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Wang J, Wu S, Yang W, Tian X. Strong anapole-plasmon coupling in dielectric-metallic hybrid nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:23429-23437. [PMID: 39221565 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp03142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The nanoscale ampification of light-matter interactions exhibits profound potential in multiple scientific fields, such as physics, chemistry, surface science, materials science, and nanophotonics. Nonetheless, achieving robust optical mode coupling within cavities faces significant hurdles due to modal dispersion and weak optical field confinement. In this theoretical investigation, we demonstrate the viability of strong coupling between the anapole mode of a slotted silicon nanodisk and the plasmonic modes of an Ag nanodisk dimer at visible light frequencies. By introducing anapole modes, we successfully confine light to subwavelength volumes, suppressing radiative losses and achieving a remarkable Rabi splitting of 468 meV. This substantial coupling is facilitated by the large spatial overlap of intense optical fields. Capitalizing on this strong mode coupling, we generate novel hybrid energy states with significant electromagnetic field enhancement. Our study serves as a valuable blueprint for designing platforms based on strong anapole mode coupling at visible frequencies and paves the way for deeper explorations into nanoscale light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China.
| | - Suze Wu
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China.
| | - Weimin Yang
- School of Electronic Information, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Xiaojun Tian
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China.
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2
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Muhammad N, Su Z, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Huang L. Radiationless optical modes in metasurfaces: recent progress and applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:192. [PMID: 39152114 PMCID: PMC11329644 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Non-radiative optical modes attracted enormous attention in optics due to strong light confinement and giant Q-factor at its spectral position. The destructive interference of multipoles leads to zero net-radiation and strong field trapping. Such radiationless states disappear in the far-field, localize enhanced near-field and can be excited in nano-structures. On the other hand, the optical modes turn out to be completely confined due to no losses at discrete point in the radiation continuum, such states result in infinite Q-factor and lifetime. The radiationless states provide a suitable platform for enhanced light matter interaction, lasing, and boost nonlinear processes at the state regime. These modes are widely investigated in different material configurations for various applications in both linear and nonlinear metasurfaces which are briefly discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Muhammad
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhaoxian Su
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongtian Wang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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3
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Hong C, Hong I, Jiang Y, Ndukaife JC. Plasmonic dielectric antennas for hybrid optical nanotweezing and optothermoelectric manipulation of single nanosized extracellular vesicles. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2024; 12:2302603. [PMID: 38899010 PMCID: PMC11185818 DOI: 10.1002/adom.202302603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This paper showcases an experimental demonstration of near-field optical trapping and dynamic manipulation of an individual extracellular vesicle. This is accomplished through the utilization of a plasmonic dielectric nanoantenna designed to support an optical anapole state-a non-radiating optical state resulting from the destructive interference between electric and toroidal dipoles in the far-field, leading to robust near-field enhancement. To further enhance the field intensity associated with the optical anapole state, a plasmonic mirror is incorporated, thereby boosting trapping capabilities. In addition to demonstrating near-field optical trapping, the study achieves dynamic manipulation of extracellular vesicles by harnessing the thermoelectric effect. This effect is induced in the presence of an ionic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), combined with plasmonic heating. Furthermore, the thermoelectric effect improves trapping stability by introducing a wide and deep trapping potential. In summary, our hybrid plasmonic-dielectric trapping platform offers a versatile approach for actively transporting, stably trapping, and dynamically manipulating individual extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchuan Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institution of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ikjun Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institution of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuxi Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics (IREAP), University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Justus C. Ndukaife
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institution of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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4
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Wang C, Hu X, Peng L, Tang J, Ran L, Zhang S, Ye D. Nearly Ideal Transparency with Artificially Designed Meta-Atoms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308298. [PMID: 38013603 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The ideal electromagnetic transparency refers to the ability of an object to remain scatteringless to any incoming waves, resulting in vacuum invisibility. However, natural solid substances can hardly be transparent in free space as they are responsive to external polarizations. Completely eliminating the polarization effect of an obstacle under arbitrary field illumination is a long-standing scientific challenge. Here, it is shown that a subwavelength meta-atom can be nearly ideally transparent in the vacuum. The overall vacuum-like property of the meta-atom is achieved through judiciously designing its internal polarization and magnetization. Remarkably, any large-scale objects made by stacking the meta-atoms inherit the vacuum-like property and are scatteringless in free space. By both the simulations and experiments, the meta-atom's peculiar property is reasonably verified. The proposed meta-atoms are excellent candidates for a wide range of applications, such as perfect radar radomes, scatteringless walls, filtering devices, and self-stealth materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liang Peng
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Jingxin Tang
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lixin Ran
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Dexin Ye
- Laboratory of Applied Research on Electromagnetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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5
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Wang J, Yang W, He Y. Plasmon-induced magnetic anapole mode assisted strong field enhancement. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244701. [PMID: 38146831 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical metamaterials, sensing, nonlinear optics, and surface-enhanced spectroscopies have witnessed the remarkable potential of the anapole mode. While dielectric particles with a high refractive index have garnered significant attention in recent years, the exploration of plasmonic anapole modes with intense localized electric field enhancements in the visible frequency range remains limited. In this study, we present a theoretical investigation on the relationship between the strongest near-field response and magnetic anapole modes, along with their substantial enhancement of Raman signals from probing molecules. These captivating findings arise from the design of a practical metallic oblate spheroid-film plasmonic system that generates magnetic anapole resonances at frequencies within the visible-near-infrared range. This research not only sheds light on the underlying mechanisms in a wide range of plasmon-enhanced spectroscopies but also paves the way for innovative nano-device designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- School of Electronic Information, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yonglin He
- School of Electronic Information, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China
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6
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Wang X, Lu X, Xia Z. Realization of a photoswitchable anapole metasurface based on phase change material Ge 2Sb 2Te 5. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:9253-9260. [PMID: 38108695 DOI: 10.1364/ao.503134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic anapole mode originates from the phase cancellation interference between the far-field radiation of an oscillating electric dipole moment and toroidal dipole moment, which presents a radiation-free state of light while enhancing the near-field, and has potential applications in micro- and nanophotonics. The active control of the anapole is crucial for the design and realization of tunable photonic devices. In this paper, we realize dynamic tuning of an anapole metasurface and metasurface optical switching based on the phase change material G e 2 S b 2 T e 5 (GST). By utilizing the destructive interference of the electric dipole moment and ring dipole moment, we design the non-radiative anapole mode. At the same time, we introduce the phase change material GST to dynamically regulate the intensity and position of the far-field scattering, electric field, and transmission spectra, and to realize the transition from anapole mode to electric dipole mode. At the same time, the modulation of the transmission spectrum by the metasurface after the addition of GST film is achieved. A relative transmission modulation of 640.62% is achieved. Our study provides ideas for realizing effective active modulation of active micro- and nanophotonic devices, and promotes active modulation of active micro- and nanophotonic devices in lasers and filters and potential applications in dynamic near-field imaging.
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7
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Hong I, Hong C, Tutanov OS, Massick C, Castleberry M, Zhang Q, Jeppesen DK, Higginbotham JN, Franklin JL, Vickers K, Coffey RJ, Ndukaife JC. Anapole-Assisted Low-Power Optical Trapping of Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles and Particles. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7500-7507. [PMID: 37552655 PMCID: PMC10652798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the challenge of trapping nanoscale biological particles using optical tweezers without the photothermal heating effect and the limitation presented by the diffraction limit. Optical tweezers are effective for trapping microscopic biological objects but not for nanoscale specimens due to the diffraction limit. To overcome this, we present an approach that uses optical anapole states in all-dielectric nanoantenna systems on distributed Bragg reflector substrates to generate strong optical gradient force and potential on nanoscale biological objects with negligible temperature rise below 1 K. The anapole antenna condenses the accessible electromagnetic energy to scales as small as 30 nm. Using this approach, we successfully trapped nanosized extracellular vesicles and supermeres (approximately 25 nm in size) using low laser power of only 10.8 mW. This nanoscale optical trapping platform has great potential for single molecule analysis while precluding photothermal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikjun Hong
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Chuchuan Hong
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Oleg S Tutanov
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Extracellular Vesicles Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Clark Massick
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Extracellular Vesicles Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Mark Castleberry
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Extracellular Vesicles Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Extracellular Vesicles Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Dennis K Jeppesen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - James N Higginbotham
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Extracellular Vesicles Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Extracellular Vesicles Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Extracellular Vesicles Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Justus C Ndukaife
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Center for Extracellular Vesicles Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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8
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Canós Valero A, Shamkhi HK, Kupriianov AS, Weiss T, Pavlov AA, Redka D, Bobrovs V, Kivshar Y, Shalin AS. Superscattering emerging from the physics of bound states in the continuum. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4689. [PMID: 37542069 PMCID: PMC10403603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the Mie-like scattering from an open subwavelength resonator made of a high-index dielectric material, when its parameters are tuned to the regime of interfering resonances. We uncover a novel mechanism of superscattering, closely linked to strong coupling of the resonant modes and described by the physics of bound states in the continuum (BICs). We demonstrate that the enhanced scattering occurs due to constructive interference described by the Friedrich-Wintgen mechanism of interfering resonances, allowing to push the scattering cross section of a multipole resonance beyond the currently established limit. We develop a general non-Hermitian model to describe interfering resonances of the quasi-normal modes, and study subwavelength dielectric nonspherical resonators exhibiting avoided crossing resonances associated with quasi-BIC states. We confirm our theoretical findings by a scattering experiment conducted in the microwave frequency range. Our results reveal a new strategy to boost scattering from non-Hermitian systems, suggesting important implications for metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Canós Valero
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, and NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
| | - Hadi K Shamkhi
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Thomas Weiss
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, and NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Dmitrii Redka
- Electrotechnical University LETI, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Vjaceslavs Bobrovs
- Riga Technical University, Institute of Telecommunications, Riga, 1048, Latvia
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Alexander S Shalin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
- MSU, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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9
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Zhang Y, Chen G, Zhao J, Niu C, Wang Z. Low loss sensitivity of the anapole mode in localized defective nanoparticles. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2952-2959. [PMID: 37133140 DOI: 10.1364/ao.485449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The excitation of a nonradiating anapole in a high-index dielectric nanosphere is an effective pathway for enhancing light absorption. Here, we investigate the effect of localized lossy defects on the nanoparticle based on Mie scattering and multipole expansion theories and find its low sensitivity to absorption loss. The scattering intensity can be switched by tailoring the defect distribution of the nanosphere. For a high-index nanosphere with homogeneous loss distributions, the scattering abilities of all resonant modes reduce rapidly. By introducing loss in the strong field regions of the nanosphere, we achieve independent tuning of other resonant modes without breaking the anapole mode. As the loss increases, the electromagnetic scattering coefficients of the anapole and other resonant modes show opposite trends, along with strongly suppressed corresponding multipole scattering. While regions with strong electric fields are more susceptible to loss, the anapole's inability to emit or absorb light as a dark mode makes it hard to change. Our findings provide new opportunities for the design of multi-wavelength scattering regulation nanophotonic devices via local loss manipulation on dielectric nanoparticles.
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10
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Díaz-Escobar E, Barreda ÁI, Mercadé L, Griol A, Pitanti A, Martínez A. Light Guidance Aided by the Toroidal Dipole and the Magnetic Quadrupole in Silicon Slotted-Disk Chains. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:707-714. [PMID: 36942156 PMCID: PMC10021020 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Far-field scattering of high-index nanoparticles can be hugely reduced via interference of multipolar moments giving rise to the so-called anapole states. It has been suggested that this reduced scattering can contribute to efficient transmission along periodic chains of such nanoparticles. In this work, we analyze via numerical simulation and experiments the transmission of light along chains of regular and slotted silicon disks in the frequency region over the light cone. We do not observe transmission at wavelengths corresponding to the excitation of the first electric anapole for regular disks. However, large transmission along straight and curved chains is observed for slotted disks due to the simultaneous excitation of the toroidal dipole and magnetic quadrupole modes in the disks. Photonic band calculations unveil that such large transmission can be ascribed to leaky resonances, though bound states in the continuum do not appear in the structures under analysis. Experiments at telecom wavelengths using silicon disk chains confirm the numerical results for straight and bent chains. Our results provide new insights into the role of radiationless states in light guidance along nanoparticle chains and offer new avenues to utilize Mie resonances of simple nanophotonic structures for on-chip dielectric photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Díaz-Escobar
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politécnica
de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela I. Barreda
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Mercadé
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politécnica
de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- MIND-IN2UB,
Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica i Biomédica,
Facultat de Física, Universitat de
Barcelona, Martí
i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politécnica
de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Pitanti
- NEST
Lab, CNR - Istituto di Nanoscienze and Scuola
Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56217 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politécnica
de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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11
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Tsilipakos O, Viskadourakis Z, Tasolamprou AC, Zografopoulos DC, Kafesaki M, Kenanakis G, Economou EN. Meta-Atoms with Toroidal Topology for Strongly Resonant Responses. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:468. [PMID: 36838168 PMCID: PMC9959404 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A conductive meta-atom of toroidal topology is studied both theoretically and experimentally, demonstrating a sharp and highly controllable resonant response. Simulations are performed both for a free-space periodic metasurface and a pair of meta-atoms inserted within a rectangular metallic waveguide. A quasi-dark state with controllable radiative coupling is supported, allowing to tune the linewidth (quality factor) and lineshape of the supported resonance via the appropriate geometric parameters. By conducting a rigorous multipole analysis, we find that despite the strong toroidal dipole moment, it is the residual electric dipole moment that dictates the electromagnetic response. Subsequently, the structure is fabricated with 3D printing and coated with silver paste. Importantly, the structure is planar, consists of a single metallization layer and does not require a substrate when neighboring meta-atoms are touching, resulting in a practical, thin and potentially low-loss system. Measurements are performed in the 5 GHz regime with a vector network analyzer and a good agreement with simulations is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odysseas Tsilipakos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, GR-11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Zacharias Viskadourakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anna C. Tasolamprou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Section of Electronic Physics and Systems, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios C. Zografopoulos
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Kafesaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science Technology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Kenanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleftherios N. Economou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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12
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Ma C, Zhou F, Huang P, Li M, Zhao F, Feng Z, Liu Y, Li X, Guan BO, Chen K. Deterministic Excitation of Polarization-Sensitive Extrinsic Anapole State in Si Nanodisk Clusters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204883. [PMID: 36323588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle clusters provide new degrees of freedom for light control due to their mutual interaction compared with an individual one. Here, the authors demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a type of optical anapole (a nonradiating state) termed as extrinsic anapole, with mode field spreading across Si nanodisk dimers unlike the intrinsic one that is confined within individual nanodisks. The extrinsic anapole is sensitive to the polarized excitation. When the electric vector E of excitation is perpendicular to the dimer axis, the coupled toroidal dipole (TD) mode is largely enhanced and broadened to be spectrally overlapped with the electric dipole (ED) mode. The destructive interference of these two modes results in the generation of the extrinsic anapole. However, it vanishes when E is parallel to the dimer axis. Such polarization dependence can be relieved with the participation of the third nanodisk. Scattering spectra of Si nanodisk trimers stay almost unchanged under different polarized excitations, although the near-field distributions are quite different. Finally, enhanced white-light emission is observed in Si nanodisk clusters, which can be attributed to the near-infrared absorption enhancement induced by extrinsic anapole states. The findings manifest that high-index all-dielectric nanodisk clusters are promising for light manipulation based on mode interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Churong Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Fangrong Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
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13
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Elizarov M, Kivshar YS, Fratalocchi A. Inverse-Designed Metaphotonics for Hypersensitive Detection. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:422-432. [PMID: 37102133 PMCID: PMC10125296 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the flow of broadband electromagnetic energy at the nanoscale remains a critical challenge in optoelectronics. Surface plasmon polaritons (or plasmons) provide subwavelength localization of light but are affected by significant losses. On the contrary, dielectrics lack a sufficiently robust response in the visible to trap photons similar to metallic structures. Overcoming these limitations appears elusive. Here we demonstrate that addressing this problem is possible if we employ a novel approach based on suitably deformed reflective metaphotonic structures. The complex geometrical shape engineered in these reflectors emulates nondispersive index responses, which can be inverse-designed following arbitrary form factors. We discuss the realization of essential components such as resonators with an ultrahigh refractive index of n = 100 in diverse profiles. These structures support the localization of light in the form of bound states in the continuum (BIC), fully localized in air, in a platform in which all refractive index regions are physically accessible. We discuss our approach to sensing applications, designing a class of sensors where the analyte directly contacts areas of ultrahigh refractive index. Leveraging this feature, we report an optical sensor with sensitivity two times higher than the closest competitor with a similar micrometer footprint. Inversely designed reflective metaphotonics offers a flexible technology for controlling broadband light, supporting optoelectronics' integration with large bandwidths in circuitry with miniaturized footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Elizarov
- PRIMALIGHT,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Applied Mathematics and Computational
Science, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuri S. Kivshar
- Australian
National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- ITMO
University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Andrea Fratalocchi
- PRIMALIGHT,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Applied Mathematics and Computational
Science, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- . Web site: www.primalight.org
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14
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Abhyankar N, Agrawal A, Campbell J, Maly T, Shrestha P, Szalai V. Recent advances in microresonators and supporting instrumentation for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:101101. [PMID: 36319314 PMCID: PMC9632321 DOI: 10.1063/5.0097853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy characterizes the magnetic properties of paramagnetic materials at the atomic and molecular levels. Resonators are an enabling technology of EPR spectroscopy. Microresonators, which are miniaturized versions of resonators, have advanced inductive-detection EPR spectroscopy of mass-limited samples. Here, we provide our perspective of the benefits and challenges associated with microresonator use for EPR spectroscopy. To begin, we classify the application space for microresonators and present the conceptual foundation for analysis of resonator sensitivity. We summarize previous work and provide insight into the design and fabrication of microresonators as well as detail the requirements and challenges that arise in incorporating microresonators into EPR spectrometer systems. Finally, we provide our perspective on current challenges and prospective fruitful directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jason Campbell
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Thorsten Maly
- Bridge12 Technologies, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts 01760, USA
| | | | - Veronika Szalai
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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15
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Yezekyan T, Zenin VA, Beermann J, Bozhevolnyi SI. Anapole States in Gap-Surface Plasmon Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6098-6104. [PMID: 35867910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anapole states associated with the destructive interference between dipole and toroidal moments result in suppressed scattering accompanied by strongly enhanced near fields. In this work, we comprehensively examine the anapole state formation in metal-insulator-metal configurations supporting gap surface-plasmon (GSP) resonances that are widely used in plasmonics. Using multipole decomposition, we show that in contrast to the common case of dielectric particles with out-of-phase superposition of electric and toroidal dipoles anapole states in GSP resonators are formed due to the compensation of magnetic dipole moments. Unlike anapole states in dielectric particles, magnetic anapole states in GSP resonator does not provide a pronounced suppression of scattering, but it features huge electric field enhancement, which we verify by numerical simulations and two-photon luminescence measurements. This makes the GSP resonator configuration very promising for use in a wide range of applications, ranging from nonlinear harmonic generation to absorption enhancement and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torgom Yezekyan
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vladimir A Zenin
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jonas Beermann
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sergey I Bozhevolnyi
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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16
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Ma C, Zhao F, Zhou F, Li M, Zheng Z, Yan J, Li J, Li X, Guan BO, Chen K. Etching-free high-throughput intersectional nanofabrication of diverse optical nanoantennas for nanoscale light manipulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:950-959. [PMID: 35561613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The capabilities to manipulate light-matter interaction at the nanoscale lie at the core of many promising photonic applications. Optical nanoantennas, made of metallic or dielectric materials, have seen a rapid development for their remarkable optical properties facilitating the coupling of electromagnetic waves with subwavelength entities. However, high-throughput and cost-effective fabrication of these nanoantennas is still a daunting challenge. In this work, we provide a versatile nanofabrication method capable of producing large scale optical nanoantennas with different shapes. It is developed from colloidal lithography with no dry etching required. Furthermore, both metallic and all-dielectric nanoantennas can be readily fabrication in a high-throughput fashion. Au and Si nanodisks were fabricated and employed to assemble heterostructures with monolayer tungsten disulfide. Strong coupling is observed in both systems between plasmon modes (Au nanodisks) or anapole modes (Si nanodisks) with excitons. We believe that this nanofabrication method could find a wide range of applications with the diverse optical nanoantennas it can engineer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Churong Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fangrong Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiahao Yan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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17
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Wan Y, Wang H, Li H, Ye R, Zhang X, Lyu J, Cai Y. Low-threshold random lasers enhanced by titanium nitride nanoparticles suspended randomly in gain solutions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:8222-8233. [PMID: 35299568 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report a low-threshold random laser enhanced by TiN nanoparticles (NPs) suspended randomly in gain solutions. Results show that the random laser with TiN NPs has a lower threshold than the random laser with TiO2 NPs and the underlying mechanisms are discussed in detail. The localized surface plasmon resonance of individual TiN NPs increases the pump efficiency and strengthens the fluorescence amplification efficiency of the DCM. The multiple scattering of integral TiN NPs extends the dwelling time of light in random systems, which provides more possibilities for the light amplification in the gain medium. Then, the random laser threshold as a function of the number density of TiN NPs is studied. Results show that the optimum number density of TiN NPs for the lowest-threshold random lasers is about 1.468 × 1012ml-1. When we substitute the ethanol solution with the nematic liquid crystal (NLC), the random laser threshold can be further decreased to 5.11 µJ/pulse, which is about 7.7 times lower than that of DCM dye solution with TiN NPs under the same conditions. These findings provide a cost-effective strategy for the realization of low-threshold random lasers with high-quality.
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18
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Díaz-Escobar E, Bauer T, Pinilla-Cienfuegos E, Barreda ÁI, Griol A, Kuipers L, Martínez A. Radiationless anapole states in on-chip photonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:204. [PMID: 34608131 PMCID: PMC8490413 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-index nanoparticles are known to support radiationless states called anapoles, where dipolar and toroidal moments interfere to inhibit scattering to the far field. In order to exploit the striking properties arising from these interference conditions in photonic integrated circuits, the particles must be driven in-plane via integrated waveguides. Here, we address the excitation of electric anapole states in silicon disks when excited on-chip at telecom wavelengths. In contrast to normal illumination, we find that the anapole condition-identified by a strong reduction of the scattering-does not overlap with the near-field energy maximum, an observation attributed to retardation effects. We experimentally verify the two distinct spectral regions in individual disks illuminated in-plane from closely placed waveguide terminations via far-field and near-field measurements. Our finding has important consequences concerning the use of anapole states and interference effects of other Mie-type resonances in high-index nanoparticles for building complex photonic integrated circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Díaz-Escobar
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Bauer
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela I Barreda
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Kuipers
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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19
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Sun B, Yu Y, Zhu H, Yang W. High Q-factor with spoof-anapole mode excitation in metamaterials. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2630-2633. [PMID: 34061074 DOI: 10.1364/ol.425389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, numerical and experimental studies for the spoof-anapole effect are presented. Different from the anapole modes, when electric and toroidal dipole intensities are minimized, the spoof-anapole effect can be generated. The spoof-anapole effect can reduce the radiation losses with a high $Q$-factor. The concept is valid in various frequency bands from microwave range for millimeter-sized objects to visible range for nanoparticles. The spoof-anapole modes are first experimentally realized in microwave metamaterials. Almost perfect spoof-anapole behavior is observed, which produces an extremely high $Q$-factor at the resonance frequency. The experimental results agree well with the analytical ones and pave way to excite the non-radiating electromagnetic sources.
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20
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Algorri JF, Dell'Olio F, Roldán-Varona P, Rodríguez-Cobo L, López-Higuera JM, Sánchez-Pena JM, Zografopoulos DC. Strongly resonant silicon slot metasurfaces with symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:10374-10385. [PMID: 33820173 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel all-dielectric metasurface made of arrayed circular slots etched in a silicon layer is proposed and theoretically investigated. The structure is designed to support both Mie-type multipolar resonances and symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BIC). Specifically, the metasurface consists of interrupted circular slots, following the paradigm of complementary split-ring resonators. This configuration allows both silicon-on-glass and free-standing metasurfaces and the arc length of the split-rings provides an extra tuning parameter. The nature of both BIC and non-BIC resonances supported by the metasurface is investigated by employing the Cartesian multipole decomposition technique. Thanks to the non-radiating nature of the quasi-BIC resonance, extremely high Q-factor responses are calculated, both by fitting the simulated transmittance spectra to an extended Fano model and by an eigenfrequency analysis. Furthermore, the effect of optical losses in silicon on quenching the achievable Q-factor values is discussed. The metasurface features a simple bulk geometry and sub-wavelength dimensions. This novel device, its high Q-factors, and strong energy confinement open new avenues of research on light-matter interactions in view of new applications in non-linear devices, biological sensors, and optical communications.
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21
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Getman F, Makarenko M, Burguete-Lopez A, Fratalocchi A. Broadband vectorial ultrathin optics with experimental efficiency up to 99% in the visible region via universal approximators. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:47. [PMID: 33664223 PMCID: PMC7977065 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrating conventional optics into compact nanostructured surfaces is the goal of flat optics. Despite the enormous progress in this technology, there are still critical challenges for real-world applications due to the limited operational efficiency in the visible region, on average lower than 60%, which originates from absorption losses in wavelength-thick (≈ 500 nm) structures. Another issue is the realization of on-demand optical components for controlling vectorial light at visible frequencies simultaneously in both reflection and transmission and with a predetermined wavefront shape. In this work, we developed an inverse design approach that allows the realization of highly efficient (up to 99%) ultrathin (down to 50 nm thick) optics for vectorial light control with broadband input-output responses in the visible and near-IR regions with a desired wavefront shape. The approach leverages suitably engineered semiconductor nanostructures, which behave as a neural network that can approximate a user-defined input-output function. Near-unity performance results from the ultrathin nature of these surfaces, which reduces absorption losses to near-negligible values. Experimentally, we discuss polarizing beam splitters, comparing their performance with the best results obtained from both direct and inverse design techniques, and new flat-optics components represented by dichroic mirrors and the basic unit of a flat-optics display that creates full colours by using only two subpixels, overcoming the limitations of conventional LCD/OLED technologies that require three subpixels for each composite colour. Our devices can be manufactured with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible process, making them scalable for mass production at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Getman
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Makarenko
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Burguete-Lopez
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Fratalocchi
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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22
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Highly Efficient Near-Infrared Detector Based on Optically Resonant Dielectric Nanodisks. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020428. [PMID: 33567759 PMCID: PMC7914410 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fast detection of near-infrared (NIR) photons with high responsivity remains a challenge for photodetectors. Germanium (Ge) photodetectors are widely used for near-infrared wavelengths but suffer from a trade-off between the speed of photodetection and quantum efficiency (or responsivity). To realize a high-speed detector with high quantum efficiency, a small-sized photodetector efficiently absorbing light is required. In this paper, we suggest a realization of a dielectric metasurface made of an array of subwavelength germanium PIN photodetectors. Due to the subwavelength size of each pixel, a high-speed photodetector with a bandwidth of 65 GHz has been achieved. At the same time, high quantum efficiency for near-infrared illumination can be obtained by the engineering of optical resonant modes to localize optical energy inside the intrinsic Ge disks. Furthermore, small junction capacitance and the possibility of zero/low bias operation have been shown. Our results show that all-dielectric metasurfaces can improve the performance of photodetectors.
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23
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Yao J, Li B, Cai G, Liu QH. Doubly mirror-induced electric and magnetic anapole modes in metal-dielectric-metal nanoresonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:576-579. [PMID: 33528412 DOI: 10.1364/ol.415423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anapole mode is a nonradiative resonance originating from the destructive interference between co-excited Cartesian electric dipole and toroidal dipole moments. With at least two symmetric circulating currents, the anapole mode in all-dielectric nanoresonators provides the opportunity to operate the double perfect electric conductor (PEC) mirror effects. In this work, unlike the conventional metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) nanostructure generating a plasmonic magnetic resonance, two metal components are employed to produce the fictitious images of the middle dielectric, and the whole system can thus excite the doubly mirror-induced anapole mode. Electric anapole mode and its magnetic counterpart are, respectively, investigated in two types of MDM configurations according to their own symmetric characteristics. Benefiting from the double PEC mirror effects, the doubly mirror-induced electric and magnetic anapole modes possess the larger average electric-field enhancement factors (9 and 56.9 folds compared with those of the conventional ones, respectively), as well as the narrower line widths. This work will pave a new way for tailoring and boosting anapole modes in metal-dielectric hybrid nanoresonators and open up new opportunities for many significant applications in nonlinear and quantum nanophotonics.
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24
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Liu W, Li Z, Cheng H, Chen S. Dielectric Resonance-Based Optical Metasurfaces: From Fundamentals to Applications. iScience 2020; 23:101868. [PMID: 33319185 PMCID: PMC7726341 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical metasurface as a booming research field has put forward profound progress in optics and photonics. Compared with metallic-based components, which suffer from significant thermal loss and low efficiency, high-index all-dielectric nanostructures can readily combine electric and magnetic Mie resonances together, leading to efficient manipulation of optical properties such as amplitude, phase, polarization, chirality, and anisotropy. These advances have enabled tremendous developments in practical photonic devices that can confine and guide light at the nanoscale. Here we review the recent development of local electromagnetic resonances such as Mie-type scattering, bound states in the continuum, Fano resonances, and anapole resonances in dielectric metasurfaces and summarize the fundamental principles of dielectric resonances. We discuss the recent research frontiers in dielectric metasurfaces including wavefront-shaping, metalenses, multifunctional and computational approaches. We review the strategies and methods to realize the dynamic tuning of dielectric metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on the challenges and prospects of dielectric metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhancheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulations and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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25
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Yao J, Yin Y, Ye L, Cai G, Liu QH. Enhancing third-harmonic generation by mirror-induced electric quadrupole resonance in a metal-dielectric nanostructure. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5864-5867. [PMID: 33057304 DOI: 10.1364/ol.400593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electric quadrupole resonance (EQR), a commonly available high-order Mie-type resonance in all-dielectric nanoparticles, suffers from weak field enhancement and thus inferior third-harmonic generation (THG). In this work, according to the intrinsic centrosymmetry of current distribution, mirror-induced EQR in a silicon disk is effectively generated by introducing a bottom metal film with the perfect electric conductor (PEC) mirror effect, manifesting preeminent capabilities of tailoring far-field scattering and enhancing near-field intensity. The beneficial THG by mirror-induced EQR is enhanced by more than 50-fold as compared to that of the typical EQR without the PEC mirror effect. Furthermore, the influence of the silicon Kerr effect on THG is investigated under increasing pump intensity, achieving maximal efficiency of 2.2×10-4 under pump intensity I0=3GW/cm2. This work opens possibilities of exploring new mirror-induced Mie-type resonances in hybrid nanostructures, finding important applications in frequency conversion, spectroscopy, and sensing at the nanoscale.
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26
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Tiguntseva E, Koshelev K, Furasova A, Tonkaev P, Mikhailovskii V, Ushakova EV, Baranov DG, Shegai T, Zakhidov AA, Kivshar Y, Makarov SV. Room-Temperature Lasing from Mie-Resonant Nonplasmonic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8149-8156. [PMID: 32484650 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Subwavelength particles supporting Mie resonances underpin a strategy in nanophotonics for efficient control and manipulation of light by employing both an electric and a magnetic optically induced multipolar resonant response. Here, we demonstrate that monolithic dielectric nanoparticles made of CsPbBr3 halide perovskites can exhibit both efficient Mie-resonant lasing and structural coloring in the visible and near-IR frequency ranges. We employ a simple chemical synthesis with nearly epitaxial quality for fabricating subwavelength cubes with high optical gain and demonstrate single-mode lasing governed by the Mie resonances from nanocubes as small as 310 nm by the side length. These active nanoantennas represent the most compact room-temperature nonplasmonic nanolasers demonstrated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Tiguntseva
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Kirill Koshelev
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Furasova
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Pavel Tonkaev
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | | | - Elena V Ushakova
- Center of Information Optical Technologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Denis G Baranov
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anvar A Zakhidov
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sergey V Makarov
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
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27
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Zang W, Yuan Q, Chen R, Li L, Li T, Zou X, Zheng G, Chen Z, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhu S. Chromatic Dispersion Manipulation Based on Metalenses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904935. [PMID: 31823480 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are 2D metamaterials composed of subwavelength nanoantennas according to specific design. They have been utilized to precisely manipulate various parameters of light fields, such as phase, polarization, amplitude, etc., showing promising functionalities. Among all meta-devices, the metalens can be considered as the most basic and important application, given its significant advantage in integration and miniaturization compared with traditional lenses. However, the resonant dispersion of each nanoantenna in a metalens and the intrinsic chromatic dispersion of planar devices and optical materials result in a large chromatic aberration in metalenses that severely reduces the quality of their focusing and imaging. Consequently, how to effectively suppress or manipulate the chromatic aberration of metalenses has attracted worldwide attention in the last few years, leading to variety of excellent achievements promoting the development of this field. Herein, recent progress in chromatic dispersion control based on metalenses is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Run Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tianyue Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiujuan Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gaige Zheng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shuming Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Anapole mediated giant photothermal nonlinearity in nanostructured silicon. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3027. [PMID: 32541692 PMCID: PMC7296001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Featured with a plethora of electric and magnetic Mie resonances, high index dielectric nanostructures offer a versatile platform to concentrate light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. By integrating unique features of far-field scattering control and near-field concentration from radiationless anapole states, here, we demonstrate a giant photothermal nonlinearity in single subwavelength-sized silicon nanodisks. The nanoscale energy concentration and consequent near-field enhancements mediated by the anapole mode yield a reversible nonlinear scattering with a large modulation depth and a broad dynamic range, unveiling a record-high nonlinear index change up to 0.5 at mild incident light intensities on the order of MW/cm2. The observed photothermal nonlinearity showcases three orders of magnitude enhancement compared with that of unstructured bulk silicon, as well as nearly one order of magnitude higher than that through the radiative electric dipolar mode. Such nonlinear scattering can empower distinctive point spread functions in confocal reflectance imaging, offering the potential for far-field localization of nanostructured Si with an accuracy approaching 40 nm. Our findings shed new light on active silicon photonics based on optical anapoles.
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29
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Makarenko M, Burguete-Lopez A, Getman F, Fratalocchi A. Generalized Maxwell projections for multi-mode network Photonics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9038. [PMID: 32493942 PMCID: PMC7270083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of optical resonant systems for controlling light at the nanoscale is an exciting field of research in nanophotonics. While describing the dynamics of few resonances is a relatively well understood problem, controlling the behavior of systems with many overlapping states is considerably more difficult. In this work, we use the theory of generalized operators to formulate an exact form of spatio-temporal coupled mode theory, which retains the simplicity of traditional coupled mode theory developed for optical waveguides. We developed a fast computational method that extracts all the characteristics of optical resonators, including the full density of states, the modes quality factors, and the mode resonances and linewidths, by employing a single first principle simulation. This approach can facilitate the analytical and numerical study of complex dynamics arising from the interactions of many overlapping resonances, defined in ensembles of resonators of any geometrical shape and in materials with arbitrary responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makarenko
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Applied Mathematics and Computational Sci-4ence, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Burguete-Lopez
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Applied Mathematics and Computational Sci-4ence, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Getman
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Applied Mathematics and Computational Sci-4ence, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Fratalocchi
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Applied Mathematics and Computational Sci-4ence, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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30
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Zhou C, Li S, Fan M, Wang X, Xu Y, Xu W, Xiao S, Hu M, Liu J. Optical radiation manipulation of Si-Ge 2Sb 2Te 5 hybrid metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:9690-9701. [PMID: 32225571 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Active optical metadevices have attracted growing interest for the use in nanophotonics owing to their flexible control of optics. In this work, by introducing the phase-changing material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), which exhibits remarkably different optical properties in different crystalline states, we investigate the active optical radiation manipulation of a resonant silicon metasurface. A designed double-nanodisk array supports a strong toroidal dipole excitation and an obvious electric dipole response. When GST is added, the toroidal response is suppressed, and the toroidal and electric dipoles exhibit pronounced destructive interference owing to the similarity of their far-field radiation patterns. When the crystallization ratio of GST is varied, the optical radiation strength and spectral position of the scattering minimum can be dynamically controlled. Our work provides a route to flexible optical radiation modulation using metasurfaces.
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31
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Parker JA, Sugimoto H, Coe B, Eggena D, Fujii M, Scherer NF, Gray SK, Manna U. Excitation of Nonradiating Anapoles in Dielectric Nanospheres. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:097402. [PMID: 32202870 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.097402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the study of nonradiating anapoles has long been part of fundamental physics, the dynamic anapole at optical frequencies was only recently experimentally demonstrated in a specialized silicon nanodisk structure. We report excitation of the electrodynamic anapole state in isotropic silicon nanospheres using radially polarized beam illumination. The superposition of equal and out-of-phase amplitudes of the Cartesian electric and toroidal dipoles produces a pronounced dip in the scattering spectra with the scattering intensity almost reaching zero-a signature of anapole excitation. The total scattering intensity associated with the anapole excitation is found to be more than 10 times weaker for illumination with radially vs linearly polarized beams. Our approach provides a simple, straightforward alternative path to realizing nonradiating anapole states at the optical frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Parker
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Brighton Coe
- Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61709, USA
| | - Daniel Eggena
- Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61709, USA
| | - Minoru Fujii
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Norbert F Scherer
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Stephen K Gray
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Uttam Manna
- Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61709, USA
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32
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Hüttenhofer L, Eckmann F, Lauri A, Cambiasso J, Pensa E, Li Y, Cortés E, Sharp ID, Maier SA. Anapole Excitations in Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich TiO 2-x Nanoresonators: Tuning the Absorption for Photocatalysis in the Visible Spectrum. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2456-2464. [PMID: 31995353 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on optically resonant dielectric nanostructures has accelerated the development of photonic applications, driven by their ability to strongly confine light on the nanoscale. However, as dielectric resonators are typically operated below their band gap to minimize optical losses, the usage of dielectric nanoantenna concepts for absorption enhancement has largely remained unexplored. In this work, we realize engineered nanoantennas composed of photocatalytic dielectrics and demonstrate increased light-harvesting capabilities in otherwise weakly absorptive spectral regions. In particular, we employ anapole excitations, which are known for their strong light confinement, in nanodisks of oxygen-vacancy-rich TiO2-x, a prominent photocatalyst that provides a powerful platform for exploring concepts in absorption enhancement in tunable nanostructures. The arising photocatalytic effect is monitored on the single particle level using the well-established photocatalytic silver reduction reaction on TiO2. With the freedom of changing the optical properties of TiO2 through tuning the abundance of VO states, we discuss the interplay between cavity damping and the anapole-assisted field confinement for absorption enhancement. This concept is general and can be extended to other catalytic materials with higher refractive indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Hüttenhofer
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Königinstraße 10 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Felix Eckmann
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Alberto Lauri
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Javier Cambiasso
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Evangelina Pensa
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Yi Li
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Königinstraße 10 , 80539 München , Germany
- School of Microelectronics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Communications , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Königinstraße 10 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Königinstraße 10 , 80539 München , Germany
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
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33
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Xu L, Saerens G, Timofeeva M, Smirnova DA, Volkovskaya I, Lysevych M, Camacho-Morales R, Cai M, Zangeneh Kamali K, Huang L, Karouta F, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Miroshnichenko AE, Grange R, Neshev DN, Rahmani M. Forward and Backward Switching of Nonlinear Unidirectional Emission from GaAs Nanoantennas. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1379-1389. [PMID: 31877017 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-index III-V semiconductor nanoantennas have gained great attention for enhanced nonlinear light-matter interactions, in the past few years. However, the complexity of nonlinear emission profiles imposes severe constraints on practical applications, such as in optical communications and integrated optoelectronic devices. These complexities include the lack of unidirectional nonlinear emission and the severe challenges in switching between forward and backward emissions, due to the structure of the susceptibility tensor of the III-V nanoantennas. Here, we propose a solution to both issues via engineering the nonlinear tensor of the nanoantennas. The special nonlinear tensorial properties of zinc-blende material can be used to engineer the nonlinear characteristics via growing the nanoantennas along different crystalline orientations. Based on the nonlinear multipolar effect, we have designed and fabricated (110)-grown GaAs nanoantennas, with engineered tensorial properties, embedded in a transparent low-index material. Our technique provides an approach not only for unidirectional second-harmonic generation (SHG) forward or backward emission but also for switching from one to another. Importantly, switching the SHG emission directionality is obtained only by rotating the polarization of the incident light, without the need for physical variation of the antennas or the environment. This characteristic is an advantage, as compared to other nonlinear nanoantennas, including (100)- and (111)-grown III-V counterparts or silicon and germanium nanoantennas. Indeed, (110)-GaAs nanoantennas allow for engineering the nonlinear nanophotonic systems including nonlinear "Huygens metasurfaces" and offer exciting opportunities for various nonlinear nanophotonics technologies, such as nanoscale light routing and light sources, as well as multifunctional flat optical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- School of Engineering and Information Technology , University of New South Wales , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Grégoire Saerens
- Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maria Timofeeva
- Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Daria A Smirnova
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
- Institute of Applied Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Nizhny Novgorod 603950 , Russia
| | - Irina Volkovskaya
- Institute of Applied Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Nizhny Novgorod 603950 , Russia
| | - Mykhaylo Lysevych
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Rocio Camacho-Morales
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Marcus Cai
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Khosro Zangeneh Kamali
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Lujun Huang
- School of Engineering and Information Technology , University of New South Wales , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Fouad Karouta
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology , University of New South Wales , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Rachel Grange
- Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
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Abstract
One of the most exciting applications of metaparticles and metasurfaces consists in the magnetic light excitation. However, the principal limitation is due to parasitic extra multipoles of electric family excited in magnetic dipole meta-particles characterized by a radiating nature and corresponding radiating losses. In this paper, we propose the “ideal magnetic dipole” with suppressed additional multipoles except of magnetic dipole moment in the scattered field from a cylindrical object by using mantle cloaking based on metasurface and on anapole concept. The considered metasurface consists of a periodic width modulated microstrip line, with a sinusoidally shaped profile unit cell printed on a dielectric substrate.
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35
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Farkhani H, Böhnert T, Tarequzzaman M, Costa JD, Jenkins A, Ferreira R, Madsen JK, Moradi F. LAO-NCS: Laser Assisted Spin Torque Nano Oscillator-Based Neuromorphic Computing System. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1429. [PMID: 32038137 PMCID: PMC6987377 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dealing with big data, especially the videos and images, is the biggest challenge of existing Von-Neumann machines while the human brain, benefiting from its massive parallel structure, is capable of processing the images and videos in a fraction of second. The most promising solution, which has been recently researched widely, is brain-inspired computers, so-called neuromorphic computing systems (NCS). The NCS overcomes the limitation of the word-at-a-time thinking of conventional computers benefiting from massive parallelism for data processing, similar to the brain. Recently, spintronic-based NCSs have shown the potential of implementation of low-power high-density NCSs, where neurons are implemented using magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) or spin torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) and memristors are used to mimic synaptic functionality. Although using STNOs as neuron requires lower energy in comparison to the MTJs, still there is a huge gap between the power consumption of spintronic-based NCSs and the brain due to high bias current needed for starting the oscillation with a detectable output power. In this manuscript, we propose a spintronic-based NCS (196 × 10) proof-of-concept where the power consumption of the NCS is reduced by assisting the STNO oscillation through a microwatt nanosecond laser pulse. The experimental results show the power consumption of the STNOs in the designed NCS is reduced by 55.3% by heating up the STNOs to 100°C. Moreover, the average power consumption of spintronic layer (STNOs and memristor array) is decreased by 54.9% at 100°C compared with room temperature. The total power consumption of the proposed laser assisted STNO-based NCS (LAO-NCS) at 100°C is improved by 40% in comparison to a typical STNO-based NCS at room temperature. Finally, the energy consumption of the LAO-NCA at 100°C is expected to reduce by 86% compared with a typical STNO-based NCS at the room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Farkhani
- Integrated Circuits and Electronics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tim Böhnert
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - José Diogo Costa
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alex Jenkins
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferreira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jens Kargaard Madsen
- Integrated Circuits and Electronics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Farshad Moradi
- Integrated Circuits and Electronics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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36
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Gómez F, Mejía-Salazar JR, Albella P. All-Dielectric Chiral Metasurfaces Based on Crossed-Bowtie Nanoantennas. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21041-21047. [PMID: 31867495 PMCID: PMC6921257 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism spectroscopy is a technique used to discriminate molecular chirality, which is essential in fields like biology, chemistry, or pharmacology where different chiral agents often show different biological activities. Nevertheless, due to the inherently weak molecular-chiroptical activity, this technique is limited to high concentrations or large analyte volumes. Finding novel ways to enhance the circular dichroism would boost the performance of these techniques. So far, the enhancement of light-matter interaction mediated by plasmons is the most common way to develop chiral plasmonic structures with extraordinarily strong chiroptical responses. However, absorptive losses of metals at optical frequencies has hindered its practical use in many scenarios. In this work, we propose an all-dielectric low-loss chiral metasurface with unit cells built by high-refractive-index crossed-bowtie nanoantennas. These unit cells, built of silicon, strongly increase the chiroptical effect through the simultaneous interaction of their electric and magnetic modes, which in contrast to other recent proposals shows at the same time a high concentration of the electric field in its gap that leads to the presence of hotspots. The proposed structure exhibits a circular dichroism spectra up to 3-fold higher than that of previous proposals that use complex plasmonic or hybrid nanostructures, making it a clear alternative to develop low-loss metasurfaces with potential applications in chiral target sensing/biosensing. For completeness, single triangular shaped and symmetric (achiral) bowtie nanostructures were also studied as possible candidates for a detection up to the single-molecule level due the lack of a circular dichroism background of the nanostructures themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Ricardo Mejía-Salazar
- National
Institute of Telecommunications
(Inatel), Santa
Rita do Sapucaí, MG 37540-000, Brazil
- E-mail: (J.R.M.-S.)
| | - Pablo Albella
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros, s/n, Santander 39005, Spain
- E-mail: (P.A.)
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37
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Zhang N, Wang S, Chen P, Zhang L, Peng K, Jiang Z, Zhong Z. An array of SiGe nanodisks with Ge quantum dots on bulk Si substrates demonstrating a unique light-matter interaction associated with dual coupling. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15487-15496. [PMID: 31211306 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00798a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Si-Based microdisks with Ge quantum dots (QDs) have been of great interest due to their potential as the desired light source for monolithic optical-electronic integrated circuits (MOEICs), as well as in the studies of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). Here, we report on unique SiGe nanodisk arrays with embedded Ge QDs directly realized on bulk Si substrates. Their superior optoelectronic properties are demonstrated by remarkably enhanced photoluminescence due to the coupling between QD emissions and cavity modes of the nanodisk, even though the size of the nanodisk is much smaller than the wavelengths of cavity modes. Moreover, spectral shifts of cavity modes and an intensity modulation related to the interference of in-phase emissions from QDs in the nanodisk array are observed due to alternative coupling between nanodisks. A hybridized mode, originating from the spectral overlap between the anapole mode of individual nanodisks and the guided mode of periodic nanodisks, results in strong luminescence even at room temperature. Our results shed new light on the fundamental physics of CQED in nanodisk arrays with embedded QDs. Given their superior optoelectronic properties, the feasibility of carrier injection and thermal dissipation through the Si pedestal, the presented SiGe nanodisks with embedded Ge QDs will have great potential for application in innovative optoelectronic devices, particularly as the light source for MOEICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peizong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zuimin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenyang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Svyakhovskiy SE, Ternovski VV, Tribelsky MI. Anapole: Its birth, life, and death. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:23894-23904. [PMID: 31510287 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent extensive study of the nonradiating (anapole) mode in the resonant light scattering by nanoparticles, the key questions, about the dynamics of its excitation at the leading front of the incident pulse and collapse behind the trailing edge, still remain open. We answer the questions, first, by direct numerical integration of the complete set of the Maxwell equations, describing the scattering of a rectangular laser pulse by a dielectric cylinder. The simulation shows that while the excitation and the collapse periods, both have the same characteristic time-scale, the dynamics of these processes are qualitatively different. The relaxation to the steady-state scattering at the leading front is accompanied by high-amplitude oscillatory modulations of the envelope of the basic electromagnetic oscillations, while behind the trailing edge the decay of the envelope is monotonic. Then, we present the general arguments showing that this is the case for the anapole excited in any classical system. Next, we introduce a simple, exactly integrable yet accurate, physically transparent model describing the dynamics of the anapole. The model admits generalization to a broad class of resonant phenomena and may be regarded as a compliment to the commonly used Temporal Coupled-Mode Theory.
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Zhang G, Lan C, Gao R, Wen Y, Zhou J. Toroidal Dipole Resonances in All‐Dielectric Oligomer Metasurfaces. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chuwen Lan
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information NetworksBeijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and ConvergenceSchool of Information and Communication EngineeringBeijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing 100876 China
| | - Rui Gao
- High Temperature Thermochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Mining and Materials EngineeringMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0C5 Canada
| | - Yongzheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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40
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Du K, Li P, Gao K, Wang H, Yang Z, Zhang W, Xiao F, Chua SJ, Mei T. Strong Coupling between Dark Plasmon and Anapole Modes. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4699-4705. [PMID: 31364854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanocavities enable extreme light-matter interaction by pushing light down to the nanoscale. The dipolar feature of bright modes allows coupling with the external excitation from free space but results in a radiating background, whereas nonradiating dark plasmon modes can hardly be excited. Here, we report for the first time on strong coupling between dark plasmon and anapole modes in a hybrid metal-dielectric nanostructure. With the aid of vanishing dipole characteristics of the anapole and dark plasmons, the hybrid modes exhibit minimum far-field scattering and maximum near-field enhancement. The dark mode coupling in the metal-dielectric nanostructure offers a nonradiating air cavity with greatly improved field enhancement in a broadened band, thus providing a background-free experimental platform for spectroscopic applications. The proposed approach to dark plasmon excitation, i.e., via anapole, may boost practical exploitation of dark plasmons by allowing linearly polarized light illumination and scalable arrays of individual nanostructure units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
| | - Pei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
| | - Kun Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
| | - Heng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
| | - Wending Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
| | - Fajun Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
| | - Soo Jin Chua
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 3 , 117583 Singapore
- LEES Program, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) , 1 CREATE Way, #10-01 CREATE Tower , 138602 Singapore
| | - Ting Mei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China
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41
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Cui C, Yuan S, Qiu X, Zhu L, Wang Y, Li Y, Song J, Huang Q, Zeng C, Xia J. Light emission driven by magnetic and electric toroidal dipole resonances in a silicon metasurface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14446-14454. [PMID: 31334735 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03172c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric nanoparticles supporting pronounced toroidal and anapole resonances have enabled a new class of optical antennas with unprecedented functionalities. In this work, we propose a light-emitting silicon metasurface which simultaneously supports both magnetic toroidal dipole and electric toroidal dipole resonances in the near-infrared region. The metasurface consists of a square array of split nanodisks with embedded germanium quantum dots. By varying the width of the split air-gap, the spectral positions and quality factors of the two toroidal dipoles are flexibly tuned. Large photoluminescence enhancement is experimentally demonstrated at the toroidal resonances, which is attributed to the unique near- and far-field characteristics of the resonant modes. Moreover, the light emissions driven by the two toroidal dipoles are of different polarization, which further suggests versatile polarization-engineered radiation properties. Our work shows enormous potential in light emission manipulation and provides a route for high-efficiency, ultra-compact LEDs and potentially functional dielectric metasurface lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcong Cui
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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Zografopoulos DC, Algorri JF, Ferraro A, García-Cámara B, Sánchez-Pena JM, Beccherelli R. Toroidal metasurface resonances in microwave waveguides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7544. [PMID: 31101841 PMCID: PMC6525168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the possibility to load microwave waveguides with dielectric particle arrays that emulate the properties of infinite, two-dimensional, all-dielectric metasurfaces. First, we study the scattering properties and the electric and magnetic multipole modes of dielectric cuboids and identify the conditions for the excitation of the so-called anapole state. Based on the obtained results, we design metasurfaces composed of a square lattice of dielectric cuboids, which exhibit strong toroidal resonances. Then, three standard microwave waveguide types, namely parallel-plate waveguides, rectangular waveguides, and microstrip lines, loaded with dielectric cuboids are designed, in such a way that they exhibit the same resonant features as the equivalent dielectric metasurface. The analysis shows that parallel-plate and rectangular waveguides can almost perfectly reproduce the metasurface properties at the resonant frequency. The main attributes of such resonances are also observed in the case of a standard impedance-matched microstrip line, which is loaded with only a small number of dielectric particles. The results demonstrate the potential for a novel paradigm in the design of "metasurface-loaded" microwave waveguides, either as functional elements in microwave circuitry, or as a platform for the experimental study of the properties of dielectric metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Zografopoulos
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Rome, 00133, Italy.
| | - José Francisco Algorri
- Department of Electronic Technology, Carlos III University of Madrid, Madrid, 28911, Spain
| | - Antonio Ferraro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Braulio García-Cámara
- Department of Electronic Technology, Carlos III University of Madrid, Madrid, 28911, Spain
| | | | - Romeo Beccherelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Rome, 00133, Italy
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43
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Yang Y, Bozhevolnyi SI. Nonradiating anapole states in nanophotonics: from fundamentals to applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:204001. [PMID: 30695763 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab02b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonradiating sources are nontrivial charge-current distributions that do not generate fields outside the source domain. The pursuit of their possible existence has fascinated several generations of physicists and triggered developments in various branches of science ranging from medical imaging to dark matter. Recently, one of the most fundamental types of nonradiating sources, named anapole states, has been realized in nanophotonics regime and soon spurred considerable research efforts and widespread interest. A series of astounding advances have been achieved within a very short period of time, uncovering the great potential of anapole states in many aspects such as lasing, sensing, metamaterials, and nonlinear optics. In this review, we provide a detailed account of anapole states in nanophotonics research, encompassing their basic concepts, historical origins, and new physical effects. We discuss the recent research frontiers in understanding and employing optical anapoles and provide an outlook for this vibrant field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Yang
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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44
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Guo S, Talebi N, Campos A, Kociak M, van Aken PA. Radiation of Dynamic Toroidal Moments. ACS PHOTONICS 2019; 6:467-474. [PMID: 31523699 PMCID: PMC6735299 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic toroidal dipoles, a distinguished class of fundamental electromagnetic sources, receive increasing interest and participate in fascinating electrodynamic phenomena and sensing applications. As described in the literature, the radiative nature of dynamic toroidal dipoles is sometimes confounded, intermixing with static toroidal dipoles and plasmonic dark modes. Here, we elucidate this issue and provide proof-of-principle experiments exclusively on the radiation behavior of dynamic toroidal moments. Optical toroidal modes in plasmonic heptamer nanocavities are analyzed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy supported by finite-difference time-domain numerical calculations. Additionally, their corresponding radiation behaviors are experimentally investigated by means of cathodoluminescence. The observed contrasting behaviors of a single dynamic toroidal dipole mode and an antiparallel toroidal dipole pair mode are discussed and elucidated. Our findings further clarify the electromagnetic properties of dynamic toroidal dipoles and serve as important guidance for the use of toroidal dipole moments in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surong Guo
- Stuttgart
Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Nahid Talebi
- Stuttgart
Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Alfredo Campos
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris Sud, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Laboratoire
de Physique des Solides, Université
Paris Sud, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Peter A. van Aken
- Stuttgart
Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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Tian J, Luo H, Yang Y, Ding F, Qu Y, Zhao D, Qiu M, Bozhevolnyi SI. Active control of anapole states by structuring the phase-change alloy Ge 2Sb 2Te 5. Nat Commun 2019; 10:396. [PMID: 30674900 PMCID: PMC6344509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-index dielectric nanoparticles supporting a distinct series of Mie resonances have enabled a new class of optical antennas with unprecedented functionalities. The great wealth of multipolar responses has not only brought in new physical insight but also spurred practical applications. However, how to make such a colorful resonance palette actively tunable is still elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the structured phase-change alloy Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) can support a diverse set of multipolar Mie resonances with active tunability. By harnessing the dramatic optical contrast of GST, we realize broadband (Δλ/λ ~ 15%) mode shifting between an electric dipole resonance and an anapole state. Active control of higher-order anapoles and multimodal tuning are also investigated, which make the structured GST serve as a multispectral optical switch with high extinction contrasts (>6 dB). With all these findings, our study provides a new direction for realizing active nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuanqing Yang
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Fei Ding
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yurui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ding Zhao
- DTU Danchip/Cen, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Sergey I Bozhevolnyi
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
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46
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Li Z, Wu T, Zhang X. Tailoring toroidal and magnetic dipole excitations with the same dielectric structure. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:57-60. [PMID: 30645547 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The toroidal dipole (TD) and magnetic dipole (MD) are usually overlooked due to their relatively weak coupling to the electromagnetic fields. However, recent investigations have shown that they can play an important role in the optical response from some designed nanostructures. Different nanostructures have been designed for tailoring TD and MD excitations. Here we demonstrate that a single structure can be designed to tailor both TD and MD excitations. Near-perfect TD and MD excitations from the same structures have been realized by using various electric dipoles, which is very beneficial for designing optical functional devices such as nanoantennas and sensors.
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47
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Algorri JF, Zografopoulos DC, Ferraro A, García-Cámara B, Vergaz R, Beccherelli R, Sánchez-Pena JM. Anapole Modes in Hollow Nanocuboid Dielectric Metasurfaces for Refractometric Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 9:E30. [PMID: 30591642 PMCID: PMC6359158 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes the use of the refractive index sensitivity of non-radiating anapole modes of high-refractive-index nanoparticles arranged in planar metasurfaces as a novel sensing principle. The spectral position of anapole modes excited in hollow silicon nanocuboids is first investigated as a function of the nanocuboid geometry. Then, nanostructured metasurfaces of periodic arrays of nanocuboids on a glass substrate are designed. The metasurface parameters are properly selected such that a resonance with ultrahigh Q-factor, above one million, is excited at the target infrared wavelength of 1.55 µm. The anapole-induced resonant wavelength depends on the refractive index of the analyte superstratum, exhibiting a sensitivity of up to 180 nm/RIU. Such values, combined with the ultrahigh Q-factor, allow for refractometric sensing with very low detection limits in a broad range of refractive indices. Besides the sensing applications, the proposed device can also open new venues in other research fields, such as non-linear optics, optical switches, and optical communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- GDAF-UC3M, Displays and Photonics Applications Group, Department of Electronic Technology, Carlos III University of Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Dimitrios C Zografopoulos
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ferraro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Braulio García-Cámara
- GDAF-UC3M, Displays and Photonics Applications Group, Department of Electronic Technology, Carlos III University of Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Vergaz
- GDAF-UC3M, Displays and Photonics Applications Group, Department of Electronic Technology, Carlos III University of Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Romeo Beccherelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Pena
- GDAF-UC3M, Displays and Photonics Applications Group, Department of Electronic Technology, Carlos III University of Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
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48
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Ha ST, Fu YH, Emani NK, Pan Z, Bakker RM, Paniagua-Domínguez R, Kuznetsov AI. Directional lasing in resonant semiconductor nanoantenna arrays. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:1042-1047. [PMID: 30127475 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High-index dielectric and semiconductor nanoparticles supporting strong electric and magnetic resonances have drawn significant attention in recent years. However, until now, there have been no experimental reports of lasing action from such nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate directional lasing, with a low threshold and high quality factor, in active dielectric nanoantenna arrays achieved through a leaky resonance excited in coupled gallium arsenide (GaAs) nanopillars. The leaky resonance is formed by partially breaking a bound state in the continuum generated by the collective, vertical electric dipole resonances excited in the nanopillars for subdiffractive arrays. We control the directionality of the emitted light while maintaining a high quality factor (Q = 2,750). The lasing directivity and wavelength can be tuned via the nanoantenna array geometry and by modifying the gain spectrum of GaAs with temperature. The obtained results provide guidelines for achieving surface-emitting laser devices based on active dielectric nanoantennas that are compact and highly transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tung Ha
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuan Hsing Fu
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naresh Kumar Emani
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Zhenying Pan
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reuben M Bakker
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramón Paniagua-Domínguez
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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49
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Gili VF, Ghirardini L, Rocco D, Marino G, Favero I, Roland I, Pellegrini G, Duò L, Finazzi M, Carletti L, Locatelli A, Lemaître A, Neshev D, De Angelis C, Leo G, Celebrano M. Metal-dielectric hybrid nanoantennas for efficient frequency conversion at the anapole mode. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2306-2314. [PMID: 30202699 PMCID: PMC6122063 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Dielectric nanoantennas have recently emerged as an alternative solution to plasmonics for nonlinear light manipulation at the nanoscale, thanks to the magnetic and electric resonances, the strong nonlinearities, and the low ohmic losses characterizing high refractive-index materials in the visible/near-infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum. In this frame, AlGaAs nanoantennas demonstrated to be extremely efficient sources of second harmonic radiation. In particular, the nonlinear polarization of an optical system pumped at the anapole mode can be potentially boosted, due to both the strong dip in the scattering spectrum and the near-field enhancement, which are characteristic of this mode. Plasmonic nanostructures, on the other hand, remain the most promising solution to achieve strong local field confinement, especially in the NIR, where metals such as gold display relatively low losses. Results: We present a nonlinear hybrid antenna based on an AlGaAs nanopillar surrounded by a gold ring, which merges in a single platform the strong field confinement typically produced by plasmonic antennas with the high nonlinearity and low loss characteristics of dielectric nanoantennas. This platform allows enhancing the coupling of light to the nanopillar at coincidence with the anapole mode, hence boosting both second- and third-harmonic generation conversion efficiencies. More than one order of magnitude enhancement factors are measured for both processes with respect to the isolated structure. Conclusion: The present results reveal the possibility to achieve tuneable metamixers and higher resolution in nonlinear sensing and spectroscopy, by means of improved both pump coupling and emission efficiency due to the excitation of the anapole mode enhanced by the plasmonic nanoantenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio F Gili
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lavinia Ghirardini
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Rocco
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marino
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Iännis Roland
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lamberto Duò
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Carletti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Locatelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS-UMR9001, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, 2601 ACT Canberra, Australia
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Michele Celebrano
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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50
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Wang S, Zhang N, Chen P, Wang L, Yang X, Jiang Z, Zhong Z. Toward precise site-controlling of self-assembled Ge quantum dots on Si microdisks. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:345606. [PMID: 29863488 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac9f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A feasible route is developed toward precise site-controlling of quantum dots (QDs) at the microdisk periphery, where most microdisk cavity modes are located. The preferential growth of self-assembled Ge QDs at the periphery of Si microdisks is discovered. Moreover, both the height and linear density of Ge QDs can be controlled by tuning the amount of deposited Ge and the microdisk size. The inherent mechanisms of these unique features are discussed, taking into account both the growth kinetics and thermodynamics. By growing Ge on the innovative Si microdisks with small protrusions at the disk periphery, the positioning of Ge QDs at the periphery can be exactly predetermined. Such a precise site-controlling of Ge QDs at the periphery enables the location of the QD right at the field antinodes of the cavity mode of the Si microdisk, thereby achieving spatial matching between QD and cavity mode. These results open a promising door to realize the semiconductor QD-microdisk systems with both spectral and spatial matching between QDs and microdisk cavity modes, which will be the promising candidates for exploring the fundamental features of cavity quantum electrodynamics and the innovative optoelectronic devices based on strong light-matter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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