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Bagues A, Hu J, Alshanqiti I, Chung MK. Neurobiological mechanisms of botulinum neurotoxin-induced analgesia for neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108668. [PMID: 38782121 PMCID: PMC11182613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of neurotoxins produced by Clostridia and other bacteria that induce botulism. BoNTs are internalized into nerve terminals at the site of injection and cleave soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins to inhibit the vesicular release of neurotransmitters. BoNTs have been approved for multiple therapeutic applications, including the treatment of migraines. They have also shown efficacies for treating neuropathic pain, such as diabetic neuropathy, and postherpetic and trigeminal neuralgia. However, the mechanisms underlying BoNT-induced analgesia are not well understood. Peripherally administered BoNT is taken up by the nerve terminals and reduces the release of glutamate, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P, which decreases neurogenic inflammation in the periphery. BoNT is retrogradely transported to sensory ganglia and central terminals in a microtubule-dependent manner. BoNTs decrease the expression of pronociceptive genes (ion channels or cytokines) from sensory ganglia and the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from primary afferent central terminals, which likely leads to decreased central sensitization in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or trigeminal nucleus. BoNT-induced analgesia is abolished after capsaicin-induced denervation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing afferents or the knockout of substance P or the neurokinin-1 receptor. Although peripheral administration of BoNT leads to changes in the central nervous system (e.g., decreased phosphorylation of glutamate receptors in second-order neurons, reduced activation of microglia, contralateral localization, and cortical reorganization), whether such changes are secondary to changes in primary afferents or directly mediated by trans-synaptic, transcytotic, or the hematogenous transport of BoNT is controversial. To enhance their therapeutic potential, BoNTs engineered for specific targeting of nociceptive pathways have been developed to treat chronic pain. Further mechanistic studies on BoNT-induced analgesia can enhance the application of native or engineered BoNTs for neuropathic pain treatment with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bagues
- Área de Farmacología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Dpto. C.C. Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Alcorcón, Spain; High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (PHARMAKOM), Spain
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ishraq Alshanqiti
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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2
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Umpierre AD, Li B, Ayasoufi K, Simon WL, Zhao S, Xie M, Thyen G, Hur B, Zheng J, Liang Y, Bosco DB, Maynes MA, Wu Z, Yu X, Sung J, Johnson AJ, Li Y, Wu LJ. Microglial P2Y 6 calcium signaling promotes phagocytosis and shapes neuroimmune responses in epileptogenesis. Neuron 2024; 112:1959-1977.e10. [PMID: 38614103 PMCID: PMC11189754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Microglial calcium signaling is rare in a baseline state but strongly engaged during early epilepsy development. The mechanism(s) governing microglial calcium signaling are not known. By developing an in vivo uridine diphosphate (UDP) fluorescent sensor, GRABUDP1.0, we discovered that UDP release is a conserved response to seizures and excitotoxicity across brain regions. UDP can signal through the microglial-enriched P2Y6 receptor to increase calcium activity during epileptogenesis. P2Y6 calcium activity is associated with lysosome biogenesis and enhanced production of NF-κB-related cytokines. In the hippocampus, knockout of the P2Y6 receptor prevents microglia from fully engulfing neurons. Attenuating microglial calcium signaling through calcium extruder ("CalEx") expression recapitulates multiple features of P2Y6 knockout, including reduced lysosome biogenesis and phagocytic interactions. Ultimately, P2Y6 knockout mice retain more CA3 neurons and better cognitive task performance during epileptogenesis. Our results demonstrate that P2Y6 signaling impacts multiple aspects of myeloid cell immune function during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bohan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | | | - Whitney L Simon
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Grace Thyen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Benjamin Hur
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark A Maynes
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jaeyun Sung
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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3
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Yan X, Ye Y, Wang L, Xue J, Shen N, Li T. Platelet-rich plasma alleviates neuropathic pain in osteoarthritis by downregulating microglial activation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:331. [PMID: 38725009 PMCID: PMC11080143 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of neuropathic pain (NP) is one of the reasons why the pain is difficult to treat, and microglial activation plays an important role in NP. Recently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a novel therapeutic method for knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, it's unclarified whether PRP has analgesic effects on NP induced by KOA and the underlying mechanisms unknown. PURPOSE To observe the analgesic effects of PRP on NP induced by KOA and explore the potential mechanisms of PRP in alleviating NP. METHODS KOA was induced in male rats with intra-articular injections of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) on day 0. The rats received PRP or NS (normal saline) treatment at days 15, 17, and 19 after modeling. The Von Frey and Hargreaves tests were applied to assess the pain-related behaviors at different time points. After euthanizing the rats with deep anesthesia at days 28 and 42, the corresponding tissues were taken for subsequent experiments. The expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and ionized-calcium-binding adapter molecule-1(Iba-1) in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the knee histological assessment was performed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. RESULTS The results indicated that injection of MIA induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, which could be reversed by PRP treatment. PRP downregulated the expression of ATF3 within the DRG and Iba-1 within the SDH. Furthermore, an inhibitory effect on cartilage degeneration was observed in the MIA + PRP group only on day 28. CONCLUSION These results indicate that PRP intra-articular injection therapy may be a potential therapeutic agent for relieving NP induced by KOA. This effect could be attributed to downregulation of microglial activation and reduction in nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinshuang Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Xue
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tieshan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Luo Y, Zheng S, Xiao W, Zhang H, Li Y. Pannexins in the musculoskeletal system: new targets for development and disease progression. Bone Res 2024; 12:26. [PMID: 38705887 PMCID: PMC11070431 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During cell differentiation, growth, and development, cells can respond to extracellular stimuli through communication channels. Pannexin (Panx) family and connexin (Cx) family are two important types of channel-forming proteins. Panx family contains three members (Panx1-3) and is expressed widely in bone, cartilage and muscle. Although there is no sequence homology between Panx family and Cx family, they exhibit similar configurations and functions. Similar to Cxs, the key roles of Panxs in the maintenance of physiological functions of the musculoskeletal system and disease progression were gradually revealed later. Here, we seek to elucidate the structure of Panxs and their roles in regulating processes such as osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and muscle growth. We also focus on the comparison between Cx and Panx. As a new key target, Panxs expression imbalance and dysfunction in muscle and the therapeutic potentials of Panxs in joint diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Shengyuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Jiang H, Liu X, Jia YK, Wang YQ, Li W, Wang JD. Electrochemical Monitoring of Sphingosine-1-phosphate-Induced ATP Release Using a Microsensor Based on an Entropy-Driven Bipedal DNA Walker. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5719-5726. [PMID: 38544485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic and severe syndrome for which effective therapy is insufficient and the release of ATP from microglia induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays a vital role in neuropathic pain. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop highly sensitive and selective ATP biosensors for quantitative monitoring of low-concentration ATP in the complex nervous system, which helps in understanding the mechanism involved in neuropathic pain. Herein, we developed an electrochemical microsensor based on an entropy-driven bipedal DNA walker. First, the microsensor specifically recognized ATP via ATP aptamers, initiating the entropy-driven bipedal DNA walker. Subsequently, the bipedal DNA walker autonomously traversed the microelectrode interface, introducing methylene blue to the electrode surface and achieving cascade signal amplification. This microsensor showed excellent selectivity, stability, and a low limit of detection at 1.13 nM. The S1P-induced ATP release from BV2 cells was successfully monitored, and it was observed that dicumarol could inhibit this release, suggesting dicumarol as a potential treatment for neuropathic pain. The microsensor's small size exhibited significant potential for monitoring ATP level changes in neuropathic pain in vivo, which provides a new strategy for in situ and quantitative monitoring of nonelectroactive biomolecules associated with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yu-Kang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ya-Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ji-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Nano-biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Laketa D, Lavrnja I. Extracellular Purine Metabolism-Potential Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9. [PMID: 38499905 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system comprises a complex network of extracellular purines and purine-metabolizing ectoenzymes, nucleotide and nucleoside receptors, ATP release channels, and nucleoside transporters. Because of its immunomodulatory function, this system is critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-characterized animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease with autoimmune etiology and great heterogeneity, mostly affecting young adults and leading to permanent disability. In MS/EAE, alterations were detected in almost all components of the purinergic signaling system in both peripheral immune cells and central nervous system (CNS) glial cells, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. A decrease in extracellular ATP levels and an increase in its downstream metabolites, particularly adenosine and inosine, were frequently observed at MS, indicating a shift in metabolism toward an anti-inflammatory environment. Accordingly, upregulation of the major ectonucleotidase tandem CD39/CD73 was detected in the blood cells and CNS of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Based on the postulated role of A2A receptors in the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation, the association of variants of the adenosine deaminase gene with the severity of MS, and the beneficial effects of inosine treatment in EAE, the adenosinergic system emerged as a promising target in neuroinflammation. More recently, several publications have identified ADP-dependent P2Y12 receptors and the major extracellular ADP producing enzyme nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) as novel potential targets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Laketa
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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Zhao B, Zhang Q, He Y, Cao W, Song W, Liang X. Targeted metabolomics reveals the aberrant energy status in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and the neuroprotective mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine JinMaiTong. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:225-243. [PMID: 38464790 PMCID: PMC10921333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and devastating complication of diabetes, for which effective therapies are currently lacking. Disturbed energy status plays a crucial role in DPN pathogenesis. However, the integrated profile of energy metabolism, especially the central carbohydrate metabolism, remains unclear in DPN. Here, we developed a metabolomics approach by targeting 56 metabolites using high-performance ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPIC-MS/MS) to illustrate the integrative characteristics of central carbohydrate metabolism in patients with DPN and streptozotocin-induced DPN rats. Furthermore, JinMaiTong (JMT), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, was found to be effective for DPN, improving the peripheral neurological function and alleviating the neuropathology of DPN rats even after demyelination and axonal degeneration. JMT ameliorated DPN by regulating the aberrant energy balance and mitochondrial functions, including excessive glycolysis restoration, tricarboxylic acid cycle improvement, and increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. Bioenergetic profile was aberrant in cultured rat Schwann cells under high-glucose conditions, which was remarkably corrected by JMT treatment. In-vivo and in-vitro studies revealed that these effects of JMT were mainly attributed to the activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and downstream peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). Our results expand the therapeutic framework for DPN and suggest the integrative modulation of energy metabolism using TCMs, such as JMT, as an effective strategy for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjia Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yiqian He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weifang Cao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Song
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaochun Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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8
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Shigetomi E, Sakai K, Koizumi S. Extracellular ATP/adenosine dynamics in the brain and its role in health and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1343653. [PMID: 38304611 PMCID: PMC10830686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1343653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and adenosine are neuromodulators that regulate numerous neuronal functions in the brain. Neuronal activity and brain insults such as ischemic and traumatic injury upregulate these neuromodulators, which exert their effects by activating purinergic receptors. In addition, extracellular ATP/adenosine signaling plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Virtually every cell type in the brain contributes to the elevation of ATP/adenosine, and various mechanisms underlying this increase have been proposed. Extracellular adenosine is thought to be mainly produced via the degradation of extracellular ATP. However, adenosine is also released from neurons and glia in the brain. Therefore, the regulation of extracellular ATP/adenosine in physiological and pathophysiological conditions is likely far more complex than previously thought. To elucidate the complex mechanisms that regulate extracellular ATP/adenosine levels, accurate methods of assessing their spatiotemporal dynamics are needed. Several novel techniques for acquiring spatiotemporal information on extracellular ATP/adenosine, including fluorescent sensors, have been developed and have started to reveal the mechanisms underlying the release, uptake and degradation of ATP/adenosine. Here, we review methods for analyzing extracellular ATP/adenosine dynamics as well as the current state of knowledge on the spatiotemporal dynamics of ATP/adenosine in the brain. We focus on the mechanisms used by neurons and glia to cooperatively produce the activity-dependent increase in ATP/adenosine and its physiological and pathophysiological significance in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Kent Sakai
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
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Saito K, Koizumi S. A promising drug for neuropathic pain: identification of vesicular nucleotide transporter as a novel target of eicosapentaenoic acid. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:587-589. [PMID: 36627401 PMCID: PMC10754788 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Saito
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
- Yamanashi GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Gilabert D, Duveau A, Carracedo S, Linck N, Langla A, Muramatsu R, Koch-Nolte F, Rassendren F, Grutter T, Fossat P, Boué-Grabot E, Ulmann L. Microglial P2X4 receptors are essential for spinal neurons hyperexcitability and tactile allodynia in male and female neuropathic mice. iScience 2023; 26:108110. [PMID: 37860691 PMCID: PMC10583052 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In neuropathic pain, recent evidence has highlighted a sex-dependent role of the P2X4 receptor in spinal microglia in the development of tactile allodynia following nerve injury. Here, using internalization-defective P2X4mCherryIN knockin mice (P2X4KI), we demonstrate that increased cell surface expression of P2X4 induces hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulations and hyperexcitability in spinal cord neurons of both male and female naive mice. During neuropathy, both wild-type (WT) and P2X4KI mice of both sexes develop tactile allodynia accompanied by spinal neuron hyperexcitability. These responses are selectively associated with P2X4, as they are absent in global P2X4KO or myeloid-specific P2X4KO mice. We show that P2X4 is de novo expressed in reactive microglia in neuropathic WT and P2X4KI mice of both sexes and that tactile allodynia is relieved by pharmacological blockade of P2X4 or TrkB. These results show that the upregulation of P2X4 in microglia is crucial for neuropathic pain, regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Gilabert
- IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexia Duveau
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sara Carracedo
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Linck
- IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Langla
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Rieko Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - François Rassendren
- IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Grutter
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Fossat
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34094 Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France
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Chen O, Luo X, Ji RR. Macrophages and microglia in inflammation and neuroinflammation underlying different pain states. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2023; 3:381-407. [PMID: 38283253 PMCID: PMC10811354 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Pain is a main symptom in inflammation, and inflammation induces pain via inflammatory mediators acting on nociceptive neurons. Macrophages and microglia are distinct cell types, representing immune cells and glial cells, respectively, but they share similar roles in pain regulation. Macrophages are key regulators of inflammation and pain. Macrophage polarization plays different roles in inducing and resolving pain. Notably, macrophage polarization and phagocytosis can be induced by specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). SPMs also potently inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via immunomodulation and neuromodulation. In this review, we discuss macrophage signaling involved in pain induction and resolution, as well as in maintaining physiological pain. Microglia are macrophage-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and drive neuroinflammation and pathological pain in various inflammatory and neurological disorders. Microglia-produced inflammatory cytokines can potently regulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission as neuromodulators. We also highlight sex differences in macrophage and microglial signaling in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Thus, targeting macrophage and microglial signaling in distinct locations via pharmacological approaches, including immunotherapies, and non-pharmacological approaches will help to control chronic inflammation and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Gu JX, Wang J, Ma FJ, Liu MM, Chen SH, Wei Y, Xiao YF, Lv PY, Liu X, Qu JQ, Yan XX, Chen T. Rab11a in the spinal cord: an essential contributor to complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain in mice. Mol Brain 2023; 16:70. [PMID: 37770900 PMCID: PMC10537208 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is a commonly observed clinical symptom in a range of acute and chronic diseases. However, the mechanism of inflammatory pain is far from clear yet. Rab11a, a small molecule guanosine triphosphate enzyme, is reported to regulate orofacial inflammatory pain in our previous works. However, the mechanism of Rab11a's involvement in the regulation of inflammatory pain remains obscure. Here, we aim to elucidate the potential mechanisms through which Rab11a contributes to the development of inflammatory pain in the spinal level. It's shown that neurons, rather than glial cells, were the primary cell type expressing Rab11a in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). After intra-plantar injection of CFA, both the number of Fos/Rab11a-immunopositive neurons and the expression of Rab11a were increased. Administration of Rab11a-shRNA into the SDH resulted in significantly analgesic effect in mice with CFA injection. Application of Rab11a-shRNA also reduced the NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) and the spike number of neurons in lamina II of the SDH in mice with CFA injection, without affecting the presynaptic glutamate release and the postsynaptic AMPA receptor-mediated EPSC. Our results thus suggest that the enhanced expression of neuronal Rab11a may be important for the process of inflammatory pain in mice with CFA injection, which is likely mediated by Rab11a's potentiation of the competence of post-synaptic NMDAR and spiking of SDH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fu-Juan Ma
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Miao-Miao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Si-Hai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xiaogan Mental Health Center, Xiaogan, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Fan Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Lv
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The 960th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xian-Xia Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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13
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Smith PA. Neuropathic pain; what we know and what we should do about it. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1220034. [PMID: 37810432 PMCID: PMC10559888 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1220034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain can result from injury to, or disease of the nervous system. It is notoriously difficult to treat. Peripheral nerve injury promotes Schwann cell activation and invasion of immunocompetent cells into the site of injury, spinal cord and higher sensory structures such as thalamus and cingulate and sensory cortices. Various cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, monoamines and neuropeptides effect two-way signalling between neurons, glia and immune cells. This promotes sustained hyperexcitability and spontaneous activity in primary afferents that is crucial for onset and persistence of pain as well as misprocessing of sensory information in the spinal cord and supraspinal structures. Much of the current understanding of pain aetiology and identification of drug targets derives from studies of the consequences of peripheral nerve injury in rodent models. Although a vast amount of information has been forthcoming, the translation of this information into the clinical arena has been minimal. Few, if any, major therapeutic approaches have appeared since the mid 1990's. This may reflect failure to recognise differences in pain processing in males vs. females, differences in cellular responses to different types of injury and differences in pain processing in humans vs. animals. Basic science and clinical approaches which seek to bridge this knowledge gap include better assessment of pain in animal models, use of pain models which better emulate human disease, and stratification of human pain phenotypes according to quantitative assessment of signs and symptoms of disease. This can lead to more personalized and effective treatments for individual patients. Significance statement: There is an urgent need to find new treatments for neuropathic pain. Although classical animal models have revealed essential features of pain aetiology such as peripheral and central sensitization and some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved, they do not adequately model the multiplicity of disease states or injuries that may bring forth neuropathic pain in the clinic. This review seeks to integrate information from the multiplicity of disciplines that seek to understand neuropathic pain; including immunology, cell biology, electrophysiology and biophysics, anatomy, cell biology, neurology, molecular biology, pharmacology and behavioral science. Beyond this, it underlines ongoing refinements in basic science and clinical practice that will engender improved approaches to pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Smith
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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14
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Barcelon E, Chung S, Lee J, Lee SJ. Sexual Dimorphism in the Mechanism of Pain Central Sensitization. Cells 2023; 12:2028. [PMID: 37626838 PMCID: PMC10453375 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that men and women have different degrees of susceptibility to chronic pain. Greater recognition of the sexual dimorphism in chronic pain has resulted in increasing numbers of both clinical and preclinical studies that have identified factors and mechanisms underlying sex differences in pain sensitization. Here, we review sexually dimorphic pain phenotypes in various research animal models and factors involved in the sex difference in pain phenotypes. We further discuss putative mechanisms for the sexual dimorphism in pain sensitization, which involves sex hormones, spinal cord microglia, and peripheral immune cells. Elucidating the sexually dimorphic mechanism of pain sensitization may provide important clinical implications and aid the development of sex-specific therapeutic strategies to treat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellane Barcelon
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (E.B.); (S.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Seohyun Chung
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (E.B.); (S.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (E.B.); (S.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (E.B.); (S.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Umpierre AD, Li B, Ayasoufi K, Zhao S, Xie M, Thyen G, Hur B, Zheng J, Liang Y, Wu Z, Yu X, Sung J, Johnson AJ, Li Y, Wu LJ. Microglial P2Y 6 calcium signaling promotes phagocytosis and shapes neuroimmune responses in epileptogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544691. [PMID: 37398001 PMCID: PMC10312639 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglial calcium signaling is rare in a baseline state but shows strong engagement during early epilepsy development. The mechanism and purpose behind microglial calcium signaling is not known. By developing an in vivo UDP fluorescent sensor, GRABUDP1.0, we discovered that UDP release is a conserved response to seizures and excitotoxicity across brain regions. UDP signals to the microglial P2Y6 receptor for broad increases in calcium signaling during epileptogenesis. UDP-P2Y6 signaling is necessary for lysosome upregulation across limbic brain regions and enhances production of pro-inflammatory cytokines-TNFα and IL-1β. Failures in lysosome upregulation, observed in P2Y6 KO mice, can also be phenocopied by attenuating microglial calcium signaling in Calcium Extruder ("CalEx") mice. In the hippocampus, only microglia with P2Y6 expression can perform full neuronal engulfment, which substantially reduces CA3 neuron survival and impairs cognition. Our results demonstrate that calcium activity, driven by UDP-P2Y6 signaling, is a signature of phagocytic and pro-inflammatory function in microglia during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Umpierre
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Bohan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, CN 100871
- These authors contributed equally
| | | | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Neuroscience Track, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Neuroscience Track, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Grace Thyen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Benjamin Hur
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Neuroscience Track, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, CN 100871
| | - Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jaeyun Sung
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, CN 100871
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Lead contact
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16
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Yoshikawa C, Maegawa H, Usami N, Hanamoto H, Kudo C, Niwa H. Antagonist of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 suppresses mechanical hypersensitivity and activation of microglia induced by infraorbital nerve ligation in male rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 671:67-74. [PMID: 37295356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of microglia is known to be involved in neuropathic pain. However, the pathway that regulates the microglial activation is not completely understood. Transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin 2 (TRPM2), which is part of the TRP superfamily, is reportedly expressed on microglia and is suggested to be involved in neuropathic pain. To explore the effect of a TRPM2 antagonist on orofacial neuropathic pain and the relationship between TRPM2 and the activation of microglia, experiments were conducted using male rats that underwent infraorbital nerve (ION) ligation as orofacial neuropathic pain models. TRPM2 expression was detected on microglia in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). The immunoreactivity of TRPM2 in the Vc increased after ION ligation. Mechanical threshold for head-withdrawal response was measured using von Frey filament, and it decreased after ION ligation. When the TRPM2 antagonist was administered to the ION-ligated rats, the low mechanical threshold for head-withdrawal response increased, and the number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)-immunoreactive cells in the Vc decreased. The number of CD68-immunoreactive cells in the Vc also decreased after the administration of the TRPM2 antagonist in the ION-ligated rats. These findings suggest that TRPM2 antagonist administration suppresses hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation induced by ION ligation and microglial activation, and TRPM2 is also involved in microglial activation in orofacial neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroharu Maegawa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Nayuka Usami
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hanamoto
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Chiho Kudo
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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17
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Sun Y, Che J, Zhang J. Emerging non-proinflammatory roles of microglia in healthy and diseased brains. Brain Res Bull 2023; 199:110664. [PMID: 37192719 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the central nervous system, are the first line of defense against foreign pathogens, thereby confining the extent of brain injury. However, the role of microglia is not limited to macrophage-like functions. In addition to proinflammatory response mediation, microglia are involved in neurodevelopmental remodeling and homeostatic maintenance in the absence of disease. An increasing number of studies have also elucidated microglia-mediated regulation of tumor growth and neural repair in diseased brains. Here, we review the non-proinflammatory roles of microglia, with the aim of promoting a deeper understanding of the functions of microglia in healthy and diseased brains and contributing to the development of novel therapeutics that target microglia in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinying Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai China.
| | - Ji Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai China.
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18
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Shi Y, Gong C, Nan W, Zhou W, Lei Z, Zhou K, Wang L, Zhao G, Zhang H. Intrathecal administration of botulinum toxin type a antagonizes neuropathic pain by countering increased vesicular nucleotide transporter expression in the spinal cord of chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve rats. Neuropeptides 2023; 100:102346. [PMID: 37178626 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) induces direct analgesic effects in neuropathic pain by inhibiting the release of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glutamate. Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) was responsible for the storage and release of ATP in vivo, and one of the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain is VNUT-dependent release of extracellular ATP from dorsal horn neurons. However, the analgesic effect of BoNT/A by affecting the expression of VNUT remained largely unknown. Thus, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the antinociceptive potency and analgesic mechanism of BoNT/A in chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) induced neuropathic pain. Our results showed that a single intrathecal injection of 0.1 U BoNT/A seven days after CCI surgery produced significant analgesic activity and decreased the expression of VNUT in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Similarly, BoNT/A inhibited the CCI-induced increase in ATP content in the rat spinal cord. Overexpression of VNUT in the spinal cord of CCI-induced rats markedly reversed the antinociceptive effect of BoNT/A. Furthermore, 33 U/mL BoNT/A dramatically reduced the expression of VNUT in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells but overexpressing SNAP-25 increased VNUT expression in PC12 cells. Our current study is the first to demonstrate that BoNT/A is involved in neuropathic pain by regulating the expression of VNUT in the spinal cord in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaoyang Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenming Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zeyuan Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaisheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linna Wang
- Lanzhou Biotechnique Development Co.LTD, China
| | - Guanghai Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Haihong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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19
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Torres-Rodríguez O, Rivera-Escobales Y, Castillo-Ocampo Y, Velazquez B, Colón M, Porter JT. Purinergic P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammation precedes PTSD-related behaviors in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:107-118. [PMID: 36822379 PMCID: PMC10106407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence has linked increased peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, whether inflammation contributes to or is a consequence of PTSD is still unclear. Previous research shows that stress can activate purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) on microglia to induce inflammation and behavioral changes. In this investigation, we examined whether P2X7Rs contribute to the development of PTSD-like behaviors induced by single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure in rats. Consistent with the literature, exposing adult male and female rats to SPS produced a PTSD-like phenotype of impaired fear extinction and extinction of cue-induced center avoidance one week after exposure. Next, we examined if inflammation precedes the behavioral manifestations. Three days after SPS exposure, increased inflammatory cytokines were found in the blood and hippocampal microglia showed increased expression of the P2X7R, IL-1β, and TNF-α, suggesting increased peripheral and central inflammation before the onset of impaired fear extinction. In addition, SPS-exposed animals with impaired fear extinction recall also had more Iba1-positive microglia expressing the P2X7R in the ventral hippocampus. To determine whether P2X7Rs contribute to the PTSD-related behaviors induced by SPS exposure, we gave ICV infusions of the P2X7R antagonist, A-438079, for one week starting the day of SPS exposure. Blocking P2X7Rs prevented the SPS-induced impaired fear extinction and extinction of cue-induced center avoidance in male and female rats, suggesting that SPS activates P2X7Rs which increase inflammation to produce a PTSD-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Torres-Rodríguez
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico, 00732
| | - Yesenia Rivera-Escobales
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico, 00732
| | - Yesenia Castillo-Ocampo
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico, 00732
| | - Bethzaly Velazquez
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico, 00732
| | - María Colón
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico, 00732
| | - James T Porter
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico, 00732.
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20
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Chu J, Yang J, Zhou Y, Chen J, Chen KH, Zhang C, Cheng HY, Koylass N, Liu JO, Guan Y, Qiu Z. ATP-releasing SWELL1 channel in spinal microglia contributes to neuropathic pain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade9931. [PMID: 36989353 PMCID: PMC10058245 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-mediated purinergic signaling is crucial for spinal cord microglia activation and neuropathic pain. However, the mechanisms of ATP release remain poorly understood. Here, we show that volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) is an ATP-releasing channel and is activated by inflammatory mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in microglia. Mice with microglia-specific deletion of Swell1 (also known as Lrrc8a), a VRAC essential subunit, had reduced peripheral nerve injury-induced increase in extracellular ATP in spinal cord. The mutant mice also exhibited decreased spinal microgliosis, dorsal horn neuronal hyperactivity, and both evoked and spontaneous neuropathic pain-like behaviors. We further performed high-throughput screens and identified an FDA-approved drug dicumarol as a novel and potent VRAC inhibitor. Intrathecal administration of dicumarol alleviated nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. Our findings suggest that ATP-releasing VRAC in microglia is a key spinal cord determinant of neuropathic pain and a potential therapeutic target for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Chu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jianan Chen
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kevin Hong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Henry Yi Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas Koylass
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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21
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Zhang T, Zhang M, Cui S, Liang W, Jia Z, Guo F, Ou W, Wu Y, Zhang S. The core of maintaining neuropathic pain: Crosstalk between glial cells and neurons (neural cell crosstalk at spinal cord). Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2868. [PMID: 36602945 PMCID: PMC9927860 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NP) caused by the injury or dysfunction of the nervous system is a chronic pain state accompanied by hyperalgesia, and the available clinical treatment is relatively scarce. Hyperalgesia mediated by pro-inflammatory factors and chemokines plays an important role in the occurrence and maintenance of NP. DATA TREATMENT Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review of experimental NP (PubMed Medline), in order to find the mechanism of inducing central sensitization and explore the intervention methods of hyperalgesia caused by real or simulated injury. RESULT In this review, we sorted out the activation pathways of microglia, astrocytes and neurons, and the process of crosstalk among them. It was found that in NP, the microglia P2X4 receptor is the key target, which can activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inward and then activate astrocytes and outwardly activate neuronal tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor to activate neurons. At the same time, activated neurons continue to maintain the activation of astrocytes and microglia through chemokines on CXCL13/CXCR5 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1. This crosstalk process is the key to maintaining NP. CONCLUSION We summarize the further research on crosstalk among neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in the central nervous system, elaborate the ways and connections of relevant crosstalk, and find potential crosstalk targets, which provides a reference for drug development and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wulin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanhong Jia
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fanfan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Ou
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuofeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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22
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Tsujikawa S, DeMeulenaere KE, Centeno MV, Ghazisaeidi S, Martin ME, Tapies MR, Maneshi MM, Yamashita M, Stauderman KA, Apkarian AV, Salter MW, Prakriya M. Regulation of neuropathic pain by microglial Orai1 channels. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7002. [PMID: 36706180 PMCID: PMC9883051 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are important mediators of neuroinflammation, which underlies neuropathic pain. However, the molecular checkpoints controlling microglial reactivity are not well-understood. Here, we investigated the role of Orai1 channels for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation following nerve injury and find that deletion of Orai1 in microglia attenuates Ca2+ signaling and the production of inflammatory cytokines by proalgesic agonists. Conditional deletion of Orai1 attenuated microglial proliferation in the dorsal horn, spinal cytokine levels, and potentiation of excitatory neurotransmission following peripheral nerve injury. These cellular effects were accompanied by mitigation of pain hyperalgesia in microglial Orai1 knockout mice. A small-molecule Orai1 inhibitor, CM4620, similarly mitigated allodynia in male mice. Unexpectedly, these protective effects were not seen in female mice, revealing sexual dimorphism in Orai1 regulation of microglial reactivity and hyperalgesia. Together, these findings indicate that Orai1 channels are key regulators of the sexually dimorphic role of microglia for the neuroinflammation that underlies neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tsujikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E. DeMeulenaere
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maria V. Centeno
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Megan E. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Martinna R. Tapies
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mohammad M. Maneshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Megumi Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Apkar V. Apkarian
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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23
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Ghazisaeidi S, Muley MM, Salter MW. Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms, Sex Differences, and Potential Therapies for a Global Problem. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:565-583. [PMID: 36662582 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051421-112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The study of chronic pain continues to generate ever-increasing numbers of publications, but safe and efficacious treatments for chronic pain remain elusive. Recognition of sex-specific mechanisms underlying chronic pain has resulted in a surge of studies that include both sexes. A predominant focus has been on identifying sex differences, yet many newly identified cellular mechanisms and alterations in gene expression are conserved between the sexes. Here we review sex differences and similarities in cellular and molecular signals that drive the generation and resolution of neuropathic pain. The mix of differences and similarities reflects degeneracy in peripheral and central signaling processes by which neurons, immune cells, and glia codependently drive pain hypersensitivity. Recent findings identifying critical signaling nodes foreshadow the development of rationally designed, broadly applicable analgesic strategies. However, the paucity of effective, safe pain treatments compels targeted therapies as well to increase therapeutic options that help reduce the global burden of suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ghazisaeidi
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milind M Muley
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W Salter
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Chu J, Yang J, Zhou Y, Chen J, Chen KH, Zhang C, Cheng HY, Koylass N, Liu JO, Guan Y, Qiu Z. ATP-releasing SWELL1 channel in spinal microglia contributes to neuropathic pain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.08.523161. [PMID: 36712065 PMCID: PMC9881986 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.08.523161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, extracellular ATP-mediated purinergic signaling is crucial for spinal cord microglia activation and neuropathic pain. However, the mechanisms of ATP release remain poorly understood. Here, we show that volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) is an ATP-releasing channel and is activated by inflammatory mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in microglia. Mice with microglia-specific deletion of Swell1 (also known as Lrrc8a), a VRAC essential subunit, had reduced peripheral nerve injury-induced increase in extracellular ATP in spinal cord. The mutant mice also exhibited decreased spinal microgliosis, dorsal horn neuronal hyperactivity, and both evoked and spontaneous neuropathic pain-like behaviors. We further performed high-throughput screens and identified an FDA-approved drug dicumarol as a novel and potent VRAC inhibitor. Intrathecal administration of dicumarol alleviated nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. Our findings suggest that ATP-releasing VRAC in microglia is a key spinal cord determinant of neuropathic pain and a potential therapeutic target for this debilitating disease.
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25
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Koga K, Kobayashi K, Tsuda M, Kubota K, Kitano Y, Furue H. Voltage-gated calcium channel subunit α 2δ-1 in spinal dorsal horn neurons contributes to aberrant excitatory synaptic transmission and mechanical hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1099925. [PMID: 37033377 PMCID: PMC10076860 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1099925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, an intractable pain symptom that occurs after nerve damage, is caused by the aberrant excitability of spinal dorsal horn (SDH) neurons. Gabapentinoids, the most commonly used drugs for neuropathic pain, inhibit spinal calcium-mediated neurotransmitter release by binding to α2δ-1, a subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, and alleviate neuropathic pain. However, the exact contribution of α2δ-1 expressed in SDH neurons to the altered synaptic transmission and mechanical hypersensitivity following nerve injury is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated which types of SDH neurons express α2δ-1 and how α2δ-1 in SDH neurons contributes to the mechanical hypersensitivity and altered spinal synaptic transmission after nerve injury. Using in situ hybridization technique, we found that Cacna2d1, mRNA coding α2δ-1, was mainly colocalized with Slc17a6, an excitatory neuronal marker, but not with Slc32a1, an inhibitory neuronal marker in the SDH. To investigate the role of α2δ-1 in SDH neurons, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system and showed that SDH neuron-specific ablation of Cacna2d1 alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity following nerve injury. We further found that excitatory post-synaptic responses evoked by electrical stimulation applied to the SDH were significantly enhanced after nerve injury, and that these enhanced responses were significantly decreased by application of mirogabalin, a potent α2δ-1 inhibitor, and by SDH neuron-specific ablation of Cacna2d1. These results suggest that α2δ-1 expressed in SDH excitatory neurons facilitates spinal nociceptive synaptic transmission and contributes to the development of mechanical hypersensitivity after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Koga
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Keisuke Koga,
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kubota
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kitano
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hidemasa Furue,
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26
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Moriyama Y, Hasuzawa N, Nomura M. Is the vesicular nucleotide transporter a molecular target of eicosapentaenoic acid? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1080189. [PMID: 36569286 PMCID: PMC9768625 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1080189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), an active transporter for nucleotides in secretory vesicles, is responsible for the vesicular storage of ATP and plays an essential role in purinergic chemical transmission. Inhibition of VNUT decreases the concentration of ATP in the luminal space of secretory vesicles, followed by decreased vesicular ATP release, resulting in the blockade of purinergic chemical transmission. Very recently, Miyaji and colleagues reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is a potent VNUT inhibitor and effective in treating neuropathic and inflammatory pain and insulin resistance through inhibition of vesicular storage and release of ATP. However, our validation study indicated that, in bovine adrenal chromaffin granule membrane vesicles, EPA inhibited the formation of an electrochemical gradient of protons across the membrane with the concentration of 50% inhibition (IC50) being 1.0 μM without affecting concanamycin B-sensitive ATPase activity. Essentially, similar results were obtained with proteoliposomes containing purified vacuolar H+-ATPase. Consistent with these observations, EPA inhibited the ATP-dependent uptakes of ATP and dopamine by chromaffin granule membrane vesicles, with ID50 being 1.2 and 1.0 μM, respectively. Furthermore, EPA inhibited ATP-dependent uptake of L-glutamate by mouse brain synaptic vesicles with ID50 being 0.35 μM. These results indicate that EPA at sub-μM acts as a proton conductor and increases proton permeability across the membrane, regardless of the presence or absence of VNUT, thereby inhibiting non-specifically the vesicular storage of neurotransmitters. Thus, EPA may affect a broader range of chemical transmission than proposed.
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27
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Astrocytes in Chronic Pain: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:425-439. [PMID: 36376699 PMCID: PMC10043112 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractChronic pain is challenging to treat due to the limited therapeutic options and adverse side-effects of therapies. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system and play important roles in different pathological conditions, including chronic pain. Astrocytes regulate nociceptive synaptic transmission and network function via neuron–glia and glia–glia interactions to exaggerate pain signals under chronic pain conditions. It is also becoming clear that astrocytes play active roles in brain regions important for the emotional and memory-related aspects of chronic pain. Therefore, this review presents our current understanding of the roles of astrocytes in chronic pain, how they regulate nociceptive responses, and their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.
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28
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Toti KS, Verma R, McGonnigle MJ, Gamiotea Turro D, Wen Z, Lewicki SA, Liang BT, Jacobson KA. Structure-Activity Relationship and Neuroprotective Activity of 1,5-Dihydro-2 H-naphtho[1,2- b][1,4]diazepine-2,4(3 H)-diones as P2X4 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13967-13987. [PMID: 36150180 PMCID: PMC9653265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the P2X4 receptor structure-activity relationship of a known antagonist 5, a 1,5-dihydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]diazepine-2,4(3H)-dione. Following extensive modification of the reported synthetic route, 4-pyridyl 21u (MRS4719) and 6-methyl 22c (MRS4596) analogues were most potent at human (h) P2X4R (IC50 0.503 and 1.38 μM, respectively, and selective versus hP2X1R, hP2X2/3R, hP2X3R). Thus, the naphthalene 6-, but not 7-position was amenable to substitution, and an N-phenyl ring aza-scan identified 21u with 3-fold higher activity than 5. Compounds 21u and 22c showed neuroprotective and learning- and memory-enhancing activities in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke, with potency of 21u > 22c. 21u dose-dependently reduced infarct volume and reduced brain atrophy at 3 and 35 days post-stroke, respectively. Relevant to clinical implication, 21u also reduced ATP-induced [Ca2+]i influx in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. This study indicates the translational potential of P2X4R antagonists for treating ischemic stroke, including in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Michael J McGonnigle
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Daylin Gamiotea Turro
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Sarah A Lewicki
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Bruce T Liang
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
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29
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Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells sense succinate to stimulate myoepithelial cell contraction. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2221-2236.e5. [PMID: 36108628 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are rare airway cells with potential sensory capacity linked to vagal neurons and immune cells. How PNECs sense and respond to external stimuli remains poorly understood. We discovered PNECs located within pig and human submucosal glands, a tissue that produces much of the mucus that defends the lung. These PNECs sense succinate, an inflammatory molecule in liquid lining the airway surface. The results indicate that succinate migrates down the submucosal gland duct to the acinus, where it triggers apical succinate receptors, causing PNECs to release ATP. The short-range ATP signal stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells wrapped tightly around the submucosal glands. Succinate-triggered gland contraction may complement the action of neurotransmitters that induce mucus release but not gland contraction to promote mucus ejection onto the airway surface. These findings identify a local circuit in which rare PNECs within submucosal glands sense an environmental cue to orchestrate the function of airway glands.
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30
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Su PYP, Zhang L, He L, Zhao N, Guan Z. The Role of Neuro-Immune Interactions in Chronic Pain: Implications for Clinical Practice. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2223-2248. [PMID: 35957964 PMCID: PMC9359791 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s246883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yi Paul Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang He
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghui Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Correspondence: Zhonghui Guan, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Tel +415.885.7246, Fax +415.885.7575, Email
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31
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Vesicular nucleotide transporter is a molecular target of eicosapentaenoic acid for neuropathic and inflammatory pain treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122158119. [PMID: 35858418 PMCID: PMC9335333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122158119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid, is an essential nutrient that exhibits antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular-protective activities. Although EPA is used as a nutrient-based pharmaceutical agent or dietary supplement, its molecular target(s) is debatable. Here, we showed that EPA and its metabolites strongly and reversibly inhibit vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), a key molecule for vesicular storage and release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in purinergic chemical transmission. In vitro analysis showed that EPA inhibits human VNUT-mediated ATP uptake at a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 67 nM, acting as an allosteric modulator through competition with Cl-. EPA impaired vesicular ATP release from neurons without affecting the vesicular release of other neurotransmitters. In vivo, VNUT-/- mice showed a delay in the onset of neuropathic pain and resistance to both neuropathic and inflammatory pain. EPA potently attenuated neuropathic and inflammatory pain in wild-type mice but not in VNUT-/- mice without affecting the basal nociception. The analgesic effect of EPA was canceled by the intrathecal injection of purinoceptor agonists and was stronger than that of existing drugs used for neuropathic pain treatment, with few side effects. Neuropathic pain impaired insulin sensitivity in previous studies, which was improved by EPA in the wild-type mice but not in the VNUT-/- mice. Our results showed that VNUT is a molecular target of EPA that attenuates neuropathic and inflammatory pain and insulin resistance. EPA may represent a unique nutrient-based treatment and prevention strategy for neurological, immunological, and metabolic diseases by targeting purinergic chemical transmission.
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32
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Pottorf TS, Rotterman TM, McCallum WM, Haley-Johnson ZA, Alvarez FJ. The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132083. [PMID: 35805167 PMCID: PMC9265514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord, largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The mechanisms of activation and response of microglia are diverse depending on the location within the spinal cord, type, severity, and proximity of injury, as well as the age and species of the organism. Thanks to recent advancements in neuro-immune research techniques, such as single-cell transcriptomics, novel genetic mouse models, and live imaging, a vast amount of literature has come to light regarding the mechanisms of microglial activation and alluding to the function of microgliosis around injured motoneurons and sensory afferents. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of the dorsal and ventral horns in relation to mechanisms of microglia activation (CSF1, DAP12, CCR2, Fractalkine signaling, Toll-like receptors, and purinergic signaling), and functionality in neuroprotection, degeneration, regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and spinal circuit reorganization following peripheral nerve injury. This review aims to shed new light on unsettled controversies regarding the diversity of spinal microglial-neuronal interactions following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana S. Pottorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Travis M. Rotterman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA;
| | - William M. McCallum
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Zoë A. Haley-Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Francisco J. Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
- Correspondence:
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NMDA and P2X7 Receptors Require Pannexin 1 Activation to Initiate and Maintain Nociceptive Signaling in the Spinal Cord of Neuropathic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126705. [PMID: 35743148 PMCID: PMC9223805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Panx1) is involved in the spinal central sensitization process in rats with neuropathic pain, but its interaction with well-known, pain-related, ligand-dependent receptors, such as NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and P2X7 purinoceptors (P2X7R), remains largely unexplored. Here, we studied whether NMDAR- and P2X7R-dependent nociceptive signaling in neuropathic rats require the activation of Panx1 channels to generate spinal central sensitization, as assessed by behavioral (mechanical hyperalgesia) and electrophysiological (C-reflex wind-up potentiation) indexes. Administration of either a selective NMDAR agonist i.t. (NMDA, 2 mM) or a P2X7R agonist (BzATP, 150 μM) significantly increased both the mechanical hyperalgesia and the C-reflex wind-up potentiation, effects that were rapidly reversed (minutes) by i.t. administration of a selective pannexin 1 antagonist (10panx peptide, 300 μM), with the scores even reaching values of rats without neuropathy. Accordingly, 300 μM 10panx completely prevented the effects of NMDA and BzATP administered 1 h later, on mechanical hyperalgesia and C-reflex wind-up potentiation. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging revealed coexpression of Panx1 with NeuN protein in intrinsic dorsal horn neurons of neuropathic rats. The results indicate that both NMDAR- and P2X7R-mediated increases in mechanical hyperalgesia and C-reflex wind-up potentiation require neuronal Panx1 channel activation to initiate and maintain nociceptive signaling in neuropathic rats.
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Platelets and the Role of P2X Receptors in Nociception, Pain, Neuronal Toxicity and Thromboinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126585. [PMID: 35743029 PMCID: PMC9224425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors belong to a family of cation channel proteins, which respond to extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). These receptors have gained increasing attention in basic and translational research, as they are central to a variety of important pathophysiological processes such as the modulation of cardiovascular physiology, mediation of nociception, platelet and macrophage activation, or neuronal-glial integration. While P2X1 receptor activation is long known to drive platelet aggregation, P2X7 receptor antagonists have recently been reported to inhibit platelet activation. Considering the role of both P2X receptors and platelet-mediated inflammation in neuronal diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, targeting purinergic receptors may provide a valuable novel therapeutic approach in these diseases. Therefore, the present review illuminates the role of platelets and purinergic signaling in these neurological conditions to evaluate potential translational implications.
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Sophocleous RA, Ooi L, Sluyter R. The P2X4 Receptor: Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of a Promising Neuroinflammatory Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105739. [PMID: 35628550 PMCID: PMC9147237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine 5′-triphosphate-gated P2X4 receptor channel is a promising target in neuroinflammatory disorders, but the ability to effectively target these receptors in models of neuroinflammation has presented a constant challenge. As such, the exact role of P2X4 receptors and their cell signalling mechanisms in human physiology and pathophysiology still requires further elucidation. To this end, research into the molecular mechanisms of P2X4 receptor activation, modulation, and inhibition has continued to gain momentum in an attempt to further describe the role of P2X4 receptors in neuroinflammation and other disease settings. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the P2X4 receptor, including its expression and function in cells involved in neuroinflammatory signalling. We discuss the pharmacology of P2X4 receptors and provide an overview of P2X4-targeting molecules, including agonists, positive allosteric modulators, and antagonists. Finally, we discuss the use of P2X4 receptor modulators and antagonists in models of neuroinflammatory cell signalling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Andrew Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4221-5508
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36
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Okuda H, Ishikawa T, Hori K, Kwankaew N, Ozaki N. Hedgehog signaling plays a crucial role in hyperalgesia associated with neuropathic pain in mice. J Neurochem 2022; 162:207-220. [PMID: 35437761 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating chronic syndrome of the nervous system caused by nerve injury. In Drosophila, the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is related to increased pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia) but does not affect the baseline nociceptive threshold. In general, the contribution of the Hh signaling pathway to neuropathic pain in vertebrates is a highly debated issue. Alternatively, we investigated the potential role of Hh signaling in mechanical allodynia using a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Seven days after spinal nerve-transection (SNT) surgery, microglial activation increased in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn compared with that in the sham group; however, 21 days after surgery, microglial activation decreased. Contrastingly, astrocyte activation in the spinal cord did not differ between the groups. On day 21 of postsurgery, the SNT group showed marked upregulation of sonic hedgehog expression in peripheral glial cells but not in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Intrathecal administration of the Hh signaling inhibitor vismodegib attenuated the mechanical allodynia observed on day 21 postsurgery. Conversely, intrathecal treatment with the Hh signaling activator smoothened agonist in naive mice induced mechanical allodynia, which was abolished by the ATP transporter inhibitor clodronate. Moreover, inhibition of Hh signaling by pretreatment with vismodegib significantly reduced ATP secretion and the frequency/number of spontaneous elevations of intracellular calcium ion levels in cultured DRG cells. Thus, the Hh signaling pathway appears to modulate the neural activity of DRG neurons via ATP release, and it plays an important role in sustaining mechanical allodynia and hypersensitivity in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Okuda
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Hori
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nichakarn Kwankaew
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ozaki
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Yang K, Wang Y, Li YW, Chen YG, Xing N, Lin HB, Zhou P, Yu XP. Progress in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 148:112717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Inoue K. Overview for the study of P2 receptors: From P2 receptor history to neuropathic pain studies. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 149:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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39
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Kohno K, Shirasaka R, Yoshihara K, Mikuriya S, Tanaka K, Takanami K, Inoue K, Sakamoto H, Ohkawa Y, Masuda T, Tsuda M. A spinal microglia population involved in remitting and relapsing neuropathic pain. Science 2022; 376:86-90. [PMID: 35357926 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is often caused by injury and diseases that affect the somatosensory system. Although pain development has been well studied, pain recovery mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we found that CD11c-expressing spinal microglia appear after the development of behavioral pain hypersensitivity following nerve injury. Nerve-injured mice with spinal CD11c+ microglial depletion failed to recover spontaneously from this hypersensitivity. CD11c+ microglia expressed insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), and interference with IGF1 signaling recapitulated the impairment in pain recovery. In pain-recovered mice, the depletion of CD11c+ microglia or the interruption of IGF1 signaling resulted in a relapse in pain hypersensitivity. Our findings reveal a mechanism for the remission and recurrence of neuropathic pain, providing potential targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kohno
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Shirasaka
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoshihara
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satsuki Mikuriya
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Takanami
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Setouchi, Japan.,Mouse Genomics Resources Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Kyushu University Institute for Advanced Study, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Setouchi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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Umpierre AD, Haruwaka K, Wu LJ. Getting a Sense of ATP in Real Time. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:834-836. [PMID: 35355226 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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41
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Boakye PA, Tang SJ, Smith PA. Mediators of Neuropathic Pain; Focus on Spinal Microglia, CSF-1, BDNF, CCL21, TNF-α, Wnt Ligands, and Interleukin 1β. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:698157. [PMID: 35295524 PMCID: PMC8915739 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.698157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intractable neuropathic pain is a frequent consequence of nerve injury or disease. When peripheral nerves are injured, damaged axons undergo Wallerian degeneration. Schwann cells, mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and epithelial cells are activated leading to the generation of an “inflammatory soup” containing cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. These primary mediators sensitize sensory nerve endings, attract macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes, alter gene expression, promote post-translational modification of proteins, and alter ion channel function in primary afferent neurons. This leads to increased excitability and spontaneous activity and the generation of secondary mediators including colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), chemokine C-C motif ligand 21 (CCL-21), Wnt3a, and Wnt5a. Release of these mediators from primary afferent neurons alters the properties of spinal microglial cells causing them to release tertiary mediators, in many situations via ATP-dependent mechanisms. Tertiary mediators such as BDNF, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and other Wnt ligands facilitate the generation and transmission of nociceptive information by increasing excitatory glutamatergic transmission and attenuating inhibitory GABA and glycinergic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. This review focusses on activation of microglia by secondary mediators, release of tertiary mediators from microglia and a description of their actions in the spinal dorsal horn. Attention is drawn to the substantial differences in the precise roles of various mediators in males compared to females. At least 25 different mediators have been identified but the similarity of their actions at sensory nerve endings, in the dorsal root ganglia and in the spinal cord means there is considerable redundancy in the available mechanisms. Despite this, behavioral studies show that interruption of the actions of any single mediator can relieve signs of pain in experimental animals. We draw attention this paradox. It is difficult to explain how inactivation of one mediator can relieve pain when so many parallel pathways are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Boakye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Peter A Smith
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Tozaki-Saitoh H, Takeda H, Inoue K. The Role of Microglial Purinergic Receptors in Pain Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061919. [PMID: 35335282 PMCID: PMC8949888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an essential modality of sensation in the body. Purinergic signaling plays an important role in nociceptive pain transmission, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and is important for communication between both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Microglia and astrocytes express a variety of purinergic effectors, and a variety of receptors play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of purinergic signaling and of the compounds that modulate purinergic transmission, with the aim of highlighting the importance of purinergic pathways as targets for the treatment of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-944-32-6137
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
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43
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Soeda M, Ohka S, Nishizawa D, Hasegawa J, Nakayama K, Ebata Y, Fukuda KI, Ikeda K. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the SLC17A9 and P2RY12 genes are significantly associated with phantom tooth pain. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221089592. [PMID: 35266813 PMCID: PMC9003655 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221089592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phantom tooth pain (PTP) is a rare and specific neuropathic pain that occurs after pulpectomy and tooth extraction, but its cause is not understood. We hypothesized that there is a genetic contribution to PTP. We focused on solute carrier family 17 member 9 (SLC17A9)/vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) and purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2RY12), both of which have been associated with neuropathic pain and pain transduction signaling in the trigeminal ganglion in rodents. We sought to corroborate these associations in humans. We investigated gene polymorphisms that contribute to PTP. We statistically examined the association between genetic polymorphisms and PTP vulnerability in 150 patients with orofacial pain, including PTP, and 500 healthy subjects. We found that the rs735055 polymorphism of the SLC17A9 gene and rs3732759 polymorphism of the P2RY12 gene were associated with the development of PTP. Carriers of the minor allele of rs735055 and individuals who were homozygous for the major allele of rs3732759 had a higher rate of PTP. Carriers of the minor allele of rs735055 reportedly had high SLC17A9 mRNA expression in the spinal cord, which may increase the storage and release of adenosine triphosphate. Individuals who were homozygous for the major allele of rs3732759 may have higher P2RY12 expression that is more active in microglia. Therefore, these carriers may be more susceptible to PTP. These results suggest that specific genetic polymorphisms of the SLC17A9 and P2RY12 genes are involved in PTP. This is the first report on genes that are associated with PTP in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Soeda
- 13931Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Seii Ohka
- 13931Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | | | | | | | - Yuko Ebata
- 13931Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | | | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences13931Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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44
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Okumo T, Takayama Y, Maruyama K, Kato M, Sunagawa M. Senso-Immunologic Prospects for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:786511. [PMID: 35069559 PMCID: PMC8767061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain syndrome that occurs in tissue injuries as the result of surgery, trauma, or ischemia. The clinical features of this severely painful condition include redness and swelling of the affected skin. Intriguingly, it was recently suggested that transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is involved in chronic post-ischemia pain, a CRPS model. TRPA1 is a non-selective cation channel expressed in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive primary nociceptors that becomes highly activated in ischemic conditions, leading to the generation of pain. In this review, we summarize the history of TRPA1 and its involvement in pain sensation, inflammation, and CRPS. Furthermore, bone atrophy is also thought to be a characteristic clinical sign of CRPS. The altered bone microstructure of CRPS patients is thought to be caused by aggravated bone resorption via enhanced osteoclast differentiation and activation. Although TRPA1 could be a target for pain treatment in CRPS patients, we also discuss the paradoxical situation in this review. Nociceptor activation decreases the risk of bone destruction via CGRP secretion from free nerve endings. Thus, TRPA1 inhibition could cause severe bone atrophy. However, the suitable therapeutic strategy is controversial because the pathologic mechanisms of bone atrophy in CRPS are unclear. Therefore, we propose focusing on the remission of abnormal bone turnover observed in CRPS using a recently developed concept: senso-immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Okumo
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takayama
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Japan.,Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Natural Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mami Kato
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Japan.,Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Sunagawa
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Japan
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Zhou X, Dai W, Qin Y, Qi S, Zhang Y, Tian W, Gu X, Zheng B, Xiao J, Yu W, Chen X, Su D. Electroacupuncture relieves neuropathic pain by inhibiting degradation of the ecto-nucleotidase PAP in the dorsal root ganglions of CCI mice. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:991-1005. [PMID: 35138669 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although electroacupuncture is widely used in chronic pain management, it is quite controversial due to its unclear mechanism. We hypothesised that EA alleviates pain by inhibiting degradation of the ecto-nucleotidase prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and facilitating ATP dephosphorylation in dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). METHODS We applied EA in male C57 mice subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI) and assessed extracellular ATP and 5'-nucleotidease expression in DRGs. Specifically, we used a luminescence assay, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and nociceptive-related behavioural changes to gather data, and we tested for effects after PAP expression was inhibited with an adeno-associated virus (AAV). Moreover, membrane PAP degradation was investigated in cultured DRG neurons and the inhibitory effects of EA on this degradation were assessed using immunoprecipitation. RESULTS EA treatment alleviated CCI surgery induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity. Furthermore, extracellular ATP decreased significantly in both the DRGs and dorsal horn of EA-treated mice. PAP protein but not mRNA increased in L4-L5 DRGs, and inhibition of PAP expression via AAV microinjection reversed the analgesic effect of EA. Membrane PAP degradation occurred through a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway in cultured DRG neurons; EA treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of adaptor protein complex 2, which subsequently reduced the endocytosis of membrane PAP. CONCLUSIONS EA treatment alleviated peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity in mice by inhibiting membrane PAP degradation via reduced endocytosis and subsequently promote ATP dephosphorylation in DRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Wanbing Dai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Siyi Qi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Weitian Tian
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Xiyao Gu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Beijie Zheng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Diansan Su
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
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46
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The Role of ATP Receptors in Pain Signaling. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2454-2468. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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van den Hoogen NJ, Harding EK, Davidson CED, Trang T. Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain: Therapeutic Potential Through Microglia Modulation. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:816747. [PMID: 35069129 PMCID: PMC8777271 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.816747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a complex sensory, cognitive, and emotional experience that imposes a great personal, psychological, and socioeconomic burden on patients. An estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide are afflicted with chronic pain, which is often difficult to treat and may be resistant to the potent pain-relieving effects of opioid analgesics. Attention has therefore focused on advancing new pain therapies directed at the cannabinoid system because of its key role in pain modulation. Endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids exert their actions primarily through Gi/o-protein coupled cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors expressed throughout the nervous system. CB1 receptors are found at key nodes along the pain pathway and their activity gates both the sensory and affective components of pain. CB2 receptors are typically expressed at low levels on microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune cells. In chronic pain states, there is a marked increase in CB2 expression which modulates the activity of these central and peripheral immune cells with important consequences for the surrounding pain circuitry. Growing evidence indicate that interventions targeting CB1 or CB2 receptors improve pain outcomes in a variety of preclinical pain models. In this mini-review, we will highlight recent advances in understanding how cannabinoids modulate microglia function and its implications for cannabinoid-mediated analgesia, focusing on microglia-neuron interactions within the spinal nociceptive circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke J. van den Hoogen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Erika K. Harding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chloé E. D. Davidson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Tuan Trang
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48
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Perez-Medina A, Galligan JJ. Nitrergic and Purinergic Nerves in the Small Intestinal Myenteric Plexus and Circular Muscle of Mice and Guinea Pigs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:33-43. [PMID: 36587144 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ATP is an excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter, while nitric oxide (NO) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system (ENS). We used a vesicular nucleotide transporter (SLC17A9, VNUT) antibody and a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antibody to identify purinergic and nitrergic nerves in mouse and guinea ileum. Mouse: VNUT-immunoreactivity (ir) was detected in nerve fibers in myenteric ganglia and circular muscle. VNUT-ir fibers surrounded choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and calretinin-ir neurons. VNUT-ir nerve cell bodies were not detected. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir nerves were detected in myenteric ganglia and the tertiary plexus. Guinea pig: VNUT-ir was detected in neurons and nerves fibers and did not overlap with NOS-ir nerve fibers. VNUT-ir was detected in nerve fibers in ganglia but not nerve cell bodies. VNUT-ir nerve fibers surrounded NOS-ir and NOS- neurons. NOS-ir and VNUT-ir nerve fibers did not overlap in myenteric ganglia or circular muscle. VNUT-ir nerves surrounded some ChAT-ir neurons. VNUT-ir and ChAT-ir were detected in separate nerves in the CM. VNUT-ir nerve fibers surrounded calretinin-ir neurons.Conclusions: VNUT-ir neurons likely mediate purinergic signaling in small intestinal myenteric ganglia and circular muscle. ATP and NO are likely released from different inhibitory motorneurons. VNUT-ir and ChAT-ir interneurons mediate cholinergic and purinergic synaptic transmission in the myenteric plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perez-Medina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,The Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Larrañaga-Vera A, Marco-Bonilla M, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G, Mediero A, Cronstein B. ATP transporters in the joints. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:591-605. [PMID: 34392490 PMCID: PMC8677878 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays a central role in a wide variety of joint diseases. ATP is generated intracellularly, and the concentration of the extracellular ATP pool is determined by the regulation of its transport out of the cell. A variety of ATP transporters have been described, with connexins and pannexins the most commonly cited. Both form intercellular channels, known as gap junctions, that facilitate the transport of various small molecules between cells and mediate cell-cell communication. Connexins and pannexins also form pores, or hemichannels, that are permeable to certain molecules, including ATP. All joint tissues express one or more connexins and pannexins, and their expression is altered in some pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), indicating that they may be involved in the onset and progression of these pathologies. The aging of the global population, along with increases in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, is associated with a rising frequency of joint diseases along with the increased costs and burden of related illness. The modulation of connexins and pannexins represents an attractive therapeutic target in joint disease, but their complex regulation, their combination of gap-junction-dependent and -independent functions, and their interplay between gap junction and hemichannel formation are not yet fully elucidated. In this review, we try to shed light on the regulation of these proteins and their roles in ATP transport to the extracellular space in the context of joint disease, and specifically OA and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Larrañaga-Vera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Marco-Bonilla
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Mediero
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Luo Z, Liao X, Luo L, Fan Q, Zhang X, Guo Y, Wang F, Ye Z, Luo D. Extracellular ATP and cAMP signaling promote Piezo2-dependent mechanical allodynia after trigeminal nerve compression injury. J Neurochem 2021; 160:376-391. [PMID: 34757653 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a type of severe paroxysmal neuropathic pain commonly triggered by mild mechanical stimulation in the orofacial area. Piezo2, a mechanically gated ion channel that mediates tactile allodynia in neuropathic pain, can be potentiated by a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathway that involves the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1). To study whether Piezo2-mediated mechanotransduction contributes to peripheral sensitization in a rat model of TN after trigeminal nerve compression injury, the expression of Piezo2 and activation of cAMP signal-related molecules in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) were detected. Changes in purinergic P2 receptors in the TG were also studied by RNA-seq. The expression of Piezo2, cAMP, and Epac1 in the TG of the TN animals increased after chronic compression of the trigeminal nerve root (CCT) for 21 days, but Piezo2 knockdown by shRNA in the TG attenuated orofacial mechanical allodynia. Purinergic P2 receptors P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2 were significantly up-regulated after CCT injury. In vitro, Piezo2 expression in TG neurons was significantly increased by exogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. ATP pre-treated TG neurons displayed elevated [Ca2+ ]i and faster increase in responding to blockage of Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger by KB-R7943. Furthermore, mechanical stimulation of cultured TG neurons led to sustained elevation in [Ca2+ ]i in ATP pre-treated TG neurons, which is much less in naïve TG neurons, or is significantly reduced by Piezo2 inhibitor GsMTx4. These results indicated a pivotal role of Piezo2 in peripheral mechanical allodynia in the rat CCT model. Extracellular ATP, Ca2+ influx, and the cAMP-to-Epac1 signaling pathway synergistically contribute to the pathogenesis and the persistence of mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoke Luo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Liao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lili Luo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qitong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zucheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daoshu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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