1
|
Hu J, Launay JP, Chaumont A, Heitz V, Jacquot de Rouville HP. Self-Assembled Bis-Acridinium Tweezer Equilibria Controlled by Multi-Responsive Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401866. [PMID: 38780863 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Protonated and methylated bis-acridinium tweezers built around a 2,6-diphenylpyridyl and an electron enriched 2,6-di(p-anisyl)pyridyl spacer have been synthesized. These tweezers can self-assemble in their corresponding homodimers and the associated thermodynamic parameters have been probed in organic solvents. The switching properties of the tweezers have been exploited in biphasic transfer experiments showing the shift of the equilibria towards the homodimers. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters of the formation of the reduced methylated homodimers investigated by electrochemical experiments revealed the dissociation of the dimers. Thus, in addition to solvent and temperature, the pH and redox responsiveness of the acridinium units of the tweezers make it possible to modulate to a larger extent the monomer-dimer equilibria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Hu
- LSAMM, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Launay
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe, CNRS UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- LSAMM, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Henri-Pierre Jacquot de Rouville
- LSAMM, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Daniel J, Satheesh AP, Kartha Kalathil K. Self-Assembly of Discrete Multi-Chromophoric Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401278. [PMID: 38803092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of chromophoric systems is a prerequisite to create well-ordered, processable nanomaterials with multiple functionalities. In the past two decades, the field of functional organic materials has primarily focused on systems featuring only one type of dye/π-conjugated unit. Consequently, many reports with mechanistic insights on the self-assembly of the dyes featuring different molecular packing have been reported. Subsequently, we have witnessed several attempts to organize the multi-chromophoric systems in solution and solid-state via different approaches using self-assembly as a tool. Incorporation of more than one dye is important in creating materials with tuneable optoelectronic properties. Consequently, self-assembly of more than one chromophoric systems have been investigated to some extent. This review aims to discuss the self-assembled materials derived from discrete π-conjugated systems comprising more than one dye units connected through covalent bonding (multi-chromophoric systems). Molecular design of various multi-chromophoric systems leading to the formation of crystals, liquid crystals and supramolecular polymers have been correlated with corresponding properties. We envisage that classification of self-assembled multi-chromophoric systems, with a note on tuneable optoelectronic properties, can provide a deeper understanding on the molecular design strategies, which is important in the fabrication of functional organic materials with optimum performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jomol Daniel
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Ashwin P Satheesh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnan Kartha Kalathil
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee S, Song G, Jeong KS. Stimuli-Responsive Molecular Duplexes Displaying Duplex-to-Duplex Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410884. [PMID: 38937392 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic duplexes with high stabilities have promising potential for mimicking biomolecular functions and developing supramolecular smart materials. Herein, we describe the synthesis and stimuli-responsive properties of molecular duplexes derived from indolocarbazole-pyridine (I-P) oligomers. These duplexes adopt nonclassical helical structures, stabilized by I-P hydrogen-bonding pairs in anhydrous chlorinated solvents. Notably, the longest duplex 62 (11-mer)2 displays remarkable stability, forming twenty hydrogen bonds; its exchange energy barrier was determined to be ΔG≠=22.0 kcal ⋅ mol-1 at 75 °C in anhydrous (CDCl2)2. Upon the addition of water, a hydrated duplex 62 (11-mer)2⊃10H2O was formed, with one water molecule inserted between each I-P hydrogen-bonding pair. The Hill coefficient (n) for this process is 6.1, demonstrating extremely positive cooperativity. Conversely, the hydrated duplex 62 (11-mer)2⊃10H2O was completely converted into the original anhydrous duplex 62 (11-mer)2 when the temperature was increased. Interconversion between these two distinct duplexes can be repeatedly carried out by varying the temperature. Furthermore, reversible switching between hetero-duplexes and homo-duplexes was also demonstrated by controlling the temperature, with concomitant changes in the characteristic emission signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunmoo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee H, Lee D. Assembling Molecular Clips To Build π-Stacks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302523. [PMID: 37658276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Nature utilizes an intimate stacking of aromatic motifs to construct functional structures, as demonstrated in protein folding and polynucleotide assembly. However, organized π-stacks of artificial molecules are difficult to build, primarily due to the weak, non-directional, and context-sensitive nature of van der Waals forces. To overcome these challenges, chemists have invented ingenious architectural designs to construct π-stacked supramolecular assemblies using clip-like molecules. This Concept article focuses on molecular clips that enable precise spatial control over assembly patterns, beyond the scope of simple host-guest chemistry. Different design strategies are analyzed and compared that leverage non-covalent interactions to create multi-layer π-stacks. Particular emphasis is placed on the choice of spine units as they play a crucial role in controlling the (i) spacing, (ii) orientation, and (iii) conformational pre-organization of linked aromatics to achieve long-range spatial ordering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sawada R, Govind C, Maeda T, Suzuki N, Yagi S, Karunakaran V, Ajayaghosh A. Squaraine Appended with Benzodipyrrole for Fluorescent Sensing of Methanol: Exciton Coupling Controls Photophysical Properties. Chem Asian J 2023:e202300868. [PMID: 37917150 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of dyes composed of two squaraine chromophores fused with a benzodipyrrole central moiety (BS1 and BS2), were investigated using steady-state absorption, fluorescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The dyes exhibit solvent-independent split electronic absorption due to exciton-coupling. Interestingly significant solvent-dependent fluorescence properties were observed. In toluene, they emit from the lowest excited state, while in methanol, they show weak emission in the higher energy region. In the low-temperature glass matrix, emission from the lowest excited state dominates similarly to that in toluene. The transient absorption spectra exhibit similar ground-state bleaching in toluene and methanol, revealing the formation of delocalized excited states by exciton coupling independent of solvent. However, the excited state deactivates rapidly in ultrafast time scale in methanol, likely due to solvent interaction, leading to rapid non-radiative deactivation. The PEG film doped with the exciton-coupled bis-squaraine shows a distinct fluorescence response to methanol vapor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Sawada
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Chinju Govind
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Naoya Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Manni G, Fdez. Galván I, Alavi A, Aleotti F, Aquilante F, Autschbach J, Avagliano D, Baiardi A, Bao JJ, Battaglia S, Birnoschi L, Blanco-González A, Bokarev SI, Broer R, Cacciari R, Calio PB, Carlson RK, Carvalho Couto R, Cerdán L, Chibotaru LF, Chilton NF, Church JR, Conti I, Coriani S, Cuéllar-Zuquin J, Daoud RE, Dattani N, Decleva P, de Graaf C, Delcey M, De Vico L, Dobrautz W, Dong SS, Feng R, Ferré N, Filatov(Gulak) M, Gagliardi L, Garavelli M, González L, Guan Y, Guo M, Hennefarth MR, Hermes MR, Hoyer CE, Huix-Rotllant M, Jaiswal VK, Kaiser A, Kaliakin DS, Khamesian M, King DS, Kochetov V, Krośnicki M, Kumaar AA, Larsson ED, Lehtola S, Lepetit MB, Lischka H, López Ríos P, Lundberg M, Ma D, Mai S, Marquetand P, Merritt ICD, Montorsi F, Mörchen M, Nenov A, Nguyen VHA, Nishimoto Y, Oakley MS, Olivucci M, Oppel M, Padula D, Pandharkar R, Phung QM, Plasser F, Raggi G, Rebolini E, Reiher M, Rivalta I, Roca-Sanjuán D, Romig T, Safari AA, Sánchez-Mansilla A, Sand AM, Schapiro I, Scott TR, Segarra-Martí J, Segatta F, Sergentu DC, Sharma P, Shepard R, Shu Y, Staab JK, Straatsma TP, Sørensen LK, Tenorio BNC, Truhlar DG, Ungur L, Vacher M, Veryazov V, Voß TA, Weser O, Wu D, Yang X, Yarkony D, Zhou C, Zobel JP, Lindh R. The OpenMolcas Web: A Community-Driven Approach to Advancing Computational Chemistry. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6933-6991. [PMID: 37216210 PMCID: PMC10601490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The developments of the open-source OpenMolcas chemistry software environment since spring 2020 are described, with a focus on novel functionalities accessible in the stable branch of the package or via interfaces with other packages. These developments span a wide range of topics in computational chemistry and are presented in thematic sections: electronic structure theory, electronic spectroscopy simulations, analytic gradients and molecular structure optimizations, ab initio molecular dynamics, and other new features. This report offers an overview of the chemical phenomena and processes OpenMolcas can address, while showing that OpenMolcas is an attractive platform for state-of-the-art atomistic computer simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Li Manni
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ignacio Fdez. Galván
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali Alavi
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Yusuf Hamied
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Aleotti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Aquilante
- Theory and
Simulation of Materials (THEOS) and National Centre for Computational
Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State
University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Davide Avagliano
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jie J. Bao
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Stefano Battaglia
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Letitia Birnoschi
- The Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, U.K.
| | - Alejandro Blanco-González
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overmann Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Sergey I. Bokarev
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ria Broer
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Cacciari
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paul B. Calio
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Carlson
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Rafael Carvalho Couto
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Cerdán
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
Martínez n. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Instituto
de Óptica (IO−CSIC), Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liviu F. Chibotaru
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicholas F. Chilton
- The Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, U.K.
| | | | - Irene Conti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sonia Coriani
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Juliana Cuéllar-Zuquin
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
Martínez n. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Razan E. Daoud
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nike Dattani
- HPQC Labs, Waterloo, N2T 2K9 Ontario Canada
- HPQC College, Waterloo, N2T 2K9 Ontario Canada
| | - Piero Decleva
- Istituto
Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
e Farmaceutiche, Università degli
Studi di Trieste, I-34121 Trieste, Italy
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Department
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís
Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mickaël
G. Delcey
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca De Vico
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Werner Dobrautz
- Chalmers
University of Technology, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sijia S. Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Physics, and Department
of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rulin Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State
University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nicolas Ferré
- Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR-7273), Aix-Marseille
Univ, CNRS, ICR 13013 Marseille, France
| | | | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yafu Guan
- State Key
Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical
Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hennefarth
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hermes
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chad E. Hoyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miquel Huix-Rotllant
- Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR-7273), Aix-Marseille
Univ, CNRS, ICR 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andy Kaiser
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Danil S. Kaliakin
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overmann Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Marjan Khamesian
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel S. King
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vladislav Kochetov
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marek Krośnicki
- Institute
of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics
and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, ul Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Ernst D. Larsson
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susi Lehtola
- Molecular
Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Bernadette Lepetit
- Condensed
Matter Theory Group, Institut Néel, CNRS UPR 2940, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Theory
Group, Institut Laue Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Pablo López Ríos
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dongxia Ma
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Francesco Montorsi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maximilian Mörchen
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Artur Nenov
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vu Ha Anh Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yoshio Nishimoto
- Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Meagan S. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overmann Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Markus Oppel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Riddhish Pandharkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Quan Manh Phung
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department
of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Gerardo Raggi
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Quantum
Materials and Software LTD, 128 City Road, London, EC1V 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Rebolini
- Scientific
Computing Group, Institut Laue Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Markus Reiher
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Rivalta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
Martínez n. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Thies Romig
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Arta Anushirwan Safari
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aitor Sánchez-Mansilla
- Department
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Andrew M. Sand
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Thais R. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Javier Segarra-Martí
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
Martínez n. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State
University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
- Laboratory
RA-03, RECENT AIR, A. I. Cuza University of Iaşi, RA-03 Laboratory (RECENT AIR), Iaşi 700506, Romania
| | - Prachi Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Ron Shepard
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Jakob K. Staab
- The Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, U.K.
| | - Tjerk P. Straatsma
- National
Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6373, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | | | - Bruno Nunes Cabral Tenorio
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Liviu Ungur
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Valera Veryazov
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torben Arne Voß
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oskar Weser
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dihua Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overmann Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - David Yarkony
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala
Center for Computational Chemistry (UC3), Uppsala University, PO Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala. Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Edhborg F, Olesund A, Tripathy V, Wang Y, Sadhukhan T, Olsson AH, Bisballe N, Raghavachari K, Laursen BW, Albinsson B, Flood AH. Triplet States of Cyanostar and Its Anion Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37427990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The design of advanced optical materials based on triplet states requires knowledge of the triplet energies of the molecular building blocks. To this end, we report the triplet energy of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles, which are the key structure-directing units of small-molecule ionic isolation lattices (SMILES) that have emerged as programmable optical materials. Cyanostar is a cyclic pentamer of covalently linked cyanostilbene units that form π-stacked dimers when binding anions as 2:1 complexes. The triplet energies, ET, of the parent cyanostar and its 2:1 complex around PF6- are measured to be 1.96 and 2.02 eV, respectively, using phosphorescence quenching studies at room temperature. The similarity of these triplet energies suggests that anion complexation leaves the triplet energy relatively unchanged. Similar energies (2.0 and 1.98 eV, respectively) were also obtained from phosphorescence spectra of the iodinated form, I-CS, and of complexes formed with PF6- and IO4- recorded at 85 K in an organic glass. Thus, measures of the triplet energies likely reflect geometries close to those of the ground state either directly by triplet energy transfer to the ground state or indirectly by using frozen media to inhibit relaxation. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT were undertaken on a cyanostar analogue, CSH, to examine the triplet state. The triplet excitation localizes on a single olefin whether in the single cyanostar or its π-stacked dimer. Restriction of the geometrical changes by forming either a dimer of macrocycles, (CSH)2, or a complex, (CSH)2·PF6-, reduces the relaxation resulting in an adiabatic energy of the triplet state of 2.0 eV. This structural constraint is also expected for solid-state SMILES materials. The obtained T1 energy of 2.0 eV is a key guide line for the design of SMILES materials for the manipulation of triplet excitons by triplet state engineering in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Axel Olesund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Vikrant Tripathy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Andrew H Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Niels Bisballe
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen S, Feng S, Markvoort AJ, Zhang C, Zhou E, Liang W, Zhang HJ, Jiang YB, Lin J. Unequal Perylene Diimide Twins in a Quadruple Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300786. [PMID: 36792541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural light-harvesting (LH) systems can divide identical dyes into unequal aggregate states, thereby achieving intelligent "allocation of labor". From a synthetic point of view, the construction of such kinds of unequal and integrated systems without the help of proteinaceous scaffolding is challenging. Here, we show that four octatetrayne-bridged ortho-perylene diimide (PDI) dyads (POPs) self-assemble into a quadruple assembly (POP)4 both in solution and in the solid state. The two identical PDI units in each POP are compartmentalized into weakly coupled PDIs (P520) and closely stacked PDIs (P550) in (POP)4 . The two extreme pools of PDI chromophores were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. To interpret the formation of the discrete quadruple assembly, we also developed a two-step cooperative model. Quantum-chemical calculations indicate the existence of multiple couplings within and across P520 and P550, which can satisfactorily describe the photophysical properties of the unequal quadruple assembly. This finding is expected to help advance the rational design of dye stacks to emulate functions of natural LH systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shishi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Computational Biology Group and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Cankun Zhang
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Enyang Zhou
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Bao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Molecular Tetris by sequence-specific stacking of hydrogen bonding molecular clips. Commun Chem 2022; 5:180. [PMID: 36697760 PMCID: PMC9814962 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A face-to-face stacking of aromatic rings is an effective non-covalent strategy to build functional architectures, as elegantly exemplified with protein folding and polynucleotide assembly. However, weak, non-directional, and context-sensitive van der Waals forces pose a significant challenge if one wishes to construct well-organized π-stacks outside the confines of the biological matrix. To meet this design challenge, we have devised a rigid polycyclic template to create a non-collapsible void between two parallel oriented π-faces. In solution, these shape-persistent aromatic clips self-dimerize to form quadruple π-stacks, the thermodynamic stability of which is enhanced by self-complementary N-H···N hydrogen bonds, and finely regulated by the regioisomerism of the π-canopy unit. With assistance from sufficient electrostatic polarization of the π-surface and bifurcated hydrogen bonds, a small polyheterocyclic guest can effectively compete against the self-dimerization of the host to afford a triple π-stack inclusion complex. A combination of solution spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic, and computational studies aided a detailed understanding of this cooperative vs competitive process to afford layered aromatics with extraordinary structural regularity and fidelity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma J, Han N, Yu H, Li J, Shi J, Wang S, Zhang H, Wang M. Multi-Decker Emissive Supramolecular Architectures Based on Shape-Complementary Ligands Pair. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202167. [PMID: 35638477 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dye aggregates have attracted a great deal of attention due to their widespread applications in organic light-emitting devices, light-harvesting systems, etc. However, the strategies to precisely control chromophores with specific spatial arrangements still remain a great challenge. In this work, a series of double- and triple-decker supramolecular complexes are successfully constructed by coordination-driven self-assembly of carefully designed shape-complementary ligands, one claw-like tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-based host ligand and three tetratopic or ditopic guest ligands. The spatial configurations of these assemblies (one double-decker and three "S-shaped" or "X-shaped" triple-decker structures) depend on the angles of these TPE-derived ligands. Notably, the three triple-decker structures are geometric isomers. Furthermore, photophysical studies show that these complexes exhibit different ratios of radiative (kr ) and non-radiative (knr ) rate constant due to the different spatial arrangements of TPE moieties. This study provides not only a unique strategy for the construction of multi-stacks with specific spatial arrangement, but also a promising platform for investigating the aggregation behavior of fluorescent chromophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Ningxu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Junjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Shaozhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Biaggne A, Spear L, Barcenas G, Ketteridge M, Kim YC, Melinger JS, Knowlton WB, Yurke B, Li L. Data-Driven and Multiscale Modeling of DNA-Templated Dye Aggregates. Molecules 2022; 27:3456. [PMID: 35684394 PMCID: PMC9182218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dye aggregates are of interest for excitonic applications, including biomedical imaging, organic photovoltaics, and quantum information systems. Dyes with large transition dipole moments (μ) are necessary to optimize coupling within dye aggregates. Extinction coefficients (ε) can be used to determine the μ of dyes, and so dyes with a large ε (>150,000 M−1cm−1) should be engineered or identified. However, dye properties leading to a large ε are not fully understood, and low-throughput methods of dye screening, such as experimental measurements or density functional theory (DFT) calculations, can be time-consuming. In order to screen large datasets of molecules for desirable properties (i.e., large ε and μ), a computational workflow was established using machine learning (ML), DFT, time-dependent (TD-) DFT, and molecular dynamics (MD). ML models were developed through training and validation on a dataset of 8802 dyes using structural features. A Classifier was developed with an accuracy of 97% and a Regressor was constructed with an R2 of above 0.9, comparing between experiment and ML prediction. Using the Regressor, the ε values of over 18,000 dyes were predicted. The top 100 dyes were further screened using DFT and TD-DFT to identify 15 dyes with a μ relative to a reference dye, pentamethine indocyanine dye Cy5. Two benchmark MD simulations were performed on Cy5 and Cy5.5 dimers, and it was found that MD could accurately capture experimental results. The results of this study exhibit that our computational workflow for identifying dyes with a large μ for excitonic applications is effective and can be used as a tool to develop new dyes for excitonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Biaggne
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.B.); (M.K.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.)
| | - Lawrence Spear
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.B.); (M.K.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.)
| | - German Barcenas
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.B.); (M.K.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.)
| | - Maia Ketteridge
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.B.); (M.K.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.)
| | - Young C. Kim
- Materials Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
| | - Joseph S. Melinger
- Electronics Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
| | - William B. Knowlton
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.B.); (M.K.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Bernard Yurke
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.B.); (M.K.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Lan Li
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (L.S.); (G.B.); (M.K.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.)
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gole B, Kauffmann B, Tron A, Maurizot V, McClenaghan N, Huc I, Ferrand Y. Selective and Cooperative Photocycloadditions within Multistranded Aromatic Sheets. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6894-6906. [PMID: 35380826 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of aromatic helix-sheet-helix oligoamide foldamers composed of several different photosensitive diazaanthracene units have been designed and synthesized. Molecular objects up to 7 kDa were straightforwardly produced on a 100 mg scale. Nuclear magnetic resonance and crystallographic investigations revealed that helix-sheet-helix architectures can adopt one or two distinct conformations. Sequences composed of an even number of turn units were found to fold in a canonical symmetrical conformation with two helices of identical handedness stacked above and below the sheet segment. Sequences composed of an odd number of turns revealed a coexistence between a canonical fold with helices of opposite handedness and an alternate fold with a twist within the sheet and two helices of identical handedness. The proportions between these species could be manipulated, in some cases quantitatively, being dependent on solvent, temperature, and absolute control of helix handedness. Diazaanthracene units were shown to display distinct reactivity toward [4 + 4] photocycloadditions according to the substituent in position 9. Their organization within the sequences was programmed to allow photoreactions to take place in a specific order. Reaction pathways and kinetics were deciphered and product characterized, demonstrating the possibility to orchestrate successive photoreactions so as to avoid orphan units or to deliberately produce orphan units at precise locations. Strong cooperative effects were observed in which the photoreaction rate was influenced by the presence (or absence) of photoadducts in the structure. Multiple photoreactions within the aromatic sheet eventually lead to structure lengthening and stiffening, locking conformational equilibria. Photoproducts could be thermally reverted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Gole
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN (UMR 5248), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie (UMS3033/US001), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Arnaud Tron
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Victor Maurizot
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN (UMR 5248), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nathan McClenaghan
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR5255), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-Conversion, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yann Ferrand
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN (UMR 5248), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dietzsch J, Bialas D, Bandorf J, Würthner F, Höbartner C. Tuning Exciton Coupling of Merocyanine Nucleoside Dimers by RNA, DNA and GNA Double Helix Conformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dietzsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Frank Würthner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Folding‐induced Fluorescence Enhancement in a Series of Merocyanine Hetero‐Folda‐Trimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
15
|
Bardi B, Painelli A, Panigati M, Mercandelli P, Terenziani F. Mean-Field Effects on the Phosphorescence of Dinuclear Re(I) Complex Polymorphs. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:772-778. [PMID: 35069020 PMCID: PMC8765007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A computational study rationalizes the different phosphorescence colors of two highly emitting crystal polymorphs of a dinuclear Re(I) complex, [Re2(μ-Cl)2(CO)6(μ-4,5-(Me3Si)2pyridazine)]. The electrostatic interactions between the charge distributions on neighboring molecules inside the crystal are responsible for the different stabilization of the emitting triplet state because of the different molecular packing. These self-consistent effects play a major role in the phosphorescence of crystals made of polar and polarizable molecular units, offering a powerful handle to tune the luminescence wavelength in the solid state through supramolecular engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Bardi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Painelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Panigati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio
INSTM, via G. Giusti
9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mercandelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Terenziani
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dietzsch J, Bialas D, Bandorf J, Würthner F, Höbartner C. Tuning exciton coupling of merocyanine nucleoside dimers by RNA, DNA and GNA double helix conformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116783. [PMID: 34937127 PMCID: PMC9302137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exciton coupling between two or more chromophores in a specific environment is a key mechanism associated with color tuning and modulation of absorption energies. This concept is well exemplified by natural photosynthetic proteins, and can also be achieved in synthetic nucleic acid nanostructures. Here we report the coupling of barbituric acid merocyanine (BAM) nucleoside analogues and show that exciton coupling can be tuned by the double helix conformation. BAM is a nucleobase mimic that was incorporated in the phosphodiester backbone of RNA, DNA and GNA oligonucleotides. Duplexes with different backbone constitutions and geometries afforded different mutual dye arrangements, leading to distinct optical signatures due to competing modes of chromophore organization via electrostatic, dipolar, π–π‐stacking and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The realized supramolecular motifs include hydrogen‐bonded BAM–adenine base pairs and antiparallel as well as rotationally stacked BAM dimer aggregates with distinct absorption, CD and fluorescence properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dietzsch
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - David Bialas
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Johannes Bandorf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Frank Würthner
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Organic Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Universität Würzburg, Institute für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schulz A, Würthner F. Folding-induced Fluorescence Enhancement in a Series of Merocyanine Hetero-Folda-Trimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114667. [PMID: 34784435 PMCID: PMC9299730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many dyes suffer from fast non-radiative decay pathways, thereby showing only short-lived excited states and weak photoluminescence. Here we show a pronounced fluorescence enhancement for a weakly fluorescent merocyanine (MC) dye by being co-facially stacked to other dyes in hetero-folda-trimer architectures. By means of fluorescence spectroscopy (lifetime, quantum yield) the fluorescence enhancement was explained by the rigidification of the emitting chromophore in the defined foldamer architecture and the presence of a non-forbidden lowest exciton state in H-coupled hetero-aggregates. This folding-induced fluorescence enhancement (FIFE) for specific sequences of π-stacked dyes points at a viable strategy toward improved fluorophores that relates to the approach used by nature in the green fluorescent protein (GFP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ghosh T, Mondal M, Vijayaraghavan RK. Multifarious Impact of Rhodanine Acceptor Group on the Optical Properties of Some Semiconductor Probes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Madalasa Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Ratheesh K. Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia West Bengal 741246 India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shishkina SV, Dyakonenko VV, Ishchenko AA, Kulinich AV. Ideal polymethine state of merocyanines in the crystal. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Hu X, Schulz A, Lindner JO, Grüne M, Bialas D, Würthner F. Folding and fluorescence enhancement with strong odd-even effect for a series of merocyanine dye oligomers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8342-8352. [PMID: 34221315 PMCID: PMC8221066 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01678d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of merocyanine (MC) oligomers with a varying number of chromophores from two to six has been synthesized via a peptide synthesis strategy. Solvent-dependent UV/vis spectroscopic studies reveal folding processes for the MC oligomers driven by strong dipole–dipole interactions resulting in well-defined π-stacks with antiparallel orientation of the dyes. Whilst even-numbered tetramer 4 and hexamer 6 only show partial folding into dimeric units, odd-numbered trimer 3 and pentamer 5 fold into π-stacks of three and five MC units upon decreasing solvent polarity. In-depth 2D NMR studies provided insight into the supramolecular structure. For trimer 3, an NMR structure could be generated revealing the presence of a well-defined triple π-stack in the folded state. Concomitant with folding, the fluorescence quantum yield is increased for all MC oligomers in comparison to the single chromophore. Based on radiative and non-radiative decay rates, this fluorescence enhancement can be attributed to the rigidification of the chromophores within the π-stacks that affords a pronounced decrease of the non-radiative decay rates. Theoretical investigations for the double and triple dye stacks based on time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations indicate for trimer 3 a pronounced mixing of Frenkel and charge transfer (CT) states. This leads to significant deviations from the predictions obtained by the molecular exciton theory which only accounts for the Coulomb interaction between the transition dipole moments of the chromophores. A series of merocyanine (MC) oligomers with a varying number of chromophores from two to six has been synthesized via a peptide synthesis strategy.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Hu
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Joachim O Lindner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Grüne
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lambert C, Hoche J, Schreck MH, Holzapfel M, Schmiedel A, Selby J, Turkin A, Mitric R. Ultrafast Energy Transfer Dynamics in a Squaraine Heterotriad. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2504-2511. [PMID: 33739846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A squaraine heterotriad consisting of three different covalently linked squaraine chromophores was synthesized, and its absorption spectra were interpreted in terms of Kasha's exciton coupling theory. Using the exciton couplings derived from model dyads (ca. 700 cm-1) as the input, we were able to predict the exciton state energies of the heterotriad. Transient absorption spectroscopy with femtosecond time resolution showed that excitation of the highest exciton state populates a state mainly localized at one terminal squaraine chromophore, and energy transfer to the lowest exciton state localized at the other terminal squaraine occurs within 30 fs. Field-induced surface hopping dynamics simulations support the assumption of ultrafast energy transfer. Moreover, they show the close relationship between internal conversion and energy transfer in the intermediate to weak coupling regime. The latter is a consequence of excitation localization caused by molecular vibrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joscha Hoche
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian H Schreck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joshua Selby
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Turkin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bialas D, Kirchner E, Röhr MIS, Würthner F. Perspectives in Dye Chemistry: A Rational Approach toward Functional Materials by Understanding the Aggregate State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4500-4518. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bialas
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Biaggne A, Knowlton WB, Yurke B, Lee J, Li L. Substituent Effects on the Solubility and Electronic Properties of the Cyanine Dye Cy5: Density Functional and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030524. [PMID: 33498306 PMCID: PMC7863957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation ability and exciton dynamics of dyes are largely affected by properties of the dye monomers. To facilitate aggregation and improve excitonic function, dyes can be engineered with substituents to exhibit optimal key properties, such as hydrophobicity, static dipole moment differences, and transition dipole moments. To determine how electron donating (D) and electron withdrawing (W) substituents impact the solvation, static dipole moments, and transition dipole moments of the pentamethine indocyanine dye Cy5, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD-) DFT calculations were performed. The inclusion of substituents had large effects on the solvation energy of Cy5, with pairs of withdrawing substituents (W-W pairs) exhibiting the most negative solvation energies, suggesting dyes with W-W pairs are more soluble than others. With respect to pristine Cy5, the transition dipole moment was relatively unaffected upon substitution while numerous W-W pairs and pairs of donating and withdrawing substituents (D-W pairs) enhanced the static dipole difference. The increase in static dipole difference was correlated with an increase in the magnitude of the sum of the Hammett constants of the substituents on the dye. The results of this study provide insight into how specific substituents affect Cy5 monomers and which pairs can be used to engineer dyes with desired properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Biaggne
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - William B. Knowlton
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.); (J.L.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Bernard Yurke
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.); (J.L.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Jeunghoon Lee
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.); (J.L.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Lan Li
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (A.B.); (W.B.K.); (B.Y.); (J.L.)
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghosh T, Birudula S, Kalita KJ, Vijayaraghavan RK. Control over Kinetic and Thermodynamically Driven Pathways of Crystallization to Yield Cofacial and Slipped-Stack Dimers in Single Crystals. Chemistry 2020; 26:10501-10509. [PMID: 32314832 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Control over the molecular packing in the solid state is of utmost importance in regulating the bulk optical properties of organic semiconductors. The electronic coupling between the molecules makes it possible to improve the properties of the bulk materials. This work reports an example of control over the selective formation of polymorphic single crystals of donor-acceptor-type small-molecule compound 25TR by 1) kinetic or 2) thermodynamic course of crystallisation to yield slipped stack (S) and cofacial (C) dimers in the single crystals. The distinct optical characteristics of the C-dimer and S-dimer are summarised. Both forms show significant excitonic interactions in the solid state, and the S-dimeric form has strong yellowish orange fluorescence, whereas the C-dimeric form is non-fluorescent in the crystalline state. DFT calculations and differential scanning calorimetric experiments revealed that the C-dimer polymorph is the thermodynamically stable form with a free energy offset of 0.43 eV in comparison with the S-dimer. Interestingly, the thermodynamically driven non-fluorescent single crystal was found to be convertible to its fluorescent form irreversibly by thermal trigger. The charge-carrier-transport characteristics of these two polymorphs were computed by using the Marcus-Hush formalism. The computations of the charge-carrier-transport behaviour revealed that the S-dimer (25TR(R) ) is ambipolar, whereas the C-dimer (25TR(Y) ) is predominantly n-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Srikanth Birudula
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Kalyan Jyoti Kalita
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Ratheesh K Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Catherin M, Uranga-Barandiaran O, Brosseau A, Métivier R, Canard G, D'Aléo A, Casanova D, Castet F, Zaborova E, Fages F. Exciton Interactions, Excimer Formation, and [2π+2π] Photodimerization in Nonconjugated Curcuminoid-BF 2 Dimers. Chemistry 2020; 26:3818-3828. [PMID: 31943360 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of a series of covalently linked dimers of quadrupolar curcuminoid-BF2 dyes and the detailed investigation of their solvent-dependent spectroscopic and photophysical properties. In solvents of low polarity, intramolecular folding induces the formation of aggregated chromophores, the UV/Vis absorption spectra of which display the optical signature characteristic of weakly-coupled H-aggregates. The extent of folding and, in turn, of ground-state aggregation is strongly dependent on the nature of the flexible linker. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence emission spectroscopies show that the Frenkel exciton relaxes into a fluorescent symmetrical excimer state with a long lifetime. Furthermore, our in-depth studies show that a weakly emitting excimer lies on the pathway toward a photocyclomer. Two-dimensional 1 H NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) allowed the structure of the photoproduct to be established. To our knowledge, this represents the first example of a [2π+2π] photodimerization of the curcuminoid chromophore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Catherin
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Olatz Uranga-Barandiaran
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Arnaud Brosseau
- PPSM, ENS Paris Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 94235, Cachan, France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- PPSM, ENS Paris Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 94235, Cachan, France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony D'Aléo
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Elena Zaborova
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Fages
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hu X, Lindner JO, Würthner F. Stepwise Folding and Self-Assembly of a Merocyanine Folda-Pentamer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3321-3325. [PMID: 32003980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a synthetic protocol toward a merocyanine (MC) pentamer 1 which represents the first merocyanine oligomer longer than a dimer. By continuously decreasing the solvent polarity, we demonstrate the stepwise folding from partially folded monomeric and dimeric MC subunits (in chloroform) up to the full pentamer π-stack (in 75% methylcyclohexane/25% chloroform) and a subsequent self-assembly of pentamer 1 into larger aggregates (in 80% methylcyclohexane/20% chloroform). This hierarchical structure formation process became possible due to the predominant dipole-dipole interactions among MC dyes that allowed for a precise modulation of the energy landscape by the solvent polarity. This unprecedented stepwise control of dye assembly via hierarchical dipole-dipole interactions opens the door for a more precise control of dye-dye interactions in artificial multichromophoric ensembles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Hu
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Joachim O Lindner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Singh V, Zoric MR, Hargenrader GN, Valentine AJS, Zivojinovic O, Milic DR, Li X, Glusac KD. Exciton Coherence Length and Dynamics in Graphene Quantum Dot Assemblies. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:210-216. [PMID: 31842548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exciton size and dynamics were studied in assemblies of two well-defined graphene quantum dots of varying size: hexabenzocoronene (HBC), where the aromatic core consists of 42 C atoms, and carbon quantum dot (CQD) with 78 C atoms. The synthesis of HBC and CQD were achieved using bottom-up chemical methods, while their assembly was studied using steady-state UV/vis spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy. While HBC forms long ordered fibers, CQD was found not to assemble well. The exciton size and dynamics were studied using time-resolved laser spectroscopy. At early times (∼100 fs), the exciton was found to delocalize over ∼1-2 molecular units in both assemblies, which reflects the confined nature of excitons in carbon-based materials and is consistent with the calculated value of ∼2 molecular units. Exciton-exciton annihilation measurements provided the exciton diffusion lengths of 16 and 3 nm for HBC and CQD, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Singh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 Cass Avenue , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Marija R Zoric
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 Cass Avenue , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - George N Hargenrader
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 Cass Avenue , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - Olivera Zivojinovic
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry , Studentski trg 12-16 , P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dragana R Milic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry , Studentski trg 12-16 , P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - Ksenija D Glusac
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Chicago , 845 West Taylor Street , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 Cass Avenue , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rajak A, Karan CK, Theato P, Das A. Supramolecularly cross-linked amphiphilic block copolymer assembly by the dipolar interaction of a merocyanine dye. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01492f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar interaction driven dimerization of a merocyanine (MC) dye has been exploited to achieve non-covalently crosslinked stable micelles in water and reverse micelles in toluene with emissive properties from a MC-pendant amphiphilic block copolymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Rajak
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Chandan Kumar Karan
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Unexpectedly bright photoluminescence emission can be observed in materials incorporating inorganic carbon when their size is reduced from macro–micro to nano. At present, there is no consensus in its understanding, and many suggested explanations are not consistent with the broad range of experimental data. In this Review, I discuss the possible role of collective excitations (excitons) generated by resonance electronic interactions among the chromophore elements within these nanoparticles. The Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism of energy migration within nanoparticles operates when the composing fluorophores are the localized electronic systems interacting at a distance. Meanwhile, the resonance interactions among closely located fluorophores may lead to delocalization of the excited states over many molecules resulting in Frenkel excitons. The H-aggregate-type quantum coherence originating from strong coupling among the transition dipoles of adjacent chromophores in a co-facial stacking arrangement and exciton transport to emissive traps are the basis of the presented model. It can explain most of the hitherto known experimental observations and must stimulate the progress towards their versatile applications.
Collapse
|
32
|
UV-vis absorption spectra of Sn(IV)tetrakis(4-pyridyl) porphyrins on the basis of axial ligation and pyridine protonation. J Mol Model 2019; 25:294. [PMID: 31478116 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study highlights the structural and electronic spectra of Sn(IV)tetrakis(4-pyridyl) porphyrins (SnTP) using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The impact of axial ligands (OH-, Cl-, and H2O) and protonation at pyridine sites on the excitation properties of SnTP is also explored. The considered SnTPs were optimized at B3LYP/6-31+G* level of theory with LANL2DZ basis set for Sn metal. The effects of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethylformamide (DMF) solvents were also assessed employing conductor-like polarizable continuum (C-PCM) model. The observed structural effects correlate well with the experimental data and clearly depict the impact of axial ligands on the SnTP ring. The absorption spectra along with the frontier orbitals in all three phases show noticeable dependence of axial ligation on the photophysical properties of SnTPs. The transition character of molecular orbitals and their respective density of states (DOS) were explored to infer the orbitals involved in electronic transitions. Graphical abstract The structural and electronic spectra of Sn(IV)tetrakis(4-pyridyl) porphyrins (SnTP) were examined using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Axial ligation and pyridine protonation significantly affects the absorption properties of Sn complexes. The overall results suggest the application of [(OH-)Sn (OH-)TP] and [(Cl-)Sn (Cl-)TP] as photosensitizers.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kirchner E, Bialas D, Würthner F. Bis(merocyanine) Hetero-Folda-Dimers: Evaluation of Exciton Coupling between Different Types of π-Stacked Chromphores. Chemistry 2019; 25:11294-11301. [PMID: 31257652 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exciton coupling between different types of chromophores has been rarely investigated. Herein, a systematic study on the exciton coupling between merocyanine chromophores of different conjugation length with varying excited state energies is presented. In this work well-defined hetero-dimer stacks were obtained upon folding of bis(merocyanine) dyes in nonpolar solvents. They show distinctly different absorption properties in comparison with the spectra of the single chromophores, revealing a significant coupling between the different chromophores. The simulated absorption spectra obtained from time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations are in good agreement with the experimental spectra. Our theoretical analysis based on an extension of Kasha's exciton theory discloses strong coupling between the dyes' transition dipole moments despite of an excited-state energy difference of 0.60 eV between the chromophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kirchner E, Bialas D, Wehner M, Schmidt D, Würthner F. Bis(merocyanine) Homo-Folda-Dimers: Evaluation of Electronic and Spectral Changes in Well-Defined Dye Aggregate Geometries. Chemistry 2019; 25:11285-11293. [PMID: 31257653 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of three bis(merocyanine) dyes comprising chromophores of different conjugation lengths has been synthesized and the intramolecular aggregation process was investigated by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. The spectral changes observed upon variation of the solvent polarity reveal a folding process resulting in a cofacial π-stack of two chromophores with a decrease of the aggregation tendency with increasing chromophore length and solvent polarity. Solvent-dependent UV/Vis studies of the monomeric reference dyes show a significant increase of the polyene-like character for dyes with longer polymethine chains in nonpolar solvents, which is reversed upon aggregation due to the polarizability effect of the adjacent chromophore within the dye stack. The pronounced hypsochromic shift of the absorption band observed upon aggregation indicates strong coupling of the dyes' transition dipole moments, which was confirmed by quantum-chemical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marius Wehner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khrenova MG, Nemukhin AV, Tsirelson VG. Origin of the π-stacking induced shifts in absorption spectral bands of the green fluorescent protein chromophore. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
36
|
Kirchner E, Bialas D, Fennel F, Grüne M, Würthner F. Defined Merocyanine Dye Stacks from a Dimer up to an Octamer by Spacer-Encoded Self-Assembly Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7428-7438. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Fennel
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Grüne
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hestand NJ, Spano FC. Expanded Theory of H- and J-Molecular Aggregates: The Effects of Vibronic Coupling and Intermolecular Charge Transfer. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7069-7163. [PMID: 29664617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic excited states of molecular aggregates and their photophysical signatures have long fascinated spectroscopists and theoreticians alike since the advent of Frenkel exciton theory almost 90 years ago. The influence of molecular packing on basic optical probes like absorption and photoluminescence was originally worked out by Kasha for aggregates dominated by Coulombic intermolecular interactions, eventually leading to the classification of J- and H-aggregates. This review outlines advances made in understanding the relationship between aggregate structure and photophysics when vibronic coupling and intermolecular charge transfer are incorporated. An assortment of packing geometries is considered from the humble molecular dimer to more exotic structures including linear and bent aggregates, two-dimensional herringbone and "HJ" aggregates, and chiral aggregates. The interplay between long-range Coulomb coupling and short-range charge-transfer-mediated coupling strongly depends on the aggregate architecture leading to a wide array of photophysical behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hestand
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alarcos N, Cohen B, Ziółek M, Douhal A. Photochemistry and Photophysics in Silica-Based Materials: Ultrafast and Single Molecule Spectroscopy Observation. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13639-13720. [PMID: 29068670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silica-based materials (SBMs) are widely used in catalysis, photonics, and drug delivery. Their pores and cavities act as hosts of diverse guests ranging from classical dyes to drugs and quantum dots, allowing changes in the photochemical behavior of the confined guests. The heterogeneity of the guest populations as well as the confinement provided by these hosts affect the behavior of the formed hybrid materials. As a consequence, the observed reaction dynamics becomes significantly different and complex. Studying their photobehavior requires advanced laser-based spectroscopy and microscopy techniques as well as computational methods. Thanks to the development of ultrafast (spectroscopy and imaging) tools, we are witnessing an increasing interest of the scientific community to explore the intimate photobehavior of these composites. Here, we review the recent theoretical and ultrafast experimental studies of their photodynamics and discuss the results in comparison to those in homogeneous media. The discussion of the confined dynamics includes solvation and intra- and intermolecular proton-, electron-, and energy transfer events of the guest within the SBMs. Several examples of applications in photocatalysis, (photo)sensors, photonics, photovoltaics, and drug delivery demonstrate the vast potential of the SBMs in modern science and technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Alarcos
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, and INAMOL, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Avenida Carlos III, S.N., 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Boiko Cohen
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, and INAMOL, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Avenida Carlos III, S.N., 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Marcin Ziółek
- Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Abderrazzak Douhal
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, and INAMOL, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Avenida Carlos III, S.N., 45071 Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Patalag LJ, Ho LP, Jones PG, Werz DB. Ethylene-Bridged Oligo-BODIPYs: Access to Intramolecular J-Aggregates and Superfluorophores. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15104-15113. [PMID: 28948783 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A versatile and rapid access to various chain lengths of ethylene-bridged BODIPY motifs was discovered. Corresponding oligomers comprising up to eight monomeric units were studied with respect to their microstructures by photophysical, X-ray crystallographic, and computational means. The investigation of three different dipyrrin cores revealed a crucial dependence on the substitution pattern of the core, whereas the nature of the meso-periphery is less critical. The impact of substituent effects on the conformational space was investigated by Monte Carlo simulations and a set of DFT methods (B3LYP, PBEh-3c, TPSS/PWPB95), including dispersion effects. Cryptopyrrole-derived oligo-BODIPYs are characterized by a tight intramolecular arrangement triggering a dominant J-type excitonic coupling with red-shifts up to 45 nm, exceptionally small line widths of the absorption and emission event (up to 286 cm-1), outstandingly high attenuation coefficients (up to 1 042 000 M-1 cm-1), and quantum yields of up to unity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Patalag
- Institut für Organische Chemie and ‡Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luong Phong Ho
- Institut für Organische Chemie and ‡Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter G Jones
- Institut für Organische Chemie and ‡Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Institut für Organische Chemie and ‡Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kong FKW, Chan AKW, Ng M, Low KH, Yam VWW. Construction of Discrete Pentanuclear Platinum(II) Stacks with Extended Metal-Metal Interactions by Using Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Tweezers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Ka-Wai Kong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Alan Kwun-Wa Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kong FKW, Chan AKW, Ng M, Low KH, Yam VWW. Construction of Discrete Pentanuclear Platinum(II) Stacks with Extended Metal-Metal Interactions by Using Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Tweezers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15103-15107. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Ka-Wai Kong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Alan Kwun-Wa Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Maggie Ng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme; University Grants Committee (Hong Kong); Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Heretsch P. Form Follows Function: Designer Chemistry at the 52nd Bürgenstock Conference. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8933-8936. [PMID: 28675614 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The 52nd Bürgenstock Conference on Stereochemistry took place from April 30-May 4, 2017, and showed how chemistry and design go hand-in-hand (as reflected in the image of the Bauhausarchiv in Berlin). In this Conference Report, Philipp Heretsch outlines the program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Heretsch P. Die Form folgt der Funktion: Designer-Chemie auf der 52. Bürgenstock-Konferenz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nishinaga T, Sotome Y. Stable Radical Cations and Their π-Dimers Prepared from Ethylene- and Propylene-3,4-dioxythiophene Co-oligomers: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. J Org Chem 2017. [PMID: 28650158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Co-oligomers composed of two 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units and two or three 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) units, i.e., 2E2PEt and 2E3PEt, were newly synthesized together with the ProDOT trimer 3PMe. On the basis of cyclic voltammetry, the gaps between the first and second oxidation potentials (ΔE1-2) of 2E2PEt and 2E3PEt were found to be larger than that of the previously synthesized ProDOT tetramer 4PHex. These co-oligomers gave the fairly stable radical cations 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ by chemical oxidation with AgSbF6. The disproportionation of 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ into neutral and dicationic species, which was observed for 4PHex•+, was inhibited in accord with the larger ΔE1-2. Additionally, the formation of the π-dimers (3PMe)22+, (2E2PEt)22+, and (2E3PE)22+ was clearly observed in dichloromethane solution at low temperatures with UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the π-dimerization enthalpies of 2E2PEt•+ and 2E3PEt•+ were greater than that of 3PMe•+, suggesting the formation of fully π-contacted structures. The structures of the π-dimers were optimized at the B97D3 method, and the calculated absorption spectra of the π-dimers obtained using TD-DFT methods were in reasonable agreement with the observed ones, supporting the reliability of the calculated structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Qiao B, Hirsch BE, Lee S, Pink M, Chen CH, Laursen BW, Flood AH. Ion-Pair Oligomerization of Chromogenic Triangulenium Cations with Cyanostar-Modified Anions That Controls Emission in Hierarchical Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6226-6233. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brandon E. Hirsch
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Semin Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, København Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liess A, Lv A, Arjona-Esteban A, Bialas D, Krause AM, Stepanenko V, Stolte M, Würthner F. Exciton Coupling of Merocyanine Dyes from H- to J-type in the Solid State by Crystal Engineering. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1719-1726. [PMID: 28165244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key issue for the application of π-conjugated organic molecules as thin film solid-state materials is the packing structure, which drastically affects optical and electronic properties due to intermolecular coupling. In this regard, merocyanine dyes usually pack in H-coupled antiparallel arrangements while structures with more interesting J-type coupling have been rarely reported. Here we show that for three highly dipolar merocyanine dyes, which exhibit the same π-scaffold and accordingly equal properties as monomers in solution, the solid-state packing can be changed by a simple variation of aliphatic substituents to afford narrow and intense absorption bands with huge hypsochromic (H) or bathochromic (J) shifts for their thin films and nanocrystals. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations show that the energetic offset of almost 1 eV magnitude results from distinct packing motifs within the crystal structures that comply with the archetype H- or J-aggregate structures as described by Kasha's exciton theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Liess
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aifeng Lv
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alhama Arjona-Esteban
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hestand NJ, Spano FC. Molecular Aggregate Photophysics beyond the Kasha Model: Novel Design Principles for Organic Materials. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:341-350. [PMID: 28145688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transport and photophysical properties of organic molecular aggregates, films, and crystals continue to receive widespread attention, driven mainly by expanding commercial applications involving display and wearable technologies as well as the promise of efficient, large-area solar cells. The main blueprint for understanding how molecular packing impacts photophysical properties was drafted over five decades ago by Michael Kasha. Kasha showed that the Coulombic coupling between two molecules, as determined by the alignment of their transition dipoles, induces energetic shifts in the main absorption spectral peak and changes in the radiative decay rate when compared to uncoupled molecules. In H-aggregates, the transition dipole moments align "side-by-side" leading to a spectral blue-shift and suppressed radiative decay rate, while in J-aggregates, the transition dipole moments align "head-to-tail" leading to a spectral red-shift and an enhanced radiative decay rate. Although many examples of H- and J-aggregates have been discovered, there are also many "unconventional" aggregates, which are not understood within the confines of Kasha's theory. Examples include nanopillars of 7,8,15,16-tetraazaterrylene, as well as several perylene-based dyes, which exhibit so-called H- to J-aggregate transformations. Such aggregates are typically characterized by significant wave function overlap between neighboring molecular orbitals as a result of small (∼4 Å) intermolecular distances, such as those found in rylene π-stacks and oligoacene herringbone lattices. Wave function overlap facilitates charge-transfer which creates an effective short-range exciton coupling that can also induce J- or H-aggregate behavior, depending on the sign. Unlike Coulomb coupling, short-range coupling is extremely sensitive to small (sub-Å) transverse displacements between neighboring chromophores. For perylene chromophores, the sign of the short-range coupling changes several times as two molecules are "slipped" from a "side-by-side" to "head-to-tail" configuration, in marked contrast to the sign of the Coulomb coupling, which changes only once. Such sensitivity allows J- to H-aggregate interconversions over distances several times smaller than those predicted by Kasha's theory. Moreover, since the total coupling drives exciton transport and photophysical properties, interference between the short- and long-range (Coulomb) couplings, as manifest by their relative signs and magnitudes, gives rise to a host of new aggregate types, referred to as HH, HJ, JH, and JJ aggregates, with distinct photophysical properties. An extreme example is the "null" HJ-aggregate in which total destructive interference leads to absorption line shapes practically identical to uncoupled molecules. Moreover, the severely compromised exciton bandwidth effectively shuts down energy transport. Most importantly, the new aggregates types described herein can be exploited for electronic materials design. For example, the enhanced exciton bandwidth and weakly emissive properties of HH-aggregates make them ideal candidates for solar cell absorbers, while the enhanced charge mobility and strong emissive behavior of JJ-aggregates makes them excellent candidates for light-emitting diodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Hestand
- Department of Chemistry Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Frank C. Spano
- Department of Chemistry Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| |
Collapse
|