1
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Lin H, Zheng D, Wu X, He R, He L, Zhou X, Zuo H, Yuan C, Zeng B, Xu Y, Dai L. Electrically weldable conductive elastomers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0730. [PMID: 38896623 PMCID: PMC11186498 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable electronic devices are subject to failure because of vulnerable circuit interconnections. We develop a low-voltage (1.5 to 4.5 V) and rapid (as low as 5 s) electric welding strategy to integrate both rigid electronic components and soft sensors in flexible circuits under ambient conditions. This is achieved through the design of conductive elastomers composed of borate ester polymers and conductive fillers, which can be self-welded and generate welding effects to various materials including metals, hydrogels, and other conductive elastomers. The welding effect is generated through the electrochemical reaction-triggered exposure of interfacial adhesive promotors or the cleavage/reformation of dynamic bonds. Our strategy can ensure both mechanical compliance and conductivity at the circuit interfaces and easily produce welding strengths in the kilopascal to megapascal range. The as-designed conductive elastomers in combination with the electric welding technique provide a robust platform for constructing standalone flexible and stretchable electronic devices that are detachable and assemblable on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimen Lin
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rubin He
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Liu He
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haiyan Zuo
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Birong Zeng
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiting Xu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lizong Dai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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2
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Park B, Jeong C, Ok J, Kim TI. Materials and Structural Designs toward Motion Artifact-Free Bioelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6148-6197. [PMID: 38690686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics encompassing electronic components and circuits for accessing human information play a vital role in real-time and continuous monitoring of biophysiological signals of electrophysiology, mechanical physiology, and electrochemical physiology. However, mechanical noise, particularly motion artifacts, poses a significant challenge in accurately detecting and analyzing target signals. While software-based "postprocessing" methods and signal filtering techniques have been widely employed, challenges such as signal distortion, major requirement of accurate models for classification, power consumption, and data delay inevitably persist. This review presents an overview of noise reduction strategies in bioelectronics, focusing on reducing motion artifacts and improving the signal-to-noise ratio through hardware-based approaches such as "preprocessing". One of the main stress-avoiding strategies is reducing elastic mechanical energies applied to bioelectronics to prevent stress-induced motion artifacts. Various approaches including strain-compliance, strain-resistance, and stress-damping techniques using unique materials and structures have been explored. Future research should optimize materials and structure designs, establish stable processes and measurement methods, and develop techniques for selectively separating and processing overlapping noises. Ultimately, these advancements will contribute to the development of more reliable and effective bioelectronics for healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Xiang Z, Wang H, Zhao P, Fa X, Wan J, Wang Y, Xu C, Yao S, Zhao W, Zhang H, Han M. Hard Magnetic Graphene Nanocomposite for Multimodal, Reconfigurable Soft Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308575. [PMID: 38153331 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Soft electronics provide effective means for continuous monitoring of a diverse set of biophysical and biochemical signals from the human body. However, the sensitivities, functions, spatial distributions, and many other features of such sensors remain fixed after deployment and cannot be adjusted on demand. Here, laser-induced porous graphene is exploited as the sensing material, and dope it with permanent magnetic particles to create hard magnetic graphene nanocomposite (HMGN) that can self-assemble onto a flexible carrying substrate through magnetic force, in a reversible and reconfigurable manner. A set of soft electronics in HMGN exhibits enhanced performances in the measurements of electrophysiological signals, temperature, and concentrations of metabolites. All these flexible HMGN sensors can adhere to a carrying substrate at any position and in any spatial arrangement, to allow for wearable sensing with customizable sensitivity, modality, and spatial coverage. The HMGN represents a promising material for constructing soft electronics that can be reconfigured for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haobin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinying Fa
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ji Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaozheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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4
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Zhang L, Du W, Kim JH, Yu CC, Dagdeviren C. An Emerging Era: Conformable Ultrasound Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307664. [PMID: 37792426 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Conformable electronics are regarded as the next generation of personal healthcare monitoring and remote diagnosis devices. In recent years, piezoelectric-based conformable ultrasound electronics (cUSE) have been intensively studied due to their unique capabilities, including nonradiative monitoring, soft tissue imaging, deep signal decoding, wireless power transfer, portability, and compatibility. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of cUSE for use in biomedical and healthcare monitoring systems and a summary of their recent advancements. Following an introduction to the fundamentals of piezoelectrics and ultrasound transducers, the critical parameters for transducer design are discussed. Next, five types of cUSE with their advantages and limitations are highlighted, and the fabrication of cUSE using advanced technologies is discussed. In addition, the working function, acoustic performance, and accomplishments in various applications are thoroughly summarized. It is noted that application considerations must be given to the tradeoffs between material selection, manufacturing processes, acoustic performance, mechanical integrity, and the entire integrated system. Finally, current challenges and directions for the development of cUSE are highlighted, and research flow is provided as the roadmap for future research. In conclusion, these advances in the fields of piezoelectric materials, ultrasound transducers, and conformable electronics spark an emerging era of biomedicine and personal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wenya Du
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jin-Hoon Kim
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Yu
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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5
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Wang Y, Xie Z, Huang H, Liang X. Pioneering healthcare with soft robotic devices: A review. SMART MEDICINE 2024; 3:e20230045. [PMID: 39188514 PMCID: PMC11235691 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in soft robotics have been emerging as an exciting paradigm in engineering due to their inherent compliance, safe human interaction, and ease of adaptation with wearable electronics. Soft robotic devices have the potential to provide innovative solutions and expand the horizons of possibilities for biomedical applications by bringing robots closer to natural creatures. In this review, we survey several promising soft robot technologies, including flexible fluidic actuators, shape memory alloys, cable-driven mechanisms, magnetically driven mechanisms, and soft sensors. Selected applications of soft robotic devices as medical devices are discussed, such as surgical intervention, soft implants, rehabilitation and assistive devices, soft robotic exosuits, and prosthetics. We focus on how soft robotics can improve the effectiveness, safety and patient experience for each use case, and highlight current research and clinical challenges, such as biocompatibility, long-term stability, and durability. Finally, we discuss potential directions and approaches to address these challenges for soft robotic devices to move toward real clinical translations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Wang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Zhen Xie
- Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Huishi Huang
- Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Xinquan Liang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing TechnologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
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6
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Ai L, Lin W, Cao C, Li P, Wang X, Lv D, Li X, Yang Z, Yao X. Tough soldering for stretchable electronics by small-molecule modulated interfacial assemblies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7723. [PMID: 38001116 PMCID: PMC10673831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid-developing soft robots and wearable devices require flexible conductive materials to maintain electric functions over a large range of deformations. Considerable efforts are made to develop stretchable conductive materials; little attention is paid to the frequent failures of integrated circuits caused by the interface mismatch of soft substrates and rigid silicon-based microelectronics. Here, we present a stretchable solder with good weldability that can strongly bond with electronic components, benefiting from the hierarchical assemblies of liquid metal particles, small-molecule modulators, and non-covalently crosslinked polymer matrix. Our self-solder shows high conductivity (>2×105 S m-1), extreme stretchability (~1000%, and >600% with chip-integrated), and high toughness (~20 MJ m-3). Additionally, the dynamic interactions within our solder's surface and interior enable a range of unique features, including ease of integration, component substitution, and circuit recyclability. With all these features, we demonstrated an application as thermoforming technology for three-dimensional (3D) conformable electronics, showing potential in reducing the complexity of microchip interfacing, as well as scalable fabrication of chip-integrated stretchable circuits and 3D electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chunyan Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pengyu Li
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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7
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Paik JJ, Jang B, Nam S, Guo LJ. A Transparent Poly(vinyl alcohol) Ion-Conducting Organohydrogel for Skin-Based Strain-Sensing Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300076. [PMID: 37221957 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for cost-efficient and user-friendly wearable electronic devices has led to the development of stretchable electronics that are both cost-effective and capable of maintaining sustained adhesion and electrical performance under duress. This study reports on a novel physically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based hydrogel that serves as a transparent, strain-sensing skin adhesive for motion monitoring. By incorporating Zn2+ into the ice-templated PVA gel, a densified amorphous structure is observed through optical and scanning electron microscopy, and it is found that the material can stretch up to 800% strain according to tensile tests. Fabrication in a binary glycerol:water solvent results in electrical resistance in the kΩ range, a gauge factor of 0.84, and ionic conductivity on the scale of 10-4 S cm-1 , making it a potentially low-cost candidate for a stretchable electronic material. This study characterizes the relationship between improved electrical performance and polymer-polymer interactions through spectroscopic techniques, which play a role in the transport of ionic species through the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie J Paik
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Boonjae Jang
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sunghyun Nam
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - L Jay Guo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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8
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Zhou Z, Tao Z, Chen R, Liu Z, He Z, Zhong L, Li X, Chen G, Zhang P. Elastomeric Electrolyte for High Capacity and Long-Cycle-Life Solid-State Lithium Metal Battery. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201328. [PMID: 36808721 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High room-temperature ionic conductivity and good compatibility with lithium metal and cathode materials are prerequisites for solid-state electrolytes used in lithium metal batteries. Here, the solid-state polymer electrolytes (SSPE) are prepared by combining the traditional two-roll milling technology with interface wetting. The as-prepared electrolytes consisting of elastomer matrix and high-mole-loading of LiTFSI salt show a high room temperature ionic conductivity of 4.6×10-4 S cm-1 , a good electrochemical oxidation stability up to 5.08 V, and improved interface stability. These phenomena are rationalized with the formation of continuous ion conductive paths based on sophisticated structure characterization including synchrotron radiation Fourier-transform infrared microscopy, wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering. Moreover, at room temperature, the Li||SSPE||LFP coin cell shows a high capacity (161.5 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C), long-cycle-life (retaining 50% capacity and 99.8% Coulombic efficiency after 2000 cycles), and good C-rate compatibility up to 5 C. This study, therefore, provides a promising solid-state electrolyte that meets both the electrochemical and mechanical requirements of practical lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zengren Tao
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ruiyong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhenhang He
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Guixiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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9
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Li M, Chen D, Deng X, Xu B, Li M, Liang H, Wang M, Song G, Zhang T, Liu Y. Graded Mxene-Doped Liquid Metal as Adhesion Interface Aiming for Conductivity Enhancement of Hybrid Rigid-Soft Interconnection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36893387 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid rigid-soft electronic system combines the biocompatibility of stretchable electronics and the computing capacity of silicon-based chips, which has a chance to realize a comprehensive stretchable electronic system with perception, control, and algorithm in near future. However, a reliable rigid-soft interconnection interface is urgently required to ensure both the conductivity and stretchability under a large strain. To settle this demand, this paper proposes a graded Mxene-doped liquid metal (LM) method to achieve a stable solid-liquid composite interconnect (SLCI) between the rigid chip and stretchable interconnect lines. To overcome the surface tension of LM, a high-conductive Mxene is doped for the balance between adhesion and liquidity of LM. And the high-concentration doping could prevent the contact failure with chip pins, while the low-concentration doping tends to maintain the stretchability. Based on this dosage-graded interface structure, the solid light-emitting diode (LED) and other devices integrated into the stretchable hybrid electronic system could achieve an excellent conductivity insensitive to the exerted tensile strain. In addition, the hybrid electronic system is demonstrated for skin-mounted and tire-mounted temperature-test applications under the tensile strain up to 100%. This Mxene-doped LM method aims to obtain a robust interface between rigid components and flexible interconnects by attenuating the inherent Young's modulus mismatch between rigid and flexible systems and makes it a promising candidate for effective interconnection between solid electronics and soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Da Chen
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Xiupeng Deng
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Baochun Xu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Hongrui Liang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Mengxin Wang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Song
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Yijian Liu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
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10
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Wang L, Yi Z, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang S. Stretchable conductors for stretchable field-effect transistors and functional circuits. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:795-835. [PMID: 36562312 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00837h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics have received intense attention due to their broad application prospects in many areas, and can withstand large deformations and form close contact with curved surfaces. Stretchable conductors are vital components of stretchable electronic devices used in wearables, soft robots, and human-machine interactions. Recent advances in stretchable conductors have motivated basic scientific and technological research efforts. Here, we outline and analyse the development of stretchable conductors in transistors and circuits, and examine advances in materials, device engineering, and preparation technologies. We divide the existing approaches to constructing stretchable transistors with stretchable conductors into the following two types: geometric engineering and intrinsic stretchability engineering. Finally, we consider the challenges and outlook in this field for delivering stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengran Yi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
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11
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Zhu X, Zhou Y, Ye C. Preparation and Performance of AgNWs/PDMS Film-Based Flexible Strain Sensor. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:641. [PMID: 36676378 PMCID: PMC9862830 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are widely used in the fields of personal electronic equipment and health monitoring to promote the rapid development of modern social science and technology. In this paper, silver nanowires (AgNWs) prepared via the polyol reduction method were used to construct a flexible strain sensor. The AgNWs/PDMS film was obtained by transfer printing using AgNWs as a conductive layer and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a flexible substrate. The morphology of AgNWs was characterized by SEM and TEM. The aspect ratio of the AgNWs was more than 700. The strain sensitivity factor of the sensor was 2.8757, with a good linear relationship between the resistance and the strain. Moreover, the strain sensor showed good response results in human activity monitoring and the LED lamp response test, which provides a new idea for the construction of flexible wearable devices.
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12
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Li M, Miao C, Zou M, Guo J, Wang H, Gao M, Zhang H, Deng Z. The development of stretchable and self-repairing materials applied to electronic skin. Front Chem 2023; 11:1198067. [PMID: 37188092 PMCID: PMC10175680 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1198067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices play a key role in the fields of flexible batteries, electronic skins, and flexible displays, which have attracted more and more attention in the past few years. Among them, the application areas of electronic skin in new energy, artificial intelligence, and other high-tech applications are increasing. Semiconductors are an indispensable part of electronic skin components. The design of semiconductor structure not only needs to maintain good carrier mobility, but also considers extensibility and self-healing capability, which is always a challenging work. Though flexible electronic devices are important for our daily life, the research on this topic is quite rare in the past few years. In this work, the recently published work regarding to stretchable semiconductors as well as self-healing conductors are reviewed. In addition, the current shortcomings, future challenges as well as an outlook of this technology are discussed. The final goal is to outline a theoretical framework for the design of high-performance flexible electronic devices that can at the same time address their commercialization challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology (SNUT), Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuanqi Miao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastic of Ministry of Education (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Muhua Zou
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastic of Ministry of Education (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiahu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastic of Ministry of Education (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastic of Ministry of Education (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Gao
- CART Tire Co., Ltd, Qilu SEZ, Krong Svay Rieng, Svay Rieng, Cambodia
| | - Haichang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastic of Ministry of Education (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Haichang Zhang, ; Zhifeng Deng,
| | - Zhifeng Deng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology (SNUT), Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Haichang Zhang, ; Zhifeng Deng,
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13
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Cai F, Yang B, Lv X, Feng W, Yu H. Mechanically mutable polymer enabled by light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1626. [PMID: 36001666 PMCID: PMC9401616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable example of a biological material that displays unique mechanical characters of both soft elasticity and stretchability. However, mimicking these features has been absent in photoresponsive soft matters. Here, we present one synthetic ABA-type triblock copolymer consisting of polystyrene as end blocks and one photoresponsive azopolymer as the middle block, which is stiffness at room temperature and shows a phototunable transition to soft elastics athermally. We have synthesized an elastics we term "photoinduced soft elastomer," where the photo-evocable soft midblock of azopolymer and the glassy polystyrene domains act as elastic matrix and physical cross-linking junctions, respectively. On the basis of the photoswitchable transformation between stiffness and elasticity at room temperature, we demonstrated precise control over nanopatterns on nonplanar substrates especially adaptable in the human skin and fabrication of packaged perovskite solar cells, enabling the simple, human-friendly, and controllable approach to be promising for mechanically adaptable soft photonic and electronic packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuande Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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14
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Fabrication and Conductive Mechanism Analysis of Stretchable Electrodes Based on PDMS-Ag Nanosheet Composite with Low Resistance, Stability, and Durability. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152628. [PMID: 35957060 PMCID: PMC9370586 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A flexible and stretchable electrode based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-Ag nanosheet composite with low resistance and stable properties has been investigated. Under the synergistic effect of the excellent flexibility and stretchability of PDMS and the excellent electrical conductivity of Ag nanosheets, the electrode possesses a resistivity as low as 4.28 Ωm, a low resistance variation in the 0–50% strain range, a stable electrical conductivity over 1000 cycles, and a rapid recovery ability after failure caused by destructive large stretching. Moreover, the conductive mechanism of the flexible electrode during stretching is explained by combining experimental tests, theoretical models of contact point-tunneling effect, and finite element simulation. This research provides a simple and effective solution for the structure design and material selection of flexible electrodes, and an analytical method for the conductive mechanism of stretchable electrodes, which has potential for applications in flexible electronic devices, smart sensing, wearable devices, and other fields.
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15
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Tan M, Xu Y, Gao Z, Yuan T, Liu Q, Yang R, Zhang B, Peng L. Recent Advances in Intelligent Wearable Medical Devices Integrating Biosensing and Drug Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108491. [PMID: 35008128 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary roles of precision medicine are to perform real-time examination, administer on-demand medication, and apply instruments continuously. However, most current therapeutic systems implement these processes separately, leading to treatment interruption and limited recovery in patients. Personalized healthcare and smart medical treatment have greatly promoted research on and development of biosensing and drug-delivery integrated systems, with intelligent wearable medical devices (IWMDs) as typical systems, which have received increasing attention because of their non-invasive and customizable nature. Here, the latest progress in research on IWMDs is reviewed, including their mechanisms of integrating biosensing and on-demand drug delivery. The current challenges and future development directions of IWMDs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Tan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tiejun Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rusen Yang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xian, 710126, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
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16
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Habibi M, Foroughi S, Karamzadeh V, Packirisamy M. Direct sound printing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1800. [PMID: 35387993 PMCID: PMC8986813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo- and thermo-activated reactions are dominant in Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes for polymerization or melting/deposition of polymers. However, ultrasound activated sonochemical reactions present a unique way to generate hotspots in cavitation bubbles with extraordinary high temperature and pressure along with high heating and cooling rates which are out of reach for the current AM technologies. Here, we demonstrate 3D printing of structures using acoustic cavitation produced directly by focused ultrasound which creates sonochemical reactions in highly localized cavitation regions. Complex geometries with zero to varying porosities and 280 μm feature size are printed by our method, Direct Sound Printing (DSP), in a heat curing thermoset, Poly(dimethylsiloxane) that cannot be printed directly so far by any method. Sonochemiluminescnce, high speed imaging and process characterization experiments of DSP and potential applications such as remote distance printing are presented. Our method establishes an alternative route in AM using ultrasound as the energy source. Photo- and thermo-activated polymerization and melting processes are dominant in Additive Manufacturing (AM) while ultrasound activated sonochemical reactions have not been explored for AM so far. Here, the authors demonstrate 3D printing of structures using acoustic cavitation produced directly by focused ultrasound which creates sonochemical reactions in highly localized cavitation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Habibi
- Optical Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shervin Foroughi
- Optical Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vahid Karamzadeh
- Optical Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Muthukumaran Packirisamy
- Optical Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Kim H, Kim MJ, Kwon YW, Jeon S, Lee S, Kim C, Choi BT, Shin Y, Hong SW, Shin HK. Benefits of a Skull-Interfaced Flexible and Implantable Multilight Emitting Diode Array for Photobiomodulation in Ischemic Stroke. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104629. [PMID: 35076161 PMCID: PMC9008794 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has received attention due to its potential for improving tissue function and enhancing regeneration in stroke. A lightweight, compact, and simple system of miniaturized electronic devices consisting of packaged light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that incorporates a flexible substrate for in vivo brain PBM in a mouse model is developed. Using this device platform, the preventive and therapeutic effects of PBM affixed to the exposed skull of mice in the photothrombosis and middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model are evaluated. Among the wavelength range of 630, 850, and 940 nm LED array, the PBM with 630-nm LED array is proved to be the most effective for reducing the infarction volume and neurological impairment after ischemic stroke. Moreover, the PBM with 630 nm LED array remarkably improves the capability of spatial learning and memory in the chronic poststroke phase, attenuates AIM2 inflammasome activation and inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, and modulates microglial polarization in the hippocampus and cortex 7 days following ischemic stroke. Thus, PBM may prevent tissue and functional damage in acute ischemic injury, thereby attenuating the development of cognitive impairment after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunha Kim
- Department of Korean Medical ScienceGraduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy‐AgingSchool of Korean MedicinePusan National UniversityYangsan50612Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and NeuroscienceCreighton University School of MedicineOmahaNE68178USA
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Korean Medical ScienceGraduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy‐AgingSchool of Korean MedicinePusan National UniversityYangsan50612Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Kwon
- Department of Nano‐Fusion TechnologyCollege of Nanoscience & NanotechnologyPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Sangheon Jeon
- Department of Congo‐Mechatronics EngineeringDepartment of Optics and Mechatronics EngineeringCollege of Nanoscience & NanotechnologyPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Seo‐Yeon Lee
- Department of PharmacologyWonkwang University School of MedicineIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Chang‐Seok Kim
- Department of Congo‐Mechatronics EngineeringDepartment of Optics and Mechatronics EngineeringCollege of Nanoscience & NanotechnologyPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medical ScienceGraduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy‐AgingSchool of Korean MedicinePusan National UniversityYangsan50612Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Il Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineSchool of MedicinePusan National UniversityYangsan50612Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Congo‐Mechatronics EngineeringDepartment of Optics and Mechatronics EngineeringCollege of Nanoscience & NanotechnologyPusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medical ScienceGraduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy‐AgingSchool of Korean MedicinePusan National UniversityYangsan50612Republic of Korea
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Huang Z, Yang J. A New Class of Electronic Devices Based on Flexible Porous Substrates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105084. [PMID: 35038244 PMCID: PMC8895116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the Internet of Things era, the connection between electronic devices and humans is getting closer and closer. New-concept electronic devices including e-skins, nanogenerators, brain-machine interfaces, and implantable medical devices, can work on or inside human bodies, calling for wearing comfort, super flexibility, biodegradability, and stability under complex deformations. However, conventional electronics based on metal and plastic substrates cannot effectively meet these new application requirements. Therefore, a series of advanced electronic devices based on flexible porous substrates (e.g., paper, fabric, electrospun nanofibers, wood, and elastic polymer sponge) is being developed to address these challenges by virtue of their superior biocompatibility, breathability, deformability, and robustness. The porous structure of these substrates can not only improve device performance but also enable new functions, but due to their wide variety, choosing the right porous substrate is crucial for preparing high-performance electronics for specific applications. Herein, the properties of different flexible porous substrates are summarized and their basic principles of design, manufacture, and use are highlighted. Subsequently, various functionalization methods of these porous substrates are briefly introduced and compared. Then, the latest advances in flexible porous substrate-based electronics are demonstrated. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Tengyuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Zhandong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen518000P. R. China
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19
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Ehrmann G, Blachowicz T, Homburg SV, Ehrmann A. Measuring Biosignals with Single Circuit Boards. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9020084. [PMID: 35200437 PMCID: PMC8869486 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To measure biosignals constantly, using textile-integrated or even textile-based electrodes and miniaturized electronics, is ideal to provide maximum comfort for patients or athletes during monitoring. While in former times, this was usually solved by integrating specialized electronics into garments, either connected to a handheld computer or including a wireless data transfer option, nowadays increasingly smaller single circuit boards are available, e.g., single-board computers such as Raspberry Pi or microcontrollers such as Arduino, in various shapes and dimensions. This review gives an overview of studies found in the recent scientific literature, reporting measurements of biosignals such as ECG, EMG, sweat and other health-related parameters by single circuit boards, showing new possibilities offered by Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc. in the mobile long-term acquisition of biosignals. The review concentrates on the electronics, not on textile electrodes about which several review papers are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ehrmann
- Virtual Institute of Applied Research on Advanced Materials (VIARAM)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Blachowicz
- Institute of Physics—Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Sarah Vanessa Homburg
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (S.V.H.); (A.E.)
| | - Andrea Ehrmann
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (S.V.H.); (A.E.)
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20
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Pharino U, Sinsanong Y, Pongampai S, Charoonsuk T, Pakawanit P, Sriphan S, Vittayakorn N, Vittayakorn W. Influence of pore morphologies on the mechanical and tribo-electrical performance of polydimethylsiloxane sponge fabricated via commercial seasoning templates. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Wang W, Zhang W, Wu X, Zhang K, Chen Y. Measurement of Film-Elastomer Interface Adhesion by Continuous Buckling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53211-53219. [PMID: 34723472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of interfacial properties between thin films and elastomers is investigated. As a prototype, the interface adhesion between a graphite nanoflake and an elastic polymer is determined by topography imaging of the induced graphite buckles using atomic force microscopy. A theoretical analysis is carried out to establish the relationship among interface adhesion, elastic strain energy, and buckle surface area. The strain energy of the graphite is obtained by employing an elastic plate deflection theory. To introduce the buckles, different methods are applied, including thermal contraction, bending, and stretching, and different substrate materials, namely, polydimethylsiloxane and polystyrene, are used. The uncertainty in measuring the interface adhesion is discussed. These investigations provide a promising approach to characterize the interfacial properties of multilayer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiqi Wu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaidi Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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22
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Review of Materials and Fabrication Methods for Flexible Nano and Micro-Scale Physical and Chemical Property Sensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of flexible sensors has tripled over the last decade due to the increased demand in various fields including health monitoring, food packaging, electronic skins and soft robotics. Flexible sensors have the ability to be bent and stretched during use and can still maintain their electrical and mechanical properties. This gives them an advantage over rigid sensors that lose their sensitivity when subject to bending. Advancements in 3D printing have enabled the development of tailored flexible sensors. Various additive manufacturing methods are being used to develop these sensors including inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, fused deposition modelling, direct ink writing, selective laser melting and others. Hydrogels have gained much attention in the literature due to their self-healing and shape transforming. Self-healing enables the sensor to recover from damages such as cracks and cuts incurred during use, and this enables the sensor to have a longer operating life and stability. Various polymers are used as substrates on which the sensing material is placed. Polymers including polydimethylsiloxane, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and polyvinyl acetate are extensively used in flexible sensors. The most widely used nanomaterials in flexible sensors are carbon and silver due to their excellent electrical properties. This review gives an overview of various types of flexible sensors (including temperature, pressure and chemical sensors), paying particular attention to the application areas and the corresponding characteristics/properties of interest required for such. Current advances/trends in the field including 3D printing, novel nanomaterials and responsive polymers, and self-healable sensors and wearables will also be discussed in more detail.
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Hou K, Yang C, Shi J, Kuang B, Tian B. Nano- and Microscale Optical and Electrical Biointerfaces and Their Relevance to Energy Research. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100165. [PMID: 34142435 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different research fields in energy sciences, such as photovoltaics for solar energy conversion, supercapacitors for energy storage, electrocatalysis for clean energy conversion technologies, and materials-bacterial hybrid for CO2 fixation have been under intense investigations over the past decade. In recent years, new platforms for biointerface designs have emerged from the energy conversion and storage principles. This paper reviews recent advances in nano- and microscale materials/devices for optical and electrical biointerfaces. First, a connection is drawn between biointerfaces and energy science, and how these two distinct research fields can be connected is summarized. Then, a brief overview of current available tools for biointerface studies is presented. Third, three representative biointerfaces are reviewed, including neural, cardiac, and bacterial biointerfaces, to show how to apply these tools and principles to biointerface design and research. Finally, two possible future research directions for nano- and microscale biointerfaces are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chuanwang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jiuyun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Boya Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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24
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Hou Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Yu H. Miura-ori structured flexible microneedle array electrode for biosignal recording. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:53. [PMID: 34567766 PMCID: PMC8433437 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Highly reliable signal recording with low electrode-skin impedance makes the microneedle array electrode (MAE) a promising candidate for biosignal sensing. However, when used in long-term health monitoring for some incidental diseases, flexible microneedles with perfectly skin-tight fit substrates lead to sweat accumulation inside, which will not only affect the signal output but also trigger some skin allergic reactions. In this paper, a flexible MAE on a Miura-ori structured substrate is proposed and fabricated with two-directional in-plane bendability. The results from the comparison tests show enhanced performance in terms of (1) the device reliability by resisting peeling off of the metal layer from the substrate during the operation and (2) air ventilation, achieved from the air-circulating channels, to remove sweat. Bio-signal recordings of electrocardiography (ECG), as well as electromyography (EMG) of the biceps brachii, in both static and dynamic states, are successfully demonstrated with superior accuracy and long-term stability, demonstrating the great potential in health monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR 999077 China
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR 999077 China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR 999077 China
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25
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Kim B, Soepriatna AH, Park W, Moon H, Cox A, Zhao J, Gupta NS, Park CH, Kim K, Jeon Y, Jang H, Kim DR, Lee H, Lee KS, Goergen CJ, Lee CH. Rapid custom prototyping of soft poroelastic biosensor for simultaneous epicardial recording and imaging. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3710. [PMID: 34140475 PMCID: PMC8211747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing need for the implementation of stretchable biosensors in the body has driven rapid prototyping schemes through the direct ink writing of multidimensional functional architectures. Recent approaches employ biocompatible inks that are dispensable through an automated nozzle injection system. However, their application in medical practices remains challenged in reliable recording due to their viscoelastic nature that yields mechanical and electrical hysteresis under periodic large strains. Herein, we report sponge-like poroelastic silicone composites adaptable for high-precision direct writing of custom-designed stretchable biosensors, which are soft and insensitive to strains. Their unique structural properties yield a robust coupling to living tissues, enabling high-fidelity recording of spatiotemporal electrophysiological activity and real-time ultrasound imaging for visual feedback. In vivo evaluations of custom-fit biosensors in a murine acute myocardial infarction model demonstrate a potential clinical utility in the simultaneous intraoperative recording and imaging on the epicardium, which may guide definitive surgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjoong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Arvin H Soepriatna
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Woohyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Haesoo Moon
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhao
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Nevin S Gupta
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Chi Hoon Park
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yale Jeon
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanmin Jang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Rip Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kwan-Soo Lee
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Chen Y, Liang Y, Liu J, Yang J, Jia N, Zhu C, Zhang J. Optimizing microenvironment by integrating negative pressure and exogenous electric fields via a flexible porous conductive dressing to accelerate wound healing. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:238-251. [PMID: 33184620 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and sequential biological process that involves multiple stages. Current treatments for nonhealing or chronic wounds are unsatisfactory as they exert a single effect on one specific activity. Herein, we constructed a silver nanowire (AgNW)-based, three-dimensional (3D), porous foam dressing that is flexible and conductive. This conductive foam dressing was composed of AgNWs modified with a stable hydrophobic coating and porous polyurethane (PU), providing a skeleton to support the 3D conductive networks. The AgNWs-PU foam dressing exhibited favorable biocompatibility, outstanding electrical properties, excellent bending-compression durability, and long-term stability under wet conditions, making it suitable for wound treatment. Via the conductive foam dressing, negative pressure and exogenous wound directional electric fields (EFs) could be integrated for simultaneous implementation, and the artificial jointly constructed microenvironment promoted wound healing in a system. This novel "all-in-one" device presented intrinsic multifunctionality, including the drainage of pus and necrotic tissue, mitigation of inflammation, promotion of cell proliferation, direction of keratinocyte migration, and induction of angiogenesis. An immunohistochemical assay and western blot analysis illustrated that the angiogenesis and cell proliferation pathways in the tissue were significantly activated when this novel therapy was adopted. More importantly, the practical performance of this "all-in-one" device was demonstrated by assessment of full-thickness defect wounds in model pigs. Comparing the percentage of residual wound area after administration of traditional treatment (25.82 ± 3.52%) and the novel treatment (3.07 ± 1.23%) demonstrated the promising applications of this novel treatment in clinical wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Jo S, Lee H, Jang H, Kim DR. Controlled Integration of Interconnected Pores under Polymeric Surfaces for Low Adhesion and Antiscaling Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13684-13692. [PMID: 33721992 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-adhesive surfaces have been highlighted due to the potentials to mitigate fouling issues by preventing unwanted substances from adhering. Realizing superhydrophobicity with 3D surface structures/chemical modifiers or fabricating lubricant-assisted slippery surfaces has been demonstrated to realize low-adhesive surfaces. However, they still need to overcome the transition to Wenzel from Cassie states of droplets on 3D surface structures or the lubricant depletion issues of slippery surfaces for sustainable operations. Herein, we report the fabrication of low-adhesive polymeric surfaces, neither assisted by 3D surface structures/chemical modifiers nor lubricants, which is realized by embedding the interconnected pore networks underneath the top smooth surface using a water steaming method. The fabricated silicone surfaces exhibit low-adhesive properties due to the stress concentration effects generated by the subsurface-structured pores, favorable for easy detachment of the adherent from the surface. Our platform can be exploited to lower adhesion of superhydrophilic surfaces or to achieve ultralow-adhesive properties upon combination with superhydrophobicity. Finally, scale precipitation tests reveal 4.2 times lower scale accumulation of our low-adhesive polymeric surfaces than that in control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Jo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Haeyeon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Hanmin Jang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Dong Rip Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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28
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Stier SP, Böse H. Electroplating and Ablative Laser Structuring of Elastomer Composites for Stretchable Multi-Layer and Multi-Material Electronic and Sensor Systems. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030255. [PMID: 33802335 PMCID: PMC7999256 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present the concept of electroplated conductive elastomers and ablative multi-layer and multi-material laser-assisted manufacturing to enable a largely automated, computer-aided manufacturing process of stretchable electronics and sensors. Therefore, the layers (conductive and non-conductive elastomers as well as metal layers for contacting) are first coated over the entire surface (doctor blade coating and electroplating) and then selectively removed with a CO2 or a fiber laser. These steps are repeated several times to achieve a multi-layer-structured design. Is it not only possible to adjust and improve the work previously carried out manually, but also completely new concepts such as fine through-plating between the layers to enable much more compact structures become possible. In addition, metallized areas allow the direct soldering of electronic components and thus a direct connection between conventional and stretchable electronics. As an exemplary application, we have used the process for manufacturing a thin and surface solderable pressure sensor with a silicone foam dielectric and a stretchable circuit board.
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Qi D, Zhang K, Tian G, Jiang B, Huang Y. Stretchable Electronics Based on PDMS Substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003155. [PMID: 32830370 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics, which can retain their functions under stretching, have attracted great interest in recent decades. Elastic substrates, which bear the applied strain and regulate the strain distribution in circuits, are indispensable components in stretchable electronics. Moreover, the self-healing property of the substrate is a premise to endow stretchable electronics with the same characteristics, so the device may recover from failure resulting from large and frequent deformations. Therefore, the properties of the elastic substrate are crucial to the overall performance of stretchable devices. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is widely used as the substrate material for stretchable electronics, not only because of its advantages, which include stable chemical properties, good thermal stability, transparency, and biological compatibility, but also because of its capability of attaining designer functionalities via surface modification and bulk property tailoring. Herein, the strategies for fabricating stretchable electronics on PDMS substrates are summarized, and the influence of the physical and chemical properties of PDMS, including surface chemical status, physical modulus, geometric structures, and self-healing properties, on the performance of stretchable electronics is discussed. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of stretchable electronics based on PDMS substrates are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianpeng Qi
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kuiyuan Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Gongwei Tian
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yudong Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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Maithani Y, Mehta BR, Singh JP. Investigating the effect of silver nanorods embedded in polydimethylsiloxane matrix using nanoindentation and its use for flexible electronics. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Maithani
- Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Bodh Raj Mehta
- Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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Wang Y, Lee S, Yokota T, Wang H, Jiang Z, Wang J, Koizumi M, Someya T. A durable nanomesh on-skin strain gauge for natural skin motion monitoring with minimum mechanical constraints. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb7043. [PMID: 32851182 PMCID: PMC7423357 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraconformable strain gauge can be applied directly to human skin for continuous motion activity monitoring, which has seen widespread application in interactive robotics, human motion detection, personal health monitoring, and therapeutics. However, the development of an on-skin strain gauge that can detect human body motions over a long period of time without disturbing the natural skin movements remains a challenge. Here, we present an ultrathin and durable nanomesh strain gauge for continuous motion activity monitoring that minimizes mechanical constraints on natural skin motions. The device is made from reinforced polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane (PU-PDMS) nanomeshes and exhibits excellent sustainability, linearity, and durability with low hysteresis. Its thinness geometry and softness provide minimum mechanical interference on natural skin deformations. During speech, the nanomesh-attached face exhibits skin strain mapping comparable to that of a face without nanomeshes. We demonstrate long-term facial stain mapping during speech and the capability for real-time stable full-range body movement detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mari Koizumi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Abdollahi S, Markvicka EJ, Majidi C, Feinberg AW. 3D Printing Silicone Elastomer for Patient-Specific Wearable Pulse Oximeter. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901735. [PMID: 32548973 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Commercial pulse oximeters are used clinically to measure heart rate and blood oxygen saturation and traditionally made from rigid materials. However, these devices are unsuitable for continuous monitoring due to poor fit and mechanical mismatch. Soft materials that match the elastic properties of biological tissue provide improved comfort and signal-to-noise but typically require molding to manufacture, limiting the speed and ease of customizing for patient-specific anatomy. Here, freeform reversible embedding (FRE) 3D printing is used to create polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer cuffs for use on the hand and foot. FRE enables printing liquid PDMS prepolymer in 3D geometries within a sacrificial hydrogel bath that provides support during cure. This serves as proof-of-concept for fabricating patient-specific pulse oximeters with pressure sensing, termed P3 -wearable. A sizing analysis establishes dimensional accuracy of FRE-printed PDMS compared to anatomical computer-aided design models. The P3 -wearable successfully outputs photoplethysmography (PPG) and pressure amplitude signals wirelessly to a tablet in real time and the PPG is used to calculate heart rate, blood oxygen content, and activity state. The results establish that FRE printing of PDMS can be used to fabricate patient-specific wearable devices and measure heart rate and blood oxygenation on par with commercial devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdollahi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Eric J. Markvicka
- Robotics InstituteCarnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Robotics InstituteCarnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Adam W. Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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33
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Xiang L, Zeng X, Xia F, Jin W, Liu Y, Hu Y. Recent Advances in Flexible and Stretchable Sensing Systems: From the Perspective of System Integration. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6449-6469. [PMID: 32479071 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological signals generated during various biological processes are critically important for providing insight into the human physiological status. Recently, there have been many great efforts in developing flexible and stretchable sensing systems to provide biological signal monitoring platforms with intimate integration with biological surfaces. Here, this review summarizes the recent advances in flexible and stretchable sensing systems from the perspective of electronic system integration. A comprehensive general sensing system architecture is described, which consists of sensors, sensor interface circuits, memories, and digital processing units. The subsequent content focuses on the integration requirements and highlights some advanced progress for each component. Next, representative examples of flexible and stretchable sensing systems for electrophysiological, physical, and chemical information monitoring are introduced. This review concludes with an outlook on the remaining challenges and opportunities for future fully flexible or stretchable sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangwen Zeng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanlin Jin
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youdi Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
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Zhao C, Jia X, Shu K, Yu C, Min Y, Wang C. Stretchability enhancement of buckled polypyrrole electrodes for stretchable supercapacitors via engineering substrate surface roughness. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Cao PF, Li B, Yang G, Zhao S, Townsend J, Xing K, Qiang Z, Vogiatzis KD, Sokolov AP, Nanda J, Saito T. Elastic Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes: Toward a Versatile Approach for Intrinsically Stretchable Functional Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Cao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Bingrui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jacob Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Kunyue Xing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | | | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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36
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Novel Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerator based on Metallized Porous PDMS and Parylene C. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13071625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have recently become a powerful technology for energy harvesting and self-powered sensor networks. One of their main advantages is the possibility to employ a wide range of materials, especially for fabricating inexpensive and easy-to-use devices. This paper reports the fabrication and preliminary characterization of a novel flexible triboelectric nanogenerator which could be employed for driving future low power consumption wearable devices. The proposed TENG is a single-electrode device operating in contact-separation mode for applications in low-frequency energy harvesting from intermittent tapping loads involving the human body, such as finger or hand tapping. The novelty of the device lies in the choice of materials: it is based on a combination of a polysiloxane elastomer and a poly (para-xylylene). In particular, the TENG is composed, sequentially, of a poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate which was made porous and rough with a steam-curing step; then, a metallization layer with titanium and gold, deposited on the PDMS surface with an optimal substrate–electrode adhesion. Finally, the metallized structure was coated with a thin film of parylene C serving as friction layer. This material provides excellent conformability and high charge-retaining capability, playing a crucial role in the triboelectric process; it also makes the device suitable for employment in harsh, wet environments owing to its inertness and barrier properties. Preliminary performance tests were conducted by measuring the open-circuit voltage and power density under finger tapping (~2 N) at ~5 Hz. The device exhibited a peak-to-peak voltage of 1.6 V and power density peak of 2.24 mW/m2 at ~0.4 MΩ. The proposed TENG demonstrated ease of process, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility.
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37
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Jiang DH, Liao YC, Cho CJ, Veeramuthu L, Liang FC, Wang TC, Chueh CC, Satoh T, Tung SH, Kuo CC. Facile Fabrication of Stretchable Touch-Responsive Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Using Robust Stretchable Composite Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14408-14415. [PMID: 32118411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite light-emitting diode (PeLED) has been vigorously developed in recent years. As it has demonstrated good performance on the rigid substrates, the next important direction of PeLED is its integration with stretchable components to realize stretchable, responsive device. Here, we describe a facile fabrication of stretchable perovskite light-emissive touch-responsive devices (PeLETDs) by utilizing highly transparent and conductive polyurethane/silver nanowires (PU/AgNWs) as the electrode. Meanwhile, a stretchable tricomposite perovskite emissive layer was developed by blending a small amount of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) with CsPbBr3. Additionally, a thin PVP layer was introduced at the bottom of the emissive layer. On one hand, it can further improve the morphology of the emissive layer; on the other hand, it can serve as an electron-injection barrier to reduce the high nonradiative recombination at the corresponding interface. Further, to fulfill the responsive function of the fabricated PeLEDs, a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) spacer with a 100 μm thickness was inserted between the top electrode and the emissive layer. A stretchable PeLETD is finally demonstrated to possess a low turn-on voltage of 2 V with a brightness of 380.5 cd m-2 at 7.5 V and can sustain 30% uniaxial strain with a small luminance variation of 24%. More interestingly, our stretchable PeLETD exhibited high stability, which could be well touch responsivity, where the luminance is on/off switched for 300 cycles by repeatedly applying pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hua Jiang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, 10608 Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yi-Chun Liao
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, 10608 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, 10608 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, 10608 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Cheng Liang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, 10608 Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, 10608 Taipei, Taiwan
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Naserifar N, Yerneni SS, Weiss LE, Fedder GK. Inkjet Printing of Curing Agent on Thin PDMS for Local Tailoring of Mechanical Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900569. [PMID: 31994812 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping of thin, stretchable substrates with engineered stiffness gradients at desired locations has potential impact in the robustness of skin-wearable electronics, as the gradients can inhibit cracking of interconnect and delamination of embedded electronic chips. Drop-on-demand inkjetting of thinned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) curing agent onto a spin-cast 80 µm-thick 20:1 (base: curing agent) PDMS substrate sets the elastic modulus of the subsequently cured film with sub-millimeter accuracy. The inkjet process creates digitally defined stiffness gradient spans as small as 100 µm for single droplets. Varying the drop density results in differences in elastic modulus of up to 80%. In jetting tests of curing agent into pure base PDMS, a continuous droplet spacing of 100 µm results in smooth lines with total widths of 1 mm and a curing agent gradient span of ≈300 µm. Release of freeform mesh elastomer microstructures by removing the uncured base after selective jetting of curing agent into pure base PDMS results in structural line width resolution down to 500 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Naserifar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Lee E Weiss
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gary K Fedder
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Yang Z, Zhai Z, Song Z, Wu Y, Liang J, Shan Y, Zheng J, Liang H, Jiang H. Conductive and Elastic 3D Helical Fibers for Use in Washable and Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907495. [PMID: 31984556 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the intrinsic properties of fabrics, fabric-based wearable systems have certain advantages over elastomeric material-based stretchable electronics. Here, a method to produce highly stretchable, conductive, washable, and solderable fibers that consist of elastic polyurethane (PU) fibers and conductive Cu fibers, which are used as interconnects for wearable electronics, is reported. The 3D helical shape results from stress relaxation of the prestretched PU fiber and the plasticity of the Cu fiber, which provides a predictable way to manipulate the morphology of the 3D fibers. The present fibers have superior mechanical and electrical properties to many other conductive fibers fabricated through different approaches. The 3D helical fibers can be readily integrated with fabrics and other functional components to build fabric-based wearable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Yang
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Zirui Zhai
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Zeming Song
- Shenzhen Xtretch Technologies Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Yingzhu Wu
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Jiahao Liang
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Yingfa Shan
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Jinren Zheng
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Haichao Liang
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Tang D, Yu Z, He Y, Asghar W, Zheng YN, Li F, Shi C, Zarei R, Liu Y, Shang J, Liu X, Li RW. Strain-Insensitive Elastic Surface Electromyographic (sEMG) Electrode for Efficient Recognition of Exercise Intensities. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030239. [PMID: 32106451 PMCID: PMC7143104 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors are widely used in the fields of ergonomics, sports science, and medical research. However, current sEMG sensors cannot recognize the various exercise intensities efficiently because of the strain interference, low conductivity, and poor skin-conformability of their electrodes. Here, we present a highly conductive, strain-insensitive, and low electrode-skin impedance elastic sEMG electrode, which consists of a three-layered structure (polydimethylsiloxane/galinstan + polydimethylsiloxane/silver-coated nickel + polydimethylsiloxane). The bottom layer of the electrode consists of vertically conductive magnetic particle paths, which are insensitive to stretching strain, collect sEMG charge from human skin, and finally transfer it to processing circuits via an intermediate layer. Our skin-friendly electrode exhibits high conductivity (0.237 and 1.635 mΩ.cm resistivities in transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively), low electrode-skin impedance (47.23 kΩ at 150 Hz), excellent strain-insensitivity (10% change of electrode-skin impedance within the 0%-25% strain range), high fatigue resistance (>1500 cycles), and good conformability with skin. During various exercise intensities, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of our electrode increased by 22.53 dB, which is 206% and 330% more than that of traditional Ag/AgCl and copper electrode, respectively. The ability of our electrode to efficiently recognize various exercise intensities confirms its great application potential for the field of sports health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxiu Tang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Zhe Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Waqas Asghar
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Taxila 47050, Pakistan
| | - Ya-Nan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fali Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changcheng Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Roozbeh Zarei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Swinburne Data Science Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (X.L.); (R.-W.L.)
| | - Xiang Liu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China;
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (X.L.); (R.-W.L.)
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.H.); (W.A.); (Y.-N.Z.); (F.L.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (X.L.); (R.-W.L.)
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Influence of Flexibility of the Interconnects on the Dynamic Bending Reliability of Flexible Hybrid Electronics. ELECTRONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics9020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest towards thinner and conformable electronic systems has attracted significant attention towards flexible hybrid electronics (FHE). Thin chip-foil packages fabricated by integrating ultra-thin monocrystalline silicon integrated circuits (ICs) on/in flexible foils have the potential to deliver high performance electrical functionalities at very low power requirements while being mechanically flexible. However, only very limited information is available regarding the fatigue or dynamic bending reliability of such chip-foil packages. This paper reports a series of experiments where the influence of the type of metal constituting the interconnects on the foil substrates on their dynamic bending reliability has been analyzed. The test results show that chip-foil packages with interconnects fabricated from a highly flexible metal like gold endure the repeated bending tests better than chip-foil packages with stiffer interconnects fabricated from copper or aluminum. We conclude that further analysis work in this field will lead to new technical concepts and designs for reliable foil based electronics.
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42
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Park J, Lee Y, Lee H, Ko H. Transfer Printing of Electronic Functions on Arbitrary Complex Surfaces. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12-20. [PMID: 31913600 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transfer printing of electronic functions on arbitrary surfaces is essential for next-generation applications of skin-attachable electronics, wearable sensors, and implantable/medical devices. For transfer printing of electronic functions on multidimensional surfaces, such as curved regions of the skin and different objects, various strategies have been devised based on the materials and structural design of electronic components and transfer stamps, such as ultrathin membranes or in-plane structures of electronic components, soft interfacial glues or adhesives between devices and surfaces, and smart transfer adhesives with bioinspired micro/nanostructures. These techniques enable high conformity of adhesion, mechanical robustness, and high compliance of electronic devices on arbitrary surfaces under mechanical deformation. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent transfer printing techniques and discuss their advantages and challenges. In addition, we report a recently developed transfer printing technique based on bioinspired smart adhesives with reversible adhesion, which enables compliant electronics on various arbitrary complex surfaces without performance degradation, providing solutions for various technical challenges remaining in transfer printing. Finally, we present potential applications of transfer printing and future perspectives for this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hochan Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798 , Republic of Korea
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43
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Hwang Y, Yoo S, Lim N, Kang SM, Yoo H, Kim J, Hyun Y, Jung GY, Ko HC. Enhancement of Interfacial Adhesion Using Micro/Nanoscale Hierarchical Cilia for Randomly Accessible Membrane-Type Electronic Devices. ACS NANO 2020; 14:118-128. [PMID: 31476128 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent technology of transfer printing using various membrane-type flexible/stretchable electronic devices can provide electronic functions to desirable objects where direct device fabrication is difficult. However, if the target surfaces are rough and complex, the capability of accommodating surface mismatches for reliable interfacial adhesion remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate that newly designed nanotubular cilia (NTCs), vertically aligned underneath a polyimide substrate, significantly enhance interfacial adhesion. The tubular structure easily undergoes flattening and wrapping motions to provide a large conformal contact area, and the synergetic effect of the assembled cilia strengthens the overall adhesion. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure consisting of radially spread film-type cilia combined with vertically aligned NTCs in specific regions enables successful transfer printing onto very challenging surfaces such as stone, bark, and textiles. Finally, we successfully transferred a temperature sensor onto an eggshell and indium gallium zinc oxide-based transistors onto a stone with no electrical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyu Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-Dong) , Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggwang Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-Dong) , Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Namsoo Lim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-Dong) , Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Myeong Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-Dong) , Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryun Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-Dong) , Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 34114 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yujun Hyun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-Dong) , Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-Dong) , Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Cho Ko
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-Dong) , Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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44
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Liu H, Dong W, Li Y, Li F, Geng J, Zhu M, Chen T, Zhang H, Sun L, Lee C. An epidermal sEMG tattoo-like patch as a new human-machine interface for patients with loss of voice. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:16. [PMID: 34567631 PMCID: PMC8433406 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Throat cancer treatment involves surgical removal of the tumor, leaving patients with facial disfigurement as well as temporary or permanent loss of voice. Surface electromyography (sEMG) generated from the jaw contains lots of voice information. However, it is difficult to record because of not only the weakness of the signals but also the steep skin curvature. This paper demonstrates the design of an imperceptible, flexible epidermal sEMG tattoo-like patch with the thickness of less than 10 μm and peeling strength of larger than 1 N cm-1 that exhibits large adhesiveness to complex biological surfaces and is thus capable of sEMG recording for silent speech recognition. When a tester speaks silently, the patch shows excellent performance in recording the sEMG signals from three muscle channels and recognizing those frequently used instructions with high accuracy by using the wavelet decomposition and pattern recognization. The average accuracy of action instructions can reach up to 89.04%, and the average accuracy of emotion instructions is as high as 92.33%. To demonstrate the functionality of tattoo-like patches as a new human-machine interface (HMI) for patients with loss of voice, the intelligent silent speech recognition, voice synthesis, and virtual interaction have been implemented, which are of great importance in helping these patients communicate with people and make life more enjoyable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicong Liu
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Dong
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Fanqi Li
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangjun Geng
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Minglu Zhu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Hongmiao Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Lining Sun
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123 Suzhou, China
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45
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Parameswaran C, Gupta D. Large area flexible pressure/strain sensors and arrays using nanomaterials and printing techniques. NANO CONVERGENCE 2019; 6:28. [PMID: 31495907 PMCID: PMC6732266 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensors are becoming more demanding in all spheres of human activities for their advancement in terms of fabrication and cost. Several methods of fabrication and configurations exist which provide them myriad of applications. However, the advantage of fabrication for sensors lies with bulk fabrication and processing techniques. Exhaustive study for process advancement towards miniaturization from the advent of MEMS technology has been going on and progressing at high pace and has reached a highly advanced level wherein batch production and low cost alternatives provide a competitive performance. A look back to this advancement and thus understanding the route further is essential which is the core of this review in light of nanomaterials and printed technology based sensors. A subjective appraisal of these developments in sensor architecture from the advent of MEMS technology converging present date novel materials and process technologies through this article help us understand the path further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra Parameswaran
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076 India
| | - Dipti Gupta
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076 India
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46
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Park D, Lee J, Chung JJ, Jung Y, Kim SH. Integrating Organs-on-Chips: Multiplexing, Scaling, Vascularization, and Innervation. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 38:99-112. [PMID: 31345572 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips (OoCs) have attracted significant attention because they can be designed to mimic in vivo environments. Beyond constructing a single OoC, recent efforts have tried to integrate multiple OoCs to broaden potential applications such as disease modeling and drug discoveries. However, various challenges remain for integrating OoCs towards in vivo-like operation, such as incorporating various connections for integrating multiple OoCs. We review multiplexed OoCs and challenges they face: scaling, vascularization, and innervation. In our opinion, future OoCs will be constructed to have increased predictive power for in vivo phenomena and will ultimately become a mainstream tool for high quality biomedical and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- DoYeun Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin J Chung
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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47
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Chen MM, Cheng SB, Ji K, Gao J, Liu YL, Wen W, Zhang X, Wang S, Huang WH. Construction of a flexible electrochemiluminescence platform for sweat detection. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6295-6303. [PMID: 31341582 PMCID: PMC6598512 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible and wearable chemical sensors show great capability and potential in retrieving physiologically related chemical or biochemical information from elastic and curvilinear living bodies. However, so far, no flexible electrochemiluminescence (ECL) device has been reported, though ECL measurements have been extensively investigated and widely applied in many fields. Herein, we for the first time designed and fabricated a flexible ECL sensor by immobilizing highly luminescent nanospheres on Au nanotube (Au NT) networks, and subsequently coating an elastic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) thereon. The as-prepared flexible ECL platform displayed successive and desirable mechanical compliance while generating a very stable ECL signal during deformation, facilitating highly selective detection of physiologically relevant chemicals from bodies. On-body wearable sampling and subsequent detection of lactate and urea from sweat showed the ECL performance of this sensor displaying desirable fidelity, reusability and high stability against disturbance. This work successfully incorporated the ECL sensing model into a flexible and wearable device, therefore providing a promising new path for non-invasively monitoring the products of metabolism for health care and biomedical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Chen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education) , College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education) , College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Kailun Ji
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China .
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China .
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education) , College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Wei Wen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China .
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China .
| | - Shengfu Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China .
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education) , College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
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48
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Jang Y, Lee M, Kim H, Cha C, Jung J, Oh J. Comprehensive tuning of bioadhesive properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes with controlled porosity. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035021. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab1da9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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49
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Feng B, Shen D, Wang W, Deng Z, Lin L, Ren H, Wu A, Zou G, Liu L, Zhou YN. Cooperative Bilayer of Lattice-Disordered Nanoparticles as Room-Temperature Sinterable Nanoarchitecture for Device Integrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16972-16980. [PMID: 30945537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing the interconnecting temperature is essential for 3D and heterogeneous device integrations, which play indispensable roles in the coming era of "more than Moore". Although nanomaterials exhibit a decreased onset temperature for interconnecting, such an effect is always deeply impaired because of organic additives in practical integrations. Meanwhile, current organic-free integration strategies suffer from roughness and contaminants at the bonding interface. Herein, a novel bilayer nanoarchitecture simultaneously overcomes the drawbacks of organics and is highly tolerant to interfacial morphology, which exhibits universal applicability for device-level integrations at even room temperature, with the overall performance outperforming most counterparts reported. This nanoarchitecture features a loose nanoparticle layer with unprecedented deformability for interfacial gap-filling, and a compact one providing firm bonding with the component surface. The two distinct nanoparticle layers cooperatively enhance the interconnecting performance by 73-357%. Apart from the absence of organics, the internal abundant lattice disorders profoundly accelerate the interconnecting process, which is supported by experiments and molecular dynamics simulation. This nanoarchitecture is successfully demonstrated in diversified applications including paper-based light-emitting diodes, Cu-Cu micro-bonding, and SiC power modules. The strategy proposed here can open a new paradigm for device integrations and provide a fresh understanding on interconnecting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Daozhi Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Wengan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zhongyang Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Luchan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Guisheng Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Y Norman Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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50
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Choi S, Han SI, Kim D, Hyeon T, Kim DH. High-performance stretchable conductive nanocomposites: materials, processes, and device applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1566-1595. [PMID: 30519703 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00706c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly conductive and intrinsically stretchable electrodes are vital components of soft electronics such as stretchable transistors and circuits, sensors and actuators, light-emitting diode arrays, and energy harvesting devices. Many kinds of conducting nanomaterials with outstanding electrical and mechanical properties have been integrated with elastomers to produce stretchable conductive nanocomposites. Understanding the characteristics of these nanocomposites and assessing the feasibility of their fabrication are therefore critical for the development of high-performance stretchable conductors and electronic devices. We herein summarise the recent advances in stretchable conductors based on the percolation networks of nanoscale conductive fillers in elastomeric media. After discussing the material-, dimension-, and size-dependent properties of conductive fillers and their implications, we highlight various techniques that are used to reduce the contact resistance between the conductive filler materials. Furthermore, we categorize elastomer matrices with different stretchabilities and mechanical properties based on their polymeric chain structures. Then, we discuss the fabrication techniques of stretchable conductive nanocomposites toward their use in soft electronics. Finally, we provide representative examples of stretchable device applications and conclude the review with a brief outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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