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Walton IS, McCann E, Weber A, Morton JEV, Noons P, Wilson LC, Ching RC, Cilliers D, Johnson D, Phipps JM, Shears DJ, Thomas GPL, Wall SA, Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. Reassessing the association: Evaluation of a polyalanine deletion variant of RUNX2 in non-syndromic sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38760592 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The RUNT-related transcription factor RUNX2 plays a critical role in osteoblast differentiation, and alterations to gene dosage cause distinct craniofacial anomalies. Uniquely amongst the RUNT-related family, vertebrate RUNX2 encodes a polyglutamine/polyalanine repeat (Gln23-Glu-Ala17 in humans), with the length of the polyalanine component completely conserved in great apes. Surprisingly, a frequent 6-amino acid deletion polymorphism, p.(Ala84_Ala89)del, occurs in humans (termed 11A allele), and a previous association study (Cuellar et al. Bone 137:115395;2020) reported that the 11A variant was significantly more frequent in non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis (nsSag; allele frequency [AF] = 0.156; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.126-0.189) compared to non-syndromic metopic craniosynostosis (nsMet; AF = 0.068; 95% CI 0.045-0.098). However, the gnomAD v.2.1.1 control population used by Cuellar et al. did not display Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, hampering interpretation. To re-examine this association, we genotyped the RUNX2 11A polymorphism in 225 individuals with sporadic nsSag as parent-child trios and 164 singletons with sporadic nsMet, restricting our analysis to individuals of European ancestry. We compared observed allele frequencies to the non-transmitted alleles in the parent-child trios, and to the genome sequencing data from gnomAD v.4, which display Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed AFs (and 95% CI) were 0.076 (0.053-0.104) in nsSag and 0.082 (0.055-0.118) in nsMet, compared with 0.062 (0.042-0.089) in non-transmitted parental alleles and 0.065 (0.063-0.067) in gnomAD v.4.0.0 non-Finnish European control genomes. In summary, we observed a non-significant excess, compared to gnomAD data, of 11A alleles in both nsSag (relative risk 1.18, 95% CI 0.83-1.67) and nsMet (relative risk 1.29, 95% CI 0.87-1.92), but we did not replicate the much higher excess of RUNX2 11A alleles in nsSag previously reported (p = 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac S Walton
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma McCann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Astrid Weber
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Jenny E V Morton
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Craniofacial Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Noons
- Birmingham Craniofacial Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise C Wilson
- Clinical Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rosanna C Ching
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Deirdre Cilliers
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie M Phipps
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah J Shears
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Gregory P L Thomas
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven A Wall
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen R F Twigg
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Berber U, Gül Şıraz Ü, Yakubi M, Gök E, Kara L, Kiraz A, Dündar M, Hatipoglu N. A Case Series of Three Patients with Cleidocranial Dysplasia: Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Considerations. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024:10556656241234742. [PMID: 38414358 DOI: 10.1177/10556656241234742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare genetic condition that affects the bones and teeth. In our study, we presented three cases of CCD, including one with a new mutation and two with a family history. Case 1 had a unique heterozygous frameshift mutation (NM_001015051,c.762del, p.(Ser256Valfs*2)), while Case 2 and her brother (Case 3) had a common pathogenic missense mutation (NM_001015051,c.674G, p.Arg225Gln), which was also found in their father. The mutation in Case 1 was not reported before. Interestingly, the symptoms in Case 1, with the new mutation, were less severe than the other cases and the previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Berber
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Gül Şıraz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yakubi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ebru Gök
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Leyla Kara
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aslihan Kiraz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Munis Dündar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nihal Hatipoglu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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Lee DE, Park KH, Hong JH, Kim SH, Park KM, Kim KH. Anti-osteoporosis effects of triterpenoids from the fruit of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) through the promotion of osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells, C3H10T1/2. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:771-781. [PMID: 37751030 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we discovered that the ethanolic extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) fruits exhibited anti-osteoporosis effects both in vitro and in vivo. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, we identified the hexane fraction (HRH) as the active fraction, which was further fractionated using preparative HPLC. Among the resulting six fractions, HRHF4 showed significant activity. In the present study, we focused on the bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive compounds from the HRHF4 fraction. We successfully identified the active HRHF43 fraction, which led us to the isolation of potential bioactive compounds (1-6). The chemical structures of these compounds were determined using NMR data, LC-MS analysis, and HR-ESI-MS data as four triterpenes, ursolic acid (1), uvaol (2), oleanolic aldehyde (3), and ursolic aldehyde (4), together with two fatty acids, methyl linoleate (5) and ethyl oleate (6). To evaluate the efficacy of promoting osteoblast differentiation and the expression of mRNA biomarkers related to osteogenesis, we tested the isolated compounds in the mouse mesenchymal stem cell line, C3H10T1/2. Alkaline phosphate staining demonstrated that triterpenes (1-4) displayed osteogenic activity. Particularly noteworthy, ursolic aldehyde (4) exhibited the most potent effect, showing an 11.2-fold higher activity at a concentration of 10 μg/mL compared to the negative control. Moreover, ursolic aldehyde (4) upregulated the gene expression of bone formation-related biomarkers, including Runx2, Osterix, Alp, and Osteopontin. These findings suggest that the fruit extract of H. rhamnoides may have potential as a nutraceutical for promoting bone health, with ursolic aldehyde (4) identified as an active constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Hee Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Laboratories, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hee Kim
- Research Institute, Sungkyun Biotech Co., Ltd., Anyang, 14118, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Moon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang S, Li T, Feng Y, Zhang K, Zou J, Weng X, Yuan Y, Zhang L. Exercise improves subchondral bone microenvironment through regulating bone-cartilage crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1159393. [PMID: 37288291 PMCID: PMC10242115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1159393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage degeneration has been proved to cause a variety of joint diseases, among which osteoarthritis is the most typical. Osteoarthritis is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and persistent pain, which affects the quality of life of patients as well as brings a heavy burden to society. The occurrence and development of osteoarthritis is related to the disorder of the subchondral bone microenvironment. Appropriate exercise can improve the subchondral bone microenvironment, thus playing an essential role in preventing and treating osteoarthritis. However, the exact mechanism whereby exercise improves the subchondral bone microenvironment remains unclear. There is biomechanical interaction as well as biochemical crosstalk between bone and cartilage. And the crosstalk between bone and cartilage is the key to bone-cartilage homeostasis maintenance. From the perspective of biomechanical and biochemical crosstalk between bone and cartilage, this paper reviews the effects of exercise-mediated bone-cartilage crosstalk on the subchondral bone microenvironment, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of degenerative bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Feng
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keping Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiquan Weng
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
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5
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Xu HJ, Liu XZ, Yang L, Ning Y, Xu LL, Sun DM, Liao W, Yang Y, Li ZH. Runx2 overexpression promotes bone repair of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4769-4779. [PMID: 37029290 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) has been considered an inducer to improve bone repair ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four rabbits were used to establish Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) and randomly devided into four groups: Adenovirus Runx2 (Ad-Runx2) group, Runx2-siRNA group, MSCs group and Model group. At 1 week after model establishment, the Ad-Runx2 group was treated with 5 × 107 MSCs transfected through Ad-Runx2, the Runx2-siRNA group was treated with 5 × 107 MSCs transfected through Runx2-siRNA, the MSCs group was injected with 5 × 107 untreated MSCs, and the Model group was treated with saline. The injection was administered at 1 week and 3 weeks after model establishment. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), Runx2 and Osterix from the femoral head was detected at 3 and 6 weeks after MSCs being injected, and Masson Trichrome Staining, Gross Morphology, X-ray and CT images observation were used to evaluate the repair effect of ONFH. The data revealed that the expression of BMP-2, Runx2 and Osterix in the Runx2-siRNA group was reduced at 3 weeks compared with the MSCs group, and then the expression further reduced at 6 weeks, but was still higher than the Model group besides Osterix; The expression of these three genes in the Ad-Runx2 group was higher than in the MSCs group. Masson Trichrome Staining, Gross Morphology and X-ray and CT images observation revealed that necrotic femoral head of the MSCs group was more regular and smooth than the Runx2-siRNA group, which has a collapsed and irregular femoral head. In the Ad-Runx2 group, necrotic femoral head was basically completely repaired and covered by rich cartilage and bone tissue. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of Runx2 can improve osteoblastic phenotype maintenance of MSCs and promote necrotic bone repair of ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiang-Zhong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yu Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, XiangYang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | | | - Da-Ming Sun
- Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhang-Hua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Matsumoto Y, Rottapel R. PARsylation-mediated ubiquitylation: lessons from rare hereditary disease Cherubism. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:390-405. [PMID: 36948987 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Modification of proteins by ADP-ribose (PARsylation) is catalyzed by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of enzymes exemplified by PARP1, which controls chromatin organization and DNA repair. Additionally, PARsylation induces ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of its substrates because PARsylation creates a recognition site for E3-ubiquitin ligase. The steady-state levels of the adaptor protein SH3-domain binding protein 2 (3BP2) is negatively regulated by tankyrase (PARP5), which coordinates ubiquitylation of 3BP2 by the E3-ligase ring finger protein 146 (RNF146). 3BP2 missense mutations uncouple 3BP2 from tankyrase-mediated negative regulation and cause Cherubism, an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory disorder associated with craniofacial dysmorphia. In this review, we summarize the diverse biological processes, including bone dynamics, metabolism, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling controlled by tankyrase-mediated PARsylation of 3BP2, and highlight the therapeutic potential of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
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Asano Y, Matsumoto Y, Wada J, Rottapel R. E3-ubiquitin ligases and recent progress in osteoimmunology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120710. [PMID: 36911671 PMCID: PMC9996189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation is a post-transcriptional protein modification that is comprised of various components including the 76-amino acid protein ubiquitin (Ub), Ub-activating enzyme (E1), Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2), ubiquitin ligase (E3), deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) and proteasome. We and others have recently provided genetic evidence showing that E3-ubiquitin ligases are associated with bone metabolism, the immune system and inflammation through ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of their substrates. Dysregulation of the E3-ubiquitin ligase RNF146-mediated degradation of the adaptor protein 3BP2 (SH3 domain-binding protein 2) causes cherubism, an autosomal dominant disorder associated with severe inflammatory craniofacial dysmorphia syndrome in children. In this review, on the basis of our discoveries in cherubism, we summarize new insights into the roles of E3-ubiquitin ligases in the development of human disorders caused by an abnormal osteoimmune system by highlighting recent genetic evidence obtained in both human and animal model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Asano
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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RUNX Proteins as Epigenetic Modulators in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223687. [PMID: 36429115 PMCID: PMC9688118 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX proteins are highly conserved in metazoans and perform critical functions during development. Dysregulation of RUNX proteins through various molecular mechanisms facilitates the development and progression of various cancers, where different RUNX proteins show tumor type-specific functions and regulate different aspects of tumorigenesis by cross-talking with different signaling pathways such as Wnt, TGF-β, and Hippo. Molecularly, they could serve as transcription factors (TFs) to activate their direct target genes or interact with many other TFs to modulate chromatin architecture globally. Here, we review the current knowledge on the functions and regulations of RUNX proteins in different cancer types and highlight their potential role as epigenetic modulators in cancer.
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Huang MZ, Chen HY, Peng GX, Sun H, Peng HC, Li HY, Liu XH, Li Q. Exosomes from artesunate-treated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transferring SNHG7 to promote osteogenesis via TAF15-RUNX2 pathway. Regen Med 2022; 17:819-833. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Effect of artesunate (ART)-treated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) on osteogenesis and its underlying mechanisms were investigated. Materials & methods: Proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcified nodule formation of osteoblasts were determined. A mouse model of osteoporosis was established by ovariectomy. Results: SNHG7 was upregulated in BMSC-Exos by twofold, which was further enhanced in ART-BMSC-Exos by about twofold. ART intensified BMSC-Exos-induced proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity by about fourfold, calcified nodule formation by about threefold and upregulation of osteogenesis related molecules RUNX2 (by 50%), BMP2 (by 30%) and ATF4 (by 40%) via delivering SNHG7. Mechanistically, SNHG7 recruited TAF15 to facilitate RUNX2 stability. Conclusion: ART-BMSC-Exos facilitated osteogenesis via delivering SNHG7 by modulating TAF15/RUNX2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhi Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Hong-Yan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Guo-Xuan Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Hong-Cheng Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Hai-Yang Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
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Jiang Q, Qin X, Nagano K, Komori H, Matsuo Y, Taniuchi I, Ito K, Komori T. Different Requirements of CBFB and RUNX2 in Skeletal Development among Calvaria, Limbs, Vertebrae and Ribs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13299. [PMID: 36362086 PMCID: PMC9657020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX proteins, such as RUNX2, regulate the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Haploinsufficiency of RUNX2 causes cleidocranial dysplasia, but a detailed analysis of Runx2+/- mice has not been reported. Furthermore, CBFB is required for the stability and DNA binding of RUNX family proteins. CBFB has two isoforms, and CBFB2 plays a major role in skeletal development. The calvaria, femurs, vertebrae and ribs in Cbfb2-/- mice were analyzed after birth, and compared with those in Runx2+/- mice. Calvarial development was impaired in Runx2+/- mice but mildly delayed in Cbfb2-/- mice. In femurs, the cortical bone but not trabecular bone was reduced in Cbfb2-/- mice, whereas both the trabecular and cortical bone were reduced in Runx2+/- mice. The trabecular bone in vertebrae increased in Cbfb2-/- mice but not in Runx2+/- mice. Rib development was impaired in Cbfb2-/- mice but not in Runx2+/- mice. These differences were likely caused by differences in the indispensability of CBFB and RUNX2, the balance of bone formation and resorption, or the number and maturation stage of osteoblasts. Thus, different amounts of CBFB and RUNX2 were required among the bone tissues for proper bone development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Bone Metabolism, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hisato Komori
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuo
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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11
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Anti-Osteoporosis Effects of the Fruit of Sea Buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides) through Promotion of Osteogenic Differentiation in Ovariectomized Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173604. [PMID: 36079860 PMCID: PMC9460184 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Hippophae rhamnoides has been widely used for medicinal purposes because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet, and antimicrobial effects. Since there are no clear reports on the therapeutic efficacy of H. rhamnoides in osteoporosis, this study aimed to confirm the potential use of H. rhamnoides for the treatment of osteoporosis through its osteogenic differentiation-promoting effect in ovariectomized mice. Through an in vitro study, we compared the effects of the EtOH extract of H. rhamnoides fruits (EHRF) on the differentiation of C3H10T1/2, a mouse mesenchymal stem cell line, into osteoblasts based on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and the relative expression of osteogenesis-related mRNAs. The EHRF significantly stimulated the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and showed 7.5 times (* p < 0.05) higher osteogenesis than in the untreated control. A solvent fractionation process of EHRF showed that the hexane-soluble fraction (HRH) showed 10.4 times (** p < 0.01) higher osteogenesis than in the untreated control. Among the subfractions derived from the active HRH by preparative HPLC fractionation, HRHF4 showed 7.5 times (* p < 0.05) higher osteogenesis than in the untreated naïve cells, and HRH and HRHF4 fractions showed 22.6 times (*** p < 0.001) stronger osteogenesis activity than in the negative control. Osteoporosis was induced by excision of both ovaries in 9-week-old female ICR mice for in vivo analysis, and two active fractions, HRH and HRHF4, were administered orally for three months. During the oral administration period, body weight was measured weekly, and bone mineral density (BMD) and body fat density were measured simultaneously using a DEXA machine once a month. In particular, during the in vivo study, the average BMD of the ovariectomized group decreased by 0.0009 g/cm2, whereas the average BMD of the HRH intake group increased by 0.0033 g/cm2 (* p < 0.05) and that of the HRHF4 intake group increased by 0.0059 g/cm2 (** p < 0.01). The HRH and HRHF4 intake groups significantly recovered the mRNA and protein expression of osteogenic genes, including ALP, Osteopontin, Runx2, and Osterix, in the osteoporosis mouse tibia. These findings suggest that the active fractions of H. rhamnoides fruit significantly promoted osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells and increased osteogenic gene expression, resulting in an improvement in bone mineral density in the osteoporosis mouse model. Taken together, H. rhamnoides fruits are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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12
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Wang L, You X, Ruan D, Shao R, Dai HQ, Shen W, Xu GL, Liu W, Zou W. TET enzymes regulate skeletal development through increasing chromatin accessibility of RUNX2 target genes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4709. [PMID: 35953487 PMCID: PMC9372040 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases mediate cytosine demethylation by catalyzing the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). TET-mediated DNA demethylation controls the proper differentiation of embryonic stem cells and TET members display functional redundancy during early gastrulation. However, it is unclear if TET proteins have functional significance in mammalian skeletal development. Here, we report that Tet genes deficiency in mesoderm mesenchymal stem cells results in severe defects of bone development. The existence of any single Tet gene allele can support early bone formation, suggesting a functional redundancy of TET proteins. Integrative analyses of RNA-seq, Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS), 5hmC-Seal and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq) demonstrate that TET-mediated demethylation increases the chromatin accessibility of target genes by RUNX2 and facilities RUNX2-regulated transcription. In addition, TET proteins interact with RUNX2 through their catalytic domain to regulate cytosine methylation around RUNX2 binding region. The catalytic domain is indispensable for TET enzymes to regulate RUNX2 transcription activity on its target genes and to regulate bone development. These results demonstrate that TET enzymes function to regulate RUNX2 activity and maintain skeletal homeostasis. Here the authors investigate the role of the TET family of DNA demethylases in mammalian skeletal development. They find that loss of TETs leads to hypermethylation that results in decreased chromatin accessibility of RUNX2 target genes, repressing osteoblast differentiation and leading to skeletal defects in mouse such as short limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiuling You
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dengfeng Ruan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, 314400, China
| | - Rui Shao
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hai-Qiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, China. .,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, 314400, China.
| | - Weiguo Zou
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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13
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BMP Signaling Pathway in Dentin Development and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142216. [PMID: 35883659 PMCID: PMC9317121 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways. The interaction of BMPs with their receptors leads to the formation of complexes and the transduction of signals to the canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non-canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, MAPKs, p38, Erk, JNK, and PI3K/Akt) to regulate dental mesenchymal stem cell/progenitor proliferation and differentiation during dentin development and homeostasis. Both the canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, such as Dlx3, Osx, Runx2, and others, to promote the differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal cells into odontoblasts and downregulated gene expressions, such as those of DSPP and DMP1. Dysregulated BMP signaling causes a number of tooth disorders in humans. Mutation or knockout of BMP signaling-associated genes in mice results in dentin defects which enable a better understanding of the BMP signaling networks underlying odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of BMP signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. It includes discussion of the expression of BMPs, their receptors, and the implicated downstream genes during dentinogenesis. In addition, the structures of BMPs, BMP receptors, antagonists, and dysregulation of BMP signaling pathways associated with dentin defects are described.
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14
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Dalle Carbonare L, Bertacco J, Gaglio SC, Minoia A, Cominacini M, Cheri S, Deiana M, Marchetto G, Bisognin A, Gandini A, Antoniazzi F, Perduca M, Mottes M, Valenti MT. Fisetin: An Integrated Approach to Identify a Strategy Promoting Osteogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:890693. [PMID: 35652047 PMCID: PMC9149166 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.890693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids may modulate the bone formation process. Among flavonoids, fisetin is known to counteract tumor growth, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, fisetin prevents inflammation-induced bone loss. In order to evaluate its favorable use in osteogenesis, we assayed fisetin supplementation in both in vitro and in vivo models and gathered information on nanoparticle-mediated delivery of fisetin in vitro and in a microfluidic system. Real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and nanoparticle synthesis were performed to evaluate the effects of fisetin in vitro, in the zebrafish model, and in ex vivo samples. Our results demonstrated that fisetin at 2.5 µM concentration promotes bone formation in vitro and mineralization in the zebrafish model. In addition, we found that fisetin stimulates osteoblast maturation in cell cultures obtained from cleidocranial dysplasia patients. Remarkably, PLGA nanoparticles increased fisetin stability and, consequently, its stimulating effects on RUNX2 and its downstream gene SP7 expression. Therefore, our findings demonstrated the positive effects of fisetin on osteogenesis and suggest that patients affected by skeletal diseases, both of genetic and metabolic origins, may actually benefit from fisetin supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Bertacco
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Minoia
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Samuele Cheri
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Deiana
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Anna Bisognin
- Biocrystallography Lab, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Gandini
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Antoniazzi
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Perduca
- Biocrystallography Lab, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Monica Mottes
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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15
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Sen N, Anishchenko I, Bordin N, Sillitoe I, Velankar S, Baker D, Orengo C. Characterizing and explaining the impact of disease-associated mutations in proteins without known structures or structural homologs. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6596316. [PMID: 35641150 PMCID: PMC9294430 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human proteins lead to diseases. The structure of these proteins can help understand the mechanism of such diseases and develop therapeutics against them. With improved deep learning techniques, such as RoseTTAFold and AlphaFold, we can predict the structure of proteins even in the absence of structural homologs. We modeled and extracted the domains from 553 disease-associated human proteins without known protein structures or close homologs in the Protein Databank. We noticed that the model quality was higher and the Root mean square deviation (RMSD) lower between AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold models for domains that could be assigned to CATH families as compared to those which could only be assigned to Pfam families of unknown structure or could not be assigned to either. We predicted ligand-binding sites, protein–protein interfaces and conserved residues in these predicted structures. We then explored whether the disease-associated missense mutations were in the proximity of these predicted functional sites, whether they destabilized the protein structure based on ddG calculations or whether they were predicted to be pathogenic. We could explain 80% of these disease-associated mutations based on proximity to functional sites, structural destabilization or pathogenicity. When compared to polymorphisms, a larger percentage of disease-associated missense mutations were buried, closer to predicted functional sites, predicted as destabilizing and pathogenic. Usage of models from the two state-of-the-art techniques provide better confidence in our predictions, and we explain 93 additional mutations based on RoseTTAFold models which could not be explained based solely on AlphaFold models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeladri Sen
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ivan Anishchenko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicola Bordin
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ian Sillitoe
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sameer Velankar
- Protein Data Bank in Europe, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christine Orengo
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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16
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Whole Aspect of Runx2 Functions in Skeletal Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105776. [PMID: 35628587 PMCID: PMC9144571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is a fundamental transcription factor for bone development. In endochondral ossification, Runx2 induces chondrocyte maturation, enhances chondrocyte proliferation through Indian hedgehog (Ihh) induction, and induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1), integrin-binding sialoprotein (Ibsp), and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (Mmp13) in the terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes. Runx2 inhibits the apoptosis of the terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes and induces their transdifferentiation into osteoblasts and osteoblast progenitors. The transdifferentiation is required for trabecular bone formation during embryonic and newborn stages but is dispensable for acquiring normal bone mass in young and adult mice. Runx2 enhances the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors and induces their commitment to osteoblast lineage cells through the direct regulation of the expressions of a hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor (Fgf), Wnt, and parathyroid hormone-like hormone (Pthlh) signaling pathway genes and distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5), which all regulate Runx2 expression and/or protein activity. Runx2, Sp7, and Wnt signaling further induce osteoblast differentiation. In immature osteoblasts, Runx2 regulates the expression of bone matrix protein genes, including Col1a1, Col1a2, Spp1, Ibsp, and bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein (Bglap)/Bglap2, and induces osteoblast maturation. Osteocalcin (Bglap/Bglap2) is required for the alignment of apatite crystals parallel to the collagen fibers; however, it does not physiologically work as a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, or muscle mass. Thus, Runx2 exerts multiple functions essential for skeletal development.
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17
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Aoki H, Suzuki E, Nakamura T, Onodera S, Saito A, Ohtaka M, Nakanishi M, Nishimura K, Saito A, Azuma T. Induced pluripotent stem cells from homozygous Runx2-deficient mice show poor response to vitamin D during osteoblastic differentiation. Med Mol Morphol 2022; 55:174-186. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-022-00317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Pregnane X receptor (PXR) represses osteoblast differentiation through repression of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2022; 416:113156. [PMID: 35421365 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) belongs to the nuclear receptor family and functions as a xenobiotic and endobiotic sensor by binding to various molecules through its relatively flexible ligand-binding domain. In addition to these well-known canonical roles, we previously reported that PXR represses osteoblast differentiation. However, the mechanisms underlying the PXR-mediated repression of osteoblast differentiation remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the changes in global gene expression profiles induced by PXR in calvarial osteoblasts cultured in standard fetal bovine serum (in which PXR induces repression of differentiation), and in those cultured in charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (in which PXR does not induce repression of differentiation). The comparison revealed that PXR attenuated the Hedgehog-mediated signaling in culture conditions that induced PXR-mediated repression of differentiation. Real-time PCR analysis showed that PXR repressed the Hedgehog signaling-induced genes such as Gli1 and Hhip, and conversely induced the Hedgehog signaling-repressed genes such as Cdon, Boc, and Gas1. Activation of Smo-mediated signaling in osteoblasts following treatment with a Smo agonist (SAG) significantly restored Gli-mediated transcriptional activity and osteoblast differentiation. Our results demonstrate the osteoblast-autonomous effects of PXR and identify a novel regulation of Hedgehog signaling by nuclear receptors.
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19
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Shen L, Yu Y, Zhou Y, Pruett-Miller SM, Zhang GF, Karner CM. SLC38A2 provides proline to fulfil unique synthetic demands arising during osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. eLife 2022; 11:76963. [PMID: 35261338 PMCID: PMC9007586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is associated with the acquisition of a unique protein signature which is essential to attain the ultimate cellular function and activity of the differentiated cell. This is predicted to result in unique biosynthetic demands that arise during differentiation. Using a bioinformatic approach, we discovered osteoblast differentiation is associated with increased demand for the amino acid proline. When compared to other differentiated cells, osteoblast-associated proteins including RUNX2, OSX, OCN and COL1A1 are significantly enriched in proline. Using a genetic and metabolomic approach, we demonstrate that the neutral amino acid transporter SLC38A2 acts cell autonomously to provide proline to facilitate the efficient synthesis of proline-rich osteoblast proteins. Genetic ablation of SLC38A2 in osteoblasts limits both osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in mice. Mechanistically, proline is primarily incorporated into nascent protein with little metabolism observed. Collectively, these data highlight a requirement for proline in fulfilling the unique biosynthetic requirements that arise during osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyao Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yilin Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yunji Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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20
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Holmes G, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Saturne M, Motch Perrine SM, Zhou X, Borges AC, Shewale B, Richtsmeier JT, Zhang B, van Bakel H, Jabs EW. Single-cell analysis identifies a key role for Hhip in murine coronal suture development. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7132. [PMID: 34880220 PMCID: PMC8655033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development depends on formation and maintenance of sutures between bones of the skull. In sutures, growth occurs at osteogenic fronts along the edge of each bone, and suture mesenchyme separates adjacent bones. Here, we perform single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the embryonic, wild type murine coronal suture to define its population structure. Seven populations at E16.5 and nine at E18.5 comprise the suture mesenchyme, osteogenic cells, and associated populations. Expression of Hhip, an inhibitor of hedgehog signaling, marks a mesenchymal population distinct from those of other neurocranial sutures. Tracing of the neonatal Hhip-expressing population shows that descendant cells persist in the coronal suture and contribute to calvarial bone growth. In Hhip-/- coronal sutures at E18.5, the osteogenic fronts are closely apposed and the suture mesenchyme is depleted with increased hedgehog signaling compared to those of the wild type. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Hhip is required for normal coronal suture development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Ana S. Gonzalez-Reiche
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Madrikha Saturne
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Susan M. Motch Perrine
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ana C. Borges
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Bhavana Shewale
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Genetic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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21
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Hamada A, Mukasa H, Taguchi Y, Akagi E, Obayashi F, Yamasaki S, Kanda T, Koizumi K, Toratani S, Okamoto T. Identification of a familial cleidocranial dysplasia with a novel RUNX2 mutation and establishment of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Odontology 2021; 110:444-451. [PMID: 34779963 PMCID: PMC9170643 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease associated with the gene RUNX2. Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a useful resource to further study human hereditary diseases such as CCD. In this study, we identified a novel CCD-specific RUNX2 mutation and established iPSCs with this mutation. Biopsies were obtained from familial CCD patients and mutation analyses were performed through Sanger sequencing and next generation sequencing. CCD-specific human iPSCs (CCD-hiPSCs) were established and maintained under completely defined serum, feeder, and integration-free condition using a non-integrating replication-defective Sendai virus vector. We identified the novel mutation RUNX2_c.371C>G and successfully established CCD-hiPSCs. The CCD-hiPSCs inherited the same mutation, possessed pluripotency, and showed the ability to differentiate the three germ layers. We concluded that RUNX2_c.371C>G was likely pathogenic because our results, derived from next generation sequencing, are supported by actual clinical evidence, familial tracing, and genetic data. Thus, we concluded that hiPSCs with a novel CCD-specific RUNX2 mutation are viable as a resource for future studies on CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Hamada
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-city, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Hanae Mukasa
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-city, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.,Mukasa Dental Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Taguchi
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-city, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Eri Akagi
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-city, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Obayashi
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-city, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-city, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Taku Kanda
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-city, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Koichi Koizumi
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Toratani
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,School of Medical Sciences, The University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 751-8503, Japan
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22
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Ohba S. Genome-scale actions of master regulators directing skeletal development. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:217-223. [PMID: 34745394 PMCID: PMC8556520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian skeleton develops through two distinct modes of ossification: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. During the process of skeletal development, SRY-box containing gene 9 (Sox9), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and Sp7 work as master transcription factors (TFs) or transcriptional regulators, underlying cell fate specification of the two distinct populations: bone-forming osteoblasts and cartilage-forming chondrocytes. In the past two decades, core transcriptional circuits underlying skeletal development have been identified mainly through mouse genetics and biochemical approaches. Recently emerging next-generation sequencer (NGS)-based studies have provided genome-scale views on the gene regulatory landscape programmed by the master TFs/transcriptional regulators. With particular focus on Sox9, Runx2, and Sp7, this review aims to discuss the gene regulatory landscape in skeletal development, which has been identified by genome-scale data, and provide future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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23
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SPRY4 acts as an indicator of osteoarthritis severity and regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy and ECM protease expression. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:56. [PMID: 34535669 PMCID: PMC8448831 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) causes serious changes in the metabolic and signaling pathways of chondrocytes, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the role of sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 4 (SPRY4), an inhibitor of MAPK, in the human cartilage tissues and chondrocytes remains to be understood. Here, using SPRY4 gene delivery into healthy and degenerated chondrocytes, we elucidated the role of SPRY4 in preventing chondrocyte hypertrophy. In addition to using the human cartilage tissues with the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, the role of SPRY4 in cartilage tissues and chondrocytes was explored through their molecular and histological analyses. In order to determine the effects of SPRY4 on healthy human chondrocyte hypertrophy, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down SPRY4. Lentiviral transduction of SPRY4 into degenerated human chondrocytes allowed us to investigate its ability to prevent hypertrophy. SPRY4 expression levels were higher in healthy human cartilage tissue and chondrocytes than in degenerated human cartilage tissues and hypertrophy-induced chondrocytes. The knockdown of SPRY4 in healthy chondrocytes caused an increase in hypertrophy, senescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and extracellular matrix (ECM) protease expression. However, all these factors decreased upon overexpression of SPRY4 in degenerated chondrocytes via regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. We conclude that SPRY4 is a crucial indicator of osteoarthritis (OA) severity and could play an important role in preventing OA in the cartilage by inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy.
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24
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Bian H, Zhu T, Liang Y, Hei R, Zhang X, Li X, Chen J, Lu Y, Gu J, Qiao L, Zheng Q. Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis of Candidate Col10a1 Regulators Identified by the TRAP Program. Front Genet 2021; 12:683939. [PMID: 34276786 PMCID: PMC8283764 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.683939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic chondrocytes and their specific marker, the type X collagen gene (Col10a1), are critical components of endochondral bone formation during skeletal development. We previously found that Runx2 is an indispensable mouse Col10a1 gene regulator and identified many other transcription factors (TFs) that potentially interact with the 150-bp Col10a1 cis-enhancer. However, the roles of these candidate TFs in Col10a1 expression and chondrocyte hypertrophy have not been elucidated. Here, we focus on 32 candidate TFs recently identified by analyzing the 150-bp Col10a1 enhancer using the transcription factor affinity prediction (TRAP) program. We found that 12 TFs (Hoxa3, Lsx, Evx2, Dlx5, S8, Pax2, Egr2, Mef2a, Barhl2, GKlf, Sox17, and Crx) were significantly upregulated and four TFs (Lhx4, Tbx5, Mef2c, and Hb9) were significantly downregulated in hypertrophic MCT cells, which show upregulation of Col10a1 expression. Most of the differential expression pattern of these TFs conformed with the results obtained from ATDC5 cell model and primary mouse chondrocytes. Notably, Tbx5 was downregulated upon Col10a1 upregulation, overexpression of Tbx5 decreased Col10a1 expression, and knock-down of Tbx5 increased Col10a1 expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes, suggesting that Tbx5 is a negative regulator of Col10a1. We further generated a stable Tbx5-overexpressing ATDC5 cell line and ColX-Tbx5 transgenic mice driven by Col10a1-specific enhancers and promoters. Tbx5 overexpression decreased Col10a1 expression in ATDC5 cells cultured as early as day 7 and in limb tissue on post-natal day 1. Slightly weaker alkaline phosphatase staining was also observed in cell culture on day 7 and in limb digits on embryonic day 17.5, indicating mildly delayed ossification. Further characterization of these candidate Col10a1 transcriptional regulators could help identify novel therapeutic targets for skeletal diseases associated with abnormal chondrocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Bian
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Huai'an Women & Children Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yuting Liang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruoxuan Hei
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinnan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yaojuan Lu
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Shenzhen Academy of Peptide Targeting Technology at Pingshan and Shenzhen Tyercan Bio-Pharm Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Junxia Gu
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Longwei Qiao
- Suzhou Affiliated to State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Gusu, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Shenzhen Academy of Peptide Targeting Technology at Pingshan and Shenzhen Tyercan Bio-Pharm Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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25
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Rauch A, Mandrup S. Transcriptional networks controlling stromal cell differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:465-482. [PMID: 33837369 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stromal progenitors are found in many different tissues, where they play an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis owing to their ability to differentiate into parenchymal cells. These progenitor cells are differentially pre-programmed by their tissue microenvironment but, when cultured and stimulated in vitro, these cells - commonly referred to as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) - exhibit a marked plasticity to differentiate into many different cell lineages. Loss-of-function studies in vitro and in vivo have uncovered the involvement of specific signalling pathways and key transcriptional regulators that work in a sequential and coordinated fashion to activate lineage-selective gene programmes. Recent advances in omics and single-cell technologies have made it possible to obtain system-wide insights into the gene regulatory networks that drive lineage determination and cell differentiation. These insights have important implications for the understanding of cell differentiation, the contribution of stromal cells to human disease and for the development of cell-based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rauch
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, Functional Genomics & Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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26
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Regulation and Role of Transcription Factors in Osteogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115445. [PMID: 34064134 PMCID: PMC8196788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue constantly responding to environmental changes such as nutritional and mechanical stress. Bone homeostasis in adult life is maintained through bone remodeling, a controlled and balanced process between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Osteoblasts secrete matrix, with some being buried within the newly formed bone, and differentiate to osteocytes. During embryogenesis, bones are formed through intramembraneous or endochondral ossification. The former involves a direct differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor to osteoblasts, and the latter is through a cartilage template that is subsequently converted to bone. Advances in lineage tracing, cell sorting, and single-cell transcriptome studies have enabled new discoveries of gene regulation, and new populations of skeletal stem cells in multiple niches, including the cartilage growth plate, chondro-osseous junction, bone, and bone marrow, in embryonic development and postnatal life. Osteoblast differentiation is regulated by a master transcription factor RUNX2 and other factors such as OSX/SP7 and ATF4. Developmental and environmental cues affect the transcriptional activities of osteoblasts from lineage commitment to differentiation at multiple levels, fine-tuned with the involvement of co-factors, microRNAs, epigenetics, systemic factors, circadian rhythm, and the microenvironments. In this review, we will discuss these topics in relation to transcriptional controls in osteogenesis.
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27
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A New Hope in Spinal Degenerative Diseases: Piezo1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6645193. [PMID: 33575334 PMCID: PMC7857891 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6645193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a newly discovered mechanosensitive ion channel protein, the piezo1 protein participates in the transmission of mechanical signals on the cell membrane and plays a vital role in mammalian biomechanics. Piezo1 has attracted widespread attention since it was discovered in 2010. In recent years, studies on piezo1 have gradually increased and deepened. In addition to the discovery that piezo1 is expressed in the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urinary systems, it is also stably expressed in cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and nucleus pulposus cells that constitute vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. They can all receive external mechanical stimulation through the piezo1 protein channel to affect cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis to promote the occurrence and development of lumbar degenerative diseases. Through reviewing the relevant literature of piezo1 in the abovementioned cells, this paper discusses the effect of piezo1 protein expression under mechanical stress stimuli on spinal degenerative disease, providing the molecular basis for the pathological mechanism of spinal degenerative disease and also a new basis, ideas, and methods for the prevention and treatment of this degenerative disease.
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28
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Bartas M, Červeň J, Guziurová S, Slychko K, Pečinka P. Amino Acid Composition in Various Types of Nucleic Acid-Binding Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020922. [PMID: 33477647 PMCID: PMC7831508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-binding proteins are traditionally divided into two categories: With the ability to bind DNA or RNA. In the light of new knowledge, such categorizing should be overcome because a large proportion of proteins can bind both DNA and RNA. Another even more important features of nucleic acid-binding proteins are so-called sequence or structure specificities. Proteins able to bind nucleic acids in a sequence-specific manner usually contain one or more of the well-defined structural motifs (zinc-fingers, leucine zipper, helix-turn-helix, or helix-loop-helix). In contrast, many proteins do not recognize nucleic acid sequence but rather local DNA or RNA structures (G-quadruplexes, i-motifs, triplexes, cruciforms, left-handed DNA/RNA form, and others). Finally, there are also proteins recognizing both sequence and local structural properties of nucleic acids (e.g., famous tumor suppressor p53). In this mini-review, we aim to summarize current knowledge about the amino acid composition of various types of nucleic acid-binding proteins with a special focus on significant enrichment and/or depletion in each category.
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29
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Chen Y, Zhao X, Wu H. Transcriptional Programming in Arteriosclerotic Disease: A Multifaceted Function of the Runx2 (Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:20-34. [PMID: 33115268 PMCID: PMC7770073 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis, the cardiovascular complications remain a major clinical and societal issue worldwide. Increased vascular calcification promotes arterial stiffness and accelerates cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Upregulation of the Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), an essential osteogenic transcription factor for bone formation, in the cardiovascular system has emerged as an important regulator for adverse cellular events that drive cardiovascular pathology. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms that are critical for Runx2 expression and function and highlights the dynamic and complex cross talks of a wide variety of posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification, in regulating Runx2 stability, cellular localization, and osteogenic transcriptional activity. How the activation of an array of signaling cascades by circulating and local microenvironmental factors upregulates Runx2 in vascular cells and promotes Runx2-mediated osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines that accelerate macrophage infiltration and vascular osteoclast formation is summarized. Furthermore, the increasing appreciation of a new role of Runx2 upregulation in promoting vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch, and Runx2 modulated by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification and Runx2-dependent repression of smooth muscle cell-specific gene expression are discussed. Further exploring the regulation of this key osteogenic transcription factor and its new perspectives in the vasculature will provide novel insights into the transcriptional regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switch, reprograming, and vascular inflammation that promote the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Research Department, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Integrative Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, Oregon 97239
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30
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Li ZZ, Wang HT, Lee GY, Yang Y, Zou YP, Wang B, Gong CJ, Cai Y, Ren JG, Zhao JH. Bleomycin: A novel osteogenesis inhibitor of dental follicle cells via a TGF-β1/SMAD7/RUNX2 pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:312-327. [PMID: 33068010 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tooth eruption is a complicated process regulated by the dental follicles (DF). Our recent study discovered that tooth eruption was inhibited upon injection of bleomycin into DF. However, the mechanisms were unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human dental follicle cells (hDFCs) were treated by bleomycin or exogenous TGF-β1 or transfected by plasmids loading SMAD7 or shRNA targeting SMAD7, followed by osteogenesis induction assay and signalling analysis. Human fresh DF tissues and Wistar rats were used to further confirm bleomycin function. KEY RESULTS Bleomycin decreased expression of RUNX2 and osteogenic genes in hDFCs, reducing osteogenic capacity. TGF-β1 expression was up-regulated in bleomycin-treated hDFCs. The effects of exogenous TGF-β1 were similar to those of bleomycin in hDFCs. Additionally, compared to SMAD2/3, SMAD7 expression increased more in bleomycin- or TGF-β1-treated hDFCs. Overexpression of SMAD7 likewise significantly decreased RUNX2 expression and osteogenic capacity of hDFCs. Knockdown of SMAD7 markedly attenuated the inhibitory effects of bleomycin and TGF-β1 on osteogenic capacity and RUNX2 expression of hDFCs. Most importantly, changes in TGF-β1, SMAD7, and RUNX2 expressions were similar in the DF of rats and humans treated with bleomycin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS SMAD7 was a negative regulator of osteogenic differentiation in DFCs through suppressing RUNX2 expression. Bleomycin or TGF-β1 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of DFCs via a TGF-β1/SMAD7/RUNX2 pathway. Our findings might be beneficial for enhancing the osteogenic activity of DFCs or inhibiting the eruption of undesirable teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Grace Y Lee
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chu-Jie Gong
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Cai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Gang Ren
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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31
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Ooki A, Onodera S, Saito A, Oguchi A, Murakawa Y, Sakamoto T, Sueishi K, Nishii Y, Azuma T. CAGE-seq analysis of osteoblast derived from cleidocranial dysplasia human induced pluripotent stem cells. Bone 2020; 141:115582. [PMID: 32795676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a major portion of transcripts and serve an essential role in biological processes. Although the importance of major transcriptomes in osteogenesis has been extensively studied, the function of ncRNAs in human osteogenesis remains unclear. Previously, we developed hiPSCs from patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) caused by runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) haploinsufficiency. To gain insight into ncRNAs in osteogenesis, we surveyed differential ncRNA expression profiling and promoter differences of RUNX2 using patient-specific iPSCs and cap analysis gene expression (CAGE) technology to define the promoter landscape. Revertant iPSCs (Rev1 iPSCs) edited by CRISPR/Cas9 system to harbor mutation-corrected RUNX2 exhibited increased proximal promoter expression of RUNX2, while CCD iPSCs did not. We identified 2271 ncRNA genes with altered expression levels before and after differentiation, 31 of which showed at least 20-fold higher expression in Rev1 iPSCs. Bioinformatic analysis also categorized AC007392.3, LINC00379, RP11-122D10.1, and RP11-90J7.2 as enhancer regulatory regions, and HOXA-AS2, MIR219-2, and RP11-834C11.3 as dyadic regulatory regions of these ncRNAs. In addition, two miRNAs, termed MIR199A2 and MIR152, were found to have high enrichment of osteogenic-related terms. Upon further examination of the role of MIR152 on osteoblast differentiation, we found that MIR152 knockdown induced upregulation of ALP and COL1A1 in Saos-2 cells. Thus, ncRNAs were found to regulate the osteogenic differentiation potentials of hiPSCs that are used for bone regeneration and repair owing to their differentiation potentials. These data allow understanding ncRNA profiles of hiPSCs during osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ooki
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Akiko Oguchi
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Murakawa
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Teruo Sakamoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Kenji Sueishi
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nishii
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.
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32
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The Transcription Factor HAND1 Is Involved in Cortical Bone Mass through the Regulation of Collagen Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228638. [PMID: 33207791 PMCID: PMC7697595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal and/or spatial alteration of collagen family gene expression results in bone defects. However, how collagen expression controls bone size remains largely unknown. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor HAND1 is expressed in developing long bones and is involved in their morphogenesis. To understand the functional role of HAND1 and collagen in the postnatal development of long bones, we overexpressed Hand1 in the osteochondroprogenitors of model mice and found that the bone volumes of cortical bones decreased in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Continuous Hand1 expression downregulated the gene expression of type I, V, and XI collagen in the diaphyses of long bones and was associated with decreased expression of Runx2 and Sp7/Osterix, encoding transcription factors involved in the transactivation of fibril-forming collagen genes. Members of the microRNA-196 family, which target the 3' untranslated regions of COL1A1 and COL1A2, were significantly upregulated in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Mass spectrometry revealed that the expression ratios of alpha 1(XI), alpha 2(XI), and alpha 2(V) in the diaphysis increased during postnatal development in wild-type mice, which was delayed in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Our results demonstrate that HAND1 regulates bone size and morphology through osteochondroprogenitors, at least partially by suppressing postnatal expression of collagen fibrils in the cortical bones.
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33
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Kim YH, Lee JS, Seo EJ, Park JK, Yea K, Shin J, Jang IH, Jeong T. Oncostatin M enhances osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells derived from supernumerary teeth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:169-174. [PMID: 32703406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Supernumerary tooth (ST) may arise from uncertain developmental abnormalities or underlying genetic causes, and the extraction at the early age is recommended. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are the valuable resource for the regeneration of tooth and related craniofacial structures. DPSCs isolated from ST (sDPSCs) have not been fully characterized despite the potential in the applications. The objectives of this study are the efficient isolation of sDPSCs and the analysis of the properties as stem cells. sDPSCs were established by hammer-cracking and separation of the intact pulp from ST. sDPSCs in the culture were examined by light microscope and flow cytometer for the morphology and the surface marker expression. sDPSCs exhibited the cellular morphology of typical mesenchymal stem cells and expressed CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD166, but not CD14, CD34 or CD45. sDPSCs showed the differentiation potential toward osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages. During osteogenic differentiation, the stimulation by Oncostatin M enhanced the differentiation and significantly increased the expression of genes involved in the hard tissue repair, such as BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and RUNX2. sDPSCs can be effectively derived from ST and displays the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells in the maintenance and the differentiation. sDPSCs satisfies the quality as DPSCs thus provide the valuable resource to the regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwan Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Republic of Korea; Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sang Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Republic of Korea; Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Republic of Korea; Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Park
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Republic of Korea; Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoo Yea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Shin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Republic of Korea; Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Republic of Korea; Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taesung Jeong
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Republic of Korea; Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Hojo H, Ohba S. Gene regulatory landscape in osteoblast differentiation. Bone 2020; 137:115458. [PMID: 32474244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of osteoblasts, a bone-forming cell population, occurs in conjunction with development of the skeleton, which creates our physical framework and shapes the body. In the past two decades, genetic studies have uncovered the molecular framework of this process-namely, transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways coordinate the cell fate determination and differentiation of osteoblasts in a spatial and temporal manner. Recently emerging genome-wide studies provide additional layers of understanding of the gene regulatory landscape during osteoblast differentiation, allowing us to gain novel insight into the modes of action of the key regulators, functional interaction among the regulator-bound enhancers, epigenetic regulations, and the complex nature of regulatory inputs. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the transcriptional regulation in osteoblasts, in terms of the gene regulatory landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Department of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
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Cuellar A, Bala K, Di Pietro L, Barba M, Yagnik G, Liu JL, Stevens C, Hur DJ, Ingersoll RG, Justice CM, Drissi H, Kim J, Lattanzi W, Boyadjiev SA. Gain-of-function variants and overexpression of RUNX2 in patients with nonsyndromic midline craniosynostosis. Bone 2020; 137:115395. [PMID: 32360898 PMCID: PMC7358991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS), the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, is a relatively common congenital anomaly, occurring in 3-5 per 10,000 live births. Nonsyndromic CS (NCS) accounts for up to 80% of all CS cases, yet the genetic factors contributing to the disorder remain largely unknown. The RUNX2 gene, encoding a transcription factor critical for bone and skull development, is a well known CS candidate gene, as copy number variations of this gene locus have been found in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. In the present study, we aimed to characterize RUNX2 to better understand its role in the genetic etiology and in the molecular mechanisms underlying midline suture ossification in NCS. We report four nonsynonymous variants, one intronic variant and one 18 bp in-frame deletion in RUNX2 not found in our study control population. Significant difference in allele frequency (AF) for the deletion variant RUNX2 p.Ala84-Ala89del (ClinVar 257,095; dbSNP rs11498192) was observed in our sagittal NCS cohort when compared to the general population (P = 1.28 × 10-6), suggesting a possible role in the etiology of NCS. Dual-luciferase assays showed that three of four tested RUNX2 variants conferred a gain-of-function effect on RUNX2, further suggesting their putative pathogenicity in the tested NCS cases. Downregulation of RUNX2 expression was observed in prematurely ossified midline sutures. Metopic sites showed significant downregulation of promoter 1-specific isoforms compared to sagittal sites. Suture-derived mesenchymal stromal cells showed an increased expression of RUNX2 over matched unfused suture derived cells. This demonstrates that RUNX2, and particularly the distal promoter 1-isoform group, are overexpressed in the osteogenic precursors within the pathological suture sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Cuellar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Krithi Bala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Barba
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Garima Yagnik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jia Lie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christina Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David J Hur
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roxann G Ingersoll
- Mc-Kusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cristina M Justice
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinoh Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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ERK signalling: a master regulator of cell behaviour, life and fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:607-632. [PMID: 32576977 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely channelled by the small RAS GTPases. By phosphorylating widely diverse substrates, ERK proteins govern a variety of evolutionarily conserved cellular processes in metazoans, the dysregulation of which contributes to the cause of distinct human diseases. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of ERK1 and ERK2, their mode of action and their impact on the development and homeostasis of various organisms have been the focus of much attention for nearly three decades. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of this important class of kinases. We begin with a brief overview of the structure, regulation, substrate recognition and subcellular localization of ERK1 and ERK2. We then systematically discuss how ERK signalling regulates six fundamental cellular processes in response to extracellular cues. These processes are cell proliferation, cell survival, cell growth, cell metabolism, cell migration and cell differentiation.
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37
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Ponzetti M, Rucci N. Switching Homes: How Cancer Moves to Bone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4124. [PMID: 32527062 PMCID: PMC7313057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases (BM) are a very common complication of the most prevalent human cancers. BM are extremely painful and may be life-threatening when associated with hypercalcaemia. BM can lead to kidney failure and cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, but why and how do cancer cells decide to "switch homes" and move to bone? In this review, we will present what answers science has provided so far, with focus on the molecular mechanisms and cellular aspects of well-established findings, such as the concept of "vicious cycle" and "osteolytic" vs. "osteosclerotic" bone metastases; as well as on novel concepts, such as cellular dormancy and extracellular vesicles. At the molecular level, we will focus on hypoxia-associated factors and angiogenesis, the Wnt pathway, parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and chemokines. At the supramolecular/cellular level, we will discuss tumour dormancy, id est the mechanisms through which a small contingent of tumour cells coming from the primary site may be kept dormant in the endosteal niche for many years. Finally, we will present a potential role for the multimolecular mediators known as extracellular vesicles in determining bone-tropism and establishing a premetastatic niche by influencing the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Rucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone has conventionally been considered to be a passive organ that only receives external control, but according to recent findings, it has become clear that bone is an endocrine organ that actively regulates systemic metabolism through osteocalcin (OC). METHODS We focus on the relationship between the brain and bone and summarize the effects of OC on cognitive function as well as the association between OC and improved cognitive function through exercise. RESULTS The findings suggest that the decrease in OC produced by bone is responsible for the decrease in cognitive function associated with aging. Furthermore, positive effect of improving cognitive function can generally be recognized in exercise interventions conducted for healthy elderly people and those with MCI, and moderate exercise is particularly effective for dementia prevention. CONCLUSION The improving bone health with aging may exert beneficial effects on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan.,Cognitive Reserve Research Center, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Imaoka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan.,Cognitive Reserve Research Center, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Cognitive Reserve Research Center, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
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39
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Chen G, Xu H, Yao Y, Xu T, Yuan M, Zhang X, Lv Z, Wu M. BMP Signaling in the Development and Regeneration of Cranium Bones and Maintenance of Calvarial Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:135. [PMID: 32211409 PMCID: PMC7075941 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is highly conserved across many species, and its importance for the patterning of the skeletal system has been demonstrated. A disrupted BMP signaling pathway results in severe skeletal defects. Murine calvaria has been identified to have dual-tissue lineages, namely, the cranial neural-crest cells and the paraxial mesoderm. Modulations of the BMP signaling pathway have been demonstrated to be significant in determining calvarial osteogenic potentials and ossification in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the BMP signaling pathway plays a role in the maintenance of the homeostasis of the calvarial stem cells, indicating a potential clinic significance in calvarial bone and in expediting regeneration. Following the inherent evidence of BMP signaling in craniofacial biology, we summarize recent discoveries relating to BMP signaling in the development of calvarial structures, functions of the suture stem cells and their niche and regeneration. This review will not only provide a better understanding of BMP signaling in cranial biology, but also exhibit the molecular targets of BMP signaling that possess clinical potential for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haodong Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengrui Wu
- Institute of Genetics, Life Science College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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40
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Qin X, Jiang Q, Miyazaki T, Komori T. Runx2 regulates cranial suture closure by inducing hedgehog, Fgf, Wnt and Pthlh signaling pathway gene expressions in suture mesenchymal cells. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:896-911. [PMID: 30445456 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD, #119600), which is characterized by hypoplastic clavicles, open fontanelles, supernumerary teeth and a short stature, is caused by heterozygous mutations in RUNX2. However, it currently remains unclear why suture closure is severely impaired in CCD patients. The closure of posterior frontal (PF) and sagittal (SAG) sutures was completely interrupted in Runx2+/- mice, and the proliferation of suture mesenchymal cells and their condensation were less than those in wild-type mice. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, differentially expressed genes between wild-type and Runx2+/- PF and SAG sutures were identified by microarray and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. The expression of hedgehog, Fgf, Wnt and Pthlh signaling pathway genes, including Gli1, Ptch1, Ihh, Fgfr2, Fgfr3, Tcf7, Wnt10b and Pth1r, which were directly regulated by Runx2, was reduced in the sutures, but not the calvarial bone tissues of Runx2+/- mice. Bone formation and suture closure were enhanced in an organ culture of Runx2+/- calvariae with ligands or agonists of hedgehog, Fgf, Wnt and Pthlh signaling, while they were suppressed and suture mesenchymal cell proliferation was decreased in an organ culture of wild-type calvariae with their antagonists. These results indicate that more than a half dosage of Runx2 is required for the proliferation of suture mesenchymal cells, their condensation and commitment to osteoblast-lineage cells, and the induction of hedgehog, Fgf, Wnt and Pthlh signaling pathway gene expressions in sutures, but not in calvarial bone tissues, and also that the activation of hedgehog, Fgf, Wnt and Pthlh signaling pathways is necessary for suture closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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41
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Komori T. Molecular Mechanism of Runx2-Dependent Bone Development. Mol Cells 2020; 43:168-175. [PMID: 31896233 PMCID: PMC7057844 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx2 is an essential transcription factor for skeletal development. It is expressed in multipotent mesenchymal cells, osteoblast-lineage cells, and chondrocytes. Runx2 plays a major role in chondrocyte maturation, and Runx3 is partly involved. Runx2 regulates chondrocyte proliferation by directly regulating Ihh expression. It also determines whether chondrocytes become those that form transient cartilage or permanent cartilage, and functions in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Runx2 is essential for osteoblast differentiation and is required for the proliferation of osteoprogenitors. Ihh is required for Runx2 expression in osteoprogenitors, and hedgehog signaling and Runx2 induce the differentiation of osteoprogenitors to preosteoblasts in endochondral bone. Runx2 induces Sp7 expression, and Runx2, Sp7, and canonical Wnt signaling are required for the differentiation of preosteoblasts to immature osteoblasts. It also induces the proliferation of osteoprogenitors by directly regulating the expression of Fgfr2 and Fgfr3. Furthermore, Runx2 induces the proliferation of mesenchymal cells and their commitment into osteoblast-lineage cells through the induction of hedgehog (Gli1, Ptch1, Ihh), Fgf (Fgfr2, Fgfr3), Wnt (Tcf7, Wnt10b), and Pthlh (Pth1r) signaling pathway gene expression in calvaria, and more than a half-dosage of Runx2 is required for their expression. This is a major cause of cleidocranial dysplasia, which is caused by heterozygous mutation of RUNX2. Cbfb, which is a co-transcription factor that forms a heterodimer with Runx2, enhances DNA binding of Runx2 and stabilizes Runx2 protein by inhibiting its ubiquitination. Thus, Runx2/Cbfb regulates the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblast-lineage cells by activating multiple signaling pathways and via their reciprocal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Komori
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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42
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Bae SC. Tour d'Horizon of Recent Advances in RUNX Family Gene Research. Mol Cells 2020; 43:97-98. [PMID: 32024351 PMCID: PMC7057838 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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43
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Abstract
Post-natal bone development is characterized by substantial longitudinal bone growth and changes in skeletal size and shape. Bone is in a dynamic process of continuous remodeling which helps to regulate calcium homeostasis, repair micro-damage to bones from everyday stress, and to shape the skeleton during growth. Bone growth is regulated by systemic hormones and locally generated factors. Understanding their mechanisms of action enables us to obtain a better appreciation of the cellular and molecular basis of bone remodeling and could therefore be valuable in approaches to new therapies. This article will review molecular and cellular control of skeletal growth in the post-natal period, the physiology of each bone cell with their systemic and local regulators, as well as the physiology of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ali El-Farrash
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Radwa Hassan Ali
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha Mokhtar Barakat
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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44
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Abstract
The adaptor protein 3BP2 (SH3-domain binding protein 2), which is encoded by the SH3BP2 locus, nucleates a signaling complex comprising ABL, SRC, VAV, and SYK, and facilitates an open active configuration of these proteins, leading to their kinase activation. Gain-of-function missense mutations in the SH3BP2 gene cause cherubism, an autosomal dominant disorder associated with severe craniofacial developmental defects in children. Previous studies have demonstrated that 3BP2 and its degradation pathway regulate bone metabolism, energy metabolism, and inflammation and that dysregulation of the 3BP2 degradation pathway is associated with human disorders. Herein, we discussed lessons from cherubism indicating that 3BP2 studies could elucidate the pathogenesis of bone loss caused by inflammation and identify suitable therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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45
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Chen D, Kim DJ, Shen J, Zou Z, O'Keefe RJ. Runx2 plays a central role in Osteoarthritis development. J Orthop Translat 2019; 23:132-139. [PMID: 32913706 PMCID: PMC7452174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, is the leading cause of impaired mobility in the elderly, and accounts for more than a third of chronic moderate to severe pain. As a degenerative joint disorder, OA affects the whole joint and results in synovial hyperplasia, degradation of articular cartilage, subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and chronic pain. Currently, there is no effective drug to decelerate OA progression and molecular targets for drug development have been insufficiently investigated. Anti-OA drug development can benefit from more and precise knowledge of molecular targets for drug development. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is a key transcription factor controlling osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and is among the most promising potential therapeutic targets. Notably, Runx2 expression is upregulated in several murine OA models, suggesting a role in disease pathogenesis. In this review article, we summarized recent findings on Runx2 related to OA development and evaluated its potential as a therapeutic target. The translational potential of this article A better understanding of the role of Runx2 in osteoarthritis pathogenesis will contribute to the development of novel intervention of osteoarthritis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongyeon J Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University at St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University at St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhen Zou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University at St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Regis J O'Keefe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University at St. Louis, MO, USA
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46
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Guo LY, Xu PQ, Chen LL. [Cleidocranial dysplasia: a case report and gene mutation analysis]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:677-680. [PMID: 31875450 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease characterized by abnormal skeletal and dental development. In this work, a case of cleidocranial dysplasia is reported, and a new frameshift mutation is confirmed by gene detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Guo
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Pei-Qiong Xu
- Dept. of Orthodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
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47
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Deng B, Zhu W, Duan Y, Hu Y, Chen X, Song S, Yi Z, Song Y. Exendin‑4 promotes osteogenic differentiation of adipose‑derived stem cells and facilitates bone repair. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4933-4942. [PMID: 31661134 PMCID: PMC6854547 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-related bone defects pose a heavy burden on patients and orthopedic surgeons. Although stem-cell-based bone repair has developed rapidly, it is of great significance to characterize bio-active molecules that facilitate bone regeneration. It is reported that a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, promoted bone regeneration mediated by the transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells in a metaphyseal defect mouse model of femur injury. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Bone imaging, immunohistochemistry real-time PCR and western blot analysis were used in the present study, and the results revealed that exendin-4 increased the transcription of the osteogenic differentiation-related genes and induced osteogenic differentiation in situ. Furthermore, the present data obtained from sorted adipose-derived stem cells revealed that exendin-4 promoted osteogenic differentiation and inhibited adipogenic differentiation in vitro. These findings indicated that exendin-4 facilitates osteogenic differentiation of transplanted adipose-derived stem cells for bone repair and illuminated clinical prospects of both adipose-derived stem cells and exendin-4 in stem-cell-based bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banglian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Implantation, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhong Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Shaanxi Province Geriatric Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710005, P.R. China
| | - Yansheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Implantation, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Faculty of Medicine, Eastern University of Liaoning, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Xuefeng Dental Care Huaian, Huaian, Jiangsu 223000, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Song
- Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
| | - Zian Yi
- Department of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yingliang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Implantation, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Catala M, Khonsari RH, Paternoster G, Arnaud É. [Development and growth of the vault of the skull]. Neurochirurgie 2019; 65:210-215. [PMID: 31586575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The vault of the skull is a region of the neurocranium formed by a process of membranous ossification. It consists of several bones: frontal bone, parietal bone, squamous part of the temporal bone, lamina ascendens of the sphenoid, and interparietal bone. The embryological origin of the bones of the skull vault is still the subject of controversy. This can be explained by the different animal models used for these purposes, but also by the various techniques applied to this problem. At all events, it seems that the cells of the neural crest generate some of the bones of the vault and that the others are derived from the mesoderm. This uncertainty should lead readers to be extremely cautious before using the presumptive maps published in the literature. Several tissues interact with osteo-progenitor cells: neural tube, surface ectoderm and dura mater. Analysis of genes in which mutations lead to abnormalities of the skull vault has partly revealed the molecular interactions. These are very complex and are the field of very numerous experimental investigations. In the relatively near future, we can hope to discover some of the molecular networks leading to the formation of these bony structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catala
- UMR biologie du développement (Sorbonne université, CNRS, Inserm, IBPS), Sorbonne université (site Pierre-et-Marie-Curie), 9, quai Saint-Bernard, bâtiment C, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
| | - R H Khonsari
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et plastique, centre de référence maladies rares MAFACE, filière maladies rares CRANIOST, université Sorbonne Paris Cité, université Paris Descartes, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - G Paternoster
- Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - É Arnaud
- 34, avenue d'Eylau, Paris, France
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Tosa I, Yamada D, Yasumatsu M, Hinoi E, Ono M, Oohashi T, Kuboki T, Takarada T. Postnatal Runx2 deletion leads to low bone mass and adipocyte accumulation in mice bone tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:1229-1233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Manzotti G, Torricelli F, Donati B, Sancisi V, Gugnoni M, Ciarrocchi A. HDACs control RUNX2 expression in cancer cells through redundant and cell context-dependent mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:346. [PMID: 31395086 PMCID: PMC6686443 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background RUNX2 is a Runt-related transcription factor required during embryogenesis for skeletal development and morphogenesis of other organs including thyroid and breast gland. Consistent evidence indicates that RUNX2 expression is aberrantly reactivated in cancer and supports tumor progression. The mechanisms leading to RUNX2 expression in cancer has only recently began to emerge. Previously, we showed that suppressing the activity of the epigenetic regulators HDACs significantly represses RUNX2 expression highlighting a role for these enzymes in RUNX2 reactivation in cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which HDACs control RUNX2 are still largely unexplored. Here, to fill this gap, we investigated the role of different HDACs in RUNX2 expression regulation in breast and thyroid cancer, tumors that majorly rely on RUNX2 for their development and progression. Methods Proliferation assays and evaluation of RUNX2 mRNA levels by qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the effect of several HDACi and specific siRNAs on a panel of cancer cell lines. Moreover, ChIP and co-IP assays were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underneath the RUNX2 transcriptional regulation. Finally, RNA-sequencing unveiled a new subset of genes whose transcription is regulated by the complex RUNX2-HDAC6. Results In this study, we showed that Class I HDACs and in particular HDAC1 are required for RUNX2 efficient transcription in cancer. Furthermore, we found an additional and cell-specific function of HDAC6 in driving RUNX2 expression in thyroid cancer cells. In this model, HDAC6 likely stabilizes the assembly of the transcriptional complex, which includes HDAC1, on the RUNX2 P2 promoter potentiating its transcription. Since a functional interplay between RUNX2 and HDAC6 has been suggested, we used RNA-Seq profiling to consolidate this evidence in thyroid cancer and to extend the knowledge on this cooperation in a setting in which HDAC6 also controls RUNX2 expression. Conclusions Overall, our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling RUNX2 in cancer and consolidate the rationale for the use of HDACi as potential pharmacological strategy to counteract the pro-oncogenic program controlled by RUNX2 in cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1350-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Manzotti
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federica Torricelli
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Donati
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mila Gugnoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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