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Raab M, Kostova I, Peña‐Llopis S, Fietz D, Kressin M, Aberoumandi SM, Ullrich E, Becker S, Sanhaji M, Strebhardt K. Rescue of p53 functions by in vitro-transcribed mRNA impedes the growth of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:101-126. [PMID: 38140698 PMCID: PMC10794014 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular tumor protein p53 (TP53) is a tumor suppressor gene that is frequently mutated in human cancers. Among various cancer types, the very aggressive high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) exhibits the highest prevalence of TP53 mutations, present in >96% of cases. Despite intensive efforts to reactivate p53, no clinical drug has been approved to rescue p53 function. In this study, our primary objective was to administer in vitro-transcribed (IVT) wild-type (WT) p53-mRNA to HGSOC cell lines, primary cells, and orthotopic mouse models, with the aim of exploring its impact on inhibiting tumor growth and dissemination, both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS To restore the activity of p53, WT p53 was exogenously expressed in HGSOC cell lines using a mammalian vector system. Moreover, IVT WT p53 mRNA was delivered into different HGSOC model systems (primary cells and patient-derived organoids) using liposomes and studied for proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, colony formation, and chromosomal instability. Transcriptomic alterations induced by p53 mRNA were analyzed using RNA sequencing in OVCAR-8 and primary HGSOC cells, followed by ingenuity pathway analysis. In vivo effects on tumor growth and metastasis were studied using orthotopic xenografts and metastatic intraperitoneal mouse models. RESULTS Reactivation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene was explored in different HGSOC model systems using newly designed IVT mRNA-based methods. The introduction of WT p53 mRNA triggered dose-dependent apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and potent long-lasting inhibition of HGSOC cell proliferation. Transcriptome analysis of OVCAR-8 cells upon mRNA-based p53 reactivation revealed significant alterations in gene expression related to p53 signaling, such as apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage. Restoring p53 function concurrently reduces chromosomal instability within the HGSOC cells, underscoring its crucial contribution in safeguarding genomic integrity by moderating the baseline occurrence of double-strand breaks arising from replication stress. Furthermore, in various mouse models, treatment with p53 mRNA reduced tumor growth and inhibited tumor cell dissemination in the peritoneal cavity in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The IVT mRNA-based reactivation of p53 holds promise as a potential therapeutic strategy for HGSOC, providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying p53 function and its relevance in ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Raab
- Department of GynecologyMedical SchoolGoethe‐UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Izabela Kostova
- Department of GynecologyMedical SchoolGoethe‐UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Samuel Peña‐Llopis
- Translational Genomics in Solid TumorsWest German Cancer CenterUniversity HospitalEssenGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)EssenGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Histology and EmbryologyInstitute for Veterinary AnatomyGiessenGermany
| | - Monika Kressin
- Department of GynecologyMedical SchoolGoethe‐UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Histology and EmbryologyInstitute for Veterinary AnatomyGiessenGermany
| | - Seyed Mohsen Aberoumandi
- Histology and EmbryologyInstitute for Veterinary AnatomyGiessenGermany
- Franfurt Cancer Institute (FCI)Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Franfurt Cancer Institute (FCI)Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Experimental ImmunologyDepartment for Children and Adolescents MedicineUniversity Hospital FrankfurtGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of GynecologyMedical SchoolGoethe‐UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of GynecologyMedical SchoolGoethe‐UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of GynecologyMedical SchoolGoethe‐UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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2
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Rak M, Tesch R, Berger LM, Shevchenko E, Raab M, Tjaden A, Zhubi R, Balourdas DI, Joerger AC, Poso A, Krämer A, Elson L, Lučić A, Kronenberger T, Hanke T, Strebhardt K, Sanhaji M, Knapp S. Shifting the selectivity of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one inhibitors towards the salt-inducible kinase (SIK) subfamily. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115347. [PMID: 37094449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases 1-3 (SIK1-3) are key regulators of the LKB1-AMPK pathway and play an important role in cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of any of the three isoforms has been associated with tumorigenesis in liver, breast, and ovarian cancers. We have recently developed the dual pan-SIK/group I p21-activated kinase (PAK) chemical probe MRIA9. However, inhibition of p21-activated kinases has been associated with cardiotoxicity in vivo, which complicates the use of MRIA9 as a tool compound. Here, we present a structure-based approach involving the back-pocket and gatekeeper residues, for narrowing the selectivity of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one-based inhibitors towards SIK kinases, eliminating PAK activity. Optimization was guided by high-resolution crystal structure analysis and computational methods, resulting in a pan-SIK inhibitor, MR22, which no longer exhibited activity on STE group kinases and displayed excellent selectivity in a representative kinase panel. MR22-dependent SIK inhibition led to centrosome dissociation and subsequent cell-cycle arrest in ovarian cancer cells, as observed with MRIA9, conclusively linking these phenotypic effects to SIK inhibition. Taken together, MR22 represents a valuable tool compound for studying SIK kinase function in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Rak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Roberta Tesch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Lena M Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Shevchenko
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Amelie Tjaden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Rezart Zhubi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Dimitrios-Ilias Balourdas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Andreas C Joerger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Antti Poso
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) and Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Lewis Elson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Lučić
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany; German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) and Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
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3
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Scheidmann MC, Castro-Giner F, Strittmatter K, Krol I, Paasinen-Sohns A, Scherrer R, Donato C, Gkountela S, Szczerba BM, Diamantopoulou Z, Muenst S, Vlajnic T, Kunz L, Vetter M, Rochlitz C, Taylor V, Giachino C, Schroeder T, Platt RJ, Aceto N. An In Vivo CRISPR Screen Identifies Stepwise Genetic Dependencies of Metastatic Progression. Cancer Res 2022; 82:681-694. [PMID: 34916221 PMCID: PMC7612409 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood-borne metastasis of breast cancer involves a series of tightly regulated sequential steps, including the growth of a primary tumor lesion, intravasation of circulating tumor cells (CTC), and adaptation in various distant metastatic sites. The genes orchestrating each of these steps are poorly understood in physiologically relevant contexts, owing to the rarity of experimental models that faithfully recapitulate the biology, growth kinetics, and tropism of human breast cancer. Here, we conducted an in vivo loss-of-function CRISPR screen in newly derived CTC xenografts, unique in their ability to spontaneously mirror the human disease, and identified specific genetic dependencies for each step of the metastatic process. Validation experiments revealed sensitivities to inhibitors that are already available, such as PLK1 inhibitors, to prevent CTC intravasation. Together, these findings present a new tool to reclassify driver genes involved in the spread of human cancer, providing insights into the biology of metastasis and paving the way to test targeted treatment approaches. SIGNIFICANCE A loss-of-function CRISPR screen in human CTC-derived xenografts identifies genes critical for individual steps of the metastatic cascade, suggesting novel drivers and treatment opportunities for metastatic breast cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- RNA-Seq/methods
- Survival Analysis
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C. Scheidmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karin Strittmatter
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilona Krol
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aino Paasinen-Sohns
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Scherrer
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Donato
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Gkountela
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara M. Szczerba
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zoi Diamantopoulou
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Muenst
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Vlajnic
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo Kunz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Vetter
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Rochlitz
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, Embryology and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Giachino
- Department of Biomedicine, Embryology and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Randall J. Platt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Iliaki S, Beyaert R, Afonina IS. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) signaling in cancer and beyond. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114747. [PMID: 34454931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PLK1 is an evolutionary conserved Ser/Thr kinase that is best known for its role in cell cycle regulation and is expressed predominantly during the G2/S and M phase of the cell cycle. PLK1-mediated phosphorylation of specific substrates controls cell entry into mitosis, centrosome maturation, spindle assembly, sister chromatid cohesion and cytokinesis. In addition, a growing body of evidence describes additional roles of PLK1 beyond the cell cycle, more specifically in the DNA damage response, autophagy, apoptosis and cytokine signaling. PLK1 has an indisputable role in cancer as it controls several key transcription factors and promotes cell proliferation, transformation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, deregulation of PLK1 results in chromosome instability and aneuploidy. PLK1 is overexpressed in many cancers, which is associated with poor prognosis, making PLK1 an attractive target for cancer treatment. Additionally, PLK1 is involved in immune and neurological disorders including Graft versus Host Disease, Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, newly developed small compound PLK1 inhibitors have only had limited success so far, due to low therapeutic response rates and toxicity. In this review we will highlight the current knowledge about the established roles of PLK1 in mitosis regulation and beyond. In addition, we will discuss its tumor promoting but also tumor suppressing capacities, as well as the available PLK1 inhibitors, elaborating on their efficacy and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Iliaki
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Inna S Afonina
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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5
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The Small-Molecule Inhibitor MRIA9 Reveals Novel Insights into the Cell Cycle Roles of SIK2 in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153658. [PMID: 34359562 PMCID: PMC8345098 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current standard therapy of ovarian cancers comprises a reductive surgery followed by a combination of taxane-platinum-based primary chemotherapy. However, despite an initial positive response, patients in the advanced stage showed relapse within months or even weeks. Thus, there is a need to find combinatorial therapies that permit overcoming the paclitaxel-associated resistance in patients. Here, we found that MRIA9, a newly developed small-molecule inhibitor of the salt-inducible-kinase 2, interferes with the cell division of cancer cells. More importantly, MRIA9 increases paclitaxel efficiency in eliminating ovarian cancer cells and patient derived cancer cells by inducing apoptosis or programmed cell death. Thus, our study indicates that MRIA9 might represent a novel therapeutical tool for translational studies to overcome paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer. Abstract The activity of the Salt inducible kinase 2 (SIK2), a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase family, has been linked to several biological processes that maintain cellular and energetic homeostasis. SIK2 is overexpressed in several cancers, including ovarian cancer, where it promotes the proliferation of metastases. Furthermore, as a centrosome kinase, SIK2 has been shown to regulate the G2/M transition, and its depletion sensitizes ovarian cancer to paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Here, we report the consequences of SIK2 inhibition on mitosis and synergies with paclitaxel in ovarian cancer using a novel and selective inhibitor, MRIA9. We show that MRIA9-induced inhibition of SIK2 blocks the centrosome disjunction, impairs the centrosome alignment, and causes spindle mispositioning during mitosis. Furthermore, the inhibition of SIK2 using MRIA9 increases chromosomal instability, revealing the role of SIK2 in maintaining genomic stability. Finally, MRIA9 treatment enhances the sensitivity to paclitaxel in 3D-spheroids derived from ovarian cancer cell lines and ovarian cancer patients. Our study suggests selective targeting of SIK2 in ovarian cancer as a therapeutic strategy for overcoming paclitaxel resistance.
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Goroshchuk O, Kolosenko I, Kunold E, Vidarsdottir L, Pirmoradian M, Azimi A, Jafari R, Palm-Apergi C. Thermal proteome profiling identifies PIP4K2A and ZADH2 as off-targets of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor volasertib. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21741. [PMID: 34143546 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100457rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is an important cell cycle kinase and an attractive target for anticancer treatments. An ATP-competitive small molecular PLK1 inhibitor, volasertib, has reached phase III in clinical trials in patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia as a combination treatment with cytarabine. However, severe side effects limited its use. The origin of the side effects is unclear and might be due to insufficient specificity of the drug. Thus, identifying potential off-targets to volasertib is important for future clinical trials and for the development of more specific drugs. In this study, we used thermal proteome profiling (TPP) to identify proteome-wide targets of volasertib. Apart from PLK1 and proteins regulated by PLK1, we identified about 200 potential volasertib off-targets. Comparison of this result with the mass-spectrometry analysis of volasertib-treated cells showed that phosphatidylinositol phosphate and prostaglandin metabolism pathways are affected by volasertib. We confirmed that PIP4K2A and ZADH2-marker proteins for these pathways-are, indeed, stabilized by volasertib. PIP4K2A, however, was not affected by another PLK1 inhibitor onvansertib, suggesting that PIP4K2A is a true off-target of volasertib. Inhibition of these proteins is known to impact both the immune response and fatty acid metabolism and could explain some of the side effects seen in volasertib-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Elena Kunold
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidarsdottir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Pirmoradian
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alireza Azimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rozbeh Jafari
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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7
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Kressin M, Fietz D, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Modelling the Functions of Polo-Like Kinases in Mice and Their Applications as Cancer Targets with a Special Focus on Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1176. [PMID: 34065956 PMCID: PMC8151477 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) belong to a five-membered family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases (PLK1-5) that play differentiated and essential roles as key mitotic kinases and cell cycle regulators and with this in proliferation and cellular growth. Besides, evidence is accumulating for complex and vital non-mitotic functions of PLKs. Dysregulation of PLKs is widely associated with tumorigenesis and by this, PLKs have gained increasing significance as attractive targets in cancer with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. PLK1 has proved to have strong clinical relevance as it was found to be over-expressed in different cancer types and linked to poor patient prognosis. Targeting the diverse functions of PLKs (tumor suppressor, oncogenic) are currently at the center of numerous investigations in particular with the inhibition of PLK1 and PLK4, respectively in multiple cancer trials. Functions of PLKs and the effects of their inhibition have been extensively studied in cancer cell culture models but information is rare on how these drugs affect benign tissues and organs. As a step further towards clinical application as cancer targets, mouse models therefore play a central role. Modelling PLK function in animal models, e.g., by gene disruption or by treatment with small molecule PLK inhibitors offers promising possibilities to unveil the biological significance of PLKs in cancer maintenance and progression and give important information on PLKs' applicability as cancer targets. In this review we aim at summarizing the approaches of modelling PLK function in mice so far with a special glimpse on the significance of PLKs in ovarian cancer and of orthotopic cancer models used in this fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kressin
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (K.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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8
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Kolosenko I, Goroshchuk O, Vidarsdottir L, Björklund AC, Dowdy SF, Palm-Apergi C. RNAi prodrugs decrease elevated mRNA levels of Polo-like kinase 1 in ex vivo cultured primary cells from pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21476. [PMID: 33788972 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002454rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an important regulator of the cell cycle and it is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells. Several small molecule inhibitors have been developed to target Plk1 and some of them have reached clinical trials in adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Pediatric AML patients have a poor prognosis and survivors suffer from long-term side effects. As adult AML cells have an elevated expression of Plk1, AML is a disease candidate for Plk1 inhibition. However, the relative success of clinical trials have been hampered by adverse reactions. Herein, PLK1-targeting RNA interference (RNAi) prodrugs that enter cells without a transfection reagent are used to target PLK1 selectively in primary cells from pediatric AML patients. We show that PLK1 and PLK4 mRNA expression are significantly higher in pediatric AML patients when compared to healthy donors and that PLK1 is downregulated by on average 50% using RNAi prodrugs without a significant effect on other PLK family members. In addition, the RNAi prodrug-induced decrease in PLK1 can be used to potentiate the effect of cytarabine. In summary, PLK1-targeting RNAi prodrugs can decrease the elevated levels of PLK1 in primary cells from pediatric AML patients and sensitize pediatric AML cells to chemotherapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Child
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Prodrugs/administration & dosage
- Prognosis
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidarsdottir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Björklund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Chang L, Ruiz P, Ito T, Sellers WR. Targeting pan-essential genes in cancer: Challenges and opportunities. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:466-479. [PMID: 33450197 PMCID: PMC8157671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable successes in the clinic, cancer targeted therapy development remains challenging and the failure rate is disappointingly high. This problem is partly due to the misapplication of the targeted therapy paradigm to therapeutics targeting pan-essential genes, which can result in therapeutics whereby efficacy is attenuated by dose-limiting toxicity. Here we summarize the key features of successful chemotherapy and targeted therapy agents, and use case studies to outline recurrent challenges to drug development efforts targeting pan-essential genes. Finally, we suggest strategies to avoid previous pitfalls for ongoing and future development of pan-essential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paloma Ruiz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William R Sellers
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Patel PS, Algouneh A, Hakem R. Exploiting synthetic lethality to target BRCA1/2-deficient tumors: where we stand. Oncogene 2021; 40:3001-3014. [PMID: 33716297 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The principle of synthetic lethality, which refers to the loss of viability resulting from the disruption of two genes, which, individually, do not cause lethality, has become an attractive target approach due to the development and clinical success of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi). In this review, we present the most recent findings on the use of PARPi in the clinic, which are currently approved for second-line therapy for advanced ovarian and breast cancer associated with mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes. PARPi efficacy, however, appears to be limited by acquired and inherent resistance, highlighting the need for alternative and synergistic targets to eliminate these tumors. Here, we explore other identified synthetic lethal interactors of BRCA1/2, including DNA polymerase theta (POLQ), Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (FANDC2), radiation sensitive 52 (RAD52), Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), and apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 2 (APE2), as well as other protein and nonprotein targets, for BRCA1/2-mutated cancers and their implications for future therapies. A wealth of information now exists for phenotypic and functional characterization of these novel synthetic lethal interactors of BRCA1/2, and leveraging these findings can pave the way for the development of new targeted therapies for patients suffering from these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasvi S Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arash Algouneh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Razq Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Chen Z, Wang S, Luo X, Yang Y. Sarcoma-180 tumor affects the quality of oocytes in mice. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:181. [PMID: 33574920 PMCID: PMC7816293 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors can affect the quality of oocytes; however, the effects of cancer on the quality of oocytes and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, the effects of the sarcoma-180 (S-180) cell line on the quality of oocytes were investigated using S-180 tumor-bearing mice. In total, 42 female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the tumor-bearing group and the control group, with 21 mice per group. The weight of the mice and ovaries were recorded, and blood glucose, serum insulin, lipopolysaccharide, triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were analyzed using the corresponding detection kits. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of the ovarian tissue, and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the expression levels of meiosis arrest female 1 (MARF1), SUMO-specific protease 7 (SENP7), aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), cell division cycle 25B and glycine-rich protein 3. The results of the present study revealed that the number of oocytes in the two groups of mice was similar; however, the number of abnormal oocytes was increased in the tumor-bearing group. The serum levels of TG and TC were significantly elevated in the tumor-bearing group compared with in the control group (P<0.01). Additionally, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of SENP7 were downregulated, while the expression levels of MARF1 and AANAT were upregulated in the ovaries of the tumor-bearing group compared with in the control group (P<0.01). In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that cancer may affect the reproductive system of mice and decrease the quality of oocytes by regulating the expression levels of reproduction-associated genes. These results provided novel insights into the reproductive ability of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital (School of Clinical Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Simin Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (School of Clinical Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xuexia Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital (School of Clinical Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (School of Clinical Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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12
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Cortes J, Podoltsev N, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G, Zeidan AM, Stahl M, Taube T, Fagan N, Rajeswari S, Uy GL. Phase 1 dose escalation trial of volasertib in combination with decitabine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2021; 113:92-99. [PMID: 32951163 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) regulates mitotic checkpoints and cell division. PLK1 overexpression is reported in numerous cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and is associated with poor prognosis. Volasertib is a selective, potent cell-cycle kinase inhibitor that targets PLK to induce mitotic arrest and apoptosis. This phase 1 trial investigated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics, and anti-leukemic activity of volasertib in combination with decitabine in AML patients aged ≥ 65 years. Thirteen patients were treated with escalating volasertib doses (3 + 3 design; 300 mg, 350 mg, and 400 mg) plus standard-dose decitabine. Dose-limiting toxicity was reported in one patient in cycle 1; the MTD of volasertib in combination with decitabine was determined as 400 mg. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were febrile neutropenia, pneumonia, and decreased appetite. Objective response rate was 23%. The combination was well tolerated, and the adverse event profile was in line with previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Nikolai Podoltsev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amer M Zeidan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maximilian Stahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tillmann Taube
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nora Fagan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey L Uy
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Rödel F, Zhou S, Győrffy B, Raab M, Sanhaji M, Mandal R, Martin D, Becker S, Strebhardt K. The Prognostic Relevance of the Proliferation Markers Ki-67 and Plk1 in Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer Patients With Serous, Low-Grade Carcinoma Based on mRNA and Protein Expression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:558932. [PMID: 33117692 PMCID: PMC7577119 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.558932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since type and duration of an appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage ovarian cancer (OC) are still being debated, novel markers for a better stratification of these patients are of utmost importance for the design of an improved chemotherapeutical strategy. In contrast to numerous cancer studies on cellular proliferation based on the immunohistochemistry-driven evaluation of protein expression, we compared mRNA and protein expression of two independent markers of cellular proliferation, Ki-67 and Plk1, in a large cohort of 243 early-stage OC and their relationship with clinicopathological features and survival. Based on marker expression we demonstrate that early-stage OC patients (stages I/II, low-grade, serous) with high expression (Ki-67, Plk1) had a significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to patients with low expression (Ki-67, Plk1). Remarkably, based on mRNA expression this significant difference got lost in advanced stages (III/IV): At least for PFS, high levels of Ki-67 and Plk1 correlate with moderately better survival compared to patients with low expressing tumors. Our data suggest that in addition to Ki-67, Plk1 is a novel marker for the stratification of early-stage OC patients to maximize therapeutic efforts. Both, Ki-67 and Plk1, seem to be better suited in early-stages (I/II) as therapeutical targets compared to advanced-stages (III/IV) OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site: Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Balász Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics and 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,TTK Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ranadip Mandal
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Martin
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site: Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Zeng Y, Li N, Liu W, Zeng M, Cheng J, Huang J. Analyses of expressions and prognostic values of Polo-like kinases in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2447-2460. [PMID: 32627077 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite great advances in its early diagnosis and treatment, lung cancer is still an intractable disease and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths and morbidity in the world. The family of Polo-like kinases (PLKs) consists of five serine/threonine kinases, which have been reported to participate in various human diseases. However, the expression and prognostic value of each PLK in human lung cancer have not been fully understood. This study analyzed mRNA expression and prognostic value of different PLKs in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS First, mRNA expression of PLKs in patients with NSCLC from the Oncomine and the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database was investigated. Then, a Kaplan-Meier plotter was employed for survival analysis. The sequence alteration for PLKs was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the cBioPortal database. Additionally, we analyzed the association among different PLKs using the LinkedOmics database. Finally, the enrichment analysis of PLKs was achieved using the DAVID database. RESULTS The mRNA expression levels of PLK1 and PLK4 were significantly overexpressed, while mRNA expression level of PLK3 was underexpressed in patients with NSCLC. mRNA expressions of PLK1 and PLK4 were significantly and positively related to the tumor stage of NSCLC. Increased expressions of PLK1, PLK4, and PLK5 and decreased expression of PLK2 were attributed to limited overall survival time in NSCLC. PLK1 was positively correlated with PLK4 via the LinkedOmics database. CONCLUSIONS PLKs are relevant targets for NSCLC treatment, especially PLK1 and PLK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 12# Minyou Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, 2# Wenming Eastern Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanhong Li
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, 57# Renmin avenue South, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, 2# Wenming Eastern Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 12# Minyou Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Zeng
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, 2# Wenming Eastern Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfen Cheng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 12# Minyou Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, 57# Renmin avenue South, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, 2# Wenming Eastern Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Goroshchuk O, Vidarsdottir L, Björklund AC, Hamil AS, Kolosenko I, Dowdy SF, Palm-Apergi C. Targeting Plk1 with siRNNs in primary cells from pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2688. [PMID: 32060361 PMCID: PMC7021816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) accounts for nearly one fifth of all childhood cancers and current challenges in B-ALL treatment include resistance, relapse and late-onset side effects due to the chemotherapy. To overcome these hurdles, novel therapies need to be investigated. One promising target is Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a key regulator of the cell cycle. In this study, the Plk family expression is investigated in primary peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells from ten pediatric B-ALL patients. For the first time, short interfering RiboNucleic Neutrals (siRNNs) that enter cells without a transfection reagent are used to target Plk1 mRNA in primary cells from pediatric B-ALL patients. Our results show that the expression of Plk1 and Plk4 is significantly higher in pediatric B-ALL patients compared to healthy donors. Moreover, treatment of primary peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells from pediatric B-ALL patients, cultured ex vivo, with Plk1-targeting siRNNs results in cleavage of Plk1 mRNA. Importantly, the Plk1 knockdown is specific and does not affect other Plk members in contrast to many small molecule Plk1 inhibitors. Thus, Plk1 is a potential therapeutic target in pediatric B-ALL and selective targeting of Plk1 can be achieved by the use of siRNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidarsdottir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Björklund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander S Hamil
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Raab M, Strebhardt K, Rudd CE. Immune adaptor SKAP1 acts a scaffold for Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) for the optimal cell cycling of T-cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10462. [PMID: 31320682 PMCID: PMC6639320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the immune cell adaptor protein SKAP1 mediates LFA-1 activation induced by antigen-receptor (TCR/CD3) ligation on T-cells, it is unclear whether the adaptor interacts with other mediators of T-cell function. In this context, the serine/threonine kinase, polo-like kinase (PLK1) regulates multiple steps in the mitotic and cell cycle progression of mammalian cells. Here, we show that SKAP1 is phosphorylated by and binds to PLK1 for the optimal cycling of T-cells. PLK1 binds to the N-terminal residue serine 31 (S31) of SKAP1 and the interaction is needed for optimal PLK1 kinase activity. Further, siRNA knock-down of SKAP1 reduced the rate of T-cell division concurrent with a delay in the expression of PLK1, Cyclin A and pH3. Reconstitution of these KD cells with WT SKAP1, but not the SKAP1 S31 mutant, restored normal cell division. SKAP1-PLK1 binding is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle of T-cells. Our findings identify a novel role for SKAP1 in the regulation of PLK1 and optimal cell cycling needed for T-cell clonal expansion in response to antigenic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Raab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Cell Signaling Section, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, CB2 1Q, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signaling Section, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, CB2 1Q, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre de Recherch-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (CR-HMR), Montreal, Quebec, H1T 2M4, Canada.
- Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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17
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Carbajosa S, Pansa MF, Paviolo NS, Castellaro AM, Andino DL, Nigra AD, García IA, Racca AC, Rodriguez-Berdini L, Angiolini V, Guantay L, Villafañez F, Federico MB, Rodríguez-Baili MC, Caputto BL, Drewes G, Madauss KP, Gloger I, Fernandez E, Gil GA, Bocco JL, Gottifredi V, Soria G. Polo-like Kinase 1 Inhibition as a Therapeutic Approach to Selectively Target BRCA1-Deficient Cancer Cells by Synthetic Lethality Induction. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4049-4062. [PMID: 30890549 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficiencies are widespread drivers of human cancers that await the development of targeted therapies. We aimed to identify novel synthetic lethal relationships with therapeutic potential using BRCA-deficient isogenic backgrounds. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a phenotypic screening technology to simultaneously search for synthetic lethal (SL) interactions in BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient contexts. For validation, we developed chimeric spheroids and a dual-tumor xenograft model that allowed the confirmation of SL induction with the concomitant evaluation of undesired cytotoxicity on BRCA-proficient cells. To extend our results using clinical data, we performed retrospective analysis on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer database. RESULTS The screening of a kinase inhibitors library revealed that Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibition triggers strong SL induction in BRCA1-deficient cells. Mechanistically, we found no connection between the SL induced by PLK1 inhibition and PARP inhibitors. Instead, we uncovered that BRCA1 downregulation and PLK1 inhibition lead to aberrant mitotic phenotypes with altered centrosomal duplication and cytokinesis, which severely reduced the clonogenic potential of these cells. The penetrance of PLK1/BRCA1 SL interaction was validated using several isogenic and nonisogenic cellular models, chimeric spheroids, and mice xenografts. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis revealed high-PLK1 expression in BRCA1-deficient tumors, a phenotype that was consistently recapitulated by inducing BRCA1 deficiency in multiple cell lines as well as in BRCA1-mutant cells. CONCLUSIONS We uncovered an unforeseen addiction of BRCA1-deficient cancer cells to PLK1 expression, which provides a new means to exploit the therapeutic potential of PLK1 inhibitors in clinical trials, by generating stratification schemes that consider this molecular trait in patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Carbajosa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Pansa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Andrés M Castellaro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Diego L Andino
- CIDIE-CONICET, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ayelén D Nigra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Iris Alejandra García
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana C Racca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucía Rodriguez-Berdini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Angiolini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Guantay
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia Villafañez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - María Celeste Rodríguez-Baili
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Beatriz L Caputto
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Kevin P Madauss
- GlaxoSmithKline-Trust in Science, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania
| | - Israel Gloger
- GlaxoSmithKline-Trust in Science, Global Health R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Elmer Fernandez
- CIDIE-CONICET, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Germán A Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Luis Bocco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Gastón Soria
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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18
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Watanabe S, Hayashi K, Toh K, Kim HJ, Liu X, Chaya H, Fukushima S, Katsushima K, Kondo Y, Uchida S, Ogura S, Nomoto T, Takemoto H, Cabral H, Kinoh H, Tanaka HY, Kano MR, Matsumoto Y, Fukuhara H, Uchida S, Nangaku M, Osada K, Nishiyama N, Miyata K, Kataoka K. In vivo rendezvous of small nucleic acid drugs with charge-matched block catiomers to target cancers. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1894. [PMID: 31019193 PMCID: PMC6482185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilisation of fragile oligonucleotides, typically small interfering RNA (siRNA), is one of the most critical issues for oligonucleotide therapeutics. Many previous studies encapsulated oligonucleotides into ~100-nm nanoparticles. However, such nanoparticles inevitably accumulate in liver and spleen. Further, some intractable cancers, e.g., tumours in pancreas and brain, have inherent barrier characteristics preventing the penetration of such nanoparticles into tumour microenvironments. Herein, we report an alternative approach to cancer-targeted oligonucleotide delivery using a Y-shaped block catiomer (YBC) with precisely regulated chain length. Notably, the number of positive charges in YBC is adjusted to match that of negative charges in each oligonucleotide strand (i.e., 20). The YBC rendezvouses with a single oligonucleotide in the bloodstream to generate a dynamic ion-pair, termed unit polyion complex (uPIC). Owing to both significant longevity in the bloodstream and appreciably small size (~18 nm), the uPIC efficiently delivers oligonucleotides into pancreatic tumour and brain tumour models, exerting significant antitumour activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/mortality
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Carbocyanines/chemistry
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Carriers/chemical synthesis
- Drug Carriers/pharmacokinetics
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Male
- Mice
- Nanostructures/administration & dosage
- Nanostructures/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides/chemical synthesis
- Oligonucleotides/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides/pharmacokinetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- Polylysine/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemical synthesis
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacokinetics
- Static Electricity
- Survival Analysis
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiyo Watanabe
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8544, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hayashi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazuko Toh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xueying Liu
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Chaya
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigeto Fukushima
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Keisuke Katsushima
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satomi Ogura
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nomoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-11, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-11, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kinoh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Y Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama Prefecture, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu R Kano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama Prefecture, 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama Prefecture, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunya Uchida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8544, Japan
| | - Kensuke Osada
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-11, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan.
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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19
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Raab M, Sanhaji M, Zhou S, Rödel F, El-Balat A, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Blocking Mitotic Exit of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Pharmaceutical Inhibition of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex Reduces Chromosomal Instability. Neoplasia 2019; 21:363-375. [PMID: 30851646 PMCID: PMC6407080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a frontline drug for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, following paclitaxel-platinum based chemotherapy, tumor recurrence occurs in most ovarian cancer patients. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and represents genetic variation fueling tumor adaptation to cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs. In this study, our Kaplan-Meier analysis including 263 ovarian cancer patients (stages I/II) revealed that high Polo-like kinase (PLK) 1 expression correlates with bad prognosis. To evaluate the role of PLK1 as potential cancer target within a combinatorial trial, we induced strong mitotic arrest in ovarian cancer cell lines by synergistically co-targeting microtubules (paclitaxel) and PLK1 (BI6727) followed by pharmaceutical inhibition of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC/C) using proTAME. In short- and long-term experiments, this triple treatment strongly activated apoptosis in cell lines and primary ovarian cells derived from cancer patients. Mechanistically, BI6727/paclitaxel/proTAME stabilize Cyclin B1 and trigger mitotic arrest, which initiates mitochondrial apoptosis by inactivation of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, followed by activation of caspase-dependent effector pathways. This triple treatment prevented endoreduplication and reduced CIN, two mechanisms that are associated with aggressive tumors and the acquisition of drug resistance. This "two-punch strategy" (strong mitotic arrest followed by blocking mitotic exit) has important implications for developing paclitaxel-based combinatorial treatments in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) / German Cancer Research Center, partner site, Frankfurt a. M
| | - Ahmed El-Balat
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) / German Cancer Research Center, partner site, Frankfurt a. M..
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20
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de Cárcer G. The Mitotic Cancer Target Polo-Like Kinase 1: Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor? Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E208. [PMID: 30862113 PMCID: PMC6470689 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The master mitotic regulator, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), is an essential gene for the correct execution of cell division. Plk1 has strong clinical relevance, as it is considered a bona fide cancer target, it is found overexpressed in a large collection of different cancer types and this tumoral overexpression often correlates with poor patient prognosis. All these data led the scientific community to historically consider Plk1 as an oncogene. Although there is a collection of scientific reports showing how Plk1 can contribute to tumor progression, recent data from different laboratories using mouse models, show that Plk1 can surprisingly play as a tumor suppressor. Therefore, the fact that Plk1 is an oncogene is now under debate. This review summarizes the proposed mechanisms by which Plk1 can play as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor, and extrapolates this information to clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Cancer Biology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas"Alberto Sols" (IIBm), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,(CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Moon J, Roh S. Expression of polo-like kinase 1 in pre-implantation stage murine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:2-9. [PMID: 30481982 PMCID: PMC6351765 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has various applications in research, as well as in the medical field and animal husbandry. However, the efficiency of SCNT is low and the accurate mechanism of SCNT in murine embryo development is unreported. In general, the developmental rate of SCNT murine embryos is lower than in vivo counterparts. In previous studies, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) was reported to be a crucial element in cell division including centrosome maturation, cytokinesis, and spindle formation. In an initial series of experiments in this study, BI2536, a Plk1 inhibitor, was treated to in vivo-fertilized embryos and the embryos failed to develop beyond the 2-cell stage. This confirmed previous findings that Plk1 is crucial for the first mitotic division of murine embryos. Next, we investigated Plk1's localization and intensity by immunofluorescence analysis. In contrast to normally developed embryos, SCNT murine embryos that failed to develop exhibited two types of Plk1 expressions; a low Plk1 expression pattern and ectopic expression of Plk1. The results show that Plk1 has a critical role in SCNT murine embryos. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the SCNT murine embryos fail to develop beyond the 2-cell stage, and the embryos show abnormal Plk1 expression patterns, which may one of the main causes of developmental failure of early SCNT murine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyeon Moon
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Dental Life Science, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sangho Roh
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Dental Life Science, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea
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22
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Goroshchuk O, Kolosenko I, Vidarsdottir L, Azimi A, Palm-Apergi C. Polo-like kinases and acute leukemia. Oncogene 2019; 38:1-16. [PMID: 30104712 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemia is a common malignancy among children and adults worldwide and many patients suffer from chronic health issues using current therapeutic approaches. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of novel and more specific therapies with fewer side effects. The family of Polo-like kinases (Plks) is a group of five serine/threonine kinases that play an important role in cell cycle regulation and are critical targets for therapeutic invention. Plk1 and Plk4 are novel targets for cancer therapy as leukemic cells often express higher levels than normal cells. In contrast, Plk2 and Plk3 are considered to be tumor suppressors. Several small molecule inhibitors have been developed for targeting Plk1 inhibition. Despite reaching phase III clinical trials, one of the ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitor, volasertib, did not induce an objective clinical response and even caused lethal side effects in some patients. In order to improve the specificity of the Plk1 inhibitors and reduce off-target side effects, novel RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapies have been developed. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of action of the Plk family members in acute leukemia, describe preclinical studies and clinical trials involving Plk-targeting drugs and discuss novel approaches in Plk targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidarsdottir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alireza Azimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Hewit K, Sandilands E, Martinez RS, James D, Leung HY, Bryant DM, Shanks E, Markert EK. A functional genomics screen reveals a strong synergistic effect between docetaxel and the mitotic gene DLGAP5 that is mediated by the androgen receptor. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1069. [PMID: 30341281 PMCID: PMC6195526 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Based on a molecular classification of prostate cancer using gene expression pathway signatures, we derived a set of 48 genes in critical pathways that significantly predicts clinical outcome in all tested patient cohorts. We tested these genes in a functional genomics screen in a panel of three prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3, DU145), using RNA interference. The screen revealed several genes whose knockdown caused strong growth inhibition in all cell lines. Additionally, we tested the gene set in the presence of docetaxel to see whether any gene exhibited additive or synergistic effects with the drug. We observed a strong synergistic effect between DLGAP5 knockdown and docetaxel in the androgen-sensitive line LNCaP, but not in the two other androgen-independent lines. We then tested whether this effect was connected to androgen pathways and found that knockdown of the androgen receptor by si-RNA attenuated the synergy significantly. Similarly, androgen desensitized LNCaP-AI cells had a higher IC50 to docetaxel and did not exhibit the synergistic interaction. Short-term exposure to enzalutamide did not significantly alter the behaviour of parental LNCaP cells. An immunofluorescence analysis in LNCaP cells suggests that under the double insult of DLGAP5 knockdown and docetaxel, cells predominantly arrest in metaphase. In contrast, the knockdown of the androgen receptor by siRNA appears to assist cells to progress through metaphase in to anaphase, even in the presence of docetaxel. Our data suggest that DLGAP5 has a unique function in stabilizing spindle formation and surviving microtubule assault from docetaxel, in an androgen-regulated cell cycle system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Hewit
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, NSS, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Sandilands
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Daniel James
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Shanks
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elke K Markert
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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24
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Strebhardt K, Raab M, Sanhaji M. The role of PLK1 in cancer exhibiting chromosomal instability. Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 5:e1485539. [PMID: 30525086 PMCID: PMC6276849 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2018.1485539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations cause aneuploidy and are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis characterized by chromosomal instability. PLK1 contributes to sustain an intact spindle assembly checkpoint ensuring genomic stability. In our work using independent ApcMin/+ mouse models we revealed that PLK1 functions as tumor suppressor in APC-mutated colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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25
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Chen B, Zhu A, Tian L, Xin Y, Liu X, Peng Y, Zhang J, Miao Y, Wei J. miR‑23a suppresses pancreatic cancer cell progression by inhibiting PLK‑1 expression. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:105-112. [PMID: 29749476 PMCID: PMC6059658 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of microRNA (miR)‑23a on pancreatic cancer (PC) cells progression. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect the mRNA and protein miR‑23a and PLK‑1 level. Cell viability, cell cycle, migration and invasion assasy, and in vivo tumorigenicity assay were used to investigate the effects of miR‑204. Further luciferase reporter assay was used to explore the mechanisms contributing to miR‑204 effects. It was observed that miR‑23a expression was upregulated and negatively associated with polo‑like kinase‑1 (PLK‑1) expression in human PC tissues. PLK‑1 was a direct target of miR‑23a in PC cells. Functional analysis demonstrated that miR‑23a overexpression suppressed cell proliferation, inhibited cell migration and invasion and promoted cell apoptosis in vitro. When PC cells were transfected with has‑miR‑23a PLK‑1 was downregulated and its downstream molecules were deregulated, including decreased expression of B‑cell lymphoma‑2, cyclin B1 and vimentin, and increased expression of Bax and E‑cadherin. The inhibitory effect of miR‑23a on PC cell progression was observed in vivo tumor xenografts. The results of the study suggest that miR‑23a inhibits PC cell progression by directly targeting PLK‑1‑associated signaling and promoting miR‑23a expression may be a potential method for treating patients with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P.R. China
| | - Akao Zhu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Lei Tian
- The Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xin
- Thyroid Breast Surgery Department, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- The Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Peng
- The Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- The Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yi Miao
- The Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jishu Wei
- The Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Noack S, Raab M, Matthess Y, Sanhaji M, Krämer A, Győrffy B, Kaderali L, El-Balat A, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Synthetic lethality in CCNE1-amplified high grade serous ovarian cancer through combined inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1 and microtubule dynamics. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25842-25859. [PMID: 29899826 PMCID: PMC5995225 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxanes are effective microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapy drugs that inhibit mitosis, induce apoptosis, and produce regression in a fraction of cancers that arise at many sites including the ovary. Novel therapeutic targets that augment taxane effects are needed to improve clinical chemotherapy response in CCNE1-amplified high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cells. In this study, we conducted an siRNA-based kinome screen to identify modulators of mitotic progression in CCNE1-amplified HGSOC cells that may influence clinical paclitaxel response. PLK1 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, which correlates with poor prognosis. Here, we identified a novel synthetic lethal interaction of the clinical PLK1 inhibitor BI6727 and the microtubule-targeting drug paclitaxel in HGSOC cell lines with CCNE1-amplification and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of this synergism. BI6727 synergistically induces apoptosis together with paclitaxel in different cell lines including a patient-derived primary ovarian cancer culture. Moreover, the inhibition of PLK1 reduced the paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity in a neurite outgrowth assay. Mechanistically, the combinatorial treatment with BI6727/paclitaxel triggers mitotic arrest, which initiates mitochondrial apoptosis by inactivation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, followed by significant loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-dependent effector pathways. This conclusion is supported by data showing that BI6727/paclitaxel-co-treatment stabilizes FBW7, a component of SCF-type ubiquitin ligases that bind and regulate key modulators of cell division and growth including MCL-1 and Cyclin E. This identification of a novel synthetic lethality of PLK1 inhibitors and a microtubule-stabilizing drug has important implications for developing PLK1 inhibitor-based combination treatments in CCNE1-amplified HGSOC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Noack
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yves Matthess
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium DKTK, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Krämer
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ahmed El-Balat
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium DKTK, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Liu K, Fang L, Sun H, Pan Z, Zhang J, Chen J, Shao X, Wang W, Tan Y, Ding Z, Ao L, Wu C, Liu X, Li H, Wang R, Su W, Li H. Targeting Polo-like Kinase 1 by a Novel Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide-Hoechst Conjugate Suppresses Tumor Growth In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:988-1002. [PMID: 29483218 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation and has been validated as a promising anticancer drug target. However, very limited success has been achieved in clinical applications using existing Plk1 inhibitors, due to lack of sufficient specificity toward Plk1. To develop a novel Plk1 inhibitor with high selectivity and efficacy, we designed and synthesized a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide-Hoechst conjugate, PIP3, targeted to specific DNA sequence in the PLK1 promoter. PIP3 could specifically inhibit the cell cycle-regulated Plk1 expression and consequently retard tumor cell growth. Cancer cells treated with PIP3 exhibited severe mitotic defects and increased apoptosis, whereas normal cells were not affected by PIP3 treatment. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection of PIP3 into mice bearing human cancer xenografts induced significant tumor growth suppression with low host toxicity. Therefore, PIP3 exhibits the potential as an effective agent for targeted cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(5); 988-1002. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijing Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyin Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Juntao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ximing Shao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyan Tan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihao Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijiao Ao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Huashun Li
- SARITEX Center for Stem Cell Engineering Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine & Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wu Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongchang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Raab M, Sanhaji M, Matthess Y, Hörlin A, Lorenz I, Dötsch C, Habbe N, Waidmann O, Kurunci-Csacsko E, Firestein R, Becker S, Strebhardt K. PLK1 has tumor-suppressive potential in APC-truncated colon cancer cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1106. [PMID: 29549256 PMCID: PMC5856809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) acts as a molecular safeguard in ensuring faithful chromosome transmission during mitosis, which is regulated by a complex interplay between phosphatases and kinases including PLK1. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) germline mutations cause aneuploidy and are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Here we study the role of PLK1 in colon cancer cells with chromosomal instability promoted by APC truncation (APC-ΔC). The expression of APC-ΔC in colon cells reduces the accumulation of mitotic cells upon PLK1 inhibition, accelerates mitotic exit and increases the survival of cells with enhanced chromosomal abnormalities. The inhibition of PLK1 in mitotic, APC-∆C-expressing cells reduces the kinetochore levels of Aurora B and hampers the recruitment of SAC component suggesting a compromised mitotic checkpoint. Furthermore, Plk1 inhibition (RNAi, pharmacological compounds) promotes the development of adenomatous polyps in two independent Apc Min/+ mouse models. High PLK1 expression increases the survival of colon cancer patients expressing a truncated APC significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yves Matthess
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/ German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Hörlin
- Institute of Pathology at the Department of Pathology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ioana Lorenz
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Dötsch
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils Habbe
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Waidmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Ron Firestein
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, AU 31681, Australia
- Department of Molecular Translational Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/ German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Li Z, Liu J, Li J, Kong Y, Sandusky G, Rao X, Liu Y, Wan J, Liu X. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) overexpression enhances ionizing radiation-induced cancer formation in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17461-17472. [PMID: 28900036 PMCID: PMC5655521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.810960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a serine/threonine protein kinase normally expressed in mitosis, is frequently up-regulated in multiple types of human tumors regardless of the cell cycle stage. However, the causal relationship between Plk1 up-regulation and tumorigenesis is incompletely investigated. To this end, using a conditional expression system, here we generated Plk1 transgenic mouse lines to examine the role of Plk1 in tumorigenesis. Plk1 overexpression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts prepared from the transgenic mice led to aberrant mitosis followed by aneuploidy and apoptosis. Surprisingly, Plk1 overexpression had no apparent phenotypes in the mice. Given that no malignant tumor formation was observed even after a long period of Plk1 overexpression, we reasoned that additional factors are required for tumorigenesis in Plk1-overexpressing mice. Because Plk1 can directly participate in the regulation of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, we challenged Plk1-overexpressing mice with ionizing radiation (IR) and found that Plk1-overexpressing mice are much more sensitive to IR than their wild-type littermates. Analysis of tumor development in the Plk1-overexpressing mice indicated a marked decrease in the time required for tumor emergence after IR. At the molecular level, Plk1 overexpression led to reduced phosphorylation of the serine/threonine kinases ATM and Chk2 and of histone H2AX after IR treatment both in vivo and in vitro Furthermore, RNA-Seq analysis suggested that Plk1 elevation decreases the expression of several DDR genes. We conclude that Plk1 overexpression may contribute to tumor formation by both inducing chromosomal instability and suppressing the DDR pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/genetics
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Checkpoint Kinase 2/genetics
- Checkpoint Kinase 2/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Phosphorylation/genetics
- Phosphorylation/radiation effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Radiation, Ionizing
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jinghui Liu
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jie Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Yifan Kong
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - George Sandusky
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, and
| | - Xi Rao
- the Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Yunlong Liu
- the Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Jun Wan
- the Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,
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30
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The Emerging Role of Polo-Like Kinase 1 in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Tumor Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9100131. [PMID: 28953239 PMCID: PMC5664070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. PLK1 is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors, and its expression level often correlates with increased cellular proliferation and poor prognosis in cancer patients. It has been suggested that PLK1 controls cancer development through multiple mechanisms that include canonical regulation of mitosis and cytokinesis, modulation of DNA replication, and cell survival. However, emerging evidence suggests novel and previously unanticipated roles for PLK1 during tumor development. In this review, we will summarize the recent advancements in our understanding of the oncogenic functions of PLK1, with a focus on its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor invasion. We will further discuss the therapeutic potential of these functions.
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31
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Chen F, Zhuo X, Qin T, Guo X, Zhang C, Lai L. Designed inhibitor for nuclear localization signal of polo-like kinase 1 induces mitotic arrest. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:732-740. [PMID: 27882722 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a member of polo-like kinase family, regulates multiple essential steps of the cell cycle progression. Plk1 is overexpressed in multiple cancer cell lines and considered to be a prime anticancer target. Plk1 accumulates in the nucleus during S and G2 phases by its bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence, which is crucial for Plk1 regulation during normal cell cycle progression. Here, through combined computational and experimental studies, we identified compound D110, which inhibits Plk1 kinase activity with an IC50 of 85 nm and blocks the nuclear localization of Plk1 during S and G2 phases. D110-treated cancer cells were arrested at mitosis with monopolar spindle, indicating the inhibition of the Plk1 kinase activity in cell. As D110 interacts with both the ATP site and the NLS in Plk1, it demonstrates good selectivity toward Plk2 and Plk3. The strategy of simultaneously inhibiting kinase activity and its subcellular translocations offers a novel approach for selective kinase inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjin Chen
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhuo
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Qin
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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32
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Morry J, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Gu S, Reda M, Castro DJ, Sangvanich T, Gray JW, Yantasee W. Targeted Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer by PLK1 siRNA Delivered by an Antioxidant Nanoparticle Platform. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:763-772. [PMID: 28138033 PMCID: PMC5445934 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is developed in about 20% to 30% of newly diagnosed patients with early-stage breast cancer despite treatments. Herein, we report a novel nanoparticle platform with intrinsic antimetastatic properties for the targeted delivery of Polo-like kinase 1 siRNA (siPLK1). We first evaluated it in a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) model, which shows high metastatic potential. PLK1 was identified as the top therapeutic target for TNBC cells and tumor-initiating cells in a kinome-wide screen. The platform consists of a 50-nm mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) core coated layer-by-layer with bioreducible cross-linked PEI and PEG polymers, conjugated with an antibody for selective uptake into cancer cells. siRNA is loaded last and fully protected under the PEG layer from blood enzymatic degradation. The material has net neutral charge and low nonspecific cytotoxicity. We have also shown for the first time that the MSNP itself inhibited cancer migration and invasion in TNBC cells owing to its ROS- and NOX4-modulating properties. In vivo, siPLK1 nanoconstructs (six doses of 0.5 mg/kg) knocked down about 80% of human PLK1 mRNA expression in metastatic breast cancer cells residing in mouse lungs and reduced tumor incidence and burden in lungs and other organs of an experimental metastasis mouse model. Long-term treatment significantly delayed the onset of death in mice and improved the overall survival. The platform capable of simultaneously inhibiting the proliferative and metastatic hallmarks of cancer progression is unique and has great therapeutic potential to also target other metastatic cancers beyond TNBC. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(4); 763-72. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingga Morry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Worapol Ngamcherdtrakul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shenda Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Moataz Reda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David J Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Portland, Oregon
| | - Thanapon Sangvanich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Wassana Yantasee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Portland, Oregon
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33
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Mahajan UM, Teller S, Sendler M, Palankar R, van den Brandt C, Schwaiger T, Kühn JP, Ribback S, Glöckl G, Evert M, Weitschies W, Hosten N, Dombrowski F, Delcea M, Weiss FU, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. Tumour-specific delivery of siRNA-coupled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, targeted against PLK1, stops progression of pancreatic cancer. Gut 2016; 65:1838-1849. [PMID: 27196585 PMCID: PMC5099195 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies and is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. Despite extensive knowledge and insights into biological properties and genetic aberrations of PDAC, therapeutic options remain temporary and ineffective. One plausible explanation for the futile response to therapy is an insufficient and non-specific delivery of anticancer drugs to the tumour site. DESIGN Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coupled with siRNA directed against the cell cycle-specific serine-threonine-kinase, Polo-like kinase-1 (siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs), could serve a dual purpose for delivery of siPLK1 to the tumour and for non-invasive assessment of efficiency of delivery in vivo by imaging the tumour response. siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs were designed and synthesised as theranostics to function via a membrane translocation peptide with added advantage of driving endosomal escape for mediating transportation to the cytoplasm (myristoylated polyarginine peptides) as well as a tumour-selective peptide (EPPT1) to increase intracellular delivery and tumour specificity, respectively. RESULTS A syngeneic orthotopic as well as an endogenous cancer model was treated biweekly with siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs and tumour growth was monitored by small animal MRI. In vitro and in vivo experiments using a syngeneic orthotopic PDAC model as well as the endogenous LSL-KrasG12D, LSL-Trp53R172H, Pdx-1-Cre model revealed significant accumulation of siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs in PDAC, resulting in efficient PLK1 silencing. Tumour-specific silencing of PLK1 halted tumour growth, marked by a decrease in tumour cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs with dual specificity residues for tumour targeting and membrane translocation to represent an exciting opportunity for targeted therapy in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal M Mahajan
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raghavendra Palankar
- ZIK HIKE-Center for Innovation Competence Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cindy van den Brandt
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens-Peter Kühn
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gunnar Glöckl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- ZIK HIKE-Center for Innovation Competence Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank-Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
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34
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Qin T, Chen F, Zhuo X, Guo X, Yun T, Liu Y, Zhang C, Lai L. Discovery of Novel Polo-Like Kinase 1 Polo-Box Domain Inhibitors to Induce Mitotic Arrest in Tumor Cells. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7089-96. [PMID: 27425654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1(Plk1) is vital for cell mitosis and has been identified as anticancer target. Its polo-box domain (PBD) mediates substrate binding, blocking of which may offer selective Plk1 inhibition compared to kinase domain inhibitors. Although several PBD inhibitors were reported, most of them suffer from low cell activity. Here, we report the discovery of novel inhibitors to induce mitotic arrest in HeLa cells by virtual screening with Plk1 PBD and cellular activity testing. Of the 81 compounds tested in the cell assay, 10 molecules with diverse chemical scaffolds are potent to induce mitotic arrest of HeLa at low micromolar concentrations. The best compound induces mitotic arrest of HeLa cells with an EC50 of 4.4 μM. The cellular active inhibitors showed binding to Plk1 PBD and compete with PBD substrate in microscale thermophoresis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Qin
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fangjin Chen
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhuo
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Taikangxiang Yun
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, China
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35
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Munoz DM, Cassiani PJ, Li L, Billy E, Korn JM, Jones MD, Golji J, Ruddy DA, Yu K, McAllister G, DeWeck A, Abramowski D, Wan J, Shirley MD, Neshat SY, Rakiec D, de Beaumont R, Weber O, Kauffmann A, McDonald ER, Keen N, Hofmann F, Sellers WR, Schmelzle T, Stegmeier F, Schlabach MR. CRISPR Screens Provide a Comprehensive Assessment of Cancer Vulnerabilities but Generate False-Positive Hits for Highly Amplified Genomic Regions. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:900-13. [PMID: 27260157 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a powerful new tool to systematically probe gene function. We compared the performance of CRISPR to RNAi-based loss-of-function screens for the identification of cancer dependencies across multiple cancer cell lines. CRISPR dropout screens consistently identified more lethal genes than RNAi, implying that the identification of many cellular dependencies may require full gene inactivation. However, in two aneuploid cancer models, we found that all genes within highly amplified regions, including nonexpressed genes, scored as lethal by CRISPR, revealing an unanticipated class of false-positive hits. In addition, using a CRISPR tiling screen, we found that sgRNAs targeting essential domains generate the strongest lethality phenotypes and thus provide a strategy to rapidly define the protein domains required for cancer dependence. Collectively, these findings not only demonstrate the utility of CRISPR screens in the identification of cancer-essential genes, but also reveal the need to carefully control for false-positive results in chromosomally unstable cancer lines. SIGNIFICANCE We show in this study that CRISPR-based screens have a significantly lower false-negative rate compared with RNAi-based screens, but have specific liabilities particularly in the interrogation of regions of genome amplification. Therefore, this study provides critical insights for applying CRISPR-based screens toward the systematic identification of new cancer targets. Cancer Discov; 6(8); 900-13. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Sheel and Xue, p. 824See related article by Aguirre et al., p. 914This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Munoz
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Pamela J Cassiani
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Li Li
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Billy
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joshua M Korn
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D Jones
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Javad Golji
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Ruddy
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kristine Yu
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Antoine DeWeck
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Abramowski
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Wan
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew D Shirley
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Y Neshat
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Rakiec
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rosalie de Beaumont
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Odile Weber
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Robert McDonald
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Keen
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - William R Sellers
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael R Schlabach
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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36
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Wachowicz P, Fernández-Miranda G, Marugán C, Escobar B, de Cárcer G. Genetic depletion of Polo-like kinase 1 leads to embryonic lethality due to mitotic aberrancies. Bioessays 2016; 38 Suppl 1:S96-S106. [PMID: 27417127 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201670908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays multiple and essential roles during the cell division cycle. Its inhibition in cultured cells leads to severe mitotic aberrancies and cell death. Whereas previous reports suggested that Plk1 depletion in mice leads to a non-mitotic arrest in early embryos, we show here that the bi-allelic Plk1 depletion in mice certainly results in embryonic lethality due to extensive mitotic aberrations at the morula stage, including multi- and mono-polar spindles, impaired chromosome segregation and cytokinesis failure. In addition, the conditional depletion of Plk1 during mid-gestation leads also to severe mitotic aberrancies. Our data also confirms that Plk1 is completely dispensable for mitotic entry in vivo. On the other hand, Plk1 haploinsufficient mice are viable, and Plk1-heterozygous fibroblasts do not harbor any cell cycle alterations. Plk1 is overexpressed in many human tumors, suggesting a therapeutic benefit of inhibiting Plk1, and specific small-molecule inhibitors for this kinase are now being evaluated in clinical trials. Therefore, the different Plk1 mouse models here presented are a valuable tool to reexamine the relevance of the mitotic kinase Plk1 during mammalian development and animal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wachowicz
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Fernández-Miranda
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Marugán
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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37
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Helmke C, Raab M, Rödel F, Matthess Y, Oellerich T, Mandal R, Sanhaji M, Urlaub H, Rödel C, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Ligand stimulation of CD95 induces activation of Plk3 followed by phosphorylation of caspase-8. Cell Res 2016; 26:914-34. [PMID: 27325299 PMCID: PMC4973331 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon interaction of the CD95 receptor with its ligand, sequential association of the adaptor molecule FADD (MORT1), pro-forms of caspases-8/10, and the caspase-8/10 regulator c-FLIP leads to the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex. Here, we identify polo-like kinase (Plk) 3 as a new interaction partner of the death receptor CD95. The enzymatic activity of Plk3 increases following interaction of the CD95 receptor with its ligand. Knockout (KO) or knockdown of caspase-8, CD95 or FADD prevents activation of Plk3 upon CD95 stimulation, suggesting a requirement of a functional DISC for Plk3 activation. Furthermore, we identify caspase-8 as a new substrate for Plk3. Phosphorylation occurs on T273 and results in stimulation of caspase-8 proapoptotic function. Stimulation of CD95 in cells expressing a non-phosphorylatable caspase-8-T273A mutant in a rescue experiment or in Plk3-KO cells generated by CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the processing of caspase-8 prominently. Low T273 phosphorylation correlates significantly with low Plk3 expression in a cohort of 95 anal tumor patients. Our data suggest a novel mechanism of kinase activation within the Plk family and propose a new model for the stimulation of the extrinsic death pathway in tumors with high Plk3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Helmke
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yves Matthess
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ranadip Mandal
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Helmke C, Becker S, Strebhardt K. The role of Plk3 in oncogenesis. Oncogene 2016; 35:135-47. [PMID: 25915845 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The polo-like kinases (Plks) encompass a family of five serine/threonine protein kinases that play essential roles in many cellular processes involved in the control of the cell cycle, including entry into mitosis, DNA replication and the response to different types of stress. Plk1, which has been validated as a cancer target, came into the focus of many pharmaceutical companies for the development of small-molecule inhibitors as anticancer agents. Recently, FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has granted a breakthrough therapy designation to the Plk inhibitor BI 6727 (volasertib), which provided a survival benefit for patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia. However, the various ATP-competitive inhibitors of Plk1 that are currently in clinical development also inhibit the activities of Plk2 and Plk3, which are considered as tumor suppressors. Plk3 contributes to the control and progression of the cell cycle while acting as a mediator of apoptosis and various types of cellular stress. The aberrant expression of Plk3 was found in different types of tumors. Recent progress has improved our understanding of Plk3 in regulating stress signaling and tumorigenesis. When using ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitors, the biological roles of Plk1-related family members like Plk3 in cancer cells need to be considered carefully to improve treatment strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Helmke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Becker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Li J, Karki A, Hodges KB, Ahmad N, Zoubeidi A, Strebhardt K, Ratliff TL, Konieczny SF, Liu X. Cotargeting Polo-Like Kinase 1 and the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:4185-98. [PMID: 26438599 PMCID: PMC4648817 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00825-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been identified as one of the predominantly upregulated pathways in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, whether targeting the β-catenin pathway will prove effective as a CRPC treatment remains unknown. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a critical regulator in many cell cycle events, and its level is significantly elevated upon castration of mice carrying xenograft prostate tumors. Indeed, inhibition of Plk1 has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in several in vivo studies. Here, we show that Plk1 is a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Plk1 inhibition or depletion enhances the level of cytosolic and nuclear β-catenin in human prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling significantly potentiates the antineoplastic activity of the Plk1 inhibitor BI2536 in both cultured prostate cancer cells and CRPC xenograft tumors. Mechanistically, axin2, a negative regulator of the β-catenin pathway, serves as a substrate of Plk1, and Plk1 phosphorylation of axin2 facilitates the degradation of β-catenin by enhancing binding between glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and β-catenin. Plk1-phosphorylated axin2 also exhibits resistance to Cdc20-mediated degradation. Overall, this study identifies a novel Plk1-Wnt signaling axis in prostate cancer, offering a promising new therapeutic option to treat CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Anju Karki
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kurt B Hodges
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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40
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Lee KS, Burke TR, Park JE, Bang JK, Lee E. Recent Advances and New Strategies in Targeting Plk1 for Anticancer Therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:858-877. [PMID: 26478211 PMCID: PMC4684765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) plays key roles in regulating mitotic processes that are crucial for cellular proliferation. Overexpression of Plk1 is tightly associated with the development of particular cancers in humans, and a large body of evidence suggests that Plk1 is an attractive target for anticancer therapeutic development. Drugs targeting Plk1 can potentially be directed at two distinct sites: the N-terminal catalytic kinase domain (KD), which phosphorylates substrates, and the C-terminal polo-box domain (PBD) which is essential for protein-protein interactions. In this review we summarize recent advances and new challenges in the development of Plk1 inhibitors targeting these two domains. We also discuss novel strategies for designing and developing next-generation inhibitors to effectively treat Plk1-associated human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung S Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeong K Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, 804-1, Yangcheong Ri, Ochang, Chungbuk, Cheongwon 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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41
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Kazazian K, Brashavitskaya O, Zih FSW, Berger-Richardson D, Xu RSZ, Pacholczyk K, Macmillan J, Swallow CJ. Polo-Like Kinases in Colorectal Cancer: Potential for Targeted Therapy. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-015-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Strebhardt K. Drugging Plk1: An attractive approach to inhibit androgen receptor signaling. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2193-4. [PMID: 26030710 PMCID: PMC5242295 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1056611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology; School of Medicine; Goethe University; Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium; Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Li Z, Lu Y, Ahmad N, Strebhardt K, Liu X. Low-dose arsenic-mediated metabolic shift is associated with activation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Cell Cycle 2015; 14:3030-9. [PMID: 26292025 PMCID: PMC4825546 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-established human carcinogen associated with cancers of the skin, liver, lung, kidney, and bladder. Although numerous carcinogenic pathways have been proposed, the molecular mechanisms underlying arsenic-associated cancer etiology are still elusive. The cellular responses to arsenic exposure are dose dependent. It was recently shown that low-dose arsenic leads to a metabolic shift from mitochondrial respiration to aerobic glycolysis via inactivation of tumor suppressor p53 and activation of NF-κB. However, how inactivation of p53, activation of NF-κB, and metabolic change are coordinated in response to low-dose arsenic exposure is still not completely understood. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a well- documented regulator in many cell cycle-related events. Herein, we showed that low-dose arsenic leads to elevation of Plk1 in an NF-κB-dependent manner and that elevation of Plk1 contributes to the metabolic change from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis via activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, we showed that inhibition/depletion of Plk1 reverses low-dose arsenic-associated phenotypes, including enhanced cell proliferation, activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and increased glycolysis. Finally, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway also antagonizes the enhanced glycolytic influx due to low-dose arsenic exposure. Our studies support the notion that Plk1 likely plays a critical role in cellular responses to low-dose arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
- School of Public Health; Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison, WI USA
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; J.W. Goethe University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
- Center for Cancer Research; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
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44
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Park JE, Kim TS, Kim BY, Lee KS. Selective blockade of cancer cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth by Plk1 activity-dependent suicidal inhibition of its polo-box domain. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:3624-34. [PMID: 26513691 PMCID: PMC4825759 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1104435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) plays a critical role in proper M-phase progression and cell proliferation. Plk1 is overexpressed in a broad spectrum of human cancers and is considered an attractive anticancer drug target. Although a large number of inhibitors targeting the catalytic domain of Plk1 have been developed, these inhibitors commonly exhibit a substantial level of cross-reactivity with other structurally related kinases, thus narrowing their applicable dose for patient treatment. Plk1 contains a C-terminal polo-box domain (PBD) that is essentially required for interacting with its binding targets. However, largely due to the lack of both specific and membrane-permeable inhibitors, whether PBD serves as an alternative target for the development of anticancer therapeutics has not been rigorously examined. Here, we used an intracellularly expressed 29-mer-long PBIP1-derived peptide (i.e., PBIPtide), which can be converted into a "suicidal" PBD inhibitor via Plk1-dependent self-priming and binding. Using this highly specific and potent system, we showed that Plk1 PBD inhibition alone is sufficient for inducing mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells but not in normal cells, and that cancer cell-selective killing can occur regardless of the presence or absence of oncogenic RAS mutation. Intriguingly, PBD inhibition also effectively prevented anchorage-independent growth of malignant cancer cells. Thus, targeting PBD represents an appealing strategy for anti-Plk1 inhibitor development. Additionally, PBD inhibition-induced cancer cell-selective killing may not simply stem from activated RAS alone but, rather, from multiple altered biochemical and physiological mechanisms, which may have collectively contributed to Plk1 addiction in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Metabolism; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Tae-Sung Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung S Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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45
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Strebhardt K, Becker S, Matthess Y. Thoughts on the current assessment of Polo-like kinase inhibitor drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1-8. [PMID: 25263688 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.962510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) plays a key role in regulating a broad spectrum of critical cell cycle events. Plk1 is a marker of cellular proliferation and has prognostic potential in different types of human tumors. In a series of preclinical studies, Plk1 has been validated as a cancer target. This prompted many pharmaceutical companies to develop small-molecule inhibitors targeting the classical ATP-binding site of Plk1 for anticancer drug development. Recently, FDA has granted a Breakthrough Therapy designation to the Plk inhibitor BI 6727 (volasertib), which provided a survival benefit for patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia. Remarkably, a new generation of Plk1 inhibitors that target the second druggable domain of Plk1, the Polo-box domain, is currently being tested preclinically. Since various ATP-competitive compounds of Plk1 inhibit also the activities of Plk2 and Plk3, which act as tumor suppressors, the roles of closely related Plk-family members in cancer cells need to be considered carefully. In this article, the authors highlight recent insights into the biology of Plks in cancer cells and discuss the progress in the development of small-molecule Plk1 inhibitors. The authors believe that the greatest therapeutic benefit might come through leukemic cells that are in direct contact with the inhibitor in the blood stream. The identification of biomarkers and studies that document Plk activities in treated patients would also be beneficial to better understand the role of Plk inhibition in tumor development and anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Strebhardt
- J.W. Goethe University, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt , Germany +49 69 6301 6894 ; +49 69 6301 6364 ;
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Raab M, Krämer A, Hehlgans S, Sanhaji M, Kurunci-Csacsko E, Dötsch C, Bug G, Ottmann O, Becker S, Pachl F, Kuster B, Strebhardt K. Mitotic arrest and slippage induced by pharmacological inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:140-54. [PMID: 25169932 PMCID: PMC5528686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to drugs that interfere with microtubule dynamics block cell cycle progression at mitosis by prolonged activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Cells can evade mitotic arrest and proceed to interphase without chromosome segregation by a process termed mitotic slippage that involves Cyclin B1 degradation without checkpoint inactivation. Here, we explored the cellular response to small-molecule inhibitors of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), an important regulator of cell division. We found that the clinical Plk1 inhibitors BI 2536 and BI 6727, both unexpectedly, induced a dose-dependent cellular drug response: While mitotic arrest was induced in cancer cell lines and primary non-transformed cells across the entire range of concentrations tested, only high concentrations seemed to promote mitotic slippage. Since this observation contrasts with the effects expected from studies reporting RNAi-mediated Plk1 depletion in cancer cells, we wondered whether both ATP-competitive inhibitors target unknown kinases that are involved in signaling from the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and might contribute to the mitotic slippage. A chemical proteomics approach used to profile the selectivity of both inhibitors revealed that SAC kinases are not targeted directly. Still, the activities of Cdk1/Cyclin B1 and Aurora B, which plays important roles in the error correction of false microtubule-kinetochore attachments and in checkpoint signaling, were shown to be downregulated at high inhibitor concentrations. Our data suggest that the inhibition of Plk1 activity below a certain threshold influences Aurora B activity via reduced phosphorylation of Fox M1 and Survivin leading to diminished levels of Aurora B protein and alteration of its subcellular localization. Within the spectrum of SAC proteins that are degraded during mitotic slippage, the degradation of Cyclin B1 and the downregulation of Aurora B activity by Plk1 inhibition seem to be critical promoters of mitotic slippage. The results indicate that careful dose-finding studies in cancer trials are necessary to limit or even prevent mitotic slippage, which could be associated with improved cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Krämer
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kurunci-Csacsko
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Dötsch
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gesine Bug
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Germany
| | - Oliver Ottmann
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fiona Pachl
- Technische Universität München, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Technische Universität München, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Li Z, Li J, Bi P, Lu Y, Burcham G, Elzey BD, Ratliff T, Konieczny SF, Ahmad N, Kuang S, Liu X. Plk1 phosphorylation of PTEN causes a tumor-promoting metabolic state. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3642-61. [PMID: 25047839 PMCID: PMC4187734 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00814-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One outcome of activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is increased aerobic glycolysis, but the upstream signaling events that regulate the PI3K pathway, and thus the Warburg effect, are elusive. Increasing evidence suggests that Plk1, a cell cycle regulator, is also involved in cellular events in addition to mitosis. To test whether Plk1 contributes to activation of the PI3K pathway, and thus aerobic glycolysis, we examined potential targets of Plk1 and identified PTEN as a Plk1 substrate. We hypothesize that Plk1 phosphorylation of PTEN leads to its inactivation, activation of the PI3K pathway, and the Warburg effect. Our data show that overexpression of Plk1 leads to activation of the PI3K pathway and enhanced aerobic glycolysis. In contrast, inhibition of Plk1 causes markedly reduced glucose metabolism in mice. Mechanistically, we show that Plk1 phosphorylation of PTEN and Nedd4-1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of PTEN, results in PTEN inactivation. Finally, we show that Plk1 phosphorylation of PTEN promotes tumorigenesis in both its phosphatase-dependent and -independent pathways, revealing potentially new drug targets to arrest tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Pengpeng Bi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Grant Burcham
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Timothy Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Raab M, Pachl F, Krämer A, Kurunci-Csacsko E, Dötsch C, Knecht R, Becker S, Kuster B, Strebhardt K. Quantitative chemical proteomics reveals a Plk1 inhibitor-compromised cell death pathway in human cells. Cell Res 2014; 24:1141-5. [PMID: 24980956 PMCID: PMC4152744 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Head and Neck Center, UKE Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fiona Pachl
- Technische Universität München, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Krämer
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kurunci-Csacsko
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Dötsch
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rainald Knecht
- Head and Neck Center, UKE Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Technische Universität München, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Craig SN, Wyatt MD, McInnes C. Current assessment of polo-like kinases as anti-tumor drug targets. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:773-89. [PMID: 24819909 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.918100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polo-like kinase (PLK)1 is the most studied of the PLK family and is a serine/threonine kinase that plays pivotal roles in many aspects of mitosis and hence its deregulation is prevalent in various malignant tumor types. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the relevancy of PLK1 and other PLK members as oncology targets in light of known roles of these kinases and the observed phenotypic consequence of downregulating their activity, depending on how they are targeted. Furthermore, they also discuss the pathways mutated in cancer that have been shown to enhance sensitivity toward PLK1 inhibitors in the context of tumor types that possess these molecular defects. They also summarize preclinical and clinical investigations that have been undertaken for both ATP and non-ATP competitive inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION PLKs 2, 3 and 5 are primarily linked with tumor suppressor functions and as PLK1 is the most validated anticancer drug target, selective inhibitors for its activities are most likely to result in effective therapeutics with reduced side effects. In this regard, the polo box domain can be targeted to generate selective inhibitors of PLK1 while preventing inhibition of kinases outside of this family. Recent studies confirming the synthetic lethality of other molecular defects with PLK1 can be exploited to obtain tumor selective apoptosis in p53, KRAS and PTEN mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N Craig
- University of South Carolina, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences , Columbia, SC, 29208 , USA +1 803 576 5684 ;
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Matthess Y, Raab M, Knecht R, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Sequential Cdk1 and Plk1 phosphorylation of caspase-8 triggers apoptotic cell death during mitosis. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:596-608. [PMID: 24484936 PMCID: PMC5528627 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 is crucial for cell death induction, especially via the death receptor pathway. The dysregulated expression or function of caspase-8 can promote tumor formation, progression and treatment resistance in different human cancers. Here, we show procaspase-8 is regulated during the cell cycle through the concerted inhibitory action of Cdk1/cyclin B1 and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). By phosphorylating S387 in procaspase-8 Cdk1/cyclin B1 generates a phospho-epitope for the binding of the PBD of Plk1. Subsequently, S305 in procaspase-8 is phosphorylated by Plk1 during mitosis. Using an RNAi-based strategy we could demonstrate that the extrinsic cell death is increased upon Fas-stimulation when endogenous caspase-8 is replaced by a mutant (S305A) mimicking the non-phosphorylated form. Together, our data show that sequential phosphorylation by Cdk1/cyclin B1 and Plk1 decreases the sensitivity of cells toward stimuli of the extrinsic pathway during mitosis. Thus, the clinical Plk1 inhibitor BI 2536 decreases the threshold of different cancer cell types toward Fas-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Matthess
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; Head and Neck Center, UKE Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainald Knecht
- Head and Neck Center, UKE Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
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