1
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Maczkowski A, Pearson C, Francuz J, Giagkoulis T, Szidat S, Wacker L, Bolliger M, Kotsakis K, Hafner A. Absolute dating of the European Neolithic using the 5259 BC rapid 14C excursion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4263. [PMID: 38769301 PMCID: PMC11106086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Abrupt radiocarbon (14C) excursions, or Miyake events, in sequences of radiocarbon measurements from calendar-dated tree-rings provide opportunities to assign absolute calendar dates to undated wood samples from contexts across history and prehistory. Here, we report a tree-ring and 14C-dating study of the Neolithic site of Dispilio, Northern Greece, a waterlogged archaeological site on Lake Kastoria. Findings secure an absolute, calendar-dated time using the 5259 BC Miyake event, with the final ring of the 303-year-long juniper tree-ring chronology dating to 5140 BC. While other sites have been absolutely dated to a calendar year through 14C-signature Miyake events, Dispilio is the first European Neolithic site of these and it provides a fixed, calendar-year anchor point for regional chronologies of the Neolithic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Maczkowski
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Charlotte Pearson
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - John Francuz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tryfon Giagkoulis
- School of History and Archaeology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Bolliger
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Dendrochronology, Archaeological Service of Canton of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kostas Kotsakis
- School of History and Archaeology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Albert Hafner
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Bard E, Miramont C, Capano M, Guibal F, Marschal C, Rostek F, Tuna T, Fagault Y, Heaton TJ. A radiocarbon spike at 14 300 cal yr BP in subfossil trees provides the impulse response function of the global carbon cycle during the Late Glacial. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220206. [PMID: 37807686 PMCID: PMC10586540 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We present new 14C results measured on subfossil Scots Pines recovered in the eroded banks of the Drouzet watercourse in the Southern French Alps. About 400 new 14C ages have been analysed on 15 trees sampled at annual resolution. The resulting Δ14C record exhibits an abrupt spike occurring in a single year at 14 300-14 299 cal yr BP and a century-long event between 14 and 13.9 cal kyr BP. In order to identify the causes of these events, we compare the Drouzet Δ14C record with simulations of Δ14C based on the 10Be record in Greenland ice used as an input of a carbon cycle model. The correspondence with 10Be anomalies allows us to propose the 14.3 cal kyr BP event as a solar energetic particle event. By contrast, the 14 cal kyr BP event lasted about a century and is most probably a common Maunder-type solar minimum linked to the modulation of galactic cosmic particles by the heliomagnetic field. We also discuss and speculate about the synchroneity and the possible causes of the 14 cal kyr BP event with the brief cold phase called Older Dryas, which separates the Bølling and Allerød millennium-long warm phases of the Late Glacial period. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Bard
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Technopôle de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Cécile Miramont
- IMBE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Technopôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Manuela Capano
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Technopôle de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Frédéric Guibal
- IMBE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Technopôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Christian Marschal
- IMBE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Technopôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Frauke Rostek
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Technopôle de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Thibaut Tuna
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Technopôle de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yoann Fagault
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Technopôle de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Timothy J. Heaton
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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3
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Lee HM, Park J. Solar and galactic 14C production rates in atmosphere using an MCNP6 simulation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Zhang Q, Sharma U, Dennis JA, Scifo A, Kuitems M, Büntgen U, Owens MJ, Dee MW, Pope BJS. Modelling cosmic radiation events in the tree-ring radiocarbon record. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2022.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually resolved measurements of the radiocarbon content in tree-rings have revealed rare sharp rises in carbon-14 production. These ‘Miyake events’ are likely produced by rare increases in cosmic radiation from the Sun or other energetic astrophysical sources. The radiocarbon produced is not only circulated through the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans, but also absorbed by the biosphere and locked in the annual growth rings of trees. To interpret high-resolution tree-ring radiocarbon measurements therefore necessitates modelling the entire global carbon cycle. Here, we introduce ‘
ticktack
’ (
https://github.com/SharmaLlama/ticktack/
), the first open-source Python package that connects box models of the carbon cycle with modern Bayesian inference tools. We use this to analyse all public annual
14
C
tree data, and infer posterior parameters for all six known Miyake events. They do not show a consistent relationship to the solar cycle, and several display extended durations that challenge either astrophysical or geophysical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Utkarsh Sharma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jordan A. Dennis
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Scifo
- Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Kuitems
- Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
- Global Change Research Institute (CzechGlobe), Czech Academy of Sciences, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathew J. Owens
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate,PO Box 243, Reading RG6 6BB, UK
| | - Michael W. Dee
- Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. S. Pope
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland,St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland,West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
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5
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Dasari S, Paris G, Charreau J, Savarino J. Sulfur-isotope anomalies recorded in Antarctic ice cores as a potential proxy for tracing past ozone layer depletion events. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac170. [PMID: 36714879 PMCID: PMC9802080 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the cosmic-ray background of the Earth can impact the ozone layer. High-energy cosmic events [e.g. supernova (SN)] or rapid changes in the Earth's magnetic field [e.g. geomagnetic Excursion (GE)] can lead to a cascade of cosmic rays. Ensuing chemical reactions can then cause thinning/destruction of the ozone layer-leading to enhanced penetration of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation toward the Earth's surface. However, observational evidence for such UV "windows" is still lacking. Here, we conduct a pilot study and investigate this notion during two well-known events: the multiple SN event (≈10 kBP) and the Laschamp GE event (≈41 kBP). We hypothesize that ice-core-Δ33S records-originally used as volcanic fingerprints-can reveal UV-induced background-tropospheric-photochemical imprints during such events. Indeed, we find nonvolcanic S-isotopic anomalies (Δ33S ≠ 0‰) in background Antarctic ice-core sulfate during GE/SN periods, thereby confirming our hypothesis. This suggests that ice-core-Δ33S records can serve as a proxy for past ozone-layer-depletion events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Paris
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Julien Charreau
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France
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6
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Noy I, Uher T. Four New Horsemen of an Apocalypse? Solar Flares, Super-volcanoes, Pandemics, and Artificial Intelligence. ECONOMICS OF DISASTERS AND CLIMATE CHANGE 2022; 6:393-416. [PMID: 35071973 PMCID: PMC8761044 DOI: 10.1007/s41885-022-00105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
If economists have largely failed to predict or prevent the Global Financial Crisis in 2008, and the more disastrous economic collapse associated with the pandemic of 2020, what else is the profession missing? This is the question that motivates this survey. Specifically, we want to highlight four catastrophic risks – i.e., risks that can potentially result in global catastrophes of a much larger magnitude than either of the 2008 or 2020 events. The four risks we examine here are: Space weather and solar flares, super-volcanic eruptions, high-mortality pandemics, and misaligned artificial intelligence. All four have a non-trivial probability of occurring and all four can lead to a catastrophe, possibly not very different from human extinction. Inevitably, and fortunately, these catastrophic events have not yet occurred, so the literature investigating them is by necessity more speculative and less grounded in empirical observations. Nevertheless, that does not make these risks any less real. This survey is motivated by the belief that economists can and should be thinking about these risks more systematically, so that we can devise the appropriate ways to prevent them or ameliorate their potential impacts.
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7
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Hu J, Airapetian VS, Li G, Zank G, Jin M. Extreme energetic particle events by superflare-asssociated CMEs from solar-like stars. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi9743. [PMID: 35333577 PMCID: PMC8956258 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of frequent superflares on active cool stars opened a new avenue in understanding the properties of eruptive events and their impact on exoplanetary environments. Solar data suggest that coronal mass ejections (CMEs) should be associated with superflares on active solar-like planet hosts and produce solar/stellar energetic particle (SEP/StEP) events. Here, we apply the 2D Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere model to simulate the SEPs accelerated via CME-driven shocks from the Sun and young solar-like stars. We derive the scaling of SEP fluence and hardness of energy spectra with CME speed and associated flare energy. These results have crucial implications for the prebiotic chemistry and expected atmospheric biosignatures from young rocky exoplanets as well as the chemistry and isotopic composition of circumstellar disks around infant solar-like stars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Hu
- Department of Space Science and CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Vladimir S Airapetian
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/SEEC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- American University, DC, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Space Science and CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Gary Zank
- Department of Space Science and CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Meng Jin
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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8
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Brehm N, Christl M, Knowles TDJ, Casanova E, Evershed RP, Adolphi F, Muscheler R, Synal HA, Mekhaldi F, Paleari CI, Leuschner HH, Bayliss A, Nicolussi K, Pichler T, Schlüchter C, Pearson CL, Salzer MW, Fonti P, Nievergelt D, Hantemirov R, Brown DM, Usoskin I, Wacker L. Tree-rings reveal two strong solar proton events in 7176 and 5259 BCE. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1196. [PMID: 35256613 PMCID: PMC8901681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe Sun sporadically produces eruptive events leading to intense fluxes of solar energetic particles (SEPs) that dramatically disrupt the near-Earth radiation environment. Such events have been directly studied for the last decades but little is known about the occurrence and magnitude of rare, extreme SEP events. Presently, a few events that produced measurable signals in cosmogenic radionuclides such as 14C, 10Be and 36Cl have been found. Analyzing annual 14C concentrations in tree-rings from Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Russia, and the USA we discovered two spikes in atmospheric 14C occurring in 7176 and 5259 BCE. The ~2% increases of atmospheric 14C recorded for both events exceed all previously known 14C peaks but after correction for the geomagnetic field, they are comparable to the largest event of this type discovered so far at 775 CE. These strong events serve as accurate time markers for the synchronization with floating tree-ring and ice core records and provide critical information on the previous occurrence of extreme solar events which may threaten modern infrastructure.
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9
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Abstract
Human evolution was strongly related to environmental factors. Woodlands and their products played a key role in the production of tools and weapons, and provided unique resources for constructions and fuel. Therefore wooden finds are essential in gaining insights into climatic and land use changes but also societal development during the Holocene. Dendroarchaeological investigations, based on tree rings, wood anatomy and techno-morphological characteristics are of great importance for a better understanding of past chronological processes as well as human-environment-interactions. Here we present an overview of the sources, methods, and concepts of this interdisciplinary field of dendroarchaeology focusing on Europe, where several tree-ring chronologies span most of the Holocene. We describe research examples from different periods of human history and discuss the current state of field. The long settlement history in Europe provides a myriad of wooden archeological samples not only for dating but also offer exciting new findings at the interface of natural and social sciences and the humanities.
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10
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Paleari CI, Mekhaldi F, Adolphi F, Christl M, Vockenhuber C, Gautschi P, Beer J, Brehm N, Erhardt T, Synal HA, Wacker L, Wilhelms F, Muscheler R. Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP. Nat Commun 2022; 13:214. [PMID: 35017519 PMCID: PMC8752676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During solar storms, the Sun expels large amounts of energetic particles (SEP) that can react with the Earth's atmospheric constituents and produce cosmogenic radionuclides such as 14C, 10Be and 36Cl. Here we present 10Be and 36Cl data measured in ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The data consistently show one of the largest 10Be and 36Cl production peaks detected so far, most likely produced by an extreme SEP event that hit Earth 9125 years BP (before present, i.e., before 1950 CE), i.e., 7176 BCE. Using the 36Cl/10Be ratio, we demonstrate that this event was characterized by a very hard energy spectrum and was possibly up to two orders of magnitude larger than any SEP event during the instrumental period. Furthermore, we provide 10Be-based evidence that, contrary to expectations, the SEP event occurred near a solar minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara I Paleari
- Department of Geology - Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Florian Mekhaldi
- Department of Geology - Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
- British Antarctic Survey, Ice Dynamics and Paleoclimate, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Florian Adolphi
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip Gautschi
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Beer
- Department of Surface Waters, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Brehm
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Erhardt
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wilhelms
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Department of Crystallography, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raimund Muscheler
- Department of Geology - Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Single-year radiocarbon dating anchors Viking Age trade cycles in time. Nature 2021; 601:392-396. [PMID: 34937937 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of rapid changes in the atmospheric 14C concentration linked to solar particle events have spurred the construction of new radiocarbon annual calibration datasets1-13. With these datasets, radiocarbon dating becomes relevant for urban sites, which require dates at higher resolution than previous calibration datasets could offer. Here we use a single-year radiocarbon calibration curve to anchor the archaeological stratigraphy of a Viking Age trade centre in time. We present absolutely dated evidence for artefact finds charting the expansion of long-distance trade from as far away as Arctic Norway and the Middle East, which we linked to the beginning of the Viking Age at AD 790 ± 10. The methods developed here enable human interactions and cultural, climatic and environmental changes to be compared in archaeological stratigraphies worldwide.
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12
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Heaton TJ, Bard E, Bronk Ramsey C, Butzin M, Köhler P, Muscheler R, Reimer PJ, Wacker L. Radiocarbon: A key tracer for studying Earth's dynamo, climate system, carbon cycle, and Sun. Science 2021; 374:eabd7096. [PMID: 34735228 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Heaton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - E Bard
- CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Technopole de l'Arbois BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| | - C Bronk Ramsey
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - M Butzin
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - P Köhler
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - R Muscheler
- Quaternary Sciences, Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - P J Reimer
- 14CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment and Chronology, School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - L Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Fujita M, Sato T, Saito S, Yamashiki Y. Probabilistic risk assessment of solar particle events considering the cost of countermeasures to reduce the aviation radiation dose. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17091. [PMID: 34475423 PMCID: PMC8413390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmic-ray exposure to flight crews and passengers, which is called aviation radiation exposure, is an important topic in radiological protection, particularly for solar energetic particles (SEP). We therefore assessed the risks associated with the countermeasure costs to reduce SEP doses and dose rates for eight flight routes during five ground level enhancements (GLE). A four-dimensional dose-rate database developed by the Warning System for Aviation Exposure to Solar Energetic Particles, WASAVIES, was employed in the SEP dose evaluation. As for the cost estimation, we considered two countermeasures; one is the cancellation of the flight, and the other is the reduction of flight altitudes. Then, we estimated the annual occurrence frequency of significant GLE events that would bring the maximum flight route dose and dose rate over 1.0 mSv and 80 μSv/h, respectively, based on past records of GLE as well as historically large events observed by the cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in tree rings and ice cores. Our calculations suggest that GLE events of a magnitude sufficient to exceed the above dose and dose rate thresholds, requiring a change in flight conditions, occur once every 47 and 17 years, respectively, and their conservatively-estimated annual risks associated with the countermeasure costs are up to around 1.5 thousand USD in the cases of daily-operated long-distance flights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Fujita
- Data Solution Group, Aioi Nissay Dowa Insurance Co., Ltd, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- SIC Human Spaceology Center, Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Electronic Navigation Research Institute, National Institute of Maritime, Port and Aviation Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamashiki
- SIC Human Spaceology Center, Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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14
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Miyake F, Panyushkina IP, Jull AJT, Adolphi F, Brehm N, Helama S, Kanzawa K, Moriya T, Muscheler R, Nicolussi K, Oinonen M, Salzer M, Takeyama M, Tokanai F, Wacker L. A Single-Year Cosmic Ray Event at 5410 BCE Registered in 14C of Tree Rings. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL093419. [PMID: 34433990 PMCID: PMC8365682 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl093419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The annual 14C data in tree rings is an outstanding proxy for uncovering extreme solar energetic particle (SEP) events in the past. Signatures of extreme SEP events have been reported in 774/775 CE, 992/993 CE, and ∼660 BCE. Here, we report another rapid increase of 14C concentration in tree rings from California, Switzerland, and Finland around 5410 BCE. These 14C data series show a significant increase of ∼6‰ in 5411-5410 BCE. The signature of 14C variation is very similar to the confirmed three SEP events and points to an extreme short-term flux of cosmic ray radiation into the atmosphere. The rapid 14C increase in 5411/5410 BCE rings occurred during a period of high solar activity and 60 years after a grand 14C excursion during 5481-5471 BCE. The similarity of our 14C data to previous events suggests that the origin of the 5410 BCE event is an extreme SEP event.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Miyake
- Institute for Space‐Earth Environmental ResearchNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | | | - A. J. T. Jull
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research CentreInstitute for Nuclear ResearchDebrecenHungary
| | - F. Adolphi
- Alfred Wegener InstituteHelmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchBremerhavenGermany
| | - N. Brehm
- Laboratory for Ion Beam PhysicsETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - S. Helama
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandRovaniemiFinland
| | - K. Kanzawa
- Institute for Space‐Earth Environmental ResearchNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - T. Moriya
- Faculty of ScienceYamagata UniversityYamagataJapan
| | - R. Muscheler
- Department of GeologyFaculty of ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - K. Nicolussi
- Department of GeographyUniversität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - M. Oinonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - M. Salzer
- Laboratory of Tree Ring ResearchUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - M. Takeyama
- Faculty of ScienceYamagata UniversityYamagataJapan
| | - F. Tokanai
- Faculty of ScienceYamagata UniversityYamagataJapan
| | - L. Wacker
- Laboratory for Ion Beam PhysicsETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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15
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Cooper A, Turney CSM, Palmer J, Hogg A, McGlone M, Wilmshurst J, Lorrey AM, Heaton TJ, Russell JM, McCracken K, Anet JG, Rozanov E, Friedel M, Suter I, Peter T, Muscheler R, Adolphi F, Dosseto A, Faith JT, Fenwick P, Fogwill CJ, Hughen K, Lipson M, Liu J, Nowaczyk N, Rainsley E, Bronk Ramsey C, Sebastianelli P, Souilmi Y, Stevenson J, Thomas Z, Tobler R, Zech R. A global environmental crisis 42,000 years ago. Science 2021; 371:811-818. [PMID: 33602851 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Geological archives record multiple reversals of Earth's magnetic poles, but the global impacts of these events, if any, remain unclear. Uncertain radiocarbon calibration has limited investigation of the potential effects of the last major magnetic inversion, known as the Laschamps Excursion [41 to 42 thousand years ago (ka)]. We use ancient New Zealand kauri trees (Agathis australis) to develop a detailed record of atmospheric radiocarbon levels across the Laschamps Excursion. We precisely characterize the geomagnetic reversal and perform global chemistry-climate modeling and detailed radiocarbon dating of paleoenvironmental records to investigate impacts. We find that geomagnetic field minima ~42 ka, in combination with Grand Solar Minima, caused substantial changes in atmospheric ozone concentration and circulation, driving synchronous global climate shifts that caused major environmental changes, extinction events, and transformations in the archaeological record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cooper
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. .,BlueSky Genetics, PO Box 287, Adelaide, SA 5137, Australia
| | - Chris S M Turney
- Chronos Carbon-Cycle Facility, and Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jonathan Palmer
- Chronos Carbon-Cycle Facility, and Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alan Hogg
- Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Matt McGlone
- Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Janet Wilmshurst
- Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, New Zealand.,School of Environment, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Lorrey
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Timothy J Heaton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - James M Russell
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Ken McCracken
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Julien G Anet
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Centre for Aviation, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Eugene Rozanov
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climatic Science, ETH Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland.,Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center, 7260 Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Physics of Earth, Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Marina Friedel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climatic Science, ETH Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Suter
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climatic Science, ETH Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raimund Muscheler
- Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Florian Adolphi
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Anthony Dosseto
- Wollongong Isotope Geochronology Laboratory, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - J Tyler Faith
- Natural History Museum of Utah and Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Pavla Fenwick
- Gondwana Tree-Ring Laboratory, PO Box 14, Little River, Canterbury 7546, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Fogwill
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Konrad Hughen
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Mathew Lipson
- Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiabo Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Norbert Nowaczyk
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 4.3, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eleanor Rainsley
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Christopher Bronk Ramsey
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Paolo Sebastianelli
- Faculty of Mathematics, Astronomy and Physics (FAMAF), National University of Cordoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Yassine Souilmi
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Janelle Stevenson
- Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture History and Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Zoë Thomas
- Chronos Carbon-Cycle Facility, and Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Raymond Tobler
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Roland Zech
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Rapid 14C excursion at 3372-3371 BCE not observed at two different locations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:712. [PMID: 33514715 PMCID: PMC7846558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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17
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Denkenberger D, Sandberg A, Tieman RJ, Pearce JM. Long-term cost-effectiveness of interventions for loss of electricity/industry compared to artificial general intelligence safety. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FUTURES RESEARCH 2021; 9:11. [PMCID: PMC8451736 DOI: 10.1186/s40309-021-00178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Extreme solar storms, high-altitude electromagnetic pulses, and coordinated cyber attacks could disrupt regional/global electricity. Since electricity basically drives industry, industrial civilization could collapse without it. This could cause anthropological civilization (cities) to collapse, from which humanity might not recover, having long-term consequences. Previous work analyzed technical solutions to save nearly everyone despite industrial loss globally, including transition to animals powering farming and transportation. The present work estimates cost-effectiveness for the long-term future with a Monte Carlo (probabilistic) model. Model 1, partly based on a poll of Effective Altruism conference participants, finds a confidence that industrial loss preparation is more cost-effective than artificial general intelligence safety of ~ 88% and ~ 99+% for the 30 millionth dollar spent on industrial loss interventions and the margin now, respectively. Model 2 populated by one of the authors produces ~ 50% and ~ 99% confidence, respectively. These confidences are likely to be reduced by model and theory uncertainty, but the conclusion of industrial loss interventions being more cost-effective was robust to changing the most important 4–7 variables simultaneously to their pessimistic ends. Both cause areas save expected lives cheaply in the present generation and funding to preparation for industrial loss is particularly urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Denkenberger
- Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters (ALLFED), Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Anders Sandberg
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ross John Tieman
- Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters (ALLFED), Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Joshua M. Pearce
- Thompson Centre for Engineering Leadership & Innovation, Ivey Business School, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Western University, Canada, USA
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18
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Sato T. Recent progress in space weather research for cosmic radiation dosimetry. Ann ICRP 2020; 49:185-192. [PMID: 33327754 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320933401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The radiation environment in space is a complex mixture of particles of solar and galactic origin with a broad range of energies. In astronaut dose estimation, three sources must be considered: galactic cosmic radiation, trapped particles, and solar energetic particles (SEPs). The astronaut dose due to SEP exposure during a space mission is more difficult to estimate than the other components because the occurrence of a large solar particle event cannot be predicted by the current space weather research. Thus, several models have been proposed to estimate the worst-case scenario and/or the probability of the integral SEP fluence during a particular space mission, considering the confidence level, solar activity, and duration of the mission. In addition, recent investigations of the cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in tree rings and ice cores have revealed that the sun can cause solar particle events much larger than the largest event recorded in the modern solar observations. If such an extreme event occurs during a mission to deep space, astronauts may suffer from radiation doses in excess of the threshold value for some tissue reactions (0.5 Gy) and their career limit (0.6-1.2 Sv). This article reviews the recent progress made in space weather research that is useful for cosmic radiation dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Centre, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Shirakata 2-4, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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19
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Wallner A, Feige J, Fifield LK, Froehlich MB, Golser R, Hotchkis MAC, Koll D, Leckenby G, Martschini M, Merchel S, Panjkov S, Pavetich S, Rugel G, Tims SG. 60Fe deposition during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene echoes past supernova activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21873-21879. [PMID: 32839339 PMCID: PMC7486756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916769117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclides synthesized in massive stars are ejected into space via stellar winds and supernova explosions. The solar system (SS) moves through the interstellar medium and collects these nucleosynthesis products. One such product is 60Fe, a radionuclide with a half-life of 2.6 My that is predominantly produced in massive stars and ejected in supernova explosions. Extraterrestrial 60Fe has been found on Earth, suggesting close-by supernova explosions ∼2 to 3 and ∼6 Ma. Here, we report on the detection of a continuous interstellar 60Fe influx on Earth over the past ∼33,000 y. This time period coincides with passage of our SS through such interstellar clouds, which have a significantly larger particle density compared to the local average interstellar medium embedding our SS for the past few million years. The interstellar 60Fe was extracted from five deep-sea sediment samples and accelerator mass spectrometry was used for single-atom counting. The low number of 19 detected atoms indicates a continued but low influx of interstellar 60Fe. The measured 60Fe time profile over the 33 ky, obtained with a time resolution of about ±9 ky, does not seem to reflect any large changes in the interstellar particle density during Earth's passage through local interstellar clouds, which could be expected if the local cloud represented an isolated remnant of the most recent supernova ejecta that traversed the Earth ∼2 to 3 Ma. The identified 60Fe influx may signal a late echo of some million-year-old supernovae with the 60Fe-bearing dust particles still permeating the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallner
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - J Feige
- Isotope Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Laboratory, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - L K Fifield
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M B Froehlich
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - R Golser
- Isotope Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Laboratory, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M A C Hotchkis
- Centre for Accelerator Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - D Koll
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - G Leckenby
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Martschini
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Isotope Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Laboratory, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Merchel
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Panjkov
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S Pavetich
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - G Rugel
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - S G Tims
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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20
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Abiola TT, Whittock AL, Stavros VG. Unravelling the Photoprotective Mechanisms of Nature-Inspired Ultraviolet Filters Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E3945. [PMID: 32872380 PMCID: PMC7504748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several drawbacks with the current commercially available ultraviolet (UV) filters used in sunscreen formulations, namely deleterious human and ecotoxic effects. As a result of the drawbacks, a current research interest is in identifying and designing new UV filters. One approach that has been explored in recent years is to use nature as inspiration, which is the focus of this review. Both plants and microorganisms have adapted to synthesize their own photoprotective molecules to guard their DNA from potentially harmful UV radiation. The relaxation mechanism of a molecule after it has been photoexcited can be unravelled by several techniques, the ones of most interest for this review being ultrafast spectroscopy and computational methods. Within the literature, both techniques have been implemented on plant-, and microbial-inspired UV filters to better understand their photoprotective roles in nature. This review aims to explore these findings for both families of nature-inspired UV filters in the hope of guiding the future design of sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope T. Abiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (T.T.A.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Abigail L. Whittock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (T.T.A.); (A.L.W.)
- AS CDT, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (T.T.A.); (A.L.W.)
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21
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Radiocarbon-based approach capable of subannual precision resolves the origins of the site of Por-Bajin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14038-14041. [PMID: 32513700 PMCID: PMC7321958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921301117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem with radiocarbon dating is that its resolution is only centennial or, at the very best, decadal. Thus, the method is incapable of resolving many historical problems. Here, we use recent developments in atmospheric science to date the construction of a renowned archaeological site to the exact year, in fact, to the exact season. Such precision opens up new possibilities for the broader study of human history. Achieving dates on an annual scale will offer the potential for new assessments to be made of considerable archaeological significance. Inadequate resolution is the principal limitation of radiocarbon dating. However, recent work has shown that exact-year precision is attainable if use can be made of past increases in atmospheric radiocarbon concentration or so-called Miyake events. Here, this nascent method is applied to an archaeological site of previously unknown age. We locate the distinctive radiocarbon signal of the year 775 common era (CE) in wood from the base of the Uyghur monument of Por-Bajin in Russia. Our analysis shows that the construction of Por-Bajin started in the summer of 777 CE, a foundation date that resolves decades of debate and allows the origin and purpose of the building to be established.
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22
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Prolonged production of 14C during the ~660 BCE solar proton event from Japanese tree rings. Sci Rep 2020; 10:660. [PMID: 31959822 PMCID: PMC6971252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual rings record the intensity of cosmic rays (CRs) that had entered into the Earth’s atmosphere. Several rapid 14C increases in the past, such as the 775 CE and 994CE 14C spikes, have been reported to originate from extreme solar proton events (SPEs). Another rapid 14C increase, also known as the ca. 660 BCE event in German oak tree rings as well as increases of 10Be and 36Cl in ice cores, was presumed similar to the 775 CE event; however, as the 14C increase of approximately 10‰ in 660 BCE had taken a rather longer rise time of 3–4 years as compared to that of the 775 CE event, the occurrence could not be simply associated to an extreme SPE. In this study, to elucidate the rapid increase in 14C concentrations in tree rings around 660 BCE, we have precisely measured the 14C concentrations of earlywoods and latewoods inside the annual rings of Japanese cedar for the period 669–633 BCE. Based on the feature of 14C production rate calculated from the fine measured profile of the 14C concentrations, we found that the 14C rapid increase occurred within 665–663.5 BCE, and that duration of 14C production describing the event is distributed from one month to 41 months. The possibility of occurrence of consecutive SPEs over up to three years is offered.
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23
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Scifo A, Kuitems M, Neocleous A, Pope BJS, Miles D, Jansma E, Doeve P, Smith AM, Miyake F, Dee MW. Radiocarbon Production Events and their Potential Relationship with the Schwabe Cycle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17056. [PMID: 31745128 PMCID: PMC6863917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme cosmic radiation events occurred in the years 774/5 and 993/4 CE, as revealed by anomalies in the concentration of radiocarbon in known-age tree-rings. Most hypotheses point towards intense solar storms as the cause for these events, although little direct experimental support for this claim has thus far come to light. In this study, we perform very high-precision accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements on dendrochronological tree-rings spanning the years of the events of interest, as well as the Carrington Event of 1859 CE, which is recognized as an extreme solar storm even though it did not generate an anomalous radiocarbon signature. Our data, comprising 169 new and previously published measurements, appear to delineate the modulation of radiocarbon production due to the Schwabe (11-year) solar cycle. Moreover, they suggest that all three events occurred around the maximum of the solar cycle, adding experimental support for a common solar origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scifo
- University of Groningen, Centre for Isotope Research, Nijenborgh 6, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M Kuitems
- University of Groningen, Centre for Isotope Research, Nijenborgh 6, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Neocleous
- University of Cyprus, Department of Computer Science, 1 University Avenue, 2109, Aglantzia, Cyprus
| | - B J S Pope
- NASA Sagan Fellow, Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics and Center for Data Science, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Miles
- Oxford University, Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, Mill Farm, Mapledurham, Oxfordshire, RG4 7TX, United Kingdom
| | - E Jansma
- Cultural Heritage Agency of The Netherlands, Smallepad 5, 3811 MG, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - P Doeve
- Cultural Heritage Agency of The Netherlands, Smallepad 5, 3811 MG, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - A M Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - F Miyake
- Nagoya University, Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - M W Dee
- University of Groningen, Centre for Isotope Research, Nijenborgh 6, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Neocleous A, Azzopardi G, Dee M. Identification of possible Δ 14C anomalies since 14 ka BP: A computational intelligence approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:162-169. [PMID: 30711582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increments in the concentration of the radiocarbon in the atmosphere (Δ14C) have been identified in the years 774-775 CE and 993-994 CE (Miyake events) using annual measurements on known-age tree-rings. The level of cosmic radiation implied by such increases could cause the failure of satellite telecommunication systems, and thus, there is a need to model and predict them. In this work, we investigated several intelligent computational methods to identify similar events in the past. We apply state-of-the-art pattern matching techniques as well as feature representation, a procedure that typically is used in machine learning and classification. To validate our findings, we used as ground truth the two confirmed Miyake events, and several other dates that have been proposed in the literature. We show that some of the methods used in this study successfully identify most of the ground truth events (~1% false positive rate at 75% true positive rate). Our results show that computational methods can be used to identify comparable patterns of interest and hence potentially uncover sudden increments of Δ14C in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Neocleous
- Center for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - George Azzopardi
- Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Dee
- Center for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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25
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Multiradionuclide evidence for an extreme solar proton event around 2,610 B.P. (∼660 BC). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5961-5966. [PMID: 30858311 PMCID: PMC6442557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815725116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been confirmed that extreme solar proton events can lead to significantly increased atmospheric production rates of cosmogenic radionuclides. Evidence of such events is recorded in annually resolved natural archives, such as tree rings [carbon-14 (14C)] and ice cores [beryllium-10 (10Be), chlorine-36 (36Cl)]. Here, we show evidence for an extreme solar event around 2,610 years B.P. (∼660 BC) based on high-resolution 10Be data from two Greenland ice cores. Our conclusions are supported by modeled 14C production rates for the same period. Using existing 36Cl ice core data in conjunction with 10Be, we further show that this solar event was characterized by a very hard energy spectrum. These results indicate that the 2,610-years B.P. event was an order of magnitude stronger than any solar event recorded during the instrumental period and comparable with the solar proton event of AD 774/775, the largest solar event known to date. The results illustrate the importance of multiple ice core radionuclide measurements for the reliable identification of short-term production rate increases and the assessment of their origins.
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26
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Tilley MA, Segura A, Meadows V, Hawley S, Davenport J. Modeling Repeated M Dwarf Flaring at an Earth-like Planet in the Habitable Zone: Atmospheric Effects for an Unmagnetized Planet. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:64-86. [PMID: 30070900 PMCID: PMC6340793 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of active M dwarf stars on the atmospheric equilibrium and surface conditions of a habitable zone Earth-like planet is key to assessing M dwarf planet habitability. Previous modeling of the impact of electromagnetic (EM) radiation and protons from a single large flare on an Earth-like atmosphere indicated that significant and long-term reductions in ozone were possible, but the atmosphere recovered. However, these stars more realistically exhibit frequent flaring with a distribution of different total energies and cadences. Here, we use a coupled 1D photochemical and radiative-convective model to investigate the effects of repeated flaring on the photochemistry and surface UV of an Earth-like planet unprotected by an intrinsic magnetic field. As input, we use time-resolved flare spectra obtained for the dM3 star AD Leonis, combined with flare occurrence frequencies and total energies (typically 1030.5 to 1034 erg) from the 4-year Kepler light curve for the dM4 flare star GJ1243, with varied proton event impact frequency. Our model results show that repeated EM-only flares have little effect on the ozone column depth but that multiple proton events can rapidly destroy the ozone column. Combining the realistic flare and proton event frequencies with nominal CME/SEP geometries, we find the ozone column for an Earth-like planet can be depleted by 94% in 10 years, with a downward trend that makes recovery unlikely and suggests further destruction. For more extreme stellar inputs, O3 depletion allows a constant ∼0.1-1 W m-2 of UVC at the planet's surface, which is likely detrimental to organic complexity. Our results suggest that active M dwarf hosts may comprehensively destroy ozone shields and subject the surface of magnetically unprotected Earth-like planets to long-term radiation that can damage complex organic structures. However, this does not preclude habitability, as a safe haven for life could still exist below an ocean surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt A. Tilley
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- NASA Astrobiology Institute—Virtual Planetary Laboratory Lead Team, USA
- Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Address correspondence to: Matt A. Tilley, University of Washington, Johnson Hall Rm-070, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195-1310
| | - Antígona Segura
- NASA Astrobiology Institute—Virtual Planetary Laboratory Lead Team, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Victoria Meadows
- NASA Astrobiology Institute—Virtual Planetary Laboratory Lead Team, USA
- Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzanne Hawley
- NASA Astrobiology Institute—Virtual Planetary Laboratory Lead Team, USA
- Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James Davenport
- NASA Astrobiology Institute—Virtual Planetary Laboratory Lead Team, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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27
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Büntgen U, Wacker L, Galván JD, Arnold S, Arseneault D, Baillie M, Beer J, Bernabei M, Bleicher N, Boswijk G, Bräuning A, Carrer M, Ljungqvist FC, Cherubini P, Christl M, Christie DA, Clark PW, Cook ER, D'Arrigo R, Davi N, Eggertsson Ó, Esper J, Fowler AM, Gedalof Z, Gennaretti F, Grießinger J, Grissino-Mayer H, Grudd H, Gunnarson BE, Hantemirov R, Herzig F, Hessl A, Heussner KU, Jull AJT, Kukarskih V, Kirdyanov A, Kolář T, Krusic PJ, Kyncl T, Lara A, LeQuesne C, Linderholm HW, Loader NJ, Luckman B, Miyake F, Myglan VS, Nicolussi K, Oppenheimer C, Palmer J, Panyushkina I, Pederson N, Rybníček M, Schweingruber FH, Seim A, Sigl M, Churakova Sidorova O, Speer JH, Synal HA, Tegel W, Treydte K, Villalba R, Wiles G, Wilson R, Winship LJ, Wunder J, Yang B, Young GHF. Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3605. [PMID: 30190505 PMCID: PMC6127282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Though tree-ring chronologies are annually resolved, their dating has never been independently validated at the global scale. Moreover, it is unknown if atmospheric radiocarbon enrichment events of cosmogenic origin leave spatiotemporally consistent fingerprints. Here we measure the 14C content in 484 individual tree rings formed in the periods 770–780 and 990–1000 CE. Distinct 14C excursions starting in the boreal summer of 774 and the boreal spring of 993 ensure the precise dating of 44 tree-ring records from five continents. We also identify a meridional decline of 11-year mean atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations across both hemispheres. Corroborated by historical eye-witness accounts of red auroras, our results suggest a global exposure to strong solar proton radiation. To improve understanding of the return frequency and intensity of past cosmic events, which is particularly important for assessing the potential threat of space weather on our society, further annually resolved 14C measurements are needed. Despite their extensive use, the absolute dating of tree-ring chronologies has not hitherto been independently validated at the global scale. Here, the identification of distinct 14C excursions in 484 individual tree rings, enable the authors to confirm the dating of 44 dendrochronologies from five continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. .,Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Geography, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Diego Galván
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Arnold
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Arseneault
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, University of Québec in Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael Baillie
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jürg Beer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Bernabei
- CNR-IVALSA, Trees and Timber Institute, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Niels Bleicher
- Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gretel Boswijk
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of History, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Duncan A Christie
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter W Clark
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Edward R Cook
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Rosanne D'Arrigo
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Nicole Davi
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
| | | | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anthony M Fowler
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ze'ev Gedalof
- Department of Geography, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fabio Gennaretti
- AgroParisTech, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jussi Grießinger
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henri Grissino-Mayer
- Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0925, USA
| | - Håkan Grudd
- Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn E Gunnarson
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rashit Hantemirov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Franz Herzig
- Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Amy Hessl
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, WV, 26505-6300, USA
| | | | - A J Timothy Jull
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Research, H-4001, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vladimir Kukarskih
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Alexander Kirdyanov
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,Navarino Environmental Observatory, GR-24001, Messinia, Greece
| | - Tomáš Kyncl
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Lara
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos LeQuesne
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans W Linderholm
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Neil J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Brian Luckman
- Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Fusa Miyake
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Kurt Nicolussi
- Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Jonathan Palmer
- Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives Research Centre, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Irina Panyushkina
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andrea Seim
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sigl
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Olga Churakova Sidorova
- Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James H Speer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Archaeological Service Kanton Thurgau (AATG), 8510, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, IANIGLA - CONICET, Mendoza, CP 330, 5500, Argentina
| | - Greg Wiles
- Department of of Earth Sciences, The College of Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Rob Wilson
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA.,School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AJ, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Jan Wunder
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Giles H F Young
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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28
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Uusitalo J, Arppe L, Hackman T, Helama S, Kovaltsov G, Mielikäinen K, Mäkinen H, Nöjd P, Palonen V, Usoskin I, Oinonen M. Solar superstorm of AD 774 recorded subannually by Arctic tree rings. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3495. [PMID: 30154404 PMCID: PMC6113262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a rapid increase in radiocarbon (14C) was observed in Japanese tree rings at AD 774/775. Various explanations for the anomaly have been offered, such as a supernova, a γ-ray burst, a cometary impact, or an exceptionally large Solar Particle Event (SPE). However, evidence of the origin and exact timing of the event remains incomplete. In particular, a key issue of latitudinal dependence of the 14C intensity has not been addressed yet. Here, we show that the event was most likely caused by the Sun and occurred during the spring of AD 774. Particularly, the event intensities from various locations show a strong correlation with the latitude, demonstrating a particle-induced 14C poleward increase, in accord with the solar origin of the event. Furthermore, both annual 14C data and carbon cycle modelling, and separate earlywood and latewood 14C measurements, confine the photosynthetic carbon fixation to around the midsummer. Tree rings retain information of sudden variations of ancient radiocarbon (14C) content, however the origin and exact timing of these events often remain uncertain. Here, the authors analyze a set of Arctic tree rings and link a rapid increase in 14C to a solar event that occurred during the spring of AD 774.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uusitalo
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - L Arppe
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Hackman
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Helama
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Eteläranta 55, 96300 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - G Kovaltsov
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - K Mielikäinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - H Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - P Nöjd
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - V Palonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Usoskin
- Space Climate Research Unit and Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - M Oinonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Modulation of Cosmogenic Tritium in Meteoric Precipitation by the 11-year Cycle of Solar Magnetic Field Activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12813. [PMID: 30143744 PMCID: PMC6109153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the atmospheric concentration of cosmogenic isotopes, the change of solar activity and hence secondary neutron flux has already been proven. The temporal atmospheric variation of the most studied cosmogenic isotopes shows a significant anti-correlation with solar cycles. However, since artificial tritium input to the atmosphere due to nuclear-weapon tests masked the expected variations of tritium production rate by three orders of magnitude, the natural variation of tritium in meteoric precipitation has not previously been detected. For the first time, we provide clear evidence of the positive correlation between the tritium concentration of meteoric precipitation and neutron flux modulated by solar magnetic activity. We found trends in tritium time series for numerous locations worldwide which are similar to the variation of secondary neutron flux and sun spot numbers. This variability appears to have similar periodicities to that of solar cycle. Frequency analysis, cross correlation analysis, continuous and cross wavelet analysis provide mathematical evidence that the correlation between solar cycle and meteoric tritium does exist. Our results demonstrate that the response of tritium variation in precipitation to the solar cycle can be used to help us understand its role in the water cycle.
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30
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31
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Wang FY, Yu H, Zou YC, Dai ZG, Cheng KS. A rapid cosmic-ray increase in BC 3372-3371 from ancient buried tree rings in China. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1487. [PMID: 29133840 PMCID: PMC5684315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmic rays interact with the Earth's atmosphere to produce 14C, which can be absorbed by trees. Therefore, rapid increases of 14C in tree rings can be used to probe previous cosmic-ray events. By this method, three 14C rapidly increasing events have been found. Plausible causes of these events include large solar proton events, supernovae, or short gamma-ray bursts. However, due to the lack of measurements of 14C by year, the occurrence frequency of such 14C rapidly increasing events is poorly known. In addition, rapid increases may be hidden in the IntCal13 data with five-year resolution. Here we report the result of 14C measurements using an ancient buried tree during the period between BC 3388 and 3358. We found a rapid increase of about 9‰ in the 14C content from BC 3372 to BC 3371. We suggest that this event could originate from a large solar proton event.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - H Yu
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Y C Zou
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Z G Dai
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - K S Cheng
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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32
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33
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Kobashi T, Menviel L, Jeltsch-Thömmes A, Vinther BM, Box JE, Muscheler R, Nakaegawa T, Pfister PL, Döring M, Leuenberger M, Wanner H, Ohmura A. Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1441. [PMID: 28469185 PMCID: PMC5431187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar variability has been hypothesized to be a major driver of North Atlantic millennial-scale climate variations through the Holocene along with orbitally induced insolation change. However, another important climate driver, volcanic forcing has generally been underestimated prior to the past 2,500 years partly owing to the lack of proper proxy temperature records. Here, we reconstruct seasonally unbiased and physically constrained Greenland Summit temperatures over the Holocene using argon and nitrogen isotopes within trapped air in a Greenland ice core (GISP2). We show that a series of volcanic eruptions through the Holocene played an important role in driving centennial to millennial-scale temperature changes in Greenland. The reconstructed Greenland temperature exhibits significant millennial correlations with K+ and Na+ ions in the GISP2 ice core (proxies for atmospheric circulation patterns), and δ18O of Oman and Chinese Dongge cave stalagmites (proxies for monsoon activity), indicating that the reconstructed temperature contains hemispheric signals. Climate model simulations forced with the volcanic forcing further suggest that a series of large volcanic eruptions induced hemispheric-wide centennial to millennial-scale variability through ocean/sea-ice feedbacks. Therefore, we conclude that volcanic activity played a critical role in driving centennial to millennial-scale Holocene temperature variability in Greenland and likely beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kobashi
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Renewable Energy Institute, Minato-ku, 105-0003, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Laurie Menviel
- Climate Change Research Centre and PANGEA Research Centre, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bo M Vinther
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jason E Box
- Geological Survey of Greenland and Denmark, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raimund Muscheler
- Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik L Pfister
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Döring
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Leuenberger
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Wanner
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Atsumu Ohmura
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Sukhodolov T, Usoskin I, Rozanov E, Asvestari E, Ball WT, Curran MAJ, Fischer H, Kovaltsov G, Miyake F, Peter T, Plummer C, Schmutz W, Severi M, Traversi R. Atmospheric impacts of the strongest known solar particle storm of 775 AD. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45257. [PMID: 28349934 PMCID: PMC5368659 DOI: 10.1038/srep45257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic solar energetic particle (SEP) events affect the Earth’s atmosphere and environment, in particular leading to depletion of the protective ozone layer in the Earth’s atmosphere, and pose potential technological and even life hazards. The greatest SEP storm known for the last 11 millennia (the Holocene) occurred in 774–775 AD, serving as a likely worst-case scenario being 40–50 times stronger than any directly observed one. Here we present a systematic analysis of the impact such an extreme event can have on the Earth’s atmosphere. Using state-of-the-art cosmic ray cascade and chemistry-climate models, we successfully reproduce the observed variability of cosmogenic isotope 10Be, around 775 AD, in four ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica, thereby validating the models in the assessment of this event. We add to prior conclusions that any nitrate deposition signal from SEP events remains too weak to be detected in ice cores by showing that, even for such an extreme solar storm and sub-annual data resolution, the nitrate deposition signal is indistinguishable from the seasonal cycle. We show that such a severe event is able to perturb the polar stratosphere for at least one year, leading to regional changes in the surface temperature during northern hemisphere winters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofei Sukhodolov
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland.,Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilya Usoskin
- Space Climate Research group, University of Oulu, Finland.,Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Eugene Rozanov
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland.,Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - William T Ball
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland.,Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark A J Curran
- Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia.,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Hubertus Fischer
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Fusa Miyake
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Thomas Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Plummer
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Werner Schmutz
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Severi
- Dept. of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- Dept. of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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35
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Eastwood JP, Biffis E, Hapgood MA, Green L, Bisi MM, Bentley RD, Wicks R, McKinnell LA, Gibbs M, Burnett C. The Economic Impact of Space Weather: Where Do We Stand? RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:206-218. [PMID: 28230267 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Space weather describes the way in which the Sun, and conditions in space more generally, impact human activity and technology both in space and on the ground. It is now well understood that space weather represents a significant threat to infrastructure resilience, and is a source of risk that is wide-ranging in its impact and the pathways by which this impact may occur. Although space weather is growing rapidly as a field, work rigorously assessing the overall economic cost of space weather appears to be in its infancy. Here, we provide an initial literature review to gather and assess the quality of any published assessments of space weather impacts and socioeconomic studies. Generally speaking, there is a good volume of scientific peer-reviewed literature detailing the likelihood and statistics of different types of space weather phenomena. These phenomena all typically exhibit "power-law" behavior in their severity. The literature on documented impacts is not as extensive, with many case studies, but few statistical studies. The literature on the economic impacts of space weather is rather sparse and not as well developed when compared to the other sections, most probably due to the somewhat limited data that are available from end-users. The major risk is attached to power distribution systems and there is disagreement as to the severity of the technological footprint. This strongly controls the economic impact. Consequently, urgent work is required to better quantify the risk of future space weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Eastwood
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - E Biffis
- Department of Finance, Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
- Department of Risk Management and Insurance, J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M A Hapgood
- RAL Space, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - L Green
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK
| | - M M Bisi
- RAL Space, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - R D Bentley
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK
| | - R Wicks
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | | | - M Gibbs
- Space Weather Programme, Met Office, Exeter, UK
| | - C Burnett
- Space Weather Programme, Met Office, Exeter, UK
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36
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Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:881-884. [PMID: 28100493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613144114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiocarbon content in tree rings can be an excellent proxy of the past incoming cosmic ray intensities to Earth. Although such past cosmic ray variations have been studied by measurements of 14C contents in tree rings with ≥10-y time resolution for the Holocene, there are few annual 14C data. There is a little understanding about annual 14C variations in the past, with the exception of a few periods including the AD 774-775 14C excursion where annual measurements have been performed. Here, we report the result of 14C measurements using the bristlecone pine tree rings for the period from 5490 BC to 5411 BC with 1- to 2-y resolution, and a finding of an extraordinarily large 14C increase (20‰) from 5481 BC to 5471 BC (the 5480 BC event). The 14C increase rate of this event is much larger than that of the normal grand solar minima. We propose the possible causes of this event are an unknown phase of grand solar minimum, or a combination of successive solar proton events and a normal grand solar minimum.
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Hayakawa H, Mitsuma Y, Ebihara Y, Kawamura AD, Miyahara H, Tamazawa H, Isobe H. Earliest datable records of aurora-like phenomena in the astronomical diaries from Babylonia. EARTH, PLANETS, AND SPACE : EPS 2016; 68:195. [PMID: 28003792 PMCID: PMC5127895 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-016-0571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The astronomical diaries from Babylonia (ADB) are excellent sources of information of natural phenomena, including astronomical ones, in pre-Christ era because it contains the record of highly continuous and systematic observations. In this article, we present results of a survey of aurora-like phenomena in ADB, spanning from BCE 652 to BCE 61. We have found nine records of aurora-like phenomena. Philological and scientific examinations suggest that five of them can be considered as likely candidate for aurora observations. They provide unique information about the solar and aurora activities in the first millennium BCE. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Mitsuma
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ebihara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Isobe
- Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies for Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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38
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Dee MW, Pope BJS. Anchoring historical sequences using a new source of astro-chronological tie-points. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20160263. [PMID: 27616924 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of past spikes in atmospheric radiocarbon activity, caused by major solar energetic particle events, has opened up new possibilities for high-precision chronometry. The two spikes, or Miyake Events, have now been widely identified in tree-rings that grew in the years 775 and 994 CE. Furthermore, all other plant material that grew in these years would also have incorporated the anomalously high concentrations of radiocarbon. Crucially, some plant-based artefacts, such as papyrus documents, timber beams and linen garments, can also be allocated to specific positions within long, currently unfixed, historical sequences. Thus, Miyake Events represent a new source of tie-points that could provide the means for anchoring early chronologies to the absolute timescale. Here, we explore this possibility, outlining the most expeditious approaches, the current challenges and obstacles, and how they might best be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Dee
- RLAHA, Dyson Perrins Building , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QY , UK
| | - Benjamin J S Pope
- Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RH , UK
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39
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Karoff C, Knudsen MF, De Cat P, Bonanno A, Fogtmann-Schulz A, Fu J, Frasca A, Inceoglu F, Olsen J, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Wang Y, Shi J, Zhang W. Observational evidence for enhanced magnetic activity of superflare stars. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11058. [PMID: 27009381 PMCID: PMC4820840 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Superflares are large explosive events on stellar surfaces one to six orders-of-magnitude larger than the largest flares observed on the Sun throughout the space age. Due to the huge amount of energy released in these superflares, it has been speculated if the underlying mechanism is the same as for solar flares, which are caused by magnetic reconnection in the solar corona. Here, we analyse observations made with the LAMOST telescope of 5,648 solar-like stars, including 48 superflare stars. These observations show that superflare stars are generally characterized by larger chromospheric emissions than other stars, including the Sun. However, superflare stars with activity levels lower than, or comparable to, the Sun do exist, suggesting that solar flares and superflares most likely share the same origin. The very large ensemble of solar-like stars included in this study enables detailed and robust estimates of the relation between chromospheric activity and the occurrence of superflares. Superflares are large explosive events on stellar surfaces, much larger than solar flares, but it remains unclear whether they share the same origin. Here, the authors analysed 48 superflare stars and determine the relation between their chromospheric activity and the occurrence of superflares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Karoff
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads Faurschou Knudsen
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter De Cat
- Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Alfio Bonanno
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S.Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Jianning Fu
- Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, 19 Avenue Xinjiekouwai, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Antonio Frasca
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S.Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Fadil Inceoglu
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Olsen
- AMS, 14C Dating Centre, Department of Physics, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yong Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yonghui Hou
- Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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