semi-permeable proteinosomes and characterise the effect of compartmentalisation on autocatalytic PEN DNA reactions. We observe unique behaviours in the compartmentalised systems which are not accessible under bulk conditions; for example, rates of reaction increase by an order of magnitude and reaction kinetics are more readily tuneable by enzyme concentrations in proteinosomes compared to buffer solution. We exploit these properties to regulate the reaction kinetics in two node compartmentalised reaction networks comprised of linear and autocatalytic reactions which we establish by bottom-up synthetic biology approaches.
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20
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Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Alpha Lipoic Acid Derivatives to Treat Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Central Neuropathic Pain. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 69:116889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Guindani C, da Silva LC, Cao S, Ivanov T, Landfester K. Synthetic Cells: From Simple Bio-Inspired Modules to Sophisticated Integrated Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110855. [PMID: 34856047 PMCID: PMC9314110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bottom-up synthetic biology is the science of building systems that mimic the structure and function of living cells from scratch. To do this, researchers combine tools from chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry to develop functional and structural building blocks to construct synthetic cell-like systems. The many strategies and materials that have been developed in recent decades have enabled scientists to engineer synthetic cells and organelles that mimic the essential functions and behaviors of natural cells. Examples include synthetic cells that can synthesize their own ATP using light, maintain metabolic reactions through enzymatic networks, perform gene replication, and even grow and divide. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in the design and construction of synthetic cells and organelles using the bottom-up approach. Our goal is to present representative synthetic cells of increasing complexity as well as strategies for solving distinct challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Guindani
- Chemical Engineering ProgramCOPPEFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, PEQ/COPPE/UFRJ, CEP 21941-972Rio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Lucas Caire da Silva
- Department of Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Department of Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Tsvetomir Ivanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Department of Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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22
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Guindani C, Silva LC, Cao S, Ivanov T, Landfester K. Synthetic Cells: From Simple Bio‐Inspired Modules to Sophisticated Integrated Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Guindani
- Chemical Engineering Program COPPE Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, PEQ/COPPE/UFRJ, CEP 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Lucas Caire Silva
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Tsvetomir Ivanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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23
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Smith JM, Chowdhry R, Booth MJ. Controlling Synthetic Cell-Cell Communication. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:809945. [PMID: 35071327 PMCID: PMC8766733 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.809945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cells, which mimic cellular function within a minimal compartment, are finding wide application, for instance in studying cellular communication and as delivery devices to living cells. However, to fully realise the potential of synthetic cells, control of their function is vital. An array of tools has already been developed to control the communication of synthetic cells to neighbouring synthetic cells or living cells. These tools use either chemical inputs, such as small molecules, or physical inputs, such as light. Here, we examine these current methods of controlling synthetic cell communication and consider alternative mechanisms for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J. Booth
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Chen C, Wang X, Wang Y, Tian L, Cao J. Construction of protocell-based artificial signal transduction pathways. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12754-12763. [PMID: 34755716 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03775g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of an orderly and controllable multicellular society depends on the communication and signal regulation between various types of biological cells. How to replicate complicated signal transduction pathways in synthetic protocellular communities remains a key challenge in bottom-up synthetic biology. Herein, we review recent advances in the design and construction of interactive protocell communities, or protocell communities and biological communities, and explore the ways of designing and constructing artificial paracrine-like signaling pathways and juxtacrine-like signaling pathways. Key molecules involved in the signaling pathways that can be used to connect two or more spatially separated communities, and diverse signal outputs generated by the communication are summarized. We also propose the limitations, challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, 66 Dongxin Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinxuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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25
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Chemical communication at the synthetic cell/living cell interface. Commun Chem 2021; 4:161. [PMID: 36697795 PMCID: PMC9814394 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the complexity of synthetic cells has continued to increase in recent years, chemical communication between protocell models and living organisms remains a key challenge in bottom-up synthetic biology and bioengineering. In this Review, we discuss how communication channels and modes of signal processing can be established between living cells and cytomimetic agents such as giant unilamellar lipid vesicles, proteinosomes, polysaccharidosomes, polymer-based giant vesicles and membrane-less coacervate micro-droplets. We describe three potential modes of chemical communication in consortia of synthetic and living cells based on mechanisms of distributed communication and signal processing, physical embodiment and nested communication, and network-based contact-dependent communication. We survey the potential for applying synthetic cell/living cell communication systems in biomedicine, including the in situ production of therapeutics and development of new bioreactors. Finally, we present a short summary of our findings.
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26
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Hajimohammadi R, Johari‐Ahar M, Asbaghian Namin SH. Toxicity assessment and detection of benzene extracted from wastewater by saponin biosurfactant using luminescence biosensor. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hajimohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahar Branch Islamic Azad University Ahar Iran
| | - Mohammad Johari‐Ahar
- Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran
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27
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Qian X, Westensee IN, Fernandes CC, Städler B. Enzyme Mimic Facilitated Artificial Cell to Mammalian Cell Signal Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Qian
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Isabella Nymann Westensee
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
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28
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Qian X, Westensee IN, Fernandes CC, Städler B. Enzyme Mimic Facilitated Artificial Cell to Mammalian Cell Signal Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18704-18711. [PMID: 34096152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Catalyzing biochemical reactions with enzymes and communicating with neighboring cells via chemical signaling are two fundamental cellular features that play a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of organisms. Herein, we present an artificial enzyme (AE) facilitated signal transfer between artificial cells (ACs) and mammalian HepG2 cells. We synthesize metalloporphyrins (MPs) based AEs that mimic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) to catalyze a dealkylation and a hydroxylation reaction, exemplified by the conversion of resorufin ethyl ether (REE) to resorufin and coumarin (COU) to 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC), respectively. The AEs are immobilized in hydrogels to produce ACs that generate the two diffusive fluorophores, which can diffuse into HepG2 cells and result in dual intracellular emissions. This work highlights the use of AEs to promote AC to mammalian signal transfer, which opens up new opportunities for integrating the synthetic and living world with a bottom-up strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Qian
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Isabella Nymann Westensee
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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29
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Zhou H, Huang H, Bahri M, Browning ND, Smith J, Graham M, Shchukin D. Communicating assemblies of biomimetic nanocapsules. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11343-11348. [PMID: 34165134 PMCID: PMC8265773 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Communication assemblies between biomimetic nanocapsules in a 3D closed system with self-regulating and self-organization functionalities were demonstrated for the first time. Two types of biomimetic nanocapsules, TiO2/polydopamine capsules and SiO2/polyelectrolytes capsules with different stimuli-responsive properties were prepared and leveraged to sense the external stimulus, transmit chemical signaling, and autonomic communication-controlled release of active cargos. The capsules have clear core-shell structures with average diameters of 30 nm and 25 nm, respectively. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and thermogravimetric analysis displayed their massive pore structures and encapsulation capacity of 32% of glycine pH buffer and 68% of benzotriazole, respectively. Different from the direct release mode of the single capsule, the communication assemblies show an autonomic three-stage release process with a "jet lag" feature, showing the internal modulation ability of self-controlled release efficiency. The control overweight ratios of capsules influences on communication-release interaction between capsules. The highest communication-release efficiency (89.6% of benzotriazole) was achieved when the weight ratio of TiO2/polydopamine/SiO2/polyelectrolytes capsules was 5 : 1 or 10 : 1. Communication assemblies containing various types of nanocapsules can autonomically perform complex tasks in a biomimetic fashion, such as cascaded amplification and multidirectional communication platforms in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Zhou
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Haowei Huang
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
| | - James Smith
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Michael Graham
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Dmitry Shchukin
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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30
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Yao Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Huang Y, Yang X, Peng Z, Wang K, Liu J. Photothermally Activated Coacervate Model Protocells as Signal Transducers Endow Mammalian Cells with Light Sensitivity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100695. [PMID: 34160910 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of a novel photothermally activated coacervate model protocell is reported as a signal transducer to endow mammalian cells with light sensitivity. In this system, near-infrared light irradiation triggers H2 S release in coacervate model protocells, leading to modulation of the behavior of living cells. The functional coacervate model protocells are prepared by loading metal-alloyed plasmonic nanoparticles and an H2 S donor into the liquid coacervate microdroplets. Upon light irradiation, the H2 S signal messenger is released through the photothermal effect of plasmonic nanoparticles and photothermal mediated pyrolysis of the H2 S donor. The H2 S signal is delivered to the mammalian cell community to trigger depletion of reactive oxygen species, reduce the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and improve cell viability. This study provides a new approach to the implementation of chemical signaling in artificial cell colonies and protocell/living cell consortia. The photothermal protocell system offers a powerful platform for light modulation of the behavior of mammalian cells and shows great promise for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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31
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Chakraborty T, Wegner SV. Cell to Cell Signaling through Light in Artificial Cell Communities: Glowing Predator Lures Prey. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9434-9444. [PMID: 34152740 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cells commonly communicate with each other through diffusible molecules but nonchemical communication remains elusive. While bioluminescent organisms communicate through light to find prey or attract mates, it is still under debate if signaling through light is possible at the cellular level. Here, we demonstrate that cell to cell signaling through light is possible in artificial cell communities derived from biomimetic vesicles. In our design, artificial sender cells produce an intracellular light signal, which triggers the adhesion to receiver cells. Unlike soluble molecules, the light signal propagates fast, independent of diffusion and without the need for a transporter across membranes. To obtain a predator-prey relationship, the luminescence predator cells is loaded with a secondary diffusible poison, which is transferred to the prey cell upon adhesion and leads to its lysis. This design provides a blueprint for light based intercellular communication, which can be used for programing artificial and natural cell communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Chakraborty
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Seraphine V Wegner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Stevendaal MHME, Hest JCM, Mason AF. Functional Interactions Between Bottom‐Up Synthetic Cells and Living Matter for Biomedical Applications. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marleen H. M. E. Stevendaal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41) 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. Hest
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41) 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Alexander F. Mason
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41) 5600MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
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33
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Banfalvi G. Prebiotic Pathway from Ribose to RNA Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083857. [PMID: 33917807 PMCID: PMC8068141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
At the focus of abiotic chemical reactions is the synthesis of ribose. No satisfactory explanation was provided as to the missing link between the prebiotic synthesis of ribose and prebiotic RNA (preRNA). Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is assumed to have been the principal precursor in the prebiotic formation of aldopentoses in the formose reaction and in the synthesis of ribose. Ribose as the best fitting aldopentose became the exclusive sugar component of RNA. The elevated yield of ribose synthesis at higher temperatures and its protection from decomposition could have driven the polymerization of the ribose-phosphate backbone and the coupling of nucleobases to the backbone. RNA could have come into being without the involvement of nucleotide precursors. The first nucleoside monophosphate is likely to have appeared upon the hydrolysis of preRNA contributed by the presence of reactive 2′-OH moieties in the preRNA chain. As a result of phosphorylation, nucleoside monophosphates became nucleoside triphosphates, substrates for the selective synthesis of genRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Banfalvi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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34
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Vázquez-González M, Zhou Z, Biniuri Y, Willner B, Willner I. Mimicking Functions of Native Enzymes or Photosynthetic Reaction Centers by Nucleoapzymes and Photonucleoapzymes. Biochemistry 2021; 60:956-965. [PMID: 32613829 PMCID: PMC8028052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The covalent linkage of catalytic units to aptamer sequence-specific nucleic acids exhibiting selective binding affinities for substrates leads to functional scaffolds mimicking native enzymes, nucleoapzymes. The binding of the substrates to the aptamer and their structural orientation with respect to the catalytic units duplicate the functions of the active center of enzymes. The possibility of linking the catalytic sites directly, or through spacer units, to the 5'-end, 3'-end, and middle positions of the aptamers allows the design of nucleoapzyme libraries, revealing structure-functions diversities, and these can be modeled by molecular dynamics simulations. Catalytic sites integrated into nucleoapzymes include DNAzymes, transition metal complexes, and organic ligands. Catalytic transformations driven by nucleoapzymes are exemplified by the oxidation of dopamine or l-arginine, hydroxylation of tyrosine to l-DOPA, hydrolysis of ATP, and cholic acid-modified esters. The covalent linkage of photosensitizers to the tyrosinamide aptamer leads to a photonucleoapzyme scaffold that binds the N-methyl-N'-(3-aminopropane)-4,4'-bipyridinium-functionalized tyrosinamide to the aptamer. By linking the photosensitizer directly, or through a spacer bridge to the 5'-end or 3'-end of the aptamer, we demonstrate a library of supramolecular photosensitizer/electron acceptor photonucleoapzymes mimicking the functions of photosystem I in the photosynthetic apparatus. The photonucleoapzymes catalyze the photoinduced generation of NADPH, in the presence of ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase (FNR), or the photoinduced H2 evolution catalyzed by Pt nanoparticles. The future prospects of nucleoapzymes and photonucleoapzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Vázquez-González
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva
Center of Biohybrid Complex Systems, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva
Center of Biohybrid Complex Systems, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yonatan Biniuri
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva
Center of Biohybrid Complex Systems, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Bilha Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva
Center of Biohybrid Complex Systems, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva
Center of Biohybrid Complex Systems, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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35
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Elani Y. Interfacing Living and Synthetic Cells as an Emerging Frontier in Synthetic Biology. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:5662-5671. [PMID: 38505493 PMCID: PMC10946473 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The construction of artificial cells from inanimate molecular building blocks is one of the grand challenges of our time. In addition to being used as simplified cell models to decipher the rules of life, artificial cells have the potential to be designed as micromachines deployed in a host of clinical and industrial applications. The attractions of engineering artificial cells from scratch, as opposed to re-engineering living biological cells, are varied. However, it is clear that artificial cells cannot currently match the power and behavioural sophistication of their biological counterparts. Given this, many in the synthetic biology community have started to ask: is it possible to interface biological and artificial cells together to create hybrid living/synthetic systems that leverage the advantages of both? This article will discuss the motivation behind this cellular bionics approach, in which the boundaries between living and non-living matter are blurred by bridging top-down and bottom-up synthetic biology. It details the state of play of this nascent field and introduces three generalised hybridisation modes that have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Elani
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonExhibition RoadLondonUK
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36
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Elani Y. Interfacing Living and Synthetic Cells as an Emerging Frontier in Synthetic Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5602-5611. [PMID: 32909663 PMCID: PMC7983915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The construction of artificial cells from inanimate molecular building blocks is one of the grand challenges of our time. In addition to being used as simplified cell models to decipher the rules of life, artificial cells have the potential to be designed as micromachines deployed in a host of clinical and industrial applications. The attractions of engineering artificial cells from scratch, as opposed to re-engineering living biological cells, are varied. However, it is clear that artificial cells cannot currently match the power and behavioural sophistication of their biological counterparts. Given this, many in the synthetic biology community have started to ask: is it possible to interface biological and artificial cells together to create hybrid living/synthetic systems that leverage the advantages of both? This article will discuss the motivation behind this cellular bionics approach, in which the boundaries between living and non-living matter are blurred by bridging top-down and bottom-up synthetic biology. It details the state of play of this nascent field and introduces three generalised hybridisation modes that have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Elani
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonExhibition RoadLondonUK
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37
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Giuliano CB, Cvjetan N, Ayache J, Walde P. Multivesicular Vesicles: Preparation and Applications. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Betterelli Giuliano
- Elvesys – Microfluidics Innovation Center 172 Rue de Charonne 75011 Paris France
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Nemanja Cvjetan
- ETH Zürich Department of Materials Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jessica Ayache
- Elvesys – Microfluidics Innovation Center 172 Rue de Charonne 75011 Paris France
| | - Peter Walde
- ETH Zürich Department of Materials Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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38
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Yang Q, Guo Z, Liu H, Peng R, Xu L, Bi C, He Y, Liu Q, Tan W. A Cascade Signaling Network between Artificial Cells Switching Activity of Synthetic Transmembrane Channels. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:232-240. [PMID: 33356224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication plays a vital role in biological activities; in particular, membrane-protein interactions are profoundly significant. In order to explore the underlying mechanism of intercellular signaling pathways, a full range of artificial systems have been explored. However, many of them are complicated and uncontrollable. Herein we designed an artificial signal transduction system able to control the influx of environmental ions by triggering the activation of synthetic transmembrane channels immobilized on giant membrane vesicles (GMVs). A membrane protein-like stimulator from one GMV community (GMVB) stimulates a receptor on another GMV community (GMVA) to release ssDNA messengers, resulting in the activation of synthetic transmembrane channels to enable the influx of ions. This event, in turn, triggers signal responses encapsulated in the GMVA protocell model. By mimicking natural signal transduction pathways, this novel prototype provides a workable tool for investigating cell-cell communication and expands biological signaling systems in general as well as explores useful platforms for addressing scientific problems which involve materials science, chemistry, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Yang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizi Peng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Liujun Xu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Bi
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing He
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
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39
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Tran QP, Adam ZR, Fahrenbach AC. Prebiotic Reaction Networks in Water. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E352. [PMID: 33339192 PMCID: PMC7765580 DOI: 10.3390/life10120352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A prevailing strategy in origins of life studies is to explore how chemistry constrained by hypothetical prebiotic conditions could have led to molecules and system level processes proposed to be important for life's beginnings. This strategy has yielded model prebiotic reaction networks that elucidate pathways by which relevant compounds can be generated, in some cases, autocatalytically. These prebiotic reaction networks provide a rich platform for further understanding and development of emergent "life-like" behaviours. In this review, recent advances in experimental and analytical procedures associated with classical prebiotic reaction networks, like formose and Miller-Urey, as well as more recent ones are highlighted. Instead of polymeric networks, i.e., those based on nucleic acids or peptides, the focus is on small molecules. The future of prebiotic chemistry lies in better understanding the genuine complexity that can result from reaction networks and the construction of a centralised database of reactions useful for predicting potential network evolution is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary R. Adam
- Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
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40
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Bachler S, Haidas D, Ort M, Duncombe TA, Dittrich PS. Microfluidic platform enables tailored translocation and reaction cascades in nanoliter droplet networks. Commun Biol 2020; 3:769. [PMID: 33318607 PMCID: PMC7736871 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01489-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of bottom-up synthetic biology, lipid membranes are the scaffold to create minimal cells and mimic reactions and processes at or across the membrane. In this context, we employ here a versatile microfluidic platform that enables precise positioning of nanoliter droplets with user-specified lipid compositions and in a defined pattern. Adjacent droplets make contact and form a droplet interface bilayer to simulate cellular membranes. Translocation of molecules across membranes are tailored by the addition of alpha-hemolysin to selected droplets. Moreover, we developed a protocol to analyze the translocation of non-fluorescent molecules between droplets with mass spectrometry. Our method is capable of automated formation of one- and two-dimensional droplet networks, which we demonstrated by connecting droplets containing different compound and enzyme solutions to perform translocation experiments and a multistep enzymatic cascade reaction across the droplet network. Our platform opens doors for creating complex artificial systems for bottom-up synthetic biology. Simon Bachler et al. present a new microfluidic platform to control the precise position and patterns of nanoliter droplets with various lipid materials. They show their platform enables monitoring of droplets and subsequent label-free mass spectrometry, which represents an important advance for the synthetic biology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bachler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Haidas
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marion Ort
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd A Duncombe
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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41
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Enzyme-mediated nitric oxide production in vasoactive erythrocyte membrane-enclosed coacervate protocells. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1165-1173. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Luan J, Wang D, Wilson DA. Leveraging synthetic particles for communication: from passive to active systems. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21015-21033. [PMID: 33073819 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05675h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Communication is one of the most remarkable behaviors in the living world. It is an important prerequisite for building an artificial cell which can be considered as alive. Achieving complex communicative behaviors leveraging synthetic particles will likely fill the gap between artificial vesicles and natural counterpart of cells and allow for the discovery of new therapies in medicine. In this review, we highlight recent endeavors for constructing communication with synthetic particles by revealing the principles underlying the communicative behaviors. Emergent progress using active particles to achieve communication is also discussed, which resembles the dynamic and out-of-equilibrium properties of communication in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Luan
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Danni Wang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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43
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Liu Z, Zhou W, Qi C, Kong T. Interface Engineering in Multiphase Systems toward Synthetic Cells and Organelles: From Soft Matter Fundamentals to Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002932. [PMID: 32954548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cells have a major role in gaining insight into the complex biological processes of living cells; they also give rise to a range of emerging applications from gene delivery to enzymatic nanoreactors. Living cells rely on compartmentalization to orchestrate reaction networks for specialized and coordinated functions. Principally, the compartmentalization has been an essential engineering theme in constructing cell-mimicking systems. Here, efforts to engineer liquid-liquid interfaces of multiphase systems into membrane-bounded and membraneless compartments, which include lipid vesicles, polymer vesicles, colloidosomes, hybrids, and coacervate droplets, are summarized. Examples are provided of how these compartments are designed to imitate biological behaviors or machinery, including molecule trafficking, growth, fusion, energy conversion, intercellular communication, and adaptivity. Subsequently, the state-of-art applications of these cell-inspired synthetic compartments are discussed. Apart from being simplified and cell models for bridging the gap between nonliving matter and cellular life, synthetic compartments also are utilized as intracellular delivery vehicles for nuclei acids and nanoreactors for biochemical synthesis. Finally, key challenges and future directions for achieving the full potential of synthetic cells are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Cheng Qi
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
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44
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Damiano L, Stano P. On the "Life-Likeness" of Synthetic Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:953. [PMID: 32984270 PMCID: PMC7479812 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Damiano
- Research Group on the Epistemology of the Sciences of the Artificial (RG-ESA), Department of Ancient and Modern Civilizations, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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45
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Paraja M, Hao X, Matile S. Polyether Natural Product Inspired Cascade Cyclizations: Autocatalysis on π-Acidic Aromatic Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15093-15097. [PMID: 32181559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anion-π catalysis functions by stabilizing anionic transition states on aromatic π surfaces, thus providing a new approach to molecular transformation. The delocalized nature of anion-π interactions suggests that they serve best in stabilizing long-distance charge displacements. Aiming therefore for an anionic cascade reaction that is as charismatic as the steroid cyclization is for conventional cation-π biocatalysis, reported here is the anion-π-catalyzed epoxide-opening ether cyclizations of oligomers. Only on π-acidic aromatic surfaces having a positive quadrupole moment, such as hexafluorobenzene to naphthalenediimides, do these polyether cascade cyclizations proceed with exceptionally high autocatalysis (rate enhancements kauto /kcat >104 m-1 ). This distinctive characteristic adds complexity to reaction mechanisms (Goldilocks-type substrate concentration dependence, entropy-centered substrate destabilization) and opens intriguing perspectives for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paraja
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyu Hao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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46
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Paraja M, Hao X, Matile S. Polyether Natural Product Inspired Cascade Cyclizations: Autocatalysis on π‐Acidic Aromatic Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paraja
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyu Hao
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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47
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Shao Q, Zhang S, Hu Z, Zhou Y. Multimode Self‐Oscillating Vesicle Transformers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
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Shao Q, Zhang S, Hu Z, Zhou Y. Multimode Self‐Oscillating Vesicle Transformers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17125-17129. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Yao Y, Chen Y, Zhou S, Yang X, Wang K, Liu J. Invasion and Defense Interactions between Enzyme-Active Liquid Coacervate Protocells and Living Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002073. [PMID: 32452628 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design and construction of mutual interaction models between artificial microsystems and living cells have the potential to open a wide range of novel applications in biomedical and biomimetic technologies. In this study, an artificial form of invasion-defense mutual interactions is established in a community of glucose oxidase (GOx)-containing liquid coacervate microdroplets and living cells, which interact via enzyme-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage. The enzyme-containing coacervate microdroplets, formed via liquid-liquid phase separation, act as invader protocells to electrostatically bind with the host HepG2 cell, resulting in assimilation. Subsequently, the glucose oxidation in the liquid coacervates initiates the generation of H2 O2 , which serves as an ROS resource to block cell proliferation. As a defense strategy, introduction of catalase (CAT) into the host cells is exploited to resist the ROS damage. CAT-mediated decomposition of H2 O2 leads to the ROS scavenging and results in the recovery of cell viability. The results obtained in the current study highlight the remarkable opportunities for the development of mutual interacting communities on the interface of artificial protocells/living cells. They also provide a new approach for engineering cellular behaviors through exploiting artificial nonliving microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Songyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Wang X, Tian L, Ren Y, Zhao Z, Du H, Zhang Z, Drinkwater BW, Mann S, Han X. Chemical Information Exchange in Organized Protocells and Natural Cell Assemblies with Controllable Spatial Positions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906394. [PMID: 32105404 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasound-based platform is established to prepare homogenous arrays of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) or red blood cell (RBCs), or hybrid assemblies of GUV/RBCs. Due to different responses to the modulation of the acoustic standing wave pressure field between the GUVs and RBCs, various types of protocell/natural cell hybrid assemblies are prepared with the ability to undergo reversible dynamic reconfigurations from vertical to horizontal alignments, or from 1D to 2D arrangements. A two-step enzymatic cascade reaction between transmitter glucose oxidase-containing GUVs and peroxidase-active receiver RBCs is used to implement chemical signal transduction in the different hybrid micro-arrays. Taken together, the obtained results suggest that the ultrasound-based micro-array technology can be used as an alternative platform to explore chemical communication pathways between protocells and natural cells, providing new opportunities for bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Faculty of Engineering, Queens Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Yongshuo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhongyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Marine Antifouling Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Zhizhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Marine Antifouling Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Bruce W Drinkwater
- Faculty of Engineering, Queens Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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