1
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Evans JA, Schwartz WJ. On the origin and evolution of the dual oscillator model underlying the photoperiodic clockwork in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:503-511. [PMID: 37481773 PMCID: PMC10924288 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Decades have now passed since Colin Pittendrigh first proposed a model of a circadian clock composed of two coupled oscillators, individually responsive to the rising and setting sun, as a flexible solution to the challenge of behavioral and physiological adaptation to the changing seasons. The elegance and predictive power of this postulation has stimulated laboratories around the world in searches to identify and localize such hypothesized evening and morning oscillators, or sets of oscillators, in insects, rodents, and humans, with experimental designs and approaches keeping pace over the years with technological advances in biology and neuroscience. Here, we recount the conceptual origin and highlight the subsequent evolution of this dual oscillator model for the circadian clock in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus; and how, despite our increasingly sophisticated view of this multicellular pacemaker, Pittendrigh's binary conception has remained influential in our clock models and metaphors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Evans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - William J Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Curtis L, Piggins HD. Diverse genetic alteration dysregulates neuropeptide and intracellular signalling in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38924215 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, intrinsic 24 h or circadian rhythms are primarily generated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Rhythmic daily changes in the transcriptome and proteome of SCN cells are controlled by interlocking transcription-translation feedback loops (TTFLs) of core clock genes and their proteins. SCN cells function as autonomous circadian oscillators, which synchronize through intercellular neuropeptide signalling. Physiological and behavioural rhythms can be severely disrupted by genetic modification of a diverse range of genes and proteins in the SCN. With the advent of next generation sequencing, there is unprecedented information on the molecular profile of the SCN and how it is affected by genetically targeted alteration. However, whether the expression of some genes is more readily affected by genetic alteration of the SCN is unclear. Here, using publicly available datasets from recent RNA-seq assessments of the SCN from genetically altered and control mice, we evaluated whether there are commonalities in transcriptome dysregulation. This was completed for four different phases across the 24 h cycle and was augmented by Gene Ontology Molecular Function (GO:MF) and promoter analysis. Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and/or enriched GO:MF terms included signalling molecules, their receptors, and core clock components. Finally, examination of the JASPAR database indicated that E-box and CRE elements in the promoter regions of several commonly dysregulated genes. From this analysis, we identify differential expression of genes coding for molecules involved in SCN intra- and intercellular signalling as a potential cause of abnormal circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Curtis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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3
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Yang X, Cheng B, Cheng S, Liu L, Pan C, Meng P, Li C, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Wen Y, Jia Y, Liu H, Zhang F. A genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes for sleep disturbances in depressed individuals. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:51. [PMID: 38778419 PMCID: PMC11110369 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify candidate loci and genes related to sleep disturbances in depressed individuals and clarify the co-occurrence of sleep disturbances and depression from the genetic perspective. METHODS The study subjects (including 58,256 self-reported depressed individuals and 6,576 participants with PHQ-9 score ≥ 10, respectively) were collected from the UK Biobank, which were determined based on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and self-reported depression status, respectively. Sleep related traits included chronotype, insomnia, snoring and daytime dozing. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of sleep related traits in depressed individuals were conducted by PLINK 2.0 adjusting age, sex, Townsend deprivation index and 10 principal components as covariates. The CAUSALdb database was used to explore the mental traits associated with the candidate genes identified by the GWAS. RESULTS GWAS detected 15 loci significantly associated with chronotype in the subjects with self-reported depression, such as rs12736689 at RNASEL (P = 1.00 × 10- 09), rs509476 at RGS16 (P = 1.58 × 10- 09) and rs1006751 at RFX4 (P = 1.54 × 10- 08). 9 candidate loci were identified in the subjects with PHQ-9 ≥ 10, of which 2 loci were associated with insomnia such as rs115379847 at EVC2 (P = 3.50 × 10- 08), and 7 loci were associated with daytime dozing, such as rs140876133 at SMYD3 (P = 3.88 × 10- 08) and rs139156969 at ROBO2 (P = 3.58 × 10- 08). Multiple identified genes, such as RNASEL, RGS16, RFX4 and ROBO2 were reported to be associated with chronotype, depression or cognition in previous studies. CONCLUSION Our study identified several candidate genes related to sleep disturbances in depressed individuals, which provided new clues for understanding the biological mechanism underlying the co-occurrence of depression and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuena Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bolun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peilin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun'e Li
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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4
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Odriozola A, González A, Álvarez-Herms J, Corbi F. Circadian rhythm and host genetics. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:451-495. [PMID: 38908904 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
This chapter aims to explore the usefulness of the latest advances in genetic studies in the field of the circadian system in the future development of individualised strategies for health improvement based on lifestyle intervention. Due to the multifactorial and complex nature of the circadian system, we focus on the highly prevalent phenotypes in the population that are key to understanding its biology from an evolutionary perspective and that can be modulated by lifestyle. Therefore, we leave in the background those phenotypes that constitute infrequent pathologies or in which the current level of scientific evidence does not favour the implementation of practical approaches of this type. Therefore, from an evolutionary paradigm, this chapter addresses phenotypes such as morning chronotypes, evening chronotypes, extreme chronotypes, and other key concepts such as circadian rhythm amplitude, resilience to changes in circadian rhythm, and their relationships with pathologies associated with circadian rhythm imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Odriozola
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
| | - Adriana González
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Phymo® Lab, Physiology and Molecular Laboratory, Collado Hermoso, Segovia, Spain
| | - Francesc Corbi
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Centre de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
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5
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Obodo D, Outland EH, Hughey JJ. LimoRhyde2: Genomic analysis of biological rhythms based on effect sizes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292089. [PMID: 38096249 PMCID: PMC10721038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-scale data have revealed daily rhythms in various species and tissues. However, current methods to assess rhythmicity largely restrict their focus to quantifying statistical significance, which may not reflect biological relevance. To address this limitation, we developed a method called LimoRhyde2 (the successor to our method LimoRhyde), which focuses instead on rhythm-related effect sizes and their uncertainty. For each genomic feature, LimoRhyde2 fits a curve using a series of linear models based on periodic splines, moderates the fits using an Empirical Bayes approach called multivariate adaptive shrinkage (Mash), then uses the moderated fits to calculate rhythm statistics such as peak-to-trough amplitude. The periodic splines capture non-sinusoidal rhythmicity, while Mash uses patterns in the data to account for different fits having different levels of noise. To demonstrate LimoRhyde2's utility, we applied it to multiple circadian transcriptome datasets. Overall, LimoRhyde2 prioritized genes having high-amplitude rhythms in expression, whereas a prior method (BooteJTK) prioritized "statistically significant" genes whose amplitudes could be relatively small. Thus, quantifying effect sizes using approaches such as LimoRhyde2 has the potential to transform interpretation of genomic data related to biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Obodo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elliot H. Outland
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Hughey
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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6
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Murakami A, Tsuji K, Isoda M, Matsuo M, Abe Y, Yasui M, Okamura H, Tominaga K. Prolonged Light Exposure Induces Circadian Impairment in Aquaporin-4-Knockout Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:208-214. [PMID: 36694941 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221146242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are densely present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is the master circadian oscillator in mammals, and are presumed to play a key role in circadian oscillation. However, specific astrocytic molecules that regulate the circadian clock are not yet well understood. In our study, we found that the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) was abundantly expressed in SCN astrocytes, and we further examined its circadian role using AQP4-knockout mice. There was no prominent difference in circadian behavioral rhythms between Aqp4-/- and Aqp4+/+ mice subjected to light-dark cycles and constant dark conditions. However, exposure to constant light induced a greater decrease in the Aqp4-/- mice rhythmicity. Although the damped rhythm in long-term constant light recovered after transfer to constant dark conditions in both genotypes, the period until the reappearance of original rhythmicity was severely prolonged in Aqp4-/- mice. In conclusion, AQP4 absence exacerbates the prolonged light-induced impairment of circadian oscillations and delays their recovery to normal rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsumi Murakami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kouki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Japan
| | - Minako Isoda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University Graduate School of Medicine, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio University Global Research Institute, Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Keio University Global Research Institute, Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Japan
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Japan
| | - Keiko Tominaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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7
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Chen J, Lin T, Zhang S, Yue X, Liu X, Wu C, Liang Y, Zeng X, Ren M, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Niacin/β-hydroxybutyrate regulates milk fat and milk protein synthesis via the GPR109A/G i/mTORC1 pathway. Food Funct 2023; 14:2642-2656. [PMID: 36866679 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial receptor of BHBA and niacin, GPR109A is largely expressed in the mammary gland. However, the role of GPR109A in milk synthesis and its underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, we first investigated the effect of GPR109A agonists (niacin/BHBA) on milk fat and milk protein synthesis in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line (HC11) and PMECs (porcine mammary epithelial cells). The results showed that both niacin and BHBA promote milk fat and milk protein synthesis with the activation of mTORC1 signaling. Importantly, knockdown GPR109A attenuated the niacin-induced increase of milk fat and protein synthesis and the niacin-induced activation of mTORC1 signaling. Furthermore, we found that GPR109A downstream G protein-Gαi and -Gβγ participated in the regulation of milk synthesis and the activation of mTORC1 signaling. Consistent with the finding in vitro, dietary supplementation with niacin increases milk fat and protein synthesis in mice with the activation of GPR109A-mTORC1 signaling. Collectively, GPR109A agonists promote the synthesis of milk fat and milk protein through the GPR109A/Gi/mTORC1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Tongbin Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shuchang Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xianhuai Yue
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - XingHong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Caichi Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yunyi Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Ren
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Zeitz C, Roger JE, Audo I, Michiels C, Sánchez-Farías N, Varin J, Frederiksen H, Wilmet B, Callebert J, Gimenez ML, Bouzidi N, Blond F, Guilllonneau X, Fouquet S, Léveillard T, Smirnov V, Vincent A, Héon E, Sahel JA, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Sennlaub F, Morgans CW, Duvoisin RM, Tkatchenko AV, Picaud S. Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101155. [PMID: 36669906 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye disorder, caused by heterogeneous genetic and environmental factors. Rare progressive and stationary inherited retinal disorders are often associated with high myopia. Genes implicated in myopia encode proteins involved in a variety of biological processes including eye morphogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, visual perception, circadian rhythms, and retinal signaling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in animal models mimicking myopia are helpful in suggesting candidate genes implicated in human myopia. Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) in humans and animal models represents an ON-bipolar cell signal transmission defect and is also associated with high myopia. Thus, it represents also an interesting model to identify myopia-related genes, as well as disease mechanisms. While the origin of night blindness is molecularly well established, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of myopia development in subjects with cCSNB. Using whole transcriptome analysis on three different mouse models of cCSNB (in Gpr179-/-, Lrit3-/- and Grm6-/-), we identified novel actors of the retinal signaling cascade, which are also novel candidate genes for myopia. Meta-analysis of our transcriptomic data with published transcriptomic databases and genome-wide association studies from myopia cases led us to propose new biological/cellular processes/mechanisms potentially at the origin of myopia in cCSNB subjects. The results provide a foundation to guide the development of pharmacological myopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | - Jérome E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Helen Frederiksen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Blond
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Vasily Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Catherine W Morgans
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert M Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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9
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Gonzalez JC, Lee H, Vincent AM, Hill AL, Goode LK, King GD, Gamble KL, Wadiche JI, Overstreet-Wadiche L. Circadian regulation of dentate gyrus excitability mediated by G-protein signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112039. [PMID: 36749664 PMCID: PMC10404305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The central circadian regulator within the suprachiasmatic nucleus transmits time of day information by a diurnal spiking rhythm driven by molecular clock genes controlling membrane excitability. Most brain regions, including the hippocampus, harbor similar intrinsic circadian transcriptional machinery, but whether these molecular programs generate oscillations of membrane properties is unclear. Here, we show that intrinsic excitability of mouse dentate granule neurons exhibits a 24-h oscillation that controls spiking probability. Diurnal changes in excitability are mediated by antiphase G-protein regulation of potassium and sodium currents that reduce excitability during the Light phase. Disruption of the circadian transcriptional machinery by conditional deletion of Bmal1 enhances excitability selectively during the Light phase by removing G-protein regulation. These results reveal that circadian transcriptional machinery regulates intrinsic excitability by coordinated regulation of ion channels by G-protein signaling, highlighting a potential novel mechanism of cell-autonomous oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Gonzalez
- Department of Neurobiology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Haeun Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Angela M Vincent
- Department of Neurobiology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Angela L Hill
- Department of Neurobiology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lacy K Goode
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gwendalyn D King
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Karen L Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jacques I Wadiche
- Department of Neurobiology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Linda Overstreet-Wadiche
- Department of Neurobiology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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10
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Obodo D, Outland EH, Hughey JJ. LimoRhyde2: genomic analysis of biological rhythms based on effect sizes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526897. [PMID: 36778295 PMCID: PMC9915588 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-scale data have revealed daily rhythms in various species and tissues. However, current methods to assess rhythmicity largely restrict their focus to quantifying statistical significance, which may not reflect biological relevance. To address this limitation, we developed a method called LimoRhyde2 (the successor to our method LimoRhyde), which focuses instead on rhythm-related effect sizes and their uncertainty. For each genomic feature, LimoRhyde2 fits a curve using a series of linear models based on periodic splines, moderates the fits using an Empirical Bayes approach called multivariate adaptive shrinkage (Mash), then uses the moderated fits to calculate rhythm statistics such as peak-to-trough amplitude. The periodic splines capture non-sinusoidal rhythmicity, while Mash uses patterns in the data to account for different fits having different levels of noise. To demonstrate LimoRhyde2's utility, we applied it to multiple circadian transcriptome datasets. Overall, LimoRhyde2 prioritized genes having high-amplitude rhythms in expression, whereas a prior method (BooteJTK) prioritized "statistically significant" genes whose amplitudes could be relatively small. Thus, quantifying effect sizes using approaches such as LimoRhyde2 has the potential to transform interpretation of genomic data related to biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Obodo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elliot H. Outland
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacob J. Hughey
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Hitrec T, Petit C, Cryer E, Muir C, Tal N, Fustin JM, Hughes AT, Piggins HD. Timed exercise stabilizes behavioral rhythms but not molecular programs in the brain's suprachiasmatic clock. iScience 2023; 26:106002. [PMID: 36866044 PMCID: PMC9971895 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Timed daily access to a running-wheel (scheduled voluntary exercise; SVE) synchronizes rodent circadian rhythms and promotes stable, 24h rhythms in animals with genetically targeted impairment of neuropeptide signaling (Vipr2 -/- mice). Here we used RNA-seq and/or qRT-PCR to assess how this neuropeptide signaling impairment as well as SVE shapes molecular programs in the brain clock (suprachiasmatic nuclei; SCN) and peripheral tissues (liver and lung). Compared to Vipr2 +/+ animals, the SCN transcriptome of Vipr2 -/- mice showed extensive dysregulation which included core clock components, transcription factors, and neurochemicals. Furthermore, although SVE stabilized behavioral rhythms in these animals, the SCN transcriptome remained dysregulated. The molecular programs in the lung and liver of Vipr2 -/- mice were partially intact, although their response to SVE differed to that of these peripheral tissues in the Vipr2 +/+ mice. These findings highlight that SVE can correct behavioral abnormalities in circadian rhythms without causing large scale alterations to the SCN transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timna Hitrec
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Cheryl Petit
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Emily Cryer
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Charlotte Muir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Natalie Tal
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jean-Michel Fustin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alun T.L. Hughes
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK,School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK,Corresponding author
| | - Hugh D. Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK,Corresponding author
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12
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Ono D, Wang H, Hung CJ, Wang HT, Kon N, Yamanaka A, Li Y, Sugiyama T. Network-driven intracellular cAMP coordinates circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq7032. [PMID: 36598978 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian central circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), coordinates the timing of physiology and behavior to local time cues. In the SCN, second messengers, such as cAMP and Ca2+, are suggested to be involved in the input and/or output of the molecular circadian clock. However, the functional roles of second messengers and their dynamics in the SCN remain largely unclear. In the present study, we visualized the spatiotemporal patterns of circadian rhythms of second messengers and neurotransmitter release in the SCN. Here, we show that neuronal activity regulates the rhythmic release of vasoactive intestinal peptides from the SCN, which drives the circadian rhythms of intracellular cAMP in the SCN. Furthermore, optical manipulation of intracellular cAMP levels in the SCN shifts molecular and behavioral circadian rhythms. Together, our study demonstrates that intracellular cAMP is a key molecule in the organization of the SCN circadian neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ono
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Jung Hung
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kon
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Advanced Optics and Biological Engineering, Evident Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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A light-induced small G-protein gem limits the circadian clock phase-shift magnitude by inhibiting voltage-dependent calcium channels. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110844. [PMID: 35613591 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling is pivotal to the circadian clockwork in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), particularly in rhythm entrainment to environmental light-dark cycles. Here, we show that a small G-protein Gem, an endogenous inhibitor of high-voltage-activated voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), is rapidly induced by light in SCN neurons via the calcium (Ca2+)-mediated CREB/CRE transcriptional pathway. Gem attenuates light-induced calcium signaling through its interaction with VDCCs. The phase-shift magnitude of locomotor activity rhythms by light, at night, increases in Gem-deficient (Gem-/-) mice. Similarly, in SCN slices from Gem-/- mice, depolarizing stimuli induce larger phase shifts of clock gene transcription rhythms that are normalized by the application of an L-type VDCC blocker, nifedipine. Voltage-clamp recordings from SCN neurons reveal that Ca2+ currents through L-type channels increase in Gem-/- mice. Our findings suggest that transcriptionally activated Gem feeds back to suppress excessive light-evoked L-type VDCC activation, adjusting the light-induced phase-shift magnitude to an appropriate level in mammals.
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14
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Gpr19 is a circadian clock-controlled orphan GPCR with a role in modulating free-running period and light resetting capacity of the circadian clock. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22406. [PMID: 34789778 PMCID: PMC8599615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gpr19 encodes an evolutionarily conserved orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with currently no established physiological role in vivo. We characterized Gpr19 expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the locus of the master circadian clock in the brain, and determined its role in the context of the circadian rhythm regulation. We found that Gpr19 is mainly expressed in the dorsal part of the SCN, with its expression fluctuating in a circadian fashion. A conserved cAMP-responsive element in the Gpr19 promoter was able to produce circadian transcription in the SCN. Gpr19−/− mice exhibited a prolonged circadian period and a delayed initiation of daily locomotor activity. Gpr19 deficiency caused the downregulation of several genes that normally peak during the night, including Bmal1 and Gpr176. In response to light exposure at night, Gpr19−/− mice had a reduced capacity for light-induced phase-delays, but not for phase-advances. This defect was accompanied by reduced response of c-Fos expression in the dorsal region of the SCN, while apparently normal in the ventral area of the SCN, in Gpr19−/− mice. Thus, our data demonstrate that Gpr19 is an SCN-enriched orphan GPCR with a distinct role in circadian regulation and may provide a potential target option for modulating the circadian clock.
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15
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Morris EL, Patton AP, Chesham JE, Crisp A, Adamson A, Hastings MH. Single-cell transcriptomics of suprachiasmatic nuclei reveal a Prokineticin-driven circadian network. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108614. [PMID: 34487375 PMCID: PMC8521297 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in mammals are governed by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in which 20,000 clock cells are connected together into a powerful time‐keeping network. In the absence of network‐level cellular interactions, the SCN fails as a clock. The topology and specific roles of its distinct cell populations (nodes) that direct network functions are, however, not understood. To characterise its component cells and network structure, we conducted single‐cell sequencing of SCN organotypic slices and identified eleven distinct neuronal sub‐populations across circadian day and night. We defined neuropeptidergic signalling axes between these nodes, and built neuropeptide‐specific network topologies. This revealed their temporal plasticity, being up‐regulated in circadian day. Through intersectional genetics and real‐time imaging, we interrogated the contribution of the Prok2‐ProkR2 neuropeptidergic axis to network‐wide time‐keeping. We showed that Prok2‐ProkR2 signalling acts as a key regulator of SCN period and rhythmicity and contributes to defining the network‐level properties that underpin robust circadian co‐ordination. These results highlight the diverse and distinct contributions of neuropeptide‐modulated communication of temporal information across the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Morris
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew P Patton
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johanna E Chesham
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair Crisp
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antony Adamson
- The Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael H Hastings
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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16
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da Silveira WA, Fazelinia H, Rosenthal SB, Laiakis EC, Kim MS, Meydan C, Kidane Y, Rathi KS, Smith SM, Stear B, Ying Y, Zhang Y, Foox J, Zanello S, Crucian B, Wang D, Nugent A, Costa HA, Zwart SR, Schrepfer S, Elworth RAL, Sapoval N, Treangen T, MacKay M, Gokhale NS, Horner SM, Singh LN, Wallace DC, Willey JS, Schisler JC, Meller R, McDonald JT, Fisch KM, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Mason CE, Costes SV, Beheshti A. Comprehensive Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Biological Hub for Spaceflight Impact. Cell 2021; 183:1185-1201.e20. [PMID: 33242417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spaceflight is known to impose changes on human physiology with unknown molecular etiologies. To reveal these causes, we used a multi-omics, systems biology analytical approach using biomedical profiles from fifty-nine astronauts and data from NASA's GeneLab derived from hundreds of samples flown in space to determine transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and epigenetic responses to spaceflight. Overall pathway analyses on the multi-omics datasets showed significant enrichment for mitochondrial processes, as well as innate immunity, chronic inflammation, cell cycle, circadian rhythm, and olfactory functions. Importantly, NASA's Twin Study provided a platform to confirm several of our principal findings. Evidence of altered mitochondrial function and DNA damage was also found in the urine and blood metabolic data compiled from the astronaut cohort and NASA Twin Study data, indicating mitochondrial stress as a consistent phenotype of spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Man S Kim
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yared Kidane
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Komal S Rathi
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Stear
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yue Ying
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuanchao Zhang
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Dong Wang
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | | | | | - Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sonja Schrepfer
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Larry N Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Meller
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - J Tyson McDonald
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C. 20057, USA
| | | | - Gary Hardiman
- Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Deanne Taylor
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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17
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Buijink MR, Michel S. A multi-level assessment of the bidirectional relationship between aging and the circadian clock. J Neurochem 2021; 157:73-94. [PMID: 33370457 PMCID: PMC8048448 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The daily temporal order of physiological processes and behavior contribute to the wellbeing of many organisms including humans. The central circadian clock, which coordinates the timing within our body, is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Like in other parts of the brain, aging impairs the SCN function, which in turn promotes the development and progression of aging-related diseases. We here review the impact of aging on the different levels of the circadian clock machinery-from molecules to organs-with a focus on the role of the SCN. We find that the molecular clock is less effected by aging compared to other cellular components of the clock. Proper rhythmic regulation of intracellular signaling, ion channels and neuronal excitability of SCN neurons are greatly disturbed in aging. This suggests a disconnection between the molecular clock and the electrophysiology of these cells. The neuronal network of the SCN is able to compensate for some of these cellular deficits. However, it still results in a clear reduction in the amplitude of the SCN electrical rhythm, suggesting a weakening of the output timing signal. Consequently, other brain areas and organs not only show aging-related deficits in their own local clocks, but also receive a weaker systemic timing signal. The negative spiral completes with the weakening of positive feedback from the periphery to the SCN. Consequently, chronotherapeutic interventions should aim at strengthening overall synchrony in the circadian system using life-style and/or pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Renate Buijink
- Department of Cellular and Chemical BiologyLaboratory for NeurophysiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Stephan Michel
- Department of Cellular and Chemical BiologyLaboratory for NeurophysiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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18
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Ding G, Li X, Hou X, Zhou W, Gong Y, Liu F, He Y, Song J, Wang J, Basil P, Li W, Qian S, Saha P, Wang J, Cui C, Yang T, Zou K, Han Y, Amos CI, Xu Y, Chen L, Sun Z. REV-ERB in GABAergic neurons controls diurnal hepatic insulin sensitivity. Nature 2021; 592:763-767. [PMID: 33762728 PMCID: PMC8085086 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic insulin sensitivity shows a diurnal rhythm with a peak upon waking1,2. The molecular mechanism that underlies this temporal pattern is unclear. Here we show that the nuclear receptors REV-ERB-α and REV-ERB-β (referred to here as 'REV-ERB') in the GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid-producing) neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (SCNGABA neurons) control the diurnal rhythm of insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production in mice, without affecting diurnal eating or locomotor behaviours during regular light-dark cycles. REV-ERB regulates the rhythmic expression of genes that are involved in neurotransmission in the SCN, and modulates the oscillatory firing activity of SCNGABA neurons. Chemogenetic stimulation of SCNGABA neurons at waking leads to glucose intolerance, whereas restoration of the temporal pattern of either SCNGABA neuron firing or REV-ERB expression rescues the time-dependent glucose metabolic phenotype caused by REV-ERB depletion. In individuals with diabetes, an increased level of blood glucose after waking is a defining feature of the 'extended dawn phenomenon'3,4. Patients with type 2 diabetes with the extended dawn phenomenon exhibit a differential temporal pattern of expression of REV-ERB genes compared to patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have the extended dawn phenomenon. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how the central circadian clock regulates the diurnal rhythm of hepatic insulin sensitivity, with implications for our understanding of the extended dawn phenomenon in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolian Ding
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingyun Gong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanlin He
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Laboratory of Brain Glycemia and Metabolism Control, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Paul Basil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sichong Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pradip Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jinbang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kexin Zou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Younghun Han
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Matsuo M, Seo K, Mizuguchi N, Yamazaki F, Urabe S, Yamada N, Doi M, Tominaga K, Okamura H. Role of α2δ3 in Cellular Synchronization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Under Constant Light Conditions. Neuroscience 2021; 461:1-10. [PMID: 33609639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
By the effort to identify candidate signaling molecules important for the formation of robust circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the mammalian circadian center, here we characterize the role of α2δ proteins, synaptic molecules initially identified as an auxiliary subunit of the voltage dependent calcium channel, in circadian rhythm formation. In situ hybridization study demonstrated that type 3 α2δ gene (α2δ3) was strongly expressed in the SCN. Mice without this isoform (Cacna2d3-/-) did not maintain proper circadian locomotor activity rhythms under a constant light (LL) condition, whereas under a constant dark (DD) condition, these mice showed a similar period length and similar light-responsiveness as compared to wild type mice. Reflecting this behavioral phenotype, Cacna2d3-/- mice showed a severely impaired Per1 expression rhythm in the SCN under LL, but not under DD. Cultured SCN slices from Per1-luc transgenic Cacna2d3-/- mice revealed reduced synchrony of Per1-luc gene expression rhythms among SCN neurons. These findings suggest that α2δ3 is essential for synchronized cellular oscillations in the SCN and thereby contributes to enhancing the sustainability of circadian rhythms in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Seo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Mizuguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shoichi Urabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masao Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiko Tominaga
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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20
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Dannerfjord AA, Brown LA, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Light Input to the Mammalian Circadian Clock. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2130:233-247. [PMID: 33284449 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0381-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h cycles in physiology and behavior that occur in virtually all organisms. These processes are not simply driven by changes in the external environment as they persist under constant conditions, providing evidence for an internal biological clock. In mammals, this clock is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and is based upon an intracellular mechanism composed of a transcriptional-translational feedback loop composed of a number of core clock genes. However, a clock is of no use unless it can be set to the correct time. The primary time cue for the molecular clock in the SCN is light detected by the eye. The photoreceptors involved in this process include the rods and cones that mediate vision, as well as the recently identified melanopsin-expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs). Light information is conveyed to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract, resulting in an intracellular signaling cascade which converges on cAMP-response elements in the promoters of several key clock genes. Over the last two decades a number of studies have investigated the transcriptional response of the SCN to light stimuli with the aim of further understanding these molecular signaling pathways. Here we provide an overview of these studies and provide protocols for studying the molecular responses to light in the SCN clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Dannerfjord
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK.
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21
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von Schantz M, Leocadio-Miguel MA, McCarthy MJ, Papiol S, Landgraf D. Genomic perspectives on the circadian clock hypothesis of psychiatric disorders. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2020; 107:153-191. [PMID: 33641746 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbances are frequently described in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Growing evidence suggests a biological connection between mental health and circadian rhythmicity, including the circadian influence on brain function and mood and the requirement for circadian entrainment by external factors, which is often impaired in mental illness. Mental (as well as physical) health is also adversely affected by circadian misalignment. The marked interindividual differences in this combined susceptibility, in addition to the phenotypic spectrum in traits related both to circadian rhythms and mental health, suggested the possibility of a shared genetic background and that circadian clock genes may also be candidate genes for psychiatric disorders. This hypothesis was further strengthened by observations in animal models where clock genes had been knocked out or mutated. The introduction of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) enabled hypothesis-free testing. GWAS analysis of chronotype confirmed the prominent role of circadian genes in these phenotypes and their extensive polygenicity. However, in GWAS on psychiatric traits, only one clock gene, ARNTL (BMAL1) was identified as one of the few loci differentiating bipolar disorder from schizophrenia, and macaque monkeys where the ARNTL gene has been knocked out display symptoms similar to schizophrenia. Another lesson from genomic analyses is that chronotype has an important genetic correlation with several psychiatric disorders and that this effect is unidirectional. We conclude that the effect of circadian disturbances on psychiatric disorders probably relates to modulation of rhythm parameters and extend beyond the core clock genes themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm von Schantz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Mario A Leocadio-Miguel
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Munich, Germany; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- Circadian Biology Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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22
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Shan Y, Abel JH, Li Y, Izumo M, Cox KH, Jeong B, Yoo SH, Olson DP, Doyle FJ, Takahashi JS. Dual-Color Single-Cell Imaging of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Reveals a Circadian Role in Network Synchrony. Neuron 2020; 108:164-179.e7. [PMID: 32768389 PMCID: PMC8265161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) acts as a master pacemaker driving circadian behavior and physiology. Although the SCN is small, it is composed of many cell types, making it difficult to study the roles of particular cells. Here we develop bioluminescent circadian reporter mice that are Cre dependent, allowing the circadian properties of genetically defined populations of cells to be studied in real time. Using a Color-Switch PER2::LUCIFERASE reporter that switches from red PER2::LUCIFERASE to green PER2::LUCIFERASE upon Cre recombination, we assess circadian rhythms in two of the major classes of peptidergic neurons in the SCN: AVP (arginine vasopressin) and VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). Surprisingly, we find that circadian function in AVP neurons, not VIP neurons, is essential for autonomous network synchrony of the SCN and stability of circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Shan
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - John H Abel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Mariko Izumo
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Kimberly H Cox
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Byeongha Jeong
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - David P Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
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23
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Masuho I, Balaji S, Muntean BS, Skamangas NK, Chavali S, Tesmer JJG, Babu MM, Martemyanov KA. A Global Map of G Protein Signaling Regulation by RGS Proteins. Cell 2020; 183:503-521.e19. [PMID: 33007266 PMCID: PMC7572916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The control over the extent and timing of G protein signaling is provided by the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins that deactivate G protein α subunits (Gα). Mammalian genomes encode 20 canonical RGS and 16 Gα genes with key roles in physiology and disease. To understand the principles governing the selectivity of Gα regulation by RGS, we examine the catalytic activity of all canonical human RGS proteins and their selectivity for a complete set of Gα substrates using real-time kinetic measurements in living cells. The data reveal rules governing RGS-Gα recognition, the structural basis of its selectivity, and provide principles for engineering RGS proteins with defined selectivity. The study also explores the evolution of RGS-Gα selectivity through ancestral reconstruction and demonstrates how naturally occurring non-synonymous variants in RGS alter signaling. These results provide a blueprint for decoding signaling selectivity and advance our understanding of molecular recognition principles. Systematic analysis reveals G protein selectivity of all canonical RGS proteins RGS proteins rely on selectivity bar codes for selective G protein recognition Transplantation of bar codes across RGS proteins switches their G protein preferences Natural variants, mutations, and evolution shape RGS selectivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Santhanam Balaji
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Departments of Structural Biology and Center for Data Driven Discovery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Brian S Muntean
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nickolas K Skamangas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sreenivas Chavali
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Departments of Structural Biology and Center for Data Driven Discovery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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24
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Bartman CM, Matveyenko A, Prakash YS. It's about time: clocks in the developing lung. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:39-50. [PMID: 31895049 DOI: 10.1172/jci130143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of peripheral intracellular clocks revealed circadian oscillations of clock genes and their targets in all cell types, including those in the lung, sparking exploration of clocks in lung disease pathophysiology. While the focus has been on the role of these clocks in adult airway diseases, clock biology is also likely to be important in perinatal lung development, where it has received far less attention. Historically, fetal circadian rhythms have been considered irrelevant owing to lack of external light exposure, but more recent insights into peripheral clock biology raise questions of clock emergence, its concordance with tissue-specific structure/function, the interdependence of clock synchrony and functionality in perinatal lung development, and the possibility of lung clocks in priming the fetus for postnatal life. Understanding the perinatal molecular clock may unravel mechanistic targets for chronic airway disease across the lifespan. With current research providing more questions than answers, it is about time to investigate clocks in the developing lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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25
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Time-Restricted G-Protein Signaling Pathways via GPR176, G z, and RGS16 Set the Pace of the Master Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145055. [PMID: 32709014 PMCID: PMC7404074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an important source of drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. However, there are still more than one hundred orphan GPCRs, whose ligands and functions remain unidentified. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central circadian clock of the brain, directing daily rhythms in activity–rest behavior and physiology. Malfunction of the circadian clock has been linked to a wide variety of diseases, including sleep–wake disorders, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension, making the circadian clock an intriguing target for drug development. The orphan receptor GPR176 is an SCN-enriched orphan GPCR that sets the pace of the circadian clock. GPR176 undergoes asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation, a post-translational modification required for its proper cell-surface expression. Although its ligand remains unknown, this orphan receptor shows agonist-independent basal activity. GPR176 couples to the unique G-protein subclass Gz (or Gx) and participates in reducing cAMP production during the night. The regulator of G-protein signaling 16 (RGS16) is equally important for the regulation of circadian cAMP synthesis in the SCN. Genome-wide association studies, employing questionnaire-based evaluations of individual chronotypes, revealed loci near clock genes and in the regions containing RGS16 and ALG10B, a gene encoding an enzyme involved in protein N-glycosylation. Therefore, increasing evidence suggests that N-glycosylation of GPR176 and its downstream G-protein signal regulation may be involved in pathways characterizing human chronotypes. This review argues for the potential impact of focusing on GPCR signaling in the SCN for the purpose of fine-tuning the entire body clock.
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26
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Patton AP, Edwards MD, Smyllie NJ, Hamnett R, Chesham JE, Brancaccio M, Maywood ES, Hastings MH. The VIP-VPAC2 neuropeptidergic axis is a cellular pacemaking hub of the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian circuit. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3394. [PMID: 32636383 PMCID: PMC7341843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are the principal mammalian circadian timekeeper, co-ordinating organism-wide daily and seasonal rhythms. To achieve this, cell-autonomous circadian timing by the ~20,000 SCN cells is welded into a tight circuit-wide ensemble oscillation. This creates essential, network-level emergent properties of precise, high-amplitude oscillation with tightly defined ensemble period and phase. Although synchronised, regional cell groups exhibit differentially phased activity, creating stereotypical spatiotemporal circadian waves of cellular activation across the circuit. The cellular circuit pacemaking components that generate these critical emergent properties are unknown. Using intersectional genetics and real-time imaging, we show that SCN cells expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or its cognate receptor, VPAC2, are neurochemically and electrophysiologically distinct, but together they control de novo rhythmicity, setting ensemble period and phase with circuit-level spatiotemporal complexity. The VIP/VPAC2 cellular axis is therefore a neurochemically and topologically specific pacemaker hub that determines the emergent properties of the SCN timekeeper. Circadian activity modulation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a network-level emergent property that requires neuropeptide VIP signaling, yet the precise cellular mechanisms are unknown. Patton et al. show that cells expressing VIP or its receptor VPAC2 together determine these emergent properties of the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Patton
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mathew D Edwards
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.,UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Smyllie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ryan Hamnett
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Johanna E Chesham
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Marco Brancaccio
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.,Department of Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Maywood
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Michael H Hastings
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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27
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Ono D, Honma KI, Honma S. GABAergic mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus that influence circadian rhythm. J Neurochem 2020; 157:31-41. [PMID: 32198942 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian central circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN contains multiple circadian oscillators which synchronize with each other via several neurotransmitters. Importantly, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), is expressed in almost all SCN neurons. In this review, we discuss how GABA influences circadian rhythms in the SCN. Excitatory and inhibitory effects of GABA may depend on intracellular Cl- concentration, in which several factors such as day-length, time of day, development, and region in the SCN may be involved. GABA also mediates oscillatory coupling of the circadian rhythms in the SCN. Recent genetic approaches reveal that GABA refines circadian output rhythms, but not circadian oscillations in the SCN. Since several efferent projections of the SCN have been suggested, GABA might work downstream of neuronal pathways from the SCN which regulate the temporal order of physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ono
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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28
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Chrobok L, Northeast RC, Myung J, Cunningham PS, Petit C, Piggins HD. Timekeeping in the hindbrain: a multi-oscillatory circadian centre in the mouse dorsal vagal complex. Commun Biol 2020; 3:225. [PMID: 32385329 PMCID: PMC7210107 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic and cardiovascular processes controlled by the hindbrain exhibit 24 h rhythms, but the extent to which the hindbrain possesses endogenous circadian timekeeping is unresolved. Here we provide compelling evidence that genetic, neuronal, and vascular activities of the brainstem’s dorsal vagal complex are subject to intrinsic circadian control with a crucial role for the connection between its components in regulating their rhythmic properties. Robust 24 h variation in clock gene expression in vivo and neuronal firing ex vivo were observed in the area postrema (AP) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), together with enhanced nocturnal responsiveness to metabolic cues. Unexpectedly, we also find functional and molecular evidence for increased penetration of blood borne molecules into the NTS at night. Our findings reveal that the hindbrain houses a local network complex of neuronal and non-neuronal autonomous circadian oscillators, with clear implications for understanding local temporal control of physiology in the brainstem. Lukasz Chrobok, Rebecca Northeast et al. show circadian variation in clock gene expression and neuronal firing within the area postrema and the nucleus of the solitary tract in mice. These regions also exhibit variation in metabolic processes and blood-brain barrier permeability across the 24 hour cycle suggesting the presence of circadian oscillators within the dorsal vagal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Chrobok
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rebecca C Northeast
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jihwan Myung
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, No.172-1 Sec. 2 Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 291 Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan
| | - Peter S Cunningham
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cheryl Petit
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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29
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Wang T, Nakagawa S, Miyake T, Setsu G, Kunisue S, Goto K, Hirasawa A, Okamura H, Yamaguchi Y, Doi M. Identification and functional characterisation of N-linked glycosylation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr176. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4429. [PMID: 32157140 PMCID: PMC7064540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets with diverse therapeutic applications. However, there are still more than a hundred orphan GPCRs, whose protein functions and biochemical features remain unidentified. Gpr176 encodes a class-A orphan GPCR that has a role in circadian clock regulation in mouse hypothalamus and is also implicated in human breast cancer transcriptional response. Here we show that Gpr176 is N-glycosylated. Peptide-N-glycosidase treatment of mouse hypothalamus extracts revealed that endogenous Gpr176 undergoes N-glycosylation. Using a heterologous expression system, we show that N-glycosylation occurs at four conserved asparagine residues in the N-terminal region of Gpr176. Deficient N-glycosylation due to mutation of these residues reduced the protein expression of Gpr176. At the molecular function level, Gpr176 has constitutive, agonist-independent activity that leads to reduced cAMP synthesis. Although deficient N-glycosylation did not compromise this intrinsic activity, the resultant reduction in protein expression was accompanied by attenuation of cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. We also demonstrate that human GPR176 is N-glycosylated. Importantly, missense variations in the conserved N-glycosylation sites of human GPR176 (rs1473415441; rs761894953) affected N-glycosylation and thereby attenuated protein expression and cAMP-repressive activity in the cells. We show that N-glycosylation is a prerequisite for the efficient protein expression of functional Gpr176/GPR176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shumpei Nakagawa
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Genzui Setsu
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Kunisue
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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30
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Takemura S, Nagano M, Isonishi A, Tanaka T, Tatsumi K, Yamano M, Minami Y, Shigeyoshi Y, Wanaka A. Circadian rhythms of sorting nexin 25 in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 727:134897. [PMID: 32156614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms requires receptor-mediated signaling in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the site of the master circadian pacemaker. Receptor-mediated signaling is regulated by endocytosis, indicating that endocytosis-related proteins contribute to SCN pacemaking. Sorting nexin 25 (SNX25) belongs to the sorting nexin superfamily, whose members are responsible for membrane attachment to organelles of the endocytic system. In this study, we showed that Snx25 mRNA and SNX25 protein are highly expressed and exhibit remarkable circadian rhythms in the SCN of adult mice. Expression was maximal at about zeitgeber time (ZT) 16 in the subjective night and minimal at ZT8 in the subjective day. Prominent SNX25 immunoreactivity was found in the arginine vasopressin-positive neurons of the SCN. These findings suggest that SNX25 is a new actor in endocytic signaling, perhaps contributing to the circadian pacemaking system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Takemura
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ayami Isonishi
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kouko Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamano
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yoichi Minami
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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31
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Pilorz V, Astiz M, Heinen KO, Rawashdeh O, Oster H. The Concept of Coupling in the Mammalian Circadian Clock Network. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3618-3638. [PMID: 31926953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock network regulates daily rhythms in mammalian physiology and behavior to optimally adapt the organism to the 24-h day/night cycle. A central pacemaker, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), coordinates subordinate cellular oscillators in the brain, as well as in peripheral organs to align with each other and external time. Stability and coordination of this vast network of cellular oscillators is achieved through different levels of coupling. Although coupling at the molecular level and across the SCN is well established and believed to define its function as pacemaker structure, the notion of coupling in other tissues and across the whole system is less well understood. In this review, we describe the different levels of coupling in the mammalian circadian clock system - from molecules to the whole organism. We highlight recent advances in gaining knowledge of the complex organization and function of circadian network regulation and its significance for the generation of stable but plastic intrinsic 24-h rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Pilorz
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Mariana Astiz
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Keno Ole Heinen
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Oliver Rawashdeh
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, St Lucia Qld, 4071, Australia
| | - Henrik Oster
- University of Lübeck, Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Luebeck, Germany.
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32
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Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is remarkable. Despite numbering only about 10,000 neurons on each side of the third ventricle, the SCN is our principal circadian clock, directing the daily cycles of behaviour and physiology that set the tempo of our lives. When this nucleus is isolated in organotypic culture, its autonomous timing mechanism can persist indefinitely, with precision and robustness. The discovery of the cell-autonomous transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops that drive circadian activity in the SCN provided a powerful exemplar of the genetic specification of complex mammalian behaviours. However, the analysis of circadian time-keeping is moving beyond single cells. Technical and conceptual advances, including intersectional genetics, multidimensional imaging and network theory, are beginning to uncover the circuit-level mechanisms and emergent properties that make the SCN a uniquely precise and robust clock. However, much remains unknown about the SCN, not least the intrinsic properties of SCN neurons, its circuit topology and the neuronal computations that these circuits support. Moreover, the convention that the SCN is a neuronal clock has been overturned by the discovery that astrocytes are an integral part of the timepiece. As a test bed for examining the relationships between genes, cells and circuits in sculpting complex behaviours, the SCN continues to offer powerful lessons and opportunities for contemporary neuroscience.
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33
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Doi M, Shimatani H, Atobe Y, Murai I, Hayashi H, Takahashi Y, Fustin JM, Yamaguchi Y, Kiyonari H, Koike N, Yagita K, Lee C, Abe M, Sakimura K, Okamura H. Non-coding cis-element of Period2 is essential for maintaining organismal circadian behaviour and body temperature rhythmicity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2563. [PMID: 31189882 PMCID: PMC6561950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding cis-regulatory elements are essential determinants of development, but their exact impacts on behavior and physiology in adults remain elusive. Cis-element-based transcriptional regulation is believed to be crucial for generating circadian rhythms in behavior and physiology. However, genetic evidence supporting this model is based on mutations in the protein-coding sequences of clock genes. Here, we report generation of mutant mice carrying a mutation only at the E'-box cis-element in the promoter region of the core clock gene Per2. The Per2 E'-box mutation abolishes sustainable molecular clock oscillations and renders circadian locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms unstable. Without the E'-box, Per2 messenger RNA and protein expression remain at mid-to-high levels. Our work delineates the Per2 E'-box as a critical nodal element for keeping sustainable cell-autonomous circadian oscillation and reveals the extent of the impact of the non-coding cis-element in daily maintenance of animal locomotor activity and body temperature rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Shimatani
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Atobe
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Iori Murai
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hida Hayashi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukari Takahashi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean-Michel Fustin
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratories for Animal Resource Development and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Nobuya Koike
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yagita
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Choogon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyō-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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34
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Squires KE, Montañez-Miranda C, Pandya RR, Torres MP, Hepler JR. Genetic Analysis of Rare Human Variants of Regulators of G Protein Signaling Proteins and Their Role in Human Physiology and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:446-474. [PMID: 29871944 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate the physiologic actions of many neurotransmitters, hormones, and other signaling molecules. Human RGS proteins comprise a family of 20 canonical proteins that bind directly to G protein-coupled receptors/G protein complexes to limit the lifetime of their signaling events, which regulate all aspects of cell and organ physiology. Genetic variations account for diverse human traits and individual predispositions to disease. RGS proteins contribute to many complex polygenic human traits and pathologies such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, schizophrenia, depression, addiction, cancers, and many others. Recent analysis indicates that most human diseases are due to extremely rare genetic variants. In this study, we summarize physiologic roles for RGS proteins and links to human diseases/traits and report rare variants found within each human RGS protein exome sequence derived from global population studies. Each RGS sequence is analyzed using recently described bioinformatics and proteomic tools for measures of missense tolerance ratio paired with combined annotation-dependent depletion scores, and protein post-translational modification (PTM) alignment cluster analysis. We highlight selected variants within the well-studied RGS domain that likely disrupt RGS protein functions and provide comprehensive variant and PTM data for each RGS protein for future study. We propose that rare variants in functionally sensitive regions of RGS proteins confer profound change-of-function phenotypes that may contribute, in newly appreciated ways, to complex human diseases and/or traits. This information provides investigators with a valuable database to explore variation in RGS protein function, and for targeting RGS proteins as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Squires
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Carolina Montañez-Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Rushika R Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - Matthew P Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
| | - John R Hepler
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (K.E.S., C.M.-M., J.R.H.); and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia (R.R.P., M.P.T.)
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35
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Cipolla-Neto J, Amaral FGD. Melatonin as a Hormone: New Physiological and Clinical Insights. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:990-1028. [PMID: 30215696 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule present in almost every live being from bacteria to humans. In vertebrates, besides being produced in peripheral tissues and acting as an autocrine and paracrine signal, melatonin is centrally synthetized by a neuroendocrine organ, the pineal gland. Independently of the considered species, pineal hormone melatonin is always produced during the night and its production and secretory episode duration are directly dependent on the length of the night. As its production is tightly linked to the light/dark cycle, melatonin main hormonal systemic integrative action is to coordinate behavioral and physiological adaptations to the environmental geophysical day and season. The circadian signal is dependent on its daily production regularity, on the contrast between day and night concentrations, and on specially developed ways of action. During its daily secretory episode, melatonin coordinates the night adaptive physiology through immediate effects and primes the day adaptive responses through prospective effects that will only appear at daytime, when melatonin is absent. Similarly, the annual history of the daily melatonin secretory episode duration primes the central nervous/endocrine system to the seasons to come. Remarkably, maternal melatonin programs the fetuses' behavior and physiology to cope with the environmental light/dark cycle and season after birth. These unique ways of action turn melatonin into a biological time-domain-acting molecule. The present review focuses on the above considerations, proposes a putative classification of clinical melatonin dysfunctions, and discusses general guidelines to the therapeutic use of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Merikanto I, Lahti J, Kuula L, Heinonen K, Räikkönen K, Andersson S, Strandberg T, Pesonen AK. Circadian preference and sleep timing from childhood to adolescence in relation to genetic variants from a genome-wide association study. Sleep Med 2018; 50:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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37
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Collins B, Brown SA. Beyond the molecular clock. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Wheaton KL, Hansen KF, Aten S, Sullivan KA, Yoon H, Hoyt KR, Obrietan K. The Phosphorylation of CREB at Serine 133 Is a Key Event for Circadian Clock Timing and Entrainment in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:497-514. [PMID: 30175684 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418791713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)-the locus of the master circadian clock- transcriptional regulation via the CREB/CRE pathway is implicated in the functioning of the molecular clock timing process, and is a key conduit through which photic input entrains the oscillator. One event driving CRE-mediated transcription is the phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133 (Ser133). Indeed, numerous reporter gene assays have shown that an alanine point mutation in Ser133 reduces CREB-mediated transcription. Here, we sought to examine the contribution of Ser133 phosphorylation to the functional role of CREB in SCN clock physiology in vivo. To this end, we used a CREB knock-in mouse strain, in which Ser133 was mutated to alanine (S/A CREB). Under a standard 12 h light-dark cycle, S/A CREB mice exhibited a marked alteration in clock-regulated wheel running activity. Relative to WT mice, S/A CREB mice had highly fragmented bouts of locomotor activity during the night phase, elevated daytime activity, and a delayed phase angle of entrainment. Further, under free-running conditions, S/A CREB mice had a significantly longer tau than WT mice and reduced activity amplitude. In S/A CREB mice, light-evoked clock entrainment, using both Aschoff type 1 and 6 h "jet lag" paradigms, was markedly reduced relative to WT mice. S/A CREB mice exhibited attenuated transcriptional drive, as assessed by examining both clock-gated and light-evoked gene expression. Finally, SCN slice culture imaging detected a marked disruption in cellular clock phase synchrony following a phase-resetting stimulus in S/A CREB mice. Together, these data indicate that signaling through CREB phosphorylation at Ser133 is critical for the functional fidelity of both SCN timing and entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin L Wheaton
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Sydney Aten
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kyle A Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Hyojung Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kari R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Karl Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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39
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Kim K, Lee J, Ghil S. The regulators of G protein signaling
RGS
16 and
RGS
18 inhibit protease‐activated receptor 2/Gi/o signaling through distinct interactions with Gα in live cells. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3126-3138. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiman Kim
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
| | - Jinyong Lee
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
| | - Sungho Ghil
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
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40
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Gα i3 signaling is associated with sexual dimorphic expression of the clock-controlled output gene Dbp in murine liver. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30213-30224. [PMID: 30100984 PMCID: PMC6084400 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The albumin D-box binding protein (DBP) is a member of the PAR bZip (proline and acidic amino acid-rich basic leucine zipper) transcription factor family and functions as important regulator of circadian core and output gene expression. Gene expression of DBP itself is under the control of E-box-dependent binding by the Bmal1-Clock heterodimer and CRE-dependent binding by the cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB). However, the signaling mechanism mediating CREB-dependent regulation of DBP expression in the peripheral clock remains elusive. In this study, we examined the role of the GPCR (G-protein-coupled receptor)/Gαi3 (Galphai3) controlled cAMP-CREB signaling pathway in the regulation of hepatic expression of core clock and clock-regulated genes, including Dbp. Analysis of circadian gene expression revealed that rhythmicity of hepatic transcript levels of the majority of core clock (including Per1) and clock-regulated genes were not affected by Gαi3 deficiency. Consistently, the period length of primary Gαi3 deficient tail fibroblasts expressing a Bmal1-Luciferase reporter was not affected. Interestingly, however, Gαi3 deficient female but not male mice showed a tendentiously increased activation of CREB (nuclear pSer133-CREB) accompanied by an advanced peak in Dbp gene expression and elevated mRNA levels of the cytochrome P450 family member Cyp3a11, a target gene of DBP. Accordingly, selective inhibition of CREB led to a strongly decreased expression of DBP and CYP3A4 (human Cyp3a11 homologue) in HepG2 liver cells. In summary, our data suggest that the Gαi3-pCREB signalling pathway functions as a regulator of sexual-dimorphic expression of DBP and its xenobiotic target enzymes Cyp3a11/CYP3A4.
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41
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Li X, Wang S, Yang S, Ying J, Yu H, Yang C, Liu Y, Wang Y, Cheng S, Xiao J, Guo H, Jiang Z, Wang Z. Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput affects the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells by regulating the expression of E-cadherin via IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7097-7103. [PMID: 29731875 PMCID: PMC5920822 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm regulates numerous physiological activities, including sleep and wakefulness, behavior, immunity and metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated that circadian rhythm disorder is associated with the occurrence of tumors. Responsible for regulating a number of functions, the Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) gene is one of the core regulatory genes of circadian rhythm. The Clock gene has also been implicated in the occurrence and development of tumors in previously studies. The present study evaluated the role of the Clock gene in the proliferation and migration of mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells, and investigated its possible regulatory pathways and mechanisms. It was reported that downregulation of Clock facilitated the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Further investigation revealed the involvement of IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) protein expression in the Clock regulatory pathway, further influencing the expression of E-cadherin, a known proprietor of tumor cell migration and invasion. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report that Clock, acting through the regulation of the scaffolding protein IQGAP1, regulates the downstream expression of E-cadherin, thereby affecting tumor cell structure and motility. These results confirmed the role of Clock in breast cancer tumor etiology and provide insight regarding the molecular avenues of its regulatory nature, which may translate beyond breast cancer into other known functions of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Li
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Siyang Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Yang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yu
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanyou Liu
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuting Cheng
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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42
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Brown LA, Peirson SN. Improving Reproducibility and Candidate Selection in Transcriptomics Using Meta-analysis. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518756296. [PMID: 29511359 PMCID: PMC5833209 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518756296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic experiments are often used in neuroscience to identify candidate genes of interest for further study. However, the lists of genes identified from comparable transcriptomic studies often show limited overlap. One approach to addressing this issue of reproducibility is to combine data from multiple studies in the form of a meta-analysis. Here, we discuss recent work in the field of circadian biology, where transcriptomic meta-analyses have been used to improve candidate gene selection. With the increasing availability of microarray and RNA-Seq data due to deposition in public databases, combined with freely available tools and code, transcriptomic meta-analysis provides an ideal example of how open data can benefit neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi),
Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of
Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi),
Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of
Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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43
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Belle MDC, Diekman CO. Neuronal oscillations on an ultra-slow timescale: daily rhythms in electrical activity and gene expression in the mammalian master circadian clockwork. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2696-2717. [PMID: 29396876 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal oscillations of the brain, such as those observed in the cortices and hippocampi of behaving animals and humans, span across wide frequency bands, from slow delta waves (0.1 Hz) to ultra-fast ripples (600 Hz). Here, we focus on ultra-slow neuronal oscillators in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the master daily clock that operates on interlocking transcription-translation feedback loops to produce circadian rhythms in clock gene expression with a period of near 24 h (< 0.001 Hz). This intracellular molecular clock interacts with the cell's membrane through poorly understood mechanisms to drive the daily pattern in the electrical excitability of SCN neurons, exhibiting an up-state during the day and a down-state at night. In turn, the membrane activity feeds back to regulate the oscillatory activity of clock gene programs. In this review, we emphasise the circadian processes that drive daily electrical oscillations in SCN neurons, and highlight how mathematical modelling contributes to our increasing understanding of circadian rhythm generation, synchronisation and communication within this hypothalamic region and across other brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mino D C Belle
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Casey O Diekman
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.,Institute for Brain and Neuroscience Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
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44
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CLOCKΔ19 mutation modifies the manner of synchrony among oscillation neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:854. [PMID: 29339832 PMCID: PMC5770461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the principal circadian oscillator exists in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In the SCN, CLOCK works as an essential component of molecular circadian oscillation, and ClockΔ19 mutant mice show unique characteristics of circadian rhythms such as extended free running periods, amplitude attenuation, and high-magnitude phase-resetting responses. Here we investigated what modifications occur in the spatiotemporal organization of clock gene expression in the SCN of ClockΔ19 mutants. The cultured SCN, sampled from neonatal homozygous ClockΔ19 mice on an ICR strain comprising PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE, demonstrated that the Clock gene mutation not only extends the circadian period, but also affects the spatial phase and period distribution of circadian oscillations in the SCN. In addition, disruption of the synchronization among neurons markedly attenuated the amplitude of the circadian rhythm of individual oscillating neurons in the mutant SCN. Further, with numerical simulations based on the present studies, the findings suggested that, in the SCN of the ClockΔ19 mutant mice, stable oscillation was preserved by the interaction among oscillating neurons, and that the orderly phase and period distribution that makes a phase wave are dependent on the functionality of CLOCK.
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45
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Chao HW, Doi M, Fustin JM, Chen H, Murase K, Maeda Y, Hayashi H, Tanaka R, Sugawa M, Mizukuchi N, Yamaguchi Y, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M, Sakai M, Matsumoto M, Hamada S, Okamura H. Circadian clock regulates hepatic polyploidy by modulating Mkp1-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2238. [PMID: 29269828 PMCID: PMC5740157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver metabolism undergoes robust circadian oscillations in gene expression and enzymatic activity essential for liver homeostasis, but whether the circadian clock controls homeostatic self-renewal of hepatocytes is unknown. Here we show that hepatocyte polyploidization is markedly accelerated around the central vein, the site of permanent cell self-renewal, in mice deficient in circadian Period genes. In these mice, a massive accumulation of hyperpolyploid mononuclear and binuclear hepatocytes occurs due to impaired mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (Mkp1)-mediated circadian modulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) activity. Time-lapse imaging of hepatocytes suggests that the reduced activity of Erk1/2 in the midbody during cytokinesis results in abscission failure, leading to polyploidization. Manipulation of Mkp1 phosphatase activity is sufficient to change the ploidy level of hepatocytes. These data provide clear evidence that the Period genes not only orchestrate dynamic changes in metabolic activity, but also regulate homeostatic self-renewal of hepatocytes through Mkp1-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Circadian clock regulates hepatic gene expression and functions. Here Chao et al. show that alteration of circadian clock genes by Period deletion induces polyploidy in hepatocytes due to impaired regulation of Erk signaling by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Wen Chao
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean-Michel Fustin
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Murase
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,The Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Maeda
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hida Hayashi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rina Tanaka
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Maho Sugawa
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Mizukuchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Michihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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46
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Fustin JM, Karakawa S, Okamura H. Circadian Profiling of Amino Acids in the SCN and Cerebral Cortex by Laser Capture Microdissection-Mass Spectrometry. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:609-620. [PMID: 29088992 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417735922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is an extremely robust self-sustained oscillator, containing virtually the same molecular clock present in other tissues in the body but, in addition, endowed with tight intercellular coupling dependent on multiple neurotransmitter systems that allow the SCN to function as the "master clock." Several studies on the circadian SCN transcriptome have been published and compared with the transcriptome of other tissues, but the recent focus shift toward the circadian metabolome and the importance of small molecules for circadian timekeeping has so far been limited to macroscopic tissues such as the liver. Here, we report the successful use of laser capture microdissection coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the circadian profiling of SCN amino acids. Among 18 amino acids detected, 10 (55.5%) showed significant variations, particularly marked for proline, lysine, and histidine, with higher levels during the subjective day. Moreover, we compared SCN and cortical amino acid levels between wild-type and Bmal1-deficient animals, either in the whole body or specifically in the liver. Interestingly, lack of Bmal1 in the whole body led to a significant increase in most amino acids in the SCN but not in the cerebral cortex. In contrast, deletion of Bmal1 in the liver mostly affected cortical amino acid levels during the subjective day. This study demonstrates that laser capture microdissection can be used for the isolation of microscopic brain structures for metabolomic purposes and reveals interactions between liver and SCN amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Fustin
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachise Karakawa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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47
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Brown LA, Williams J, Taylor L, Thomson RJ, Nolan PM, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Meta-analysis of transcriptomic datasets identifies genes enriched in the mammalian circadian pacemaker. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:9860-9873. [PMID: 28973476 PMCID: PMC5737434 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The master circadian pacemaker in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) which regulate physiology and behaviour, as well as coordinating peripheral clocks throughout the body. Investigating the function of the SCN has often focused on the identification of rhythmically expressed genes. However, not all genes critical for SCN function are rhythmically expressed. An alternative strategy is to characterize those genes that are selectively enriched in the SCN. Here, we examined the transcriptome of the SCN and whole brain (WB) of mice using meta-analysis of publicly deposited data across a range of microarray platforms and RNA-Seq data. A total of 79 microarrays were used (24 SCN and 55 WB samples, 4 different microarray platforms), alongside 17 RNA-Seq data files (7 SCN and 10 WB). 31 684 MGI gene symbols had data for at least one platform. Meta-analysis using a random effects model for weighting individual effect sizes (derived from differential expression between relevant SCN and WB samples) reliably detected known SCN markers. SCN-enriched transcripts identified in this study provide novel insights into SCN function, including identifying genes which may play key roles in SCN physiology or provide SCN-specific drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - John Williams
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ross J Thomson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Patrick M Nolan
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
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48
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Huang H, Zhu CT, Skuja LL, Hayden DJ, Hart AC. Genome-Wide Screen for Genes Involved in Caenorhabditis elegans Developmentally Timed Sleep. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:2907-2917. [PMID: 28743807 PMCID: PMC5592919 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, Notch signaling regulates developmentally timed sleep during the transition from L4 larval stage to adulthood (L4/A) . To identify core sleep pathways and to find genes acting downstream of Notch signaling, we undertook the first genome-wide, classical genetic screen focused on C. elegans developmentally timed sleep. To increase screen efficiency, we first looked for mutations that suppressed inappropriate anachronistic sleep in adult hsp::osm-11 animals overexpressing the Notch coligand OSM-11 after heat shock. We retained suppressor lines that also had defects in L4/A developmentally timed sleep, without heat shock overexpression of the Notch coligand. Sixteen suppressor lines with defects in developmentally timed sleep were identified. One line carried a new allele of goa-1; loss of GOA-1 Gαo decreased C. elegans sleep. Another line carried a new allele of gpb-2, encoding a Gβ5 protein; Gβ5 proteins have not been previously implicated in sleep. In other scenarios, Gβ5 GPB-2 acts with regulators of G protein signaling (RGS proteins) EAT-16 and EGL-10 to terminate either EGL-30 Gαq signaling or GOA-1 Gαo signaling, respectively. We found that loss of Gβ5 GPB-2 or RGS EAT-16 decreased L4/A sleep. By contrast, EGL-10 loss had no impact. Instead, loss of RGS-1 and RGS-2 increased sleep. Combined, our results suggest that, in the context of L4/A sleep, GPB-2 predominantly acts with EAT-16 RGS to inhibit EGL-30 Gαq signaling. These results confirm the importance of G protein signaling in sleep and demonstrate that these core sleep pathways function genetically downstream of the Notch signaling events promoting sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Chen-Tseh Zhu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Lukas L Skuja
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Dustin J Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Anne C Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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49
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Goto K, Doi M, Wang T, Kunisue S, Murai I, Okamura H. G-protein-coupled receptor signaling through Gpr176, Gz, and RGS16 tunes time in the center of the circadian clock [Review]. Endocr J 2017; 64:571-579. [PMID: 28502923 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute an immensely important class of drug targets with diverse clinical applications. There are still more than 120 orphan GPCRs whose cognate ligands and physiological functions are not known. A set of circadian pacemaker neurons that governs daily rhythms in behavior and physiology resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain. Malfunction of the circadian clock has been linked to a multitude of diseases, such as sleeping disorders, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, which makes the clock an attractive target for drug development. Here, we review a recently identified role of Gpr176 in the SCN. Gpr176 is an SCN-enriched orphan GPCR that sets the pace of the circadian clock in the SCN. Even without known ligand, this orphan receptor has an agonist-independent basal activity to reduce cAMP signaling. A unique cAMP-repressing G-protein subclass Gz is required for the activity of Gpr176. We also provide an overview on the circadian regulation of G-protein signaling, with an emphasis on a role for the regulator of G-protein signaling 16 (RGS16). RGS16 is indispensable for the circadian regulation of cAMP in the SCN. Developing drugs that target the SCN remains an unfulfilled opportunity for the circadian pharmacology. This review argues for the potential impact of focusing on GPCRs in the SCN for the purpose of tuning the body clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Goto
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Kunisue
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Iori Murai
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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50
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Allen CN, Nitabach MN, Colwell CS. Membrane Currents, Gene Expression, and Circadian Clocks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027714. [PMID: 28246182 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal circadian oscillators in the mammalian and Drosophila brain express a circadian clock comprised of interlocking gene transcription feedback loops. The genetic clock regulates the membrane electrical activity by poorly understood signaling pathways to generate a circadian pattern of action potential firing. During the day, Na+ channels contribute an excitatory drive for the spontaneous activity of circadian clock neurons. Multiple types of K+ channels regulate the action potential firing pattern and the nightly reduction in neuronal activity. The membrane electrical activity possibly signaling by changes in intracellular Ca2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates the activity of the gene clock. A decline in the signaling pathways that link the gene clock and neural activity during aging and disease may weaken the circadian output and generate significant impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Allen
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Michael N Nitabach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024
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