1
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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:488-509. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Tang C, Duran P, Calderon-Rivera A, Loya-Lopez S, Gomez K, Perez-Miller S, Khanna R. Regulating neuronal excitability: The role of S-palmitoylation in Na V1.7 activity and voltage sensitivity. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae222. [PMID: 38894876 PMCID: PMC11184981 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation, a reversible lipid post-translational modification, regulates the functions of numerous proteins. Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), pivotal in action potential generation and propagation within cardiac cells and sensory neurons, can be directly or indirectly modulated by S-palmitoylation, impacting channel trafficking and function. However, the role of S-palmitoylation in modulating NaV1.7, a significant contributor to pain pathophysiology, has remained unexplored. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by investigating if S-palmitoylation influences NaV1.7 channel function. Acyl-biotin exchange assays demonstrated that heterologously expressed NaV1.7 channels are modified by S-palmitoylation. Blocking S-palmitoylation with 2-bromopalmitate resulted in reduced NaV1.7 current density and hyperpolarized steady-state inactivation. We identified two S-palmitoylation sites within NaV1.7, both located in the second intracellular loop, which regulated different properties of the channel. Specifically, S-palmitoylation of cysteine 1126 enhanced NaV1.7 current density, while S-palmitoylation of cysteine 1152 modulated voltage-dependent inactivation. Blocking S-palmitoylation altered excitability of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Lastly, in human sensory neurons, NaV1.7 undergoes S-palmitoylation, and the attenuation of this post-translational modification results in alterations in the voltage-dependence of activation, leading to decreased neuronal excitability. Our data show, for the first time, that S-palmitoylation affects NaV1.7 channels, exerting regulatory control over their activity and, consequently, impacting rodent and human sensory neuron excitability. These findings provide a foundation for future pharmacological studies, potentially uncovering novel therapeutic avenues in the modulation of S-palmitoylation for NaV1.7 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tang
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Peptide and Small Molecule Drug R&D Platform, Furong Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Paz Duran
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Aida Calderon-Rivera
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Santiago Loya-Lopez
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kimberly Gomez
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Samantha Perez-Miller
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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3
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Gök C, Fuller W. Rise of palmitoylation: A new trick to tune NCX1 activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119719. [PMID: 38574822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The cardiac Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger (NCX1) controls transmembrane calcium flux in numerous tissues. The only reversible post-translational modification established to regulate NCX1 is palmitoylation, which alters the ability of the exchanger to inactivate. Palmitoylation creates a binding site for the endogenous XIP domain, a region of the NCX1 intracellular loop established to inactivate NCX1. The binding site created by NCX1 palmitoylation sensitizes the transporter to XIP. Herein we summarize our recent knowledge on NCX1 palmitoylation and its association with cardiac pathologies, and discuss these findings in the light of the recent cryo-EM structures of human NCX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Gök
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health (SCMH), Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health (SCMH), Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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4
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Yuan Y, Li P, Li J, Zhao Q, Chang Y, He X. Protein lipidation in health and disease: molecular basis, physiological function and pathological implication. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38485938 PMCID: PMC10940682 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications increase the complexity and functional diversity of proteins in response to complex external stimuli and internal changes. Among these, protein lipidations which refer to lipid attachment to proteins are prominent, which primarily encompassing five types including S-palmitoylation, N-myristoylation, S-prenylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and cholesterylation. Lipid attachment to proteins plays an essential role in the regulation of protein trafficking, localisation, stability, conformation, interactions and signal transduction by enhancing hydrophobicity. Accumulating evidence from genetic, structural, and biomedical studies has consistently shown that protein lipidation is pivotal in the regulation of broad physiological functions and is inextricably linked to a variety of diseases. Decades of dedicated research have driven the development of a wide range of drugs targeting protein lipidation, and several agents have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies, some of which, such as asciminib and lonafarnib are FDA-approved for therapeutic use, indicating that targeting protein lipidations represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we comprehensively review the known regulatory enzymes and catalytic mechanisms of various protein lipidation types, outline the impact of protein lipidations on physiology and disease, and highlight potential therapeutic targets and clinical research progress, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for future protein lipidation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Essandoh K, Teuber JP, Brody MJ. Regulation of cardiomyocyte intracellular trafficking and signal transduction by protein palmitoylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:41-53. [PMID: 38385554 PMCID: PMC10903464 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established functions of protein palmitoylation in fundamental cellular processes, the roles of this reversible post-translational lipid modification in cardiomyocyte biology remain poorly studied. Palmitoylation is catalyzed by a family of 23 zinc finger and Asp-His-His-Cys domain-containing S-acyltransferases (zDHHC enzymes) and removed by select thioesterases of the lysophospholipase and α/β-hydroxylase domain (ABHD)-containing families of serine hydrolases. Recently, studies utilizing genetic manipulation of zDHHC enzymes in cardiomyocytes have begun to unveil essential functions for these enzymes in regulating cardiac development, homeostasis, and pathogenesis. Palmitoylation co-ordinates cardiac electrophysiology through direct modulation of ion channels and transporters to impact their trafficking or gating properties as well as indirectly through modification of regulators of channels, transporters, and calcium handling machinery. Not surprisingly, palmitoylation has roles in orchestrating the intracellular trafficking of proteins in cardiomyocytes, but also dynamically fine-tunes cardiomyocyte exocytosis and natriuretic peptide secretion. Palmitoylation has emerged as a potent regulator of intracellular signaling in cardiomyocytes, with recent studies uncovering palmitoylation-dependent regulation of small GTPases through direct modification and sarcolemmal targeting of the small GTPases themselves or by modification of regulators of the GTPase cycle. In addition to dynamic control of G protein signaling, cytosolic DNA is sensed and transduced into an inflammatory transcriptional output through palmitoylation-dependent activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which has been targeted pharmacologically in preclinical models of heart disease. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex regulatory mechanisms governed by protein palmitoylation in cardiomyocytes and potential emerging therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - James P. Teuber
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J. Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
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Bernas T, Seo J, Wilson ZT, Tan BH, Deschenes I, Carter C, Liu J, Tseng GN. Persistent PKA activation redistributes NaV1.5 to the cell surface of adult rat ventricular myocytes. J Gen Physiol 2024; 156:e202313436. [PMID: 38226948 PMCID: PMC10791559 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
During chronic stress, persistent activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) occurs, which can contribute to protective or maladaptive changes in the heart. We sought to understand the effect of persistent PKA activation on NaV1.5 channel distribution and function in cardiomyocytes using adult rat ventricular myocytes as the main model. PKA activation with 8CPT-cAMP and okadaic acid (phosphatase inhibitor) caused an increase in Na+ current amplitude without altering the total NaV1.5 protein level, suggesting a redistribution of NaV1.5 to the myocytes' surface. Biotinylation experiments in HEK293 cells showed that inhibiting protein trafficking from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane prevented the PKA-induced increase in cell surface NaV1.5. Additionally, PKA activation induced a time-dependent increase in microtubule plus-end binding protein 1 (EB1) and clustering of EB1 at myocytes' peripheral surface and intercalated discs (ICDs). This was accompanied by a decrease in stable interfibrillar microtubules but an increase in dynamic microtubules along the myocyte surface. Imaging and coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that NaV1.5 interacted with EB1 and β-tubulin, and both interactions were enhanced by PKA activation. We propose that persistent PKA activation promotes NaV1.5 trafficking to the peripheral surface of myocytes and ICDs by providing dynamic microtubule tracks and enhanced guidance by EB1. Our proposal is consistent with an increase in the correlative distribution of NaV1.5, EB1, and β-tubulin at these subcellular domains in PKA-activated myocytes. Our study suggests that persistent PKA activation, at least during the initial phase, can protect impulse propagation in a chronically stressed heart by increasing NaV1.5 at ICDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tytus Bernas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - John Seo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zachary T. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bi-hua Tan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Isabelle Deschenes
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christiane Carter
- Massey Center Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Massey Center Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gea-Ny Tseng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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7
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Zhang B, Yu Y, Fox BW, Liu Y, Thirumalaikumar VP, Skirycz A, Lin H, Schroeder FC. Amino acid and protein specificity of protein fatty acylation in C. elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307515121. [PMID: 38252833 PMCID: PMC10835129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307515121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation plays critical roles in regulating protein function and localization. However, the chemical diversity and specificity of fatty acyl group utilization have not been investigated using untargeted approaches, and it is unclear to what extent structures and biosynthetic origins of S-acyl moieties differ from N- and O-fatty acylation. Here, we show that fatty acylation patterns in Caenorhabditis elegans differ markedly between different amino acid residues. Hydroxylamine capture revealed predominant cysteine S-acylation with 15-methylhexadecanoic acid (isoC17:0), a monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid (mmBCFA) derived from endogenous leucine catabolism. In contrast, enzymatic protein hydrolysis showed that N-terminal glycine was acylated almost exclusively with straight-chain myristic acid, whereas lysine was acylated preferentially with two different mmBCFAs and serine was acylated promiscuously with a broad range of fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid. Global profiling of fatty acylated proteins using a set of click chemistry-capable alkyne probes for branched- and straight-chain fatty acids uncovered 1,013 S-acylated proteins and 510 hydroxylamine-resistant N- or O-acylated proteins. Subsets of S-acylated proteins were labeled almost exclusively by either a branched-chain or a straight-chain probe, demonstrating acylation specificity at the protein level. Acylation specificity was confirmed for selected examples, including the S-acyltransferase DHHC-10. Last, homology searches for the identified acylated proteins revealed a high degree of conservation of acylation site patterns across metazoa. Our results show that protein fatty acylation patterns integrate distinct branches of lipid metabolism in a residue- and protein-specific manner, providing a basis for mechanistic studies at both the amino acid and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsen Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Yan Yu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Bennett W. Fox
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Yinong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | | | | | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- HHMI, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
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Congreve SD, Main A, Butler AS, Gao X, Brown E, Du C, Choisy SC, Cheng H, Hancox JC, Fuller W. Palmitoylation regulates the magnitude of HCN4-mediated currents in mammalian cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1163339. [PMID: 37123274 PMCID: PMC10133559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1163339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) and subsidiary pacemakers in the cardiac conduction system generate spontaneous electrical activity which is indispensable for electrical and therefore contractile function of the heart. The hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel HCN4 is responsible for genesis of the pacemaker "funny" current during diastolic depolarisation. S-palmitoylation, the reversible conjugation of the fatty acid palmitate to protein cysteine sulfhydryls, regulates the activity of key cardiac Na+ and Ca2+ handling proteins, influencing their membrane microdomain localisation and function. We investigated HCN4 palmitoylation and its functional consequences in engineered human embryonic kidney 293T cells as well as endogenous HCN4 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. HCN4 was palmitoylated in all experimental systems investigated. We mapped the HCN4 palmitoylation sites to a pair of cysteines in the HCN4 intracellular amino terminus. A double cysteine-to-alanine mutation CC93A/179AA of full length HCN4 caused a ∼67% reduction in palmitoylation in comparison to wild type HCN4. We used whole-cell patch clamp to evaluate HCN4 current (IHCN4) in stably transfected 293T cells. Removal of the two N-terminal palmitoylation sites did not significantly alter half maximal activation voltage of IHCN4 or the activation slope factor. IHCN4 was significantly larger in cells expressing wild type compared to non-palmitoylated HCN4 across a range of voltages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that although cysteine 93 is widely conserved across all classes of HCN4 vertebrate orthologs, conservation of cysteine 179 is restricted to placental mammals. Collectively, we provide evidence for functional regulation of HCN4 via palmitoylation of its amino terminus in vertebrates. We suggest that by recruiting the amino terminus to the bilayer, palmitoylation enhances the magnitude of HCN4-mediated currents, but does not significantly affect the kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samitha Dilini Congreve
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Main
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Butler
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xing Gao
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Brown
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chunyun Du
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanié C. Choisy
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jules C. Hancox
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Kuo CWS, Dobi S, Gök C, Da Silva Costa A, Main A, Robertson-Gray O, Baptista-Hon D, Wypijewski KJ, Costello H, Hales TG, MacQuaide N, Smith GL, Fuller W. Palmitoylation of the pore-forming subunit of Ca(v)1.2 controls channel voltage sensitivity and calcium transients in cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2207887120. [PMID: 36745790 PMCID: PMC9963536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207887120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian voltage-activated L-type Ca2+ channels, such as Ca(v)1.2, control transmembrane Ca2+ fluxes in numerous excitable tissues. Here, we report that the pore-forming α1C subunit of Ca(v)1.2 is reversibly palmitoylated in rat, rabbit, and human ventricular myocytes. We map the palmitoylation sites to two regions of the channel: The N terminus and the linker between domains I and II. Whole-cell voltage clamping revealed a rightward shift of the Ca(v)1.2 current-voltage relationship when α1C was not palmitoylated. To examine function, we expressed dihydropyridine-resistant α1C in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and measured Ca2+ transients in the presence of nifedipine to block the endogenous channels. The transients generated by unpalmitoylatable channels displayed a similar activation time course but significantly reduced amplitude compared to those generated by wild-type channels. We thus conclude that palmitoylation controls the voltage sensitivity of Ca(v)1.2. Given that the identified Ca(v)1.2 palmitoylation sites are also conserved in most Ca(v)1 isoforms, we propose that palmitoylation of the pore-forming α1C subunit provides a means to regulate the voltage sensitivity of voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in excitable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wen S. Kuo
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sara Dobi
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Caglar Gök
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ana Da Silva Costa
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alice Main
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Olivia Robertson-Gray
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel Baptista-Hon
- Division of Systems Medicine, Institute of Academic Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Center for Biomedicine and Innovations, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, 999078China
| | | | - Hannah Costello
- Division of Systems Medicine, Institute of Academic Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Tim G. Hales
- Division of Systems Medicine, Institute of Academic Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Niall MacQuaide
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Godfrey L. Smith
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - William Fuller
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
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10
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Shang S, Liu J, Hua F. Protein acylation: mechanisms, biological functions and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:396. [PMID: 36577755 PMCID: PMC9797573 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is involved in the pathogenesis of not only cancers but also neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. With the progress of metabonomics and proteomics, metabolites have been found to affect protein acylations through providing acyl groups or changing the activities of acyltransferases or deacylases. Reciprocally, protein acylation is involved in key cellular processes relevant to physiology and diseases, such as protein stability, protein subcellular localization, enzyme activity, transcriptional activity, protein-protein interactions and protein-DNA interactions. Herein, we summarize the functional diversity and mechanisms of eight kinds of nonhistone protein acylations in the physiological processes and progression of several diseases. We also highlight the recent progress in the development of inhibitors for acyltransferase, deacylase, and acylation reader proteins for their potential applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
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11
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Titin-truncating variants in hiPSC cardiomyocytes induce pathogenic proteinopathy and sarcomere defects with preserved core contractile machinery. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 18:220-236. [PMID: 36525964 PMCID: PMC9860080 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Titin-truncating variants (TTNtv) are the single largest genetic cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this study we modeled disease phenotypes of A-band TTNtv-induced DCM in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) using genome editing and tissue engineering technologies. Transcriptomic, cellular, and micro-tissue studies revealed that A-band TTNtv hiPSC-CMs exhibit pathogenic proteinopathy, sarcomere defects, aberrant Na+ channel activities, and contractile dysfunction. These phenotypes establish a dual mechanism of poison peptide effect and haploinsufficiency that collectively contribute to DCM pathogenesis. However, TTNtv cellular defects did not interfere with the function of the core contractile machinery, the actin-myosin-troponin-Ca2+ complex, and preserved the therapeutic mechanism of sarcomere modulators. Treatment of TTNtv cardiac micro-tissues with investigational sarcomere modulators augmented contractility and resulted in sustained transcriptomic changes that promote reversal of DCM disease signatures. Together, our findings elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of A-band TTNtv-induced DCM and demonstrate the validity of sarcomere modulators as potential therapeutics.
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12
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Chalhoub G, McCormick PJ. Palmitoylation and G-protein coupled receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:195-211. [PMID: 36357078 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
More and more it is being appreciated that not all GPCRs are the same, sub-populations of GPCRs exist within a cell and function differently than others. The question is, how does one regulate a given sub-population? One way is through the addition of post-translational modifications to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). This process has long been known to occur and play a role in trafficking, pharmacology and ultimately function. This chapter will focus on one particular modification, that of S-palmitoylation, and its impact on GPCR function. We will discuss the history of this modification on these receptors and the connection with disease. We will highlight several examples from the literature of where palmitoylation impacts GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Chalhoub
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Palmitoylation of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169357. [PMID: 36012639 PMCID: PMC9409123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation is one of the most common forms of posttranslational modification. This alteration couples different lipids, such as fatty acids, phospho- and glycolipids and sterols, to cellular proteins. Lipidation regulates different aspects of the protein’s physiology, including structure, stability and affinity for cellular membranes and protein–protein interactions. In this scenario, palmitoylation is the addition of long saturated fatty acid chains to amino acid residues of the proteins. The enzymes responsible for this modification are acyltransferases and thioesterases, which control the protein’s behavior by performing a series of acylation and deacylation cycles. These enzymes target a broad repertoire of substrates, including ion channels. Thus, protein palmitoylation exhibits a pleiotropic role by differential modulation of the trafficking, spatial organization and electrophysiological properties of ion channels. Considering voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), dysregulation of lipidation of both the channels and the associated ancillary subunits correlates with the development of various diseases, such as cancer or mental disorders. Therefore, a major role for protein palmitoylation is currently emerging, affecting not only the dynamism and differential regulation of a moiety of cellular proteins but also linking to human health. Therefore, palmitoylation of VGIC, as well as related enzymes, constitutes a novel pharmacological tool for drug development to target related pathologies.
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14
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Gao X, Kuo CW, Main A, Brown E, Rios FJ, Camargo LDL, Mary S, Wypijewski K, Gök C, Touyz RM, Fuller W. Palmitoylation regulates cellular distribution of and transmembrane Ca flux through TrpM7. Cell Calcium 2022; 106:102639. [PMID: 36027648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bifunctional cation channel/kinase TrpM7 is ubiquitously expressed and regulates embryonic development and pathogenesis of several common diseases. The TrpM7 integral membrane ion channel domain regulates transmembrane movement of divalent cations, and its kinase domain controls gene expression via histone phosphorylation. Mechanisms regulating TrpM7 are elusive. It exists in two populations in the cell: at the cell surface where it controls divalent cation fluxes, and in intracellular vesicles where it controls zinc uptake and release. Here we report that TrpM7 is palmitoylated at a cluster of cysteines at the C terminal end of its Trp domain. Palmitoylation controls the exit of TrpM7 from the endoplasmic reticulum and the distribution of TrpM7 between cell surface and intracellular pools. Using the Retention Using Selective Hooks (RUSH) system, we demonstrate that palmitoylated TrpM7 traffics from the Golgi to the surface membrane whereas non-palmitoylated TrpM7 is sequestered in intracellular vesicles. We identify the Golgi-resident enzyme zDHHC17 and surface membrane-resident enzyme zDHHC5 as responsible for palmitoylating TrpM7 and find that TrpM7-mediated transmembrane calcium uptake is significantly reduced when TrpM7 is not palmitoylated. The closely related channel/kinase TrpM6 is also palmitoylated on the C terminal side of its Trp domain. Our findings demonstrate that palmitoylation controls ion channel activity of TrpM7 and that TrpM7 trafficking is dependant on its palmitoylation. We define a new mechanism for post translational modification and regulation of TrpM7 and other Trps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chien-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Main
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Brown
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Livia De Lucca Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sheon Mary
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Wypijewski
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Caglar Gök
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
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15
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Ge X, He Z, Cao C, Xue T, Jing J, Ma R, Zhao W, Liu L, Jueraitetibaike K, Ma J, Feng Y, Qian Z, Zou Z, Chen L, Fu C, Song N, Yao B. Protein palmitoylation-mediated palmitic acid sensing causes blood-testis barrier damage via inducing ER stress. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102380. [PMID: 35803125 PMCID: PMC9287734 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-testis barrier (BTB) damage promotes spermatogenesis dysfunction, which is a critical cause of male infertility. Dyslipidemia has been correlated with male infertility, but the major hazardous lipid and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we firstly discovered an elevation of palmitic acid (PA) and a decrease of inhibin B in patients with severe dyszoospermia, which leaded us to explore the effects of PA on Sertoli cells. We observed a damage of BTB by PA. PA penetration to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its damage to ER structures were exhibited by microimaging and dynamic observation, and consequent ER stress was proved to mediate PA-induced Sertoli cell barrier disruption. Remarkably, we demonstrated a critical role of aberrant protein palmitoylation in PA-induced Sertoli cell barrier dysfunction. An ER protein, Calnexin, was screened out and was demonstrated to participate in this process, and suppression of its palmitoylation showed an ameliorating effect. We also found that ω-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids down-regulated Calnexin palmitoylation, and alleviated BTB dysfunction. Our results indicate that dysregulated palmitoylation induced by PA plays a pivotal role in BTB disruption and subsequent spermatogenesis dysfunction, suggesting that protein palmitoylation might be therapeutically targetable in male infertility. An elevation of circulating PA was identified in patients with severe dyszoospermia. PA-induced over-palmitoylation in Sertoli cells leads to ER stress and BTB damage. The palmitoylation of the ER protein Calnexin regulates Sertoli cell barrier function. ω-3 PUFAs ameliorate PA-induced damage and over-palmitoylation in Sertoli cells.
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16
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Chakouri N, Rivas S, Roybal D, Yang L, Diaz J, Hsu A, Mahling R, Chen BX, Owoyemi JO, DiSilvestre D, Sirabella D, Corneo B, Tomaselli GF, Dick IE, Marx SO, Ben-Johny M. Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors serve as a molecular rheostat in tuning arrhythmogenic cardiac late sodium current. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:1-13. [PMID: 35662881 PMCID: PMC9161660 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (Nav1.5) channels support the genesis and brisk spatial propagation of action potentials in the heart. Disruption of NaV1.5 inactivation results in a small persistent Na influx known as late Na current (I Na,L), which has emerged as a common pathogenic mechanism in both congenital and acquired cardiac arrhythmogenic syndromes. Here, using low-noise multi-channel recordings in heterologous systems, LQTS3 patient-derived iPSCs cardiomyocytes, and mouse ventricular myocytes, we demonstrate that the intracellular fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHF1-4) tune pathogenic I Na,L in an isoform-specific manner. This scheme suggests a complex orchestration of I Na,L in cardiomyocytes that may contribute to variable disease expressivity of NaV1.5 channelopathies. We further leverage these observations to engineer a peptide-inhibitor of I Na,L with a higher efficacy as compared to a well-established small-molecule inhibitor. Overall, these findings lend insights into molecular mechanisms underlying FHF regulation of I Na,L in pathophysiology and outline potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourdine Chakouri
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharen Rivas
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Roybal
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johanna Diaz
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allen Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Mahling
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bi-Xing Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Deborah DiSilvestre
- Department Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dario Sirabella
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Stem Cell Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Corneo
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Stem Cell Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Gordon F. Tomaselli
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ivy E. Dick
- Department Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven O. Marx
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manu Ben-Johny
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Daimi H, Lozano-Velasco E, Aranega A, Franco D. Genomic and Non-Genomic Regulatory Mechanisms of the Cardiac Sodium Channel in Cardiac Arrhythmias. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1381. [PMID: 35163304 PMCID: PMC8835759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nav1.5 is the predominant cardiac sodium channel subtype, encoded by the SCN5A gene, which is involved in the initiation and conduction of action potentials throughout the heart. Along its biosynthesis process, Nav1.5 undergoes strict genomic and non-genomic regulatory and quality control steps that allow only newly synthesized channels to reach their final membrane destination and carry out their electrophysiological role. These regulatory pathways are ensured by distinct interacting proteins that accompany the nascent Nav1.5 protein along with different subcellular organelles. Defects on a large number of these pathways have a tremendous impact on Nav1.5 functionality and are thus intimately linked to cardiac arrhythmias. In the present review, we provide current state-of-the-art information on the molecular events that regulate SCN5A/Nav1.5 and the cardiac channelopathies associated with defects in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Daimi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Av. del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Av. del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Av. del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
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18
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Grabowski K, Herlan L, Witten A, Qadri F, Eisenreich A, Lindner D, Schädlich M, Schulz A, Subrova J, Mhatre KN, Primessnig U, Plehm R, van Linthout S, Escher F, Bader M, Stoll M, Westermann D, Heinzel FR, Kreutz R. Cpxm2 as a novel candidate for cardiac hypertrophy and failure in hypertension. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:292-307. [PMID: 34916661 PMCID: PMC8766285 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of hypertension-mediated cardiac damage with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure remains challenging. To identify novel targets, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis between genetic models derived from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Here, we identified carboxypeptidase X 2 (Cpxm2) as a genetic locus affecting LV mass. Analysis of isolated rat cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts indicated Cpxm2 expression and intrinsic upregulation in genetic hypertension. Immunostaining indicated that CPXM2 associates with the t-tubule network of cardiomyocytes. The functional role of Cpxm2 was further investigated in Cpxm2-deficient (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice exposed to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA). WT and KO animals developed severe and similar systolic hypertension in response to DOCA. WT mice developed severe LV damage, including increases in LV masses and diameters, impairment of LV systolic and diastolic function and reduced ejection fraction. These changes were significantly ameliorated or even normalized (i.e., ejection fraction) in KO-DOCA animals. LV transcriptome analysis showed a molecular cardiac hypertrophy/remodeling signature in WT but not KO mice with significant upregulation of 1234 transcripts, including Cpxm2, in response to DOCA. Analysis of endomyocardial biopsies from patients with cardiac hypertrophy indicated significant upregulation of CPXM2 expression. These data support further translational investigation of CPXM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Grabowski
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Herlan
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Witten
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Fatimunnisa Qadri
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Eisenreich
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Lindner
- grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Clinic for Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schädlich
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Subrova
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ketaki Nitin Mhatre
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Primessnig
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10178 Berlin, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Plehm
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie van Linthout
- grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT—Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicitas Escher
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10178 Berlin, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.486773.9Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany ,grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monika Stoll
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Westermann
- grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Clinic for Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank R. Heinzel
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10178 Berlin, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 10178, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Laudette M, Sainte-Marie Y, Cousin G, Bergonnier D, Belhabib I, Brun S, Formoso K, Laib L, Tortosa F, Bergoglio C, Marcheix B, Borén J, Lairez O, Fauconnier J, Lucas A, Mialet-Perez J, Moro C, Lezoualc'h F. Cyclic AMP-binding protein Epac1 acts as a metabolic sensor to promote cardiomyocyte lipotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:824. [PMID: 34471096 PMCID: PMC8410846 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a master regulator of mitochondrial metabolism but its precise mechanism of action yet remains unclear. Here, we found that a dietary saturated fatty acid (FA), palmitate increased intracellular cAMP synthesis through the palmitoylation of soluble adenylyl cyclase in cardiomyocytes. cAMP further induced exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP 1 (Epac1) activation, which was upregulated in the myocardium of obese patients. Epac1 enhanced the activity of a key enzyme regulating mitochondrial FA uptake, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. Consistently, pharmacological or genetic Epac1 inhibition prevented lipid overload, increased FA oxidation (FAO), and protected against mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. In addition, analysis of Epac1 phosphoproteome led us to identify two key mitochondrial enzymes of the the β-oxidation cycle as targets of Epac1, the long-chain FA acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL) and the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (3-KAT). Epac1 formed molecular complexes with the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which phosphorylated ACADL and 3-KAT at specific amino acid residues to decrease lipid oxidation. The Epac1-CaMKII axis also interacted with the α subunit of ATP synthase, thereby further impairing mitochondrial energetics. Altogether, these findings indicate that Epac1 disrupts the balance between mitochondrial FA uptake and oxidation leading to lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately cardiomyocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Laudette
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yannis Sainte-Marie
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Grégoire Cousin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Dorian Bergonnier
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Ismahane Belhabib
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Brun
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Karina Formoso
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Loubna Laib
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Tortosa
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Bergoglio
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Marcheix
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olivier Lairez
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémy Fauconnier
- PHYMEDEXP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Lucas
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Moro
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France.
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20
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Regulation and drug modulation of a voltage-gated sodium channel: Pivotal role of the S4-S5 linker in activation and slow inactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102285118. [PMID: 34260401 PMCID: PMC8285963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102285118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels initiate electric signals in cell communications. The S4–S5 linker between the voltage-sensing and pore modules transmits depolarization signals to trigger channel activation. The mechanisms of this action, however, remain elusive. By combining biophysical and computational approaches, we identify a critical residue, T140, in the S4–S5 linker of the bacterial sodium channel NaChBac, which plays a pivotal role in channel activation and drug modulation of slow inactivation. Specifically, we discovered conformation-dependent drug binding at this site and unveiled a toggling mode of action by T140, which switches interaction partners with different S6 residues to regulate channel activation and slow inactivation. These observations suggest the possibility of conformation-specific drugs targeting the gating machinery of voltage-gated ion channels. Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels control excitable cell functions. While structural investigations have revealed conformation details of different functional states, the mechanisms of both activation and slow inactivation remain unclear. Here, we identify residue T140 in the S4–S5 linker of the bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel NaChBac as critical for channel activation and drug effects on inactivation. Mutations at T140 either attenuate activation or render the channel nonfunctional. Propofol, a clinical anesthetic known to inhibit NaChBac by promoting slow inactivation, binds to a pocket between the S4–S5 linker and S6 helix in a conformation-dependent manner. Using 19F-NMR to quantify site-specific binding by saturation transfer differences (STDs), we found strong STDs in inactivated, but not activated, NaChBac. Molecular dynamics simulations show a highly dynamic pocket in the activated conformation, limiting STD buildup. In contrast, drug binding to this pocket promotes and stabilizes the inactivated states. Our results provide direct experimental evidence showing distinctly different associations between the S4–S5 linker and S6 helix in activated and inactivated states. Specifically, an exchange occurs between interaction partners T140 and N234 of the same subunit in activation, and T140 and N225 of the domain-swapped subunit in slow inactivation. The drug action on slow inactivation of prokaryotic NaV channels seems to have a mechanism similar to the recently proposed “door-wedge” action of the isoleucine-phenylalanine-methionine (IFM) motif on the fast inactivation of eukaryotic NaV channels. Elucidating this gating mechanism points to a possible direction for conformation-dependent drug development.
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21
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Gök C, Plain F, Robertson AD, Howie J, Baillie GS, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Dynamic Palmitoylation of the Sodium-Calcium Exchanger Modulates Its Structure, Affinity for Lipid-Ordered Domains, and Inhibition by XIP. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107697. [PMID: 32521252 PMCID: PMC7296346 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchanger 1 (NCX1) regulates cytoplasmic Ca levels by facilitating electrogenic exchange of Ca for Na. Palmitoylation, the only reversible post-translational modification known to modulate NCX1 activity, controls NCX1 inactivation. Here, we show that palmitoylation of NCX1 modifies the structural arrangement of the NCX1 dimer and controls its affinity for lipid-ordered membrane domains. NCX1 palmitoylation occurs dynamically at the cell surface under the control of the enzymes zDHHC5 and APT1. We identify the position of the endogenous exchange inhibitory peptide (XIP) binding site within the NCX1 regulatory intracellular loop and demonstrate that palmitoylation controls the ability of XIP to bind this site. We also show that changes in NCX1 palmitoylation change cytosolic Ca. Our results thus demonstrate the broad molecular consequences of NCX1 palmitoylation and highlight a means to manipulate the inactivation of this ubiquitous ion transporter that could ameliorate pathologies linked to Ca overload via NCX1. NCX1 is dynamically palmitoylated at the cell surface by zDHHC5 and APT1 Palmitoylation modifies the NCX1 dimer’s structure and affinity for lipid rafts We identify the binding site of the endogenous XIP domain in NCX1’s regulatory loop Palmitoylation modifies NCX1 XIP affinity and hence regulates intracellular Ca
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Gök
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fiona Plain
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Alan D Robertson
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jacqueline Howie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Niall J Fraser
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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22
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Chen JJ, Fan Y, Boehning D. Regulation of Dynamic Protein S-Acylation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:656440. [PMID: 33981723 PMCID: PMC8107437 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is the reversible addition of fatty acids to the cysteine residues of target proteins. It regulates multiple aspects of protein function, including the localization to membranes, intracellular trafficking, protein interactions, protein stability, and protein conformation. This process is regulated by palmitoyl acyltransferases that have the conserved amino acid sequence DHHC at their active site. Although they have conserved catalytic cores, DHHC enzymes vary in their protein substrate selection, lipid substrate preference, and regulatory mechanisms. Alterations in DHHC enzyme function are associated with many human diseases, including cancers and neurological conditions. The removal of fatty acids from acylated cysteine residues is catalyzed by acyl protein thioesterases. Notably, S-acylation is now known to be a highly dynamic process, and plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in various cell types. In this review, we will explore the recent findings on protein S-acylation, the enzymatic regulation of this process, and discuss examples of dynamic S-acylation.
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23
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Suazo KF, Park KY, Distefano MD. A Not-So-Ancient Grease History: Click Chemistry and Protein Lipid Modifications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7178-7248. [PMID: 33821625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification involves the attachment of hydrophobic groups to proteins via ester, thioester, amide, or thioether linkages. In this review, the specific click chemical reactions that have been employed to study protein lipid modification and their use for specific labeling applications are first described. This is followed by an introduction to the different types of protein lipid modifications that occur in biology. Next, the roles of click chemistry in elucidating specific biological features including the identification of lipid-modified proteins, studies of their regulation, and their role in diseases are presented. A description of the use of protein-lipid modifying enzymes for specific labeling applications including protein immobilization, fluorescent labeling, nanostructure assembly, and the construction of protein-drug conjugates is presented next. Concluding remarks and future directions are presented in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiall F Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keun-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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24
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Del Rivero Morfin PJ, Ben-Johny M. Cutting out the fat: Site-specific deacylation of an ion channel. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:16497-16498. [PMID: 33277403 PMCID: PMC7864051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.h120.016490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Acylation, a reversible post-translational lipid modification of proteins, controls the properties and function of various proteins, including ion channels. Large conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channels are S-acylated at two sites that impart distinct functional effects. Whereas the enzymes that attach lipid groups are known, the enzymes mediating lipid removal (i.e. deacylation) are largely unknown. Here, McClafferty et al. identify two enzymes, ABHD17a and ABHD17c, that excise BK channel lipid groups with remarkable precision. These findings lend insights into mechanisms that orchestrate the (de)acylation that fine-tunes ion channel function in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manu Ben-Johny
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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25
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Main A, Fuller W. Protein S-Palmitoylation: advances and challenges in studying a therapeutically important lipid modification. FEBS J 2021; 289:861-882. [PMID: 33624421 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lipid post-translational modification S-palmitoylation is a vast developing field, with the modification itself and the enzymes that catalyse the reversible reaction implicated in a number of diseases. In this review, we discuss the past and recent advances in the experimental tools used in this field, including pharmacological tools, animal models and techniques to understand how palmitoylation controls protein localisation and function. Additionally, we discuss the obstacles to overcome in order to advance the field, particularly to the point at which modulating palmitoylation may be achieved as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Main
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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26
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Miles MR, Seo J, Jiang M, Wilson ZT, Little J, Hao J, Andrade J, Ueberheide B, Tseng GN. Global identification of S-palmitoylated proteins and detection of palmitoylating (DHHC) enzymes in heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 155:1-9. [PMID: 33636221 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput experiments suggest that almost 20% of human proteins may be S-palmitoylatable, a post-translational modification (PTM) whereby fatty acyl chains, most commonly palmitoyl chain, are linked to cysteine thiol groups that impact on protein trafficking, distribution and function. In human, protein S-palmitoylation is mediated by a group of 23 palmitoylating 'Asp-His-His-Cys' domain-containing (DHHC) enzymes. There is no information on the scope of protein S-palmitoylation, or the pattern of DHHC enzyme expression, in the heart. We used resin-assisted capture to pull down S-palmitoylated proteins from human, dog, and rat hearts, followed by proteomic search to identify proteins in the pulldowns. We identified 454 proteins present in at least 2 species-specific pulldowns. These proteins are operationally called 'cardiac palmitoylome'. Enrichment analysis based on Gene Ontology terms 'cellular component' indicated that cardiac palmitoylome is involved in cell-cell and cell-substrate junctions, plasma membrane microdomain organization, vesicular trafficking, and mitochondrial enzyme organization. Importantly, cardiac palmitoylome is uniquely enriched in proteins participating in the organization and function of t-tubules, costameres and intercalated discs, three microdomains critical for excitation-contraction coupling and intercellular communication of cardiomyocytes. We validated antibodies targeting DHHC enzymes, and detected eleven of them expressed in hearts across species. In conclusion, we provide resources useful for investigators interested in studying protein S-palmitoylation and its regulation by DHHC enzymes in the heart. We also discuss challenges in these efforts, and suggest methods and tools that should be developed to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R Miles
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - John Seo
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Zachary T Wilson
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Janay Little
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jon Hao
- Poochon Scientific, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Joshua Andrade
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advance Research Technology, New York University, School School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advance Research Technology, New York University, School School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gea-Ny Tseng
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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27
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Lorenzini M, Burel S, Lesage A, Wagner E, Charrière C, Chevillard PM, Evrard B, Maloney D, Ruff KM, Pappu RV, Wagner S, Nerbonne JM, Silva JR, Townsend RR, Maier LS, Marionneau C. Proteomic and functional mapping of cardiac NaV1.5 channel phosphorylation sites. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:211660. [PMID: 33410863 PMCID: PMC7797897 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channel NaV1.5 regulates cardiac excitability, yet the phosphorylation sites regulating its function and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Using a systematic, quantitative phosphoproteomic approach, we analyzed NaV1.5 channel complexes purified from nonfailing and failing mouse left ventricles, and we identified 42 phosphorylation sites on NaV1.5. Most sites are clustered, and three of these clusters are highly phosphorylated. Analyses of phosphosilent and phosphomimetic NaV1.5 mutants revealed the roles of three phosphosites in regulating NaV1.5 channel expression and gating. The phosphorylated serines S664 and S667 regulate the voltage dependence of channel activation in a cumulative manner, whereas the nearby S671, the phosphorylation of which is increased in failing hearts, regulates cell surface NaV1.5 expression and peak Na+ current. No additional roles could be assigned to the other clusters of phosphosites. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ventricular NaV1.5 is highly phosphorylated and that the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of NaV1.5 channels is highly complex, site specific, and dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lorenzini
- Université de Nantes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, l'Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Burel
- Université de Nantes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, l'Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Adrien Lesage
- Université de Nantes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, l'Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Emily Wagner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Camille Charrière
- Université de Nantes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, l'Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Chevillard
- Université de Nantes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, l'Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Bérangère Evrard
- Université de Nantes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, l'Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Dan Maloney
- Bioinformatics Solutions Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiersten M Ruff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Heart Center, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jonathan R Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - R Reid Townsend
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lars S Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Heart Center, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Céline Marionneau
- Université de Nantes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, l'Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
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28
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Gök C, Fuller W. Topical review: Shedding light on molecular and cellular consequences of NCX1 palmitoylation. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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29
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Sanders SS, Hernandez LM, Soh H, Karnam S, Walikonis RS, Tzingounis AV, Thomas GM. The palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC14 controls Kv1-family potassium channel clustering at the axon initial segment. eLife 2020; 9:56058. [PMID: 33185190 PMCID: PMC7685708 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) ZDHHC14 is highly expressed in the hippocampus and is the only PAT predicted to bind Type-I PDZ domain-containing proteins. However, ZDHHC14’s neuronal roles are unknown. Here, we identify the PDZ domain-containing Membrane-associated Guanylate Kinase (MaGUK) PSD93 as a direct ZDHHC14 interactor and substrate. PSD93, but not other MaGUKs, localizes to the axon initial segment (AIS). Using lentiviral-mediated shRNA knockdown in rat hippocampal neurons, we find that ZDHHC14 controls palmitoylation and AIS clustering of PSD93 and also of Kv1 potassium channels, which directly bind PSD93. Neurodevelopmental expression of ZDHHC14 mirrors that of PSD93 and Kv1 channels and, consistent with ZDHHC14’s importance for Kv1 channel clustering, loss of ZDHHC14 decreases outward currents and increases action potential firing in hippocampal neurons. To our knowledge, these findings identify the first neuronal roles and substrates for ZDHHC14 and reveal a previously unappreciated role for palmitoylation in control of neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Sanders
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Luiselys M Hernandez
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Heun Soh
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Santi Karnam
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Randall S Walikonis
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | | | - Gareth M Thomas
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
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30
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Snyder J, Zhai R, Lackey AI, Sato PY. Changes in Myocardial Metabolism Preceding Sudden Cardiac Death. Front Physiol 2020; 11:640. [PMID: 32612538 PMCID: PMC7308560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is widely recognized as a major cause of death worldwide and is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Centuries of research have focused on defining mechanistic alterations that drive cardiac pathogenesis, yet sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a common unpredictable event that claims lives in every age group. The heart supplies blood to all tissues while maintaining a constant electrical and hormonal feedback communication with other parts of the body. As such, recent research has focused on understanding how myocardial electrical and structural properties are altered by cardiac metabolism and the various signaling pathways associated with it. The importance of cardiac metabolism in maintaining myocardial function, or lack thereof, is exemplified by shifts in cardiac substrate preference during normal development and various pathological conditions. For instance, a shift from fatty acid (FA) oxidation to oxygen-sparing glycolytic energy production has been reported in many types of cardiac pathologies. Compounded by an uncoupling of glycolysis and glucose oxidation this leads to accumulation of undesirable levels of intermediate metabolites. The resulting accumulation of intermediary metabolites impacts cardiac mitochondrial function and dysregulates metabolic pathways through several mechanisms, which will be reviewed here. Importantly, reversal of metabolic maladaptation has been shown to elicit positive therapeutic effects, limiting cardiac remodeling and at least partially restoring contractile efficiency. Therein, the underlying metabolic adaptations in an array of pathological conditions as well as recently discovered downstream effects of various substrate utilization provide guidance for future therapeutic targeting. Here, we will review recent data on alterations in substrate utilization in the healthy and diseased heart, metabolic pathways governing cardiac pathogenesis, mitochondrial function in the diseased myocardium, and potential metabolism-based therapeutic interventions in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - R Zhai
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - A I Lackey
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - P Y Sato
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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31
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Palmitoylation of the K ATP channel Kir6.2 subunit promotes channel opening by regulating PIP 2 sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10593-10602. [PMID: 32332165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918088117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A physiological role for long-chain acyl-CoA esters to activate ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels is well established. Circulating palmitate is transported into cells and converted to palmitoyl-CoA, which is a substrate for palmitoylation. We found that palmitoyl-CoA, but not palmitic acid, activated the channel when applied acutely. We have altered the palmitoylation state by preincubating cells with micromolar concentrations of palmitic acid or by inhibiting protein thioesterases. With acyl-biotin exchange assays we found that Kir6.2, but not sulfonylurea receptor (SUR)1 or SUR2, was palmitoylated. These interventions increased the KATP channel mean patch current, increased the open time, and decreased the apparent sensitivity to ATP without affecting surface expression. Similar data were obtained in transfected cells, rat insulin-secreting INS-1 cells, and isolated cardiac myocytes. Kir6.2ΔC36, expressed without SUR, was also positively regulated by palmitoylation. Mutagenesis of Kir6.2 Cys166 prevented these effects. Clinical variants in KCNJ11 that affect Cys166 had a similar gain-of-function phenotype, but was more pronounced. Molecular modeling studies suggested that palmitoyl-C166 and selected large hydrophobic mutations make direct hydrophobic contact with Kir6.2-bound PIP2 Patch-clamp studies confirmed that palmitoylation of Kir6.2 at Cys166 enhanced the PIP2 sensitivity of the channel. Physiological relevance is suggested since palmitoylation blunted the regulation of KATP channels by α1-adrenoreceptor stimulation. The Cys166 residue is conserved in some other Kir family members (Kir6.1 and Kir3, but not Kir2), which are also subject to regulated palmitoylation, suggesting a general mechanism to control the open state of certain Kir channels.
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32
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Knottnerus SJG, Mengarelli I, Wüst RCI, Baartscheer A, Bleeker JC, Coronel R, Ferdinandusse S, Guan K, IJlst L, Li W, Luo X, Portero VM, Ulbricht Y, Visser G, Wanders RJA, Wijburg FA, Verkerk AO, Houtkooper RH, Bezzina CR. Electrophysiological Abnormalities in VLCAD Deficient hiPSC-Cardiomyocytes Can Be Improved by Lowering Accumulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation Intermediates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072589. [PMID: 32276429 PMCID: PMC7177397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) can present with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. The pathophysiological mechanism is unknown. We reprogrammed fibroblasts from one mildly and one severely affected VLCADD patient, into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and differentiated these into cardiomyocytes (VLCADD-CMs). VLCADD-CMs displayed shorter action potentials (APs), more delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) and higher systolic and diastolic intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) than control CMs. The mitochondrial booster resveratrol mitigated the biochemical, electrophysiological and [Ca2+]i changes in the mild but not in the severe VLCADD-CMs. Accumulation of potentially toxic intermediates of fatty acid oxidation was blocked by substrate reduction with etomoxir. Incubation with etomoxir led to marked prolongation of AP duration and reduced DADs and [Ca2+]i in both VLCADD-CMs. These results provide compelling evidence that reduced accumulation of fatty acid oxidation intermediates, either by enhanced fatty acid oxidation flux through increased mitochondria biogenesis (resveratrol) or by inhibition of fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (etomoxir), rescues pro-arrhythmia defects in VLCADD-CMs and open doors for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan J. G. Knottnerus
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Mengarelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
| | - Rob C. I. Wüst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
| | - Antonius Baartscheer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
| | - Jeannette C. Bleeker
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.G.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.U.)
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
| | - Wener Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.G.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.U.)
| | - Xiaojing Luo
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.G.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.U.)
| | - Vincent M. Portero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
| | - Ying Ulbricht
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.G.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.U.)
| | - Gepke Visser
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
| | - Frits A. Wijburg
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Arie O. Verkerk
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H. Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.H.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Connie R. Bezzina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.H.); (C.R.B.)
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Pan Y, Xiao Y, Pei Z, Cummins TR. S-Palmitoylation of the sodium channel Nav1.6 regulates its activity and neuronal excitability. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6151-6164. [PMID: 32161114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that dynamically regulates protein functions. Voltage-gated sodium channels are subjected to S-palmitoylation and exhibit altered functions in different S-palmitoylation states. Our aim was to investigate whether and how S-palmitoylation regulates Nav1.6 channel function and to identify S-palmitoylation sites that can potentially be pharmacologically targeted. Acyl-biotin exchange assay showed that Nav1.6 is modified by S-palmitoylation in the mouse brain and in a Nav1.6 stable HEK 293 cell line. Using whole-cell voltage clamp, we discovered that enhancing S-palmitoylation with palmitic acid increases Nav1.6 current, whereas blocking S-palmitoylation with 2-bromopalmitate reduces Nav1.6 current and shifts the steady-state inactivation in the hyperpolarizing direction. Three S-palmitoylation sites (Cys1169, Cys1170, and Cys1978) were identified. These sites differentially modulate distinct Nav1.6 properties. Interestingly, Cys1978 is exclusive to Nav1.6 among all Nav isoforms and is evolutionally conserved in Nav1.6 among most species. Cys1978 S-palmitoylation regulates current amplitude uniquely in Nav1.6. Furthermore, we showed that eliminating S-palmitoylation at specific sites alters Nav1.6-mediated excitability in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Therefore, our study reveals S-palmitoylation as a potential isoform-specific mechanism to modulate Nav activity and neuronal excitability in physiological and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Pan
- Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Yucheng Xiao
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Zifan Pei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
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34
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Essandoh K, Philippe JM, Jenkins PM, Brody MJ. Palmitoylation: A Fatty Regulator of Myocardial Electrophysiology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:108. [PMID: 32140110 PMCID: PMC7042378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cardiac physiology is well known to occur through the action of kinases that reversibly phosphorylate ion channels, calcium handling machinery, and signaling effectors. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that palmitoylation or S-acylation, the post-translational modification of cysteines with saturated fatty acids, plays instrumental roles in regulating the localization, activity, stability, sorting, and function of numerous proteins, including proteins known to have essential functions in cardiomyocytes. However, the impact of this modification on cardiac physiology requires further investigation. S-acylation is catalyzed by the zDHHC family of S-acyl transferases that localize to intracellular organelle membranes or the sarcolemma. Recent work has begun to uncover functions of S-acylation in the heart, particularly in the regulation of cardiac electrophysiology, including modification of the sodium-calcium exchanger, phospholemman and the cardiac sodium pump, as well as the voltage-gated sodium channel. Elucidating the regulatory functions of zDHHC enzymes in cardiomyocytes and determination of how S-acylation is altered in the diseased heart will shed light on how these modifications participate in cardiac pathogenesis and potentially identify novel targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, proteins with critical signaling roles in the heart are also S-acylated, including receptors and G-proteins, yet the dynamics and functions of these modifications in myocardial physiology have not been interrogated. Here, we will review what is known about zDHHC enzymes and substrate S-acylation in myocardial physiology and highlight future areas of investigation that will uncover novel functions of S-acylation in cardiac homeostasis and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julie M Philippe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matthew J Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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35
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Therapeutic targeting of protein S-acylation for the treatment of disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 48:281-290. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20190707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational modification protein S-acylation (commonly known as palmitoylation) plays a critical role in regulating a wide range of biological processes including cell growth, cardiac contractility, synaptic plasticity, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, membrane transport and biased-receptor signalling. As a consequence, zDHHC-protein acyl transferases (zDHHC-PATs), enzymes that catalyse the addition of fatty acid groups to specific cysteine residues on target proteins, and acyl proteins thioesterases, proteins that hydrolyse thioester linkages, are important pharmaceutical targets. At present, no therapeutic drugs have been developed that act by changing the palmitoylation status of specific target proteins. Here, we consider the role that palmitoylation plays in the development of diseases such as cancer and detail possible strategies for selectively manipulating the palmitoylation status of specific target proteins, a necessary first step towards developing clinically useful molecules for the treatment of disease.
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Tang M, Lu L, Huang Z, Chen L. Palmitoylation signaling: a novel mechanism of mitochondria dynamics and diverse pathologies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:831-833. [PMID: 29924300 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Bruyneel AAN, McKeithan WL, Feyen DAM, Mercola M. Using iPSC Models to Probe Regulation of Cardiac Ion Channel Function. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Howie J, Wypijewski KJ, Plain F, Tulloch LB, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Greasing the wheels or a spanner in the works? Regulation of the cardiac sodium pump by palmitoylation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:175-191. [PMID: 29424237 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1432560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous sodium/potassium ATPase (Na pump) is the most abundant primary active transporter at the cell surface of multiple cell types, including ventricular myocytes in the heart. The activity of the Na pump establishes transmembrane ion gradients that control numerous events at the cell surface, positioning it as a key regulator of the contractile and metabolic state of the myocardium. Defects in Na pump activity and regulation elevate intracellular Na in cardiac muscle, playing a causal role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias and heart failure. Palmitoylation is the reversible conjugation of the fatty acid palmitate to specific protein cysteine residues; all subunits of the cardiac Na pump are palmitoylated. Palmitoylation of the pump's accessory subunit phospholemman (PLM) by the cell surface palmitoyl acyl transferase DHHC5 leads to pump inhibition, possibly by altering the relationship between the pump catalytic α subunit and specifically bound membrane lipids. In this review, we discuss the functional impact of PLM palmitoylation on the cardiac Na pump and the molecular basis of recognition of PLM by its palmitoylating enzyme DHHC5, as well as effects of palmitoylation on Na pump cell surface abundance in the cardiac muscle. We also highlight the numerous unanswered questions regarding the cellular control of this fundamentally important regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Howie
- a Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | | | - Fiona Plain
- b Molecular and Clinical Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Lindsay B Tulloch
- b Molecular and Clinical Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Niall J Fraser
- b Molecular and Clinical Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - William Fuller
- a Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
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Jiang H, Zhang X, Chen X, Aramsangtienchai P, Tong Z, Lin H. Protein Lipidation: Occurrence, Mechanisms, Biological Functions, and Enabling Technologies. Chem Rev 2018; 118:919-988. [PMID: 29292991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation, including cysteine prenylation, N-terminal glycine myristoylation, cysteine palmitoylation, and serine and lysine fatty acylation, occurs in many proteins in eukaryotic cells and regulates numerous biological pathways, such as membrane trafficking, protein secretion, signal transduction, and apoptosis. We provide a comprehensive review of protein lipidation, including descriptions of proteins known to be modified and the functions of the modifications, the enzymes that control them, and the tools and technologies developed to study them. We also highlight key questions about protein lipidation that remain to be answered, the challenges associated with answering such questions, and possible solutions to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiao Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Pornpun Aramsangtienchai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhen Tong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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40
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Gao X, Hannoush RN. A Decade of Click Chemistry in Protein Palmitoylation: Impact on Discovery and New Biology. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 25:236-246. [PMID: 29290622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation plays diverse roles in regulating the trafficking, stability, and activity of cellular proteins. The advent of click chemistry has propelled the field of protein palmitoylation forward by providing specific, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-handle methods for studying protein palmitoylation. This year marks the 10th anniversary since the first click chemistry-based fatty acid probes for detecting protein lipid modifications were reported. The goal of this review is to highlight key biological advancements in the field of protein palmitoylation during the past 10 years. In particular, we discuss the impact of click chemistry on enabling protein palmitoylation proteomics methods, uncovering novel lipid modifications on proteins and elucidating their functions, as well as the development of non-radioactive biochemical and enzymatic assays. In addition, this review provides context for building and exploring new research avenues in protein palmitoylation through the use of clickable fatty acid probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Gao
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rami N Hannoush
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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41
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Abrami L, Dallavilla T, Sandoz PA, Demir M, Kunz B, Savoglidis G, Hatzimanikatis V, van der Goot FG. Identification and dynamics of the human ZDHHC16-ZDHHC6 palmitoylation cascade. eLife 2017; 6:27826. [PMID: 28826475 PMCID: PMC5582869 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification. Knowledge about the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family is still limited. Here we show that human ZDHHC6, which modifies key proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum, is controlled by an upstream palmitoyltransferase, ZDHHC16, revealing the first palmitoylation cascade. The combination of site specific mutagenesis of the three ZDHHC6 palmitoylation sites, experimental determination of kinetic parameters and data-driven mathematical modelling allowed us to obtain detailed information on the eight differentially palmitoylated ZDHHC6 species. We found that species rapidly interconvert through the action of ZDHHC16 and the Acyl Protein Thioesterase APT2, that each species varies in terms of turnover rate and activity, altogether allowing the cell to robustly tune its ZDHHC6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Dallavilla
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Demir
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Savoglidis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vassily Hatzimanikatis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Taruno A, Sun H, Nakajo K, Murakami T, Ohsaki Y, Kido MA, Ono F, Marunaka Y. Post-translational palmitoylation controls the voltage gating and lipid raft association of the CALHM1 channel. J Physiol 2017; 595:6121-6145. [PMID: 28734079 DOI: 10.1113/jp274164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), a new voltage-gated ATP- and Ca2+ -permeable channel, plays important physiological roles in taste perception and memory formation. Regulatory mechanisms of CALHM1 remain unexplored, although the biophysical disparity between CALHM1 gating in vivo and in vitro suggests that there are undiscovered regulatory mechanisms. Here we report that CALHM1 gating and association with lipid microdomains are post-translationally regulated through the process of protein S-palmitoylation, a reversible attachment of palmitate to cysteine residues. Our data also establish cysteine residues and enzymes responsible for CALHM1 palmitoylation. CALHM1 regulation by palmitoylation provides new mechanistic insights into fine-tuning of CALHM1 gating in vivo and suggests a potential layer of regulation in taste and memory. ABSTRACT Emerging roles of CALHM1, a recently discovered voltage-gated ion channel, include purinergic neurotransmission of tastes in taste buds and memory formation in the brain, highlighting its physiological importance. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the CALHM1 channel remain entirely unexplored, hindering full understanding of its contribution in vivo. The different gating properties of CALHM1 in vivo and in vitro suggest undiscovered regulatory mechanisms. Here, in searching for post-translational regulatory mechanisms, we discovered the regulation of CALHM1 gating and association with lipid microdomains via protein S-palmitoylation, the only reversible lipid modification of proteins on cysteine residues. CALHM1 is palmitoylated at two intracellular cysteines located in the juxtamembrane regions of the third and fourth transmembrane domains. Enzymes that catalyse CALHM1 palmitoylation were identified by screening 23 members of the DHHC protein acyltransferase family. Epitope tagging of endogenous CALHM1 proteins in mice revealed that CALHM1 is basally palmitoylated in taste buds in vivo. Functionally, palmitoylation downregulates CALHM1 without effects on its synthesis, degradation and cell surface expression. Mutation of the palmitoylation sites has a profound impact on CALHM1 gating, shifting the conductance-voltage relationship to more negative voltages and accelerating the activation kinetics. The same mutation also reduces CALHM1 association with detergent-resistant membranes. Our results comprehensively uncover a post-translational regulation of the voltage-dependent gating of CALHM1 by palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyuki Taruno
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-ward, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hongxin Sun
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-ward, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakajo
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Murakami
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yasuyoshi Ohsaki
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ward, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mizuho A Kido
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Fumihito Ono
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-ward, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Bio-Ionomics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajiicho Kamigyo-ward, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Lanyon-Hogg T, Faronato M, Serwa RA, Tate EW. Dynamic Protein Acylation: New Substrates, Mechanisms, and Drug Targets. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:566-581. [PMID: 28602500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational attachment of lipids to proteins is found in all organisms, and is important for many biological processes. Acylation with myristic and palmitic acids are among the most common lipid modifications, and understanding reversible protein palmitoylation dynamics has become a particularly important goal. Linking acyltransferase enzymes to disease states can be challenging due to a paucity of robust models, compounded by functional redundancy between many palmitoyl transferases; however, in cases such as Wnt or Hedgehog signalling, small molecule inhibitors have been identified, with some progressing to clinical trials. In this review, we present recent developments in our understanding of protein acylation in human health and disease through use of chemical tools, global profiling of acylated proteomes, and functional studies of specific protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Monica Faronato
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Vikram A, Lewarchik CM, Yoon JY, Naqvi A, Kumar S, Morgan GM, Jacobs JS, Li Q, Kim YR, Kassan M, Liu J, Gabani M, Kumar A, Mehdi H, Zhu X, Guan X, Kutschke W, Zhang X, Boudreau RL, Dai S, Matasic DS, Jung SB, Margulies KB, Kumar V, Bachschmid MM, London B, Irani K. Sirtuin 1 regulates cardiac electrical activity by deacetylating the cardiac sodium channel. Nat Med 2017; 23:361-367. [PMID: 28191886 PMCID: PMC6218171 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated cardiac Na+ channel (Nav1.5), encoded by the SCN5A gene, conducts the inward depolarizing cardiac Na+ current (INa) and is vital for normal cardiac electrical activity. Inherited loss-of-function mutations in SCN5A lead to defects in the generation and conduction of the cardiac electrical impulse and are associated with various arrhythmia phenotypes. Here we show that sirtuin 1 deacetylase (Sirt1) deacetylates Nav1.5 at lysine 1479 (K1479) and stimulates INa via lysine-deacetylation-mediated trafficking of Nav1.5 to the plasma membrane. Cardiac Sirt1 deficiency in mice induces hyperacetylation of K1479 in Nav1.5, decreases expression of Nav1.5 on the cardiomyocyte membrane, reduces INa and leads to cardiac conduction abnormalities and premature death owing to arrhythmia. The arrhythmic phenotype of cardiac-Sirt1-deficient mice recapitulated human cardiac arrhythmias resulting from loss of function of Nav1.5. Increased Sirt1 activity or expression results in decreased lysine acetylation of Nav1.5, which promotes the trafficking of Nav1.5 to the plasma membrane and stimulation of INa. As compared to wild-type Nav1.5, Nav1.5 with K1479 mutated to a nonacetylatable residue increases peak INa and is not regulated by Sirt1, whereas Nav1.5 with K1479 mutated to mimic acetylation decreases INa. Nav1.5 is hyperacetylated on K1479 in the hearts of patients with cardiomyopathy and clinical conduction disease. Thus, Sirt1, by deacetylating Nav1.5, plays an essential part in the regulation of INa and cardiac electrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Vikram
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jin-Young Yoon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Asma Naqvi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gina M Morgan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Julia S Jacobs
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Qiuxia Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Young-Rae Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Modar Kassan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mohanad Gabani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haider Mehdi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Xiaoqun Guan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - William Kutschke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ryan L Boudreau
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shengchuan Dai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel S Matasic
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Saet-Byel Jung
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Vascular Biology Section, Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus M Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barry London
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kaikobad Irani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, and Heart and Vascular Center, University of Iowa, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are critical determinants of excitability. The properties of VGSCs are thought to be tightly controlled. However, VGSCs are also subjected to extensive modifications. Multiple posttranslational modifications that covalently modify VGSCs in neurons and muscle have been identified. These include, but are not limited to, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, palmitoylation, nitrosylation, glycosylation, and SUMOylation. Posttranslational modifications of VGSCs can have profound impact on cellular excitability, contributing to normal and abnormal physiology. Despite four decades of research, the complexity of VGSC modulation is still being determined. While some modifications have similar effects on the various VGSC isoforms, others have isoform-specific interactions. In addition, while much has been learned about how individual modifications can impact VGSC function, there is still more to be learned about how different modifications can interact. Here we review what is known about VGSC posttranslational modifications with a focus on the breadth and complexity of the regulatory mechanisms that impact VGSC properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Pei
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yanling Pan
- Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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