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Christova M, Sylwester V, Gallasch E, Fresnoza S. Reduced Cerebellar Brain Inhibition and Vibrotactile Perception in Response to Mechanical Hand Stimulation at Flutter Frequency. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:67-81. [PMID: 36502502 PMCID: PMC10864223 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is traditionally considered a movement control structure because of its established afferent and efferent anatomical and functional connections with the motor cortex. In the last decade, studies also proposed its involvement in perception, particularly somatosensory acquisition and prediction of the sensory consequences of movement. However, compared to its role in motor control, the cerebellum's specific role or modulatory influence on other brain areas involved in sensory perception, specifically the primary sensorimotor cortex, is less clear. In the present study, we explored whether peripherally applied vibrotactile stimuli at flutter frequency affect functional cerebello-cortical connections. In 17 healthy volunteers, changes in cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) and vibration perception threshold (VPT) were measured before and after a 20-min right hand mechanical stimulation at 25 Hz. 5 Hz mechanical stimulation of the right foot served as an active control condition. Performance in a Grooved Pegboard test (GPT) was also measured to assess stimulation's impact on motor performance. Hand stimulation caused a reduction in CBI (13.16%) and increased VPT but had no specific effect on GPT performance, while foot stimulation had no significant effect on all measures. The result added evidence to the functional connections between the cerebellum and primary motor cortex, as shown by CBI reduction. Meanwhile, the parallel increase in VPT indirectly suggests that the cerebellum influences the processing of vibrotactile stimulus through motor-sensory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Christova
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Physiology Section, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/D05, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Physiotherapy, University of Applied Sciences FH-Joanneum, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Eugen Gallasch
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Physiology Section, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/D05, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Shane Fresnoza
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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2
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Shinn AK, Hurtado-Puerto AM, Roh YS, Ho V, Hwang M, Cohen BM, Öngür D, Camprodon JA. Cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychotic disorders: intermittent, continuous, and sham theta-burst stimulation on time perception and symptom severity. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1218321. [PMID: 38025437 PMCID: PMC10679721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1218321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebellum contributes to the precise timing of non-motor and motor functions, and cerebellum abnormalities have been implicated in psychosis pathophysiology. In this study, we explored the effects of cerebellar theta burst stimulation (TBS), an efficient transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, on temporal discrimination and self-reported mood and psychotic symptoms. Methods We conducted a case-crossover study in which patients with psychosis (schizophrenias, schizoaffective disorders, or bipolar disorders with psychotic features) were assigned to three sessions of TBS to the cerebellar vermis: one session each of intermittent (iTBS), continuous (cTBS), and sham TBS. Of 28 enrolled patients, 26 underwent at least one TBS session, and 20 completed all three. Before and immediately following TBS, participants rated their mood and psychotic symptoms and performed a time interval discrimination task (IDT). We hypothesized that cerebellar iTBS and cTBS would modulate these measures in opposing directions, with iTBS being adaptive and cTBS maladaptive. Results Reaction time (RT) in the IDT decreased significantly after iTBS vs. Sham (LS-mean difference = -73.3, p = 0.0001, Cohen's d = 1.62), after iTBS vs. cTBS (LS-mean difference = -137.6, p < 0.0001, d = 2.03), and after Sham vs. cTBS (LS-mean difference = -64.4, p < 0.0001, d = 1.33). We found no effect on IDT accuracy. We did not observe any effects on symptom severity after correcting for multiple comparisons. Conclusion We observed a frequency-dependent dissociation between the effects of iTBS vs. cTBS to the cerebellar midline on the reaction time of interval discrimination in patients with psychosis. iTBS showed improved (adaptive) while cTBS led to worsening (maladaptive) speed of response. These results demonstrate behavioral target engagement in a cognitive dimension of relevance to patients with psychosis and generate testable hypotheses about the potential therapeutic role of cerebellar iTBS in this clinical population. Clinical Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02642029.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K. Shinn
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aura M. Hurtado-Puerto
- Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Youkyung S. Roh
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Victoria Ho
- Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melissa Hwang
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Bruce M. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Dost Öngür
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joan A. Camprodon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Katsumi Y, Zhang J, Chen D, Kamona N, Bunce JG, Hutchinson JB, Yarossi M, Tunik E, Dickerson BC, Quigley KS, Barrett LF. Correspondence of functional connectivity gradients across human isocortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. Commun Biol 2023; 6:401. [PMID: 37046050 PMCID: PMC10097701 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gradient mapping is an important technique to summarize high dimensional biological features as low dimensional manifold representations in exploring brain structure-function relationships at various levels of the cerebral cortex. While recent studies have characterized the major gradients of functional connectivity in several brain structures using this technique, very few have systematically examined the correspondence of such gradients across structures under a common systems-level framework. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, here we show that the organizing principles of the isocortex, and those of the cerebellum and hippocampus in relation to the isocortex, can be described using two common functional gradients. We suggest that the similarity in functional connectivity gradients across these structures can be meaningfully interpreted within a common computational framework based on the principles of predictive processing. The present results, and the specific hypotheses that they suggest, represent an important step toward an integrative account of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Katsumi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Danlei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nada Kamona
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jamie G Bunce
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Mathew Yarossi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Eugene Tunik
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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4
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Henschke JU, Pakan JMP. Engaging distributed cortical and cerebellar networks through motor execution, observation, and imagery. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1165307. [PMID: 37114187 PMCID: PMC10126249 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1165307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When we interact with the environment around us, we are sometimes active participants, making directed physical motor movements and other times only mentally engaging with our environment, taking in sensory information and internally planning our next move without directed physical movement. Traditionally, cortical motor regions and key subcortical structures such as the cerebellum have been tightly linked to motor initiation, coordination, and directed motor behavior. However, recent neuroimaging studies have noted the activation of the cerebellum and wider cortical networks specifically during various forms of motor processing, including the observations of actions and mental rehearsal of movements through motor imagery. This phenomenon of cognitive engagement of traditional motor networks raises the question of how these brain regions are involved in the initiation of movement without physical motor output. Here, we will review evidence for distributed brain network activation during motor execution, observation, and imagery in human neuroimaging studies as well as the potential for cerebellar involvement specifically in motor-related cognition. Converging evidence suggests that a common global brain network is involved in both movement execution and motor observation or imagery, with specific task-dependent shifts in these global activation patterns. We will further discuss underlying cross-species anatomical support for these cognitive motor-related functions as well as the role of cerebrocerebellar communication during action observation and motor imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia U. Henschke
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janelle M. P. Pakan
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janelle M. P. Pakan,
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Katsumi Y, Theriault JE, Quigley KS, Barrett LF. Allostasis as a core feature of hierarchical gradients in the human brain. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:1010-1031. [PMID: 38800458 PMCID: PMC11117115 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper integrates emerging evidence from two broad streams of scientific literature into one common framework: (a) hierarchical gradients of functional connectivity that reflect the brain's large-scale structural architecture (e.g., a lamination gradient in the cerebral cortex); and (b) approaches to predictive processing and one of its specific instantiations called allostasis (i.e., the predictive regulation of energetic resources in the service of coordinating the body's internal systems). This synthesis begins to sketch a coherent, neurobiologically inspired framework suggesting that predictive energy regulation is at the core of human brain function, and by extension, psychological and behavioral phenomena, providing a shared vocabulary for theory building and knowledge accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Katsumi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Karen S. Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Chan HH, Hogue O, Mathews ND, Hunter JG, Kundalia R, Hermann JK, Floden DP, Machado AG, Baker KB. Deep cerebellar stimulation enhances cognitive recovery after prefrontal traumatic brain injury in rodent. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114136. [PMID: 35667396 PMCID: PMC10203848 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Functional outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI) varies greatly, with approximately half of those who survive suffering long-term motor and cognitive deficits despite contemporary rehabilitation efforts. We have previously shown that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) enhances rehabilitation of motor deficits that result from brain injury. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of LCN DBS on recovery from rodent TBI that uniquely models the injury location, chronicity and resultant cognitive symptoms observed in most human TBI patients. We used controlled cortical impact (CCI) to produce an injury that targeted the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC-CCI) bilaterally, resulting in cognitive deficits. Unilateral LCN DBS electrode implantation was performed 6 weeks post-injury. Electrical stimulation started at week eight post-injury and continued for an additional 4 weeks. Cognition was evaluated using baited Y-maze, novel object recognition task and Barnes maze. Post-mortem analyses, including Western Blot and immunohistochemistry, were conducted to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of recovery. We found that mPFC-CCI produced significant cognitive deficits compared to pre-injury and naïve animals. Moreover, LCN DBS treatment significantly enhanced the long-term memory process and executive functions of applying strategy. Analyses of post-mortem tissues showed significantly greater expression of CaMKIIα, BDNF and p75NTR across perilesional cortex and higher expression of postsynaptic formations in LCN DBS-treated animals compared to untreated. Overall, these data suggest that LCN DBS is an effective treatment of cognitive deficits that result from TBI, possibly by activation of ascending, glutamatergic projections to thalamus and subsequent upregulation of thalamocortical activity that engages neuroplastic mechanisms for facilitation of functional re-organization. These results support a role for cerebellar output neuromodulation as a novel therapeutic approach to enhance rehabilitation for patients with chronic, post-TBI cognitive deficits that are unresponsive to traditional rehabilitative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H Chan
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Olivia Hogue
- Department of Quantitative Heath Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nicole D Mathews
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joshua G Hunter
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ronak Kundalia
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John K Hermann
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Darlene P Floden
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andre G Machado
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Schmitter CV, Straube B. The impact of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on sensorimotor and inter-sensory temporal recalibration. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:998843. [PMID: 36111210 PMCID: PMC9468227 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.998843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic temporal relationship between actions and their sensory outcomes allows us to distinguish self- from externally generated sensory events. However, the complex sensory environment can cause transient delays between action and outcome calling for flexible recalibration of predicted sensorimotor timing. Since the neural underpinnings of this process are largely unknown this study investigated the involvement of the cerebellum by means of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS). While receiving anodal, cathodal, dual-hemisphere or sham ctDCS, in an adaptation phase, participants were exposed to constant delays of 150 ms between actively or passively generated button presses and visual sensory outcomes. Recalibration in the same (visual outcome) and in another sensory modality (auditory outcome) was assessed in a subsequent test phase during which variable delays between button press and visual or auditory outcome had to be detected. Results indicated that temporal recalibration occurred in audition after anodal ctDCS while it was absent in vision. As the adaptation modality was visual, effects in audition suggest that recalibration occurred on a supra-modal level. In active conditions, anodal ctDCS improved sensorimotor recalibration at the delay level closest to the adaptation delay, suggesting a precise cerebellar-dependent temporal recalibration mechanism. In passive conditions, the facilitation of inter-sensory recalibration by anodal ctDCS was overall stronger and tuned to larger delays. These findings point to a role of the cerebellum in supra-modal temporal recalibration across sensorimotor and perceptual domains, but the differential manifestation of the effect across delay levels in active and passive conditions points to differences in the underlying mechanisms depending on the availability of action-based predictions. Furthermore, these results suggest that anodal ctDCS can be a promising tool for facilitating effects of temporal recalibration in sensorimotor and inter-sensory contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina V. Schmitter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christina V. Schmitter,
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
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8
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Kreko-Pierce T, Pugh JR. Altered Synaptic Transmission and Excitability of Cerebellar Nuclear Neurons in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:926518. [PMID: 35865113 PMCID: PMC9294606 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.926518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is generally regarded as a muscle-wasting disease. However, human patients and animal models of DMD also frequently display non-progressive cognitive deficits and high comorbidity with neurodevelopmental disorders, suggesting impaired central processing. Previous studies have identified the cerebellar circuit, and aberrant inhibitory transmission in Purkinje cells, in particular, as a potential site of dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS). In this work, we investigate potential dysfunction in the output of the cerebellum, downstream of Purkinje cell (PC) activity. We examined synaptic transmission and firing behavior of excitatory projection neurons of the cerebellar nuclei, the primary output of the cerebellar circuit, in juvenile wild-type and mdx mice, a common mouse model of DMD. Using immunolabeling and electrophysiology, we found a reduced number of PC synaptic contacts, but no change in postsynaptic GABAA receptor expression or clustering in these cells. Furthermore, we found that the replenishment rate of synaptic vesicles in Purkinje terminals is reduced in mdx neurons, suggesting that dysfunction at these synapses may be primarily presynaptic. We also found changes in the excitability of cerebellar nuclear neurons. Specifically, we found greater spontaneous firing but reduced evoked firing from a hyperpolarized baseline in mdx neurons. Analysis of action potential waveforms revealed faster repolarization and greater after-hyperpolarization of evoked action potentials in mdx neurons, suggesting an increased voltage- or calcium- gated potassium current. We did not find evidence of dystrophin protein or messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in wild-type nuclear neurons, suggesting that the changes observed in these cells are likely due to the loss of dystrophin in presynaptic PCs. Together, these data suggest that the loss of dystrophin reduces the dynamic range of synaptic transmission and firing in cerebellar nuclear neurons, potentially disrupting the output of the cerebellar circuit to other brain regions and contributing to cognitive and neurodevelopmental deficits associated with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabita Kreko-Pierce
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jason R. Pugh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Goda N, Hasegawa T, Koketsu D, Chiken S, Kikuta S, Sano H, Kobayashi K, Nambu A, Sadato N, Fukunaga M. Cerebro-cerebellar interactions in non-human primates examined by optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac022. [PMID: 35769971 PMCID: PMC9233902 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a promising approach for the simultaneous and extensive scanning of whole-brain activities. Optogenetics is free from electrical and magnetic artifacts and is an ideal stimulation method for combined use with fMRI. However, the application of optogenetics in nonhuman primates (NHPs) remains limited. Recently, we developed an efficient optogenetic intracortical microstimulation method of the primary motor cortex (M1), which successfully induced forelimb movements in macaque monkeys. Here, we aimed to investigate how optogenetic M1 stimulation causes neural modulation in the local and remote brain regions in anesthetized monkeys using 7-tesla fMRI. We demonstrated that optogenetic stimulation of the M1 forelimb and hindlimb regions successfully evoked robust direct and remote fMRI activities. Prominent remote activities were detected in the anterior and posterior lobes in the contralateral cerebellum, which receive projections polysynaptically from the M1. We further demonstrated that the cerebro-cerebellar projections from these M1 regions were topographically organized, which is concordant with the somatotopic map in the cerebellar cortex previously reported in macaques and humans. The present study significantly enhances optogenetic fMRI in NHPs, resulting in profound understanding of the brain network, thereby accelerating the translation of findings from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Goda
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Taku Hasegawa
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Laboratory for Imagination and Executive functions , RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koketsu
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuta
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology , National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- International Center for Brain Science , Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Section of Viral Vector Development , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Section of Viral Vector Development , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration , National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences , SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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Mao H, Mediavilla T, Estévez-Silva H, Marcellino D, Sultan F. Increase of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 co-expression in the deep cerebellar nuclei related to skilled reach learning. Brain Res 2022; 1782:147842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Cerebellum, Embodied Emotions, and Psychological Traits. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1378:255-269. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Klink PC, Aubry JF, Ferrera VP, Fox AS, Froudist-Walsh S, Jarraya B, Konofagou EE, Krauzlis RJ, Messinger A, Mitchell AS, Ortiz-Rios M, Oya H, Roberts AC, Roe AW, Rushworth MFS, Sallet J, Schmid MC, Schroeder CE, Tasserie J, Tsao DY, Uhrig L, Vanduffel W, Wilke M, Kagan I, Petkov CI. Combining brain perturbation and neuroimaging in non-human primates. Neuroimage 2021; 235:118017. [PMID: 33794355 PMCID: PMC11178240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain perturbation studies allow detailed causal inferences of behavioral and neural processes. Because the combination of brain perturbation methods and neural measurement techniques is inherently challenging, research in humans has predominantly focused on non-invasive, indirect brain perturbations, or neurological lesion studies. Non-human primates have been indispensable as a neurobiological system that is highly similar to humans while simultaneously being more experimentally tractable, allowing visualization of the functional and structural impact of systematic brain perturbation. This review considers the state of the art in non-human primate brain perturbation with a focus on approaches that can be combined with neuroimaging. We consider both non-reversible (lesions) and reversible or temporary perturbations such as electrical, pharmacological, optical, optogenetic, chemogenetic, pathway-selective, and ultrasound based interference methods. Method-specific considerations from the research and development community are offered to facilitate research in this field and support further innovations. We conclude by identifying novel avenues for further research and innovation and by highlighting the clinical translational potential of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Christiaan Klink
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean-François Aubry
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, CNRS UMR 8063, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Vincent P Ferrera
- Department of Neuroscience & Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology & California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Béchir Jarraya
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France; Foch Hospital, UVSQ, Suresnes, France
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Ultrasound and Elasticity Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam Messinger
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna S Mitchell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ortiz-Rios
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa city, IA, USA
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | | | - Jérôme Sallet
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208 Bron, France; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Christoph Schmid
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordy Tasserie
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Doris Y Tsao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Computation and Neural Systems, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lynn Uhrig
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Neurosciences Department, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven Belgium; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Melanie Wilke
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Igor Kagan
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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Kagan I, Gibson L, Spanou E, Wilke M. Effective connectivity and spatial selectivity-dependent fMRI changes elicited by microstimulation of pulvinar and LIP. Neuroimage 2021; 240:118283. [PMID: 34147628 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamic pulvinar and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) share reciprocal anatomical connections and are part of an extensive cortical and subcortical network involved in spatial attention and oculomotor processing. The goal of this study was to compare the effective connectivity of dorsal pulvinar (dPul) and LIP and to probe the dependency of microstimulation effects on task demands and spatial tuning properties of a given brain region. To this end, we applied unilateral electrical microstimulation in the dPul (mainly medial pulvinar) and LIP in combination with event-related BOLD fMRI in monkeys performing fixation and memory-guided saccade tasks. Microstimulation in both dPul and LIP enhanced task-related activity in monosynaptically-connected fronto-parietal cortex and along the superior temporal sulcus (STS) including putative face patch locations, as well as in extrastriate cortex. LIP microstimulation elicited strong activity in the opposite homotopic LIP while no homotopic activation was found with dPul stimulation. Both dPul and LIP stimulation also elicited activity in several heterotopic cortical areas in the opposite hemisphere, implying polysynaptic propagation of excitation. Despite extensive activation along the intraparietal sulcus evoked by LIP stimulation, there was a difference in frontal and occipital connectivity elicited by posterior and anterior LIP stimulation sites. Comparison of dPul stimulation with the adjacent but functionally dissimilar ventral pulvinar also showed distinct connectivity. On the level of single trial timecourses within each region of interest (ROI), most ROIs did not show task-dependence of stimulation-elicited response modulation. Across ROIs, however, there was an interaction between task and stimulation, and task-specific correlations between the initial spatial selectivity and the magnitude of stimulation effect were observed. Consequently, stimulation-elicited modulation of task-related activity was best fitted by an additive model scaled down by the initial response amplitude. In summary, we identified overlapping and distinct patterns of thalamocortical and corticocortical connectivity of pulvinar and LIP, highlighting the dorsal bank and fundus of STS as a prominent node of shared circuitry. Spatial task-specific and partly polysynaptic modulations of cue and saccade planning delay period activity in both hemispheres exerted by unilateral pulvinar and parietal stimulation provide insight into the distributed interhemispheric processing underlying spatial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kagan
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany; Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Lydia Gibson
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Elena Spanou
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Melanie Wilke
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany; Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany
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14
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Pinheiro AP, Schwartze M, Kotz SA. Cerebellar circuitry and auditory verbal hallucinations: An integrative synthesis and perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:485-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Kawato M, Ohmae S, Hoang H, Sanger T. 50 Years Since the Marr, Ito, and Albus Models of the Cerebellum. Neuroscience 2020; 462:151-174. [PMID: 32599123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years have passed since David Marr, Masao Ito, and James Albus proposed seminal models of cerebellar functions. These models share the essential concept that parallel-fiber-Purkinje-cell synapses undergo plastic changes, guided by climbing-fiber activities during sensorimotor learning. However, they differ in several important respects, including holistic versus complementary roles of the cerebellum, pattern recognition versus control as computational objectives, potentiation versus depression of synaptic plasticity, teaching signals versus error signals transmitted by climbing-fibers, sparse expansion coding by granule cells, and cerebellar internal models. In this review, we evaluate different features of the three models based on recent computational and experimental studies. While acknowledging that the three models have greatly advanced our understanding of cerebellar control mechanisms in eye movements and classical conditioning, we propose a new direction for computational frameworks of the cerebellum, that is, hierarchical reinforcement learning with multiple internal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Kawato
- Brain Information Communication Research Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institutes International (ATR), Hikaridai 2-2-2, "Keihanna Science City", Kyoto 619-0288, Japan; Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), RIKEN, Nihonbashi Mitsui Building, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan.
| | - Shogo Ohmae
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Huu Hoang
- Brain Information Communication Research Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institutes International (ATR), Hikaridai 2-2-2, "Keihanna Science City", Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Terry Sanger
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 4207 Engineering Hall, Irvine CA 92697-2625, USA; Children's Hospital of Orange County, 1201 W La Veta Ave, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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16
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Abstract
We describe a model of neurological disease based on dysfunctional brain oscillators. This is not a new model, but it is not one that is widely appreciated by clinicians. The value of this model lies in the predictions it makes and the utility it provides in translational applications, in particular for neuromodulation devices. Specifically, we provide a perspective on devices that provide input to sensory receptors and thus stimulate endogenous sensory networks. Current forms of clinically applied neuromodulation, including devices such as (implanted) deep brain stimulators (DBS) and various, noninvasive methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current methods (tACS, tDCS), have been studied extensively. The potential strength of neuromodulation of a sensory organ is access to the same pathways that natural environmental stimuli use and, importantly, the modulatory signal will be transformed as it travels through the brain, allowing the modulation input to be consistent with regional neuronal dynamics. We present specific examples of devices that rely on sensory neuromodulation and evaluate the translational potential of these approaches. We argue that sensory neuromodulation is well suited to, ideally, repair dysfunctional brain oscillators, thus providing a broad therapeutic approach for neurological diseases.
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17
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Schneider L, Dominguez-Vargas AU, Gibson L, Kagan I, Wilke M. Eye position signals in the dorsal pulvinar during fixation and goal-directed saccades. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:367-391. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00432.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor cortical areas contain eye position information thought to ensure perceptual stability across saccades and underlie spatial transformations supporting goal-directed actions. One pathway by which eye position signals could be relayed to and across cortical areas is via the dorsal pulvinar. Several studies have demonstrated saccade-related activity in the dorsal pulvinar, and we have recently shown that many neurons exhibit postsaccadic spatial preference. In addition, dorsal pulvinar lesions lead to gaze-holding deficits expressed as nystagmus or ipsilesional gaze bias, prompting us to investigate the effects of eye position. We tested three starting eye positions (−15°, 0°, 15°) in monkeys performing a visually cued memory saccade task. We found two main types of gaze dependence. First, ~50% of neurons showed dependence on static gaze direction during initial and postsaccadic fixation, and might be signaling the position of the eyes in the orbit or coding foveal targets in a head/body/world-centered reference frame. The population-derived eye position signal lagged behind the saccade. Second, many neurons showed a combination of eye-centered and gaze-dependent modulation of visual, memory, and saccadic responses to a peripheral target. A small subset showed effects consistent with eye position-dependent gain modulation. Analysis of reference frames across task epochs from visual cue to postsaccadic fixation indicated a transition from predominantly eye-centered encoding to representation of final gaze or foveated locations in nonretinocentric coordinates. These results show that dorsal pulvinar neurons carry information about eye position, which could contribute to steady gaze during postural changes and to reference frame transformations for visually guided eye and limb movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Work on the pulvinar focused on eye-centered visuospatial representations, but position of the eyes in the orbit is also an important factor that needs to be taken into account during spatial orienting and goal-directed reaching. We show that dorsal pulvinar neurons are influenced by eye position. Gaze direction modulated ongoing firing during stable fixation, as well as visual and saccade responses to peripheral targets, suggesting involvement of the dorsal pulvinar in spatial coordinate transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schneider
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Adan-Ulises Dominguez-Vargas
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad-León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Lydia Gibson
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Igor Kagan
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Wilke
- Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany
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18
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Cerebellar Structural Variations in Subjects with Different Hypnotizability. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:109-118. [PMID: 30022466 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypnotizability-the proneness to accept suggestions and behave accordingly-has a number of physiological and behavioral correlates (postural, visuomotor, and pain control) which suggest a possible involvement of cerebellar function and/or structure. The present study was aimed at investigating the association between cerebellar macro- or micro-structural variations (analyzed through a voxel-based morphometry and a diffusion tensor imaging approach) and hypnotic susceptibility. We also estimated morphometric variations of cerebral gray matter structures, to support current evidence of hypnotizability-related differences in some cerebral areas. High (highs, N = 12), and low (lows, N = 37) hypnotizable healthy participants (according to the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, form A) were submitted to a high field (3 T) magnetic resonance imaging protocol. In comparison to lows, highs showed smaller gray matter volumes in left cerebellar lobules IV/V and VI at uncorrected level, with the results in left lobule IV/V maintained also at corrected level. Highs showed also gray matter volumes smaller than lows in right inferior temporal gyrus, middle and superior orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and supramarginal parietal gyrus, as well as in left gyrus rectus, insula, and middle temporal cortex at uncorrected level. Results of right inferior temporal gyrus survived also at corrected level. Analyses on micro-structural data failed to reveal any significant association. The here found morphological variations allow to extend the traditional cortico-centric view of hypnotizability to the cerebellar regions, suggesting that cerebellar peculiarities may sustain hypnotizability-related differences in sensorimotor integration and emotional control.
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19
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Balaban CD, Black RD, Silberstein SD. Vestibular Neuroscience for the Headache Specialist. Headache 2019; 59:1109-1127. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carey D. Balaban
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Neurobiology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | - Stephen D. Silberstein
- Jefferson Headache Center, Department of Neurology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
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20
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Viaro R, Bonazzi L, Maggiolini E, Franchi G. Cerebellar Modulation of Cortically Evoked Complex Movements in Rats. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3525-3541. [PMID: 27329134 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) delivered to the motor cortex (M1) via long- or short-train duration (long- or short-duration ICMS) can evoke coordinated complex movements or muscle twitches, respectively. The role of subcortical cerebellar input in M1 output, in terms of long- and short-duration ICMS-evoked movement and motor skill performance, was evaluated in rats with bilateral lesion of the deep cerebellar nuclei. After the lesion, distal forelimb movements were seldom observed, and almost 30% of proximal forelimb movements failed to match criteria defining the movement class observed under control conditions. The classifiable movements could be evoked in different cortical regions with respect to control and many kinematic variables were strongly affected. Furthermore, movement endpoints within the rat's workspace shrunk closer to the body, while performance in the reaching/grasping task worsened. Surprisingly, neither the threshold current values for evoking movements nor the overall size of forelimb movement representation changed with respect to controls in either long- or short-duration ICMS. We therefore conclude that cerebellar input via the motor thalamus is crucial for expressing the basic functional features of the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Viaro
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Bonazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emma Maggiolini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Franchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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21
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Mao H, Hamodeh S, Sultan F. Quantitative Comparison Of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters in rat Deep Cerebellar Nuclei. Neuroscience 2018; 376:152-161. [PMID: 29462701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The excitatory synapses of the rat deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) were quantitatively analyzed by vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and 2 (vGluT1 and vGluT2) immunolabeling. We calculated the number and sizes of the labeled boutons and compared them between lateral/dentate nucleus (LN/DN), posterior interposed nucleus (PIN), anterior interposed nucleus (AIN), and medial nucleus (MN). The density of vGluT1+ boutons differs significantly within these nuclei. In contrast, the vGluT2+ bouton density is more similar between different nuclei. The phylogenetically newer DCN (LN/DN and PIN) have a 39% higher density of vGluT1+ boutons than the phylogenetically older DCN (AIN and MN). The volume of vGluT1+ boutons does not differ between the DCN, however the average volume of vGluT2+ boutons is larger in MN. In summary, our current results confirm and extend our previous findings showing that the increase in dendritic and axonal wiring in phylogenetically newer DCN is associated with an increase in vGluT1+ bouton density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haian Mao
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, HIH for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Salah Hamodeh
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, HIH for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fahad Sultan
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, HIH for Clinical Brain Research, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnéus väg 9, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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22
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Wilke M, Schneider L, Dominguez-Vargas AU, Schmidt-Samoa C, Miloserdov K, Nazzal A, Dechent P, Cabral-Calderin Y, Scherberger H, Kagan I, Bähr M. Reach and grasp deficits following damage to the dorsal pulvinar. Cortex 2018; 99:135-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Lewis JD, Evans AC, Pruett JR, Botteron KN, McKinstry RC, Zwaigenbaum L, Estes AM, Collins DL, Kostopoulos P, Gerig G, Dager SR, Paterson S, Schultz RT, Styner MA, Hazlett HC, Piven J. The Emergence of Network Inefficiencies in Infants With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:176-185. [PMID: 28460842 PMCID: PMC5524449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder defined by behavioral features that emerge during the first years of life. Research indicates that abnormalities in brain connectivity are associated with these behavioral features. However, the inclusion of individuals past the age of onset of the defining behaviors complicates interpretation of the observed abnormalities: they may be cascade effects of earlier neuropathology and behavioral abnormalities. Our recent study of network efficiency in a cohort of 24-month-olds at high and low familial risk for ASD reduced this confound; we reported reduced network efficiencies in toddlers classified with ASD. The current study maps the emergence of these inefficiencies in the first year of life. METHODS This study uses data from 260 infants at 6 and 12 months of age, including 116 infants with longitudinal data. As in our earlier study, we use diffusion data to obtain measures of the length and strength of connections between brain regions to compute network efficiency. We assess group differences in efficiency within linear mixed-effects models determined by the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS Inefficiencies in high-risk infants later classified with ASD were detected from 6 months onward in regions involved in low-level sensory processing. In addition, within the high-risk infants, these inefficiencies predicted 24-month symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that infants with ASD, even before 6 months of age, have deficits in connectivity related to low-level processing, which contribute to a developmental cascade affecting brain organization and eventually higher-level cognitive processes and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alan C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John R Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert C McKinstry
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Annette M Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - D Louis Collins
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Guido Gerig
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sarah Paterson
- Center for Autism Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Lobular homology in cerebellar hemispheres of humans, non-human primates and rodents: a structural, axonal tracing and molecular expression analysis. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2449-2472. [PMID: 28508291 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparative neuroanatomy provides insights into the evolutionary functional adaptation of specific mammalian cerebellar lobules, in which the lobulation pattern and functional localization are conserved. However, accurate identification of homologous lobules among mammalian species is challenging. In this review, we discuss the inter-species homology of crus I and II lobules which occupy a large volume in the posterior cerebellar hemisphere, particularly in humans. Both crus I/II in humans are homologous to crus I/II in non-human primates, according to Paxinos and colleagues; however, this area has been defined as crus I alone in non-human primates, according to Larsell and Brodal. Our neuroanatomical analyses in humans, macaques, marmosets, rats, and mice demonstrate that both crus I/II in humans are homologous to crus I/II or crus I alone in non-human primates, depending on previous definitions, and to crus I alone in rodents. Here, we refer to the region homologous to human crus I/II lobules as "ansiform area (AA)" across animals. Our results show that the AA's olivocerebellar climbing fiber and Purkinje cell projections as well as aldolase C gene expression patterns are both distinct and conserved in marmosets and rodents. The relative size of the AA, as represented by the AA volume fraction in the whole cerebellum was 0.34 in human, 0.19 in macaque, and approximately 0.1 in marmoset and rodents. These results indicate that the AA reflects an evolutionarily conserved structure in the mammalian cerebellum, which is characterized by distinct connectivity from neighboring lobules and a massive expansion in skillful primates.
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25
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Mouthon AL, Meyer-Heim A, Kurth S, Ringli M, Pugin F, van Hedel HJA, Huber R. High-Density Electroencephalographic Recordings During Sleep in Children and Adolescents With Acquired Brain Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017; 31:462-474. [PMID: 28162033 DOI: 10.1177/1545968316688794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired brain injuries (ABI) such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke can result in motor, language, or cognitive impairments. Although a considerable number of studies have investigated functional recovery, underlying brain reorganization remains poorly understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that plastic processes in the brain are linked to changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) slow wave activity (SWA) during deep sleep (EEG spectral power 1-4.5 Hz). OBJECTIVE We investigated sleep SWA in children and adolescents with ABI. METHODS We used high-density EEG (128 electrodes) to record sleep in 22 young patients with ABI (age range = 4-16 years). We compared patients to 52 previously measured typically developing children and adolescents (age range = 4-16 years). RESULTS The pattern of alterations in SWA differed between particular patient groups. In patients with bilateral stroke, SWA was globally reduced across the entire scalp. Patients with unilateral stroke showed a local reduction in SWA over lesion areas and an increase over perilesional and contralateral brain areas. In patients with severe TBI, we found a reduction in SWA over the midline and an increase over lateral brain areas. We found no consistent pattern in patients with mild to moderate TBI. CONCLUSIONS Sleep SWA seems to be a sensitive measure to assess individual alterations in neural activity after ABI. Deviations from age norms might indirectly indicate plastic processes that have occurred since injury. Improving our understanding of neural activity after ABI could optimize clinical prognosis and guide the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Mouthon
- 1 Child Development Center and Pediatric Sleep Disorders Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,2 Rehabilitation Center Affoltern am Albis, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,3 Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Meyer-Heim
- 2 Rehabilitation Center Affoltern am Albis, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,3 Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salome Kurth
- 1 Child Development Center and Pediatric Sleep Disorders Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,3 Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,5 Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Maya Ringli
- 1 Child Development Center and Pediatric Sleep Disorders Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,3 Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Pugin
- 1 Child Development Center and Pediatric Sleep Disorders Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,3 Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus J A van Hedel
- 2 Rehabilitation Center Affoltern am Albis, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,3 Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- 1 Child Development Center and Pediatric Sleep Disorders Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,3 Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,4 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Delvendahl I, Hallermann S. The Cerebellar Mossy Fiber Synapse as a Model for High-Frequency Transmission in the Mammalian CNS. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:722-737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Moberget T, Hilland E, Andersson S, Lundar T, Due-Tønnessen BJ, Heldal A, Ivry RB, Endestad T. Patients with focal cerebellar lesions show reduced auditory cortex activation during silent reading. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2016; 161:18-27. [PMID: 26341544 PMCID: PMC4775464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies consistently report language-related cerebellar activations, but evidence from the clinical literature is less conclusive. Here, we attempt to bridge this gap by testing the effect of focal cerebellar lesions on cerebral activations in a reading task previously shown to involve distinct cerebellar regions. Patients (N=10) had lesions primarily affecting medial cerebellum, overlapping cerebellar regions activated during the presentation of random word sequences, but distinct from activations related to semantic prediction generation and prediction error processing. In line with this pattern of activation-lesion overlap, patients did not differ from matched healthy controls (N=10) in predictability-related activations. However, whereas controls showed increased activation in bilateral auditory cortex and parietal operculum when silently reading familiar words relative to viewing letter strings, this effect was absent in the patients. Our results highlight the need for careful lesion mapping and suggest possible roles for the cerebellum in visual-to-auditory mapping and/or inner speech.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Hilland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Andersson
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tryggve Lundar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aasta Heldal
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tor Endestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Cortical connectivity modulation induced by cerebellar oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness: A marker of covert cognition? Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:1845-54. [PMID: 26754875 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Ankri L, Husson Z, Pietrajtis K, Proville R, Léna C, Yarom Y, Dieudonné S, Uusisaari MY. A novel inhibitory nucleo-cortical circuit controls cerebellar Golgi cell activity. eLife 2015; 4:e06262. [PMID: 25965178 PMCID: PMC4461794 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum, a crucial center for motor coordination, is composed of a cortex and several nuclei. The main mode of interaction between these two parts is considered to be formed by the inhibitory control of the nuclei by cortical Purkinje neurons. We now amend this view by showing that inhibitory GABA-glycinergic neurons of the cerebellar nuclei (CN) project profusely into the cerebellar cortex, where they make synaptic contacts on a GABAergic subpopulation of cerebellar Golgi cells. These spontaneously firing Golgi cells are inhibited by optogenetic activation of the inhibitory nucleo-cortical fibers both in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest that the CN may contribute to the functional recruitment of the cerebellar cortex by decreasing Golgi cell inhibition onto granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Ankri
- Department of Neurobiology, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zoé Husson
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Katarzyna Pietrajtis
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Proville
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Cerebellum Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Cerebellum Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Yosef Yarom
- Department of Neurobiology, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Inhibitory Transmission Team, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Department of Neurobiology, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Avanzino L, Bove M, Pelosin E, Ogliastro C, Lagravinese G, Martino D. The cerebellum predicts the temporal consequences of observed motor acts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116607. [PMID: 25689858 PMCID: PMC4331528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that we extract patterns of temporal regularity between events to optimize information processing. The ability to extract temporal patterns and regularity of events is referred as temporal expectation. Temporal expectation activates the same cerebral network usually engaged in action selection, comprising cerebellum. However, it is unclear whether the cerebellum is directly involved in temporal expectation, when timing information is processed to make predictions on the outcome of a motor act. Healthy volunteers received one session of either active (inhibitory, 1 Hz) or sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation covering the right lateral cerebellum prior the execution of a temporal expectation task. Subjects were asked to predict the end of a visually perceived human body motion (right hand handwriting) and of an inanimate object motion (a moving circle reaching a target). Videos representing movements were shown in full; the actual tasks consisted of watching the same videos, but interrupted after a variable interval from its onset by a dark interval of variable duration. During the 'dark' interval, subjects were asked to indicate when the movement represented in the video reached its end by clicking on the spacebar of the keyboard. Performance on the timing task was analyzed measuring the absolute value of timing error, the coefficient of variability and the percentage of anticipation responses. The active group exhibited greater absolute timing error compared with the sham group only in the human body motion task. Our findings suggest that the cerebellum is engaged in cognitive and perceptual domains that are strictly connected to motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pelosin
- Department of Neuroscience (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Ogliastro
- Department of Neuroscience (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lagravinese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Martino
- Neurology Department, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Voogd J. What we do not know about cerebellar systems neuroscience. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:227. [PMID: 25565986 PMCID: PMC4270173 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the modular organization of the cerebellum and the sphere of influence of these modules still presents large gaps. Here I will review these gaps against our present anatomical and physiological knowledge of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Voogd
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Budri M, Lodi E, Franchi G. Sensorimotor restriction affects complex movement topography and reachable space in the rat motor cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:231. [PMID: 25565987 PMCID: PMC4264501 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-duration intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) studies with 500 ms of current pulses suggest that the forelimb area of the motor cortex is organized into several spatially distinct functional zones that organize movements into complex sequences. Here we studied how sensorimotor restriction modifies the extent of functional zones, complex movements, and reachable space representation in the rat forelimb M1. Sensorimotor restriction was achieved by means of whole-forelimb casting of 30 days duration. Long-duration ICMS was carried out 12 h and 14 days after cast removal. Evoked movements were measured using a high-resolution 3D optical system. Long-term cast caused: (i) a reduction in the number of sites where complex forelimb movement could be evoked; (ii) a shrinkage of functional zones but no change in their center of gravity; (iii) a reduction in movement with proximal/distal coactivation; (iv) a reduction in maximal velocity, trajectory and vector length of movement, but no changes in latency or duration; (v) a large restriction of reachable space. Fourteen days of forelimb freedom after casting caused: (i) a recovery of the number of sites where complex forelimb movement could be evoked; (ii) a recovery of functional zone extent and movement with proximal/distal coactivation; (iii) an increase in movement kinematics, but only partial restoration of control rat values; (iv) a slight increase in reachability parameters, but these remained far below baseline values. We pose the hypothesis that specific aspects of complex movement may be stored within parallel motor cortex re-entrant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Budri
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Lodi
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Franchi
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
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33
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Cerebellum involvement in cortical sensorimotor circuits for the control of voluntary movements. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1233-9. [PMID: 25064850 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor integration is crucial to perception and motor control. How and where this process takes place in the brain is still largely unknown. Here we analyze the cerebellar contribution to sensorimotor integration in the whisker system of mice. We identify an area in the cerebellum where cortical sensory and motor inputs converge at the cellular level. Optogenetic stimulation of this area affects thalamic and motor cortex activity, alters parameters of ongoing movements and thereby modifies qualitatively and quantitatively touch events against surrounding objects. These results shed light on the cerebellum as an active component of sensorimotor circuits and show the importance of sensorimotor cortico-cerebellar loops in the fine control of voluntary movements.
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Huynh W, Lin CSY, Krishnan AV, Vucic S, Kiernan MC. Transynaptic Changes Evident in Peripheral Axonal Function After Acute Cerebellar Infarct. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 13:669-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that action and perception in humans functionally interact on multiple levels. Moreover, areas originally suggested to be predominantly motor-related, as the cerebellum, are also involved in action observation. However, as yet, few studies provided unequivocal evidence that the cerebellum is involved in the action perception coupling (APC), specifically in the integration of motor and multisensory information for perception. We addressed this question studying patients with focal cerebellar lesions in a virtual-reality paradigm measuring the effect of action execution on action perception presenting self-generated movements as point lights. We measured the visual sensitivity to the point light stimuli based on signal detection theory. Compared with healthy controls cerebellar patients showed no beneficial influence of action execution on perception indicating deficits in APC. Applying lesion symptom mapping, we identified distinct areas in the dentate nucleus and the lateral cerebellum of both hemispheres that are causally involved in APC. Lesions of the right ventral dentate, the ipsilateral motor representations (lobules V/VI), and most interestingly the contralateral posterior cerebellum (lobule VII) impede the benefits of motor execution on perception. We conclude that the cerebellum establishes time-dependent multisensory representations on different levels, relevant for motor control as well as supporting action perception. Ipsilateral cerebellar motor representations are thought to support the somatosensory state estimate of ongoing movements, whereas the ventral dentate and the contralateral posterior cerebellum likely support sensorimotor integration in the cerebellar-parietal loops. Both the correct somatosensory as well as the multisensory state representations are vital for an intact APC.
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Deluca C, Golzar A, Santandrea E, Lo Gerfo E, Eštočinová J, Moretto G, Fiaschi A, Panzeri M, Mariotti C, Tinazzi M, Chelazzi L. The cerebellum and visual perceptual learning: evidence from a motion extrapolation task. Cortex 2014; 58:52-71. [PMID: 24959702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Visual perceptual learning is widely assumed to reflect plastic changes occurring along the cerebro-cortical visual pathways, including at the earliest stages of processing, though increasing evidence indicates that higher-level brain areas are also involved. Here we addressed the possibility that the cerebellum plays an important role in visual perceptual learning. Within the realm of motor control, the cerebellum supports learning of new skills and recalibration of motor commands when movement execution is consistently perturbed (adaptation). Growing evidence indicates that the cerebellum is also involved in cognition and mediates forms of cognitive learning. Therefore, the obvious question arises whether the cerebellum might play a similar role in learning and adaptation within the perceptual domain. We explored a possible deficit in visual perceptual learning (and adaptation) in patients with cerebellar damage using variants of a novel motion extrapolation, psychophysical paradigm. Compared to their age- and gender-matched controls, patients with focal damage to the posterior (but not the anterior) cerebellum showed strongly diminished learning, in terms of both rate and amount of improvement over time. Consistent with a double-dissociation pattern, patients with focal damage to the anterior cerebellum instead showed more severe clinical motor deficits, indicative of a distinct role of the anterior cerebellum in the motor domain. The collected evidence demonstrates that a pure form of slow-incremental visual perceptual learning is crucially dependent on the intact cerebellum, bearing the notion that the human cerebellum acts as a learning device for motor, cognitive and perceptual functions. We interpret the deficit in terms of an inability to fine-tune predictive models of the incoming flow of visual perceptual input over time. Moreover, our results suggest a strong dissociation between the role of different portions of the cerebellum in motor versus non-motor functions, with only the posterior lobe being responsible for learning in the perceptual domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Deluca
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ashkan Golzar
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elisa Santandrea
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Emanuele Lo Gerfo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jana Eštočinová
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Fiaschi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Panzeri
- Department of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Department of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Chelazzi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy.
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Abstract
Limited evidence to date has demonstrated changes in excitability that develops over the contralateral motor cortex after a cerebellar infarct. As such, the present study investigated changes in excitability over the contra- (contraM1) and ipsilateral motor cortices (ipsiM1), in patients with acute cerebellar infarct, to determine whether the changes may have functional relevance. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation, combined with detailed clinical assessment, was undertaken in ten patients presenting with acute unilateral cerebellar infarct. Studies were undertaken within 1 week of ictus and followed longitudinally at 3-, 6-, and 12-month periods. Comparisons were made with 15 age-matched controls. Immediately following a stroke, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was significantly reduced over the contraM1 in all patients (P = 0.01), while reduced over the ipsiM1 in those with severe functional impairment (P = 0.01). Moreover, ipsiM1 SICI correlated with impairment (r = 0.69, P = 0.03), such that less SICI was observed in those patients with most impairment. Cortical excitability changes persisted over the follow-up period in the context of clinical improvement. Following an acute cerebellar infarct, excitability abnormalities develop over both motor cortices, more prominently in patients with severe functional impairment. The cortical changes, particularly over the ipsilateral motor cortex, may represent a functionally relevant plastic process that may guide future therapeutic strategies to better facilitate recovery.
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Dell'Acqua F, Bodi I, Slater D, Catani M, Modo M. MR diffusion histology and micro-tractography reveal mesoscale features of the human cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 12:923-31. [PMID: 23907655 PMCID: PMC3824945 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After 140 years from the discovery of Golgi’s black reaction, the study of connectivity of the cerebellum remains a fascinating yet challenging task. Current histological techniques provide powerful methods for unravelling local axonal architecture, but the relatively low volume of data that can be acquired in a reasonable amount of time limits their application to small samples. State-of-the-art in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, such as diffusion tractography techniques, can reveal trajectories of the major white matter pathways, but their correspondence with underlying anatomy is yet to be established. Hence, a significant gap exists between these two approaches as neither of them can adequately describe the three-dimensional complexity of fibre architecture at the level of the mesoscale (from a few millimetres to micrometres). In this study, we report the application of MR diffusion histology and micro-tractography methods to reveal the combined cytoarchitectural organisation and connectivity of the human cerebellum at a resolution of 100-μm (2 nl/voxel volume). Results show that the diffusion characteristics for each layer of the cerebellar cortex correctly reflect the known cellular composition and its architectural pattern. Micro-tractography also reveals details of the axonal connectivity of individual cerebellar folia and the intra-cortical organisation of the different cerebellar layers. The direct correspondence between MR diffusion histology and micro-tractography with immunohistochemistry indicates that these approaches have the potential to complement traditional histology techniques by providing a non-destructive, quantitative and three-dimensional description of the microstructural organisation of the healthy and pathological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Dell'Acqua
- Natbrainlab, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK,
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van der Hoorn A, Renken RJ, Leenders KL, de Jong BM. Parkinson-related changes of activation in visuomotor brain regions during perceived forward self-motion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95861. [PMID: 24755754 PMCID: PMC3995937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial expanding optic flow is a visual consequence of forward locomotion. Presented on screen, it generates illusionary forward self-motion, pointing at a close vision-gait interrelation. As particularly parkinsonian gait is vulnerable to external stimuli, effects of optic flow on motor-related cerebral circuitry were explored with functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy controls (HC) and patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Fifteen HC and 22 PD patients, of which 7 experienced freezing of gait (FOG), watched wide-field flow, interruptions by narrowing or deceleration and equivalent control conditions with static dots. Statistical parametric mapping revealed that wide-field flow interruption evoked activation of the (pre-)supplementary motor area (SMA) in HC, which was decreased in PD. During wide-field flow, dorsal occipito-parietal activations were reduced in PD relative to HC, with stronger functional connectivity between right visual motion area V5, pre-SMA and cerebellum (in PD without FOG). Non-specific ‘changes’ in stimulus patterns activated dorsolateral fronto-parietal regions and the fusiform gyrus. This attention-associated network was stronger activated in HC than in PD. PD patients thus appeared compromised in recruiting medial frontal regions facilitating internally generated virtual locomotion when visual motion support falls away. Reduced dorsal visual and parietal activations during wide-field optic flow in PD were explained by impaired feedforward visual and visuomotor processing within a magnocellular (visual motion) functional chain. Compensation of impaired feedforward processing by distant fronto-cerebellar circuitry in PD is consistent with motor responses to visual motion stimuli being either too strong or too weak. The ‘change’-related activations pointed at covert (stimulus-driven) attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van der Hoorn
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Remco J. Renken
- Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus L. Leenders
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke M. de Jong
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Prevosto V, Sommer MA. Cognitive control of movement via the cerebellar-recipient thalamus. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:56. [PMID: 24101896 PMCID: PMC3787245 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive control of behavior was long considered to be centralized in cerebral cortex. More recently, subcortical structures such as cerebellum and basal ganglia have been implicated in cognitive functions as well. The fact that subcortico-cortical circuits for the control of movement involve the thalamus prompts the notion that activity in movement-related thalamus may also reflect elements of cognitive behavior. Yet this hypothesis has rarely been investigated. Using the pathways linking cerebellum to cerebral cortex via the thalamus as a template, we review evidence that the motor thalamus, together with movement-related central thalamus have the requisite connectivity and activity to mediate cognitive aspects of movement control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevosto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
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Functional role of the cerebellum in gamma-band synchronization of the sensory and motor cortices. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6552-6. [PMID: 23575852 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5521-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is an essential structure for the control of movement. It sends abundant ascending projections to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus, but its contribution to cortical activity remains largely unknown. Here we studied its influence on cortical neuronal activity in freely moving rats. We demonstrate an excitatory action of the cerebellum on the motor thalamus and the motor cortex. We also show that cerebellar inactivation disrupts the gamma-band coherence of local field potential between the sensory and motor cortices during whisking. In contrast, phase locking of neuronal activities to local gamma oscillations was preserved in the sensory and motor cortices by cerebellar inactivation. These results indicate that the cerebellum contributes to coordinated sensorimotor cortical activities during motor activation and thus participates in the multiregional cortical processing of information.
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The Cerebellum Optimizes Perceptual Predictions about External Sensory Events. Curr Biol 2013; 23:930-5. [PMID: 23664970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Heap LA, Goh CC, Kassahn KS, Scott EK. Cerebellar output in zebrafish: an analysis of spatial patterns and topography in eurydendroid cell projections. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:53. [PMID: 23554587 PMCID: PMC3612595 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a brain region responsible for motor coordination and for refining motor programs. While a great deal is known about the structure and connectivity of the mammalian cerebellum, fundamental questions regarding its function in behavior remain unanswered. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a useful model organism for cerebellar studies, owing in part to the similarity in cerebellar circuits between zebrafish and mammals. While the cell types composing their cerebellar cortical circuits are generally conserved with mammals, zebrafish lack deep cerebellar nuclei, and instead a majority of cerebellar output comes from a single type of neuron: the eurydendroid cell. To describe spatial patterns of cerebellar output in zebrafish, we have used genetic techniques to label and trace eurydendroid cells individually and en masse. We have found that cerebellar output targets the thalamus and optic tectum, and have confirmed the presence of pre-synaptic terminals from eurydendroid cells in these structures using a synaptically targeted GFP. By observing individual eurydendroid cells, we have shown that different medial-lateral regions of the cerebellum have eurydendroid cells projecting to different targets. Finally, we found topographic organization in the connectivity between the cerebellum and the optic tectum, where more medial eurydendroid cells project to the rostral tectum while lateral cells project to the caudal tectum. These findings indicate that there is spatial logic underpinning cerebellar output in zebrafish with likely implications for cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Heap
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Matsui T, Koyano KW, Tamura K, Osada T, Adachi Y, Miyamoto K, Chikazoe J, Kamigaki T, Miyashita Y. FMRI activity in the macaque cerebellum evoked by intracortical microstimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex: evidence for polysynaptic propagation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47515. [PMID: 23118875 PMCID: PMC3485272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous electrical microstimulation (EM) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a useful tool for probing connectivity across brain areas in vivo. However, it is not clear whether intracortical EM can evoke blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in areas connected polysynaptically to the stimulated site. To test for the presence of the BOLD activity evoked by polysynaptic propagation of the EM signal, we conducted simultaneous fMRI and EM in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of macaque monkeys. We in fact observed BOLD activations in the contralateral cerebellum which is connected to the stimulation site (i.e. S1) only through polysynaptic pathways. Furthermore, the magnitude of cerebellar activations was dependent on the current amplitude of the EM, confirming the EM is the cause of the cerebellar activations. These results suggest the importance of considering polysynaptic signal propagation, particularly via pathways including subcortical structures, for correctly interpreting ‘functional connectivity’ as assessed by simultaneous EM and fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Matsui
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo School of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji W. Koyano
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Chikazoe
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kamigaki
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyashita
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo School of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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