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Carreto-Binaghi LE, Sztein MB, Booth JS. Role of cellular effectors in the induction and maintenance of IgA responses leading to protective immunity against enteric bacterial pathogens. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1446072. [PMID: 39324143 PMCID: PMC11422102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1446072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is a critical first line of defense to infectious diseases, as many pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, disrupting the balanced interactions between mucosal cells, secretory molecules, and microbiota in this challenging microenvironment. The mucosal immune system comprises of a complex and integrated network that includes the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). One of its primary responses to microbes is the secretion of IgA, whose role in the mucosa is vital for preventing pathogen colonization, invasion and spread. The mechanisms involved in these key responses include neutralization of pathogens, immune exclusion, immune modulation, and cross-protection. The generation and maintenance of high affinity IgA responses require a delicate balance of multiple components, including B and T cell interactions, innate cells, the cytokine milieu (e.g., IL-21, IL-10, TGF-β), and other factors essential for intestinal homeostasis, including the gut microbiota. In this review, we will discuss the main cellular components (e.g., T cells, innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells) in the gut microenvironment as mediators of important effector responses and as critical players in supporting B cells in eliciting and maintaining IgA production, particularly in the context of enteric infections and vaccination in humans. Understanding the mechanisms of humoral and cellular components in protection could guide and accelerate the development of more effective mucosal vaccines and therapeutic interventions to efficiently combat mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Carreto-Binaghi
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiologia de la Tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Volpi C, Amigot-Sánchez R, Yélamos MB, Díez C, Gómez J, Hontañón V, Berenguer J, González-García J, Martín-Escolano R, Resino S, Martínez I. Sustained Long-Term Decline in Anti-HCV Neutralizing Antibodies in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients Five Years after HCV Therapy: A Retrospective Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1152. [PMID: 39338314 PMCID: PMC11434851 DOI: 10.3390/ph17091152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study evaluated titers and amplitudes of anti-E2 antibodies (anti-E2-Abs) and neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV; anti-HCV-nAbs) in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals over five years after successful HCV treatment completion. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 76 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients achieving sustained virologic response post-HCV treatment. Plasma levels of anti-E2-Abs and anti-HCV-nAbs against five HCV genotypes (Gt1a, Gt1b, Gt2a, Gt3a, and Gt4a) were determined using ELISA and microneutralization assays, respectively. Statistical analyses comparing the three follow-up time points (baseline, one year, and five years post-HCV treatment) were performed using generalized linear mixed models, adjusting p-values with the false discovery rate (q-value). Results: Compared to baseline, anti-E2-Abs titers decreased at one year (1.9- to 2.3-fold, q-value < 0.001) and five years (3.4- to 9.1-fold, q-value < 0.001) post-HCV treatment. Anti-HCV-nAbs decreased 2.9- to 8.4-fold (q-value < 0.002) at one year and 17.8- to 90.4-fold (q-value < 0.001) at five years post-HCV treatment. Anti-HCV-nAbs titers against Gt3a were consistently the lowest. Nonresponse rates for anti-E2-Abs remained low throughout the follow-up, while anti-HCV-nAbs nonresponse rates increased 1.8- to 13.5-fold (q-value < 0.05) at five years post-HCV treatment, with Gt3a showing the highest nonresponse rate. Conclusions: Humoral immune responses against HCV decreased consistently one and five years post-HCV treatment, regardless of HCV genotype and previous HCV therapy or type of treatment (IFN- or DAA-based therapy). This decline was more pronounced for anti-HCV-nAbs, particularly against Gt3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Camilla Volpi
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rafael Amigot-Sánchez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Belén Yélamos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Pl de las Ciencias, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Díez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, C del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Pl de las Ciencias, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Hontañón
- Unidad de VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Berenguer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, C del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan González-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Zhernov YV, Petrova VO, Simanduyev MY, Shcherbakov DV, Polibin RV, Mitrokhin OV, Basov AA, Zabroda NN, Vysochanskaya SO, Al-khaleefa E, Pashayeva KR, Feyziyeva NY. Microbicides for Topical HIV Immunoprophylaxis: Current Status and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:668. [PMID: 38931337 PMCID: PMC11206355 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbicides, which are classified as topical antiseptic agents, are a revolutionary advancement in HIV prevention aimed to prevent the entry of infectious agents into the human body, thus stopping the sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Microbicides represent the promise of a new age in preventive measures against one of the world's most pressing health challenges. In addition to their direct antiviral effects during HIV transmission, microbicides also influence vaginal mucosal immunity. This article reviews microbicides by presenting different drug classifications and highlighting significant representatives from each group. It also explains their mechanisms of action and presents information about vaginal mucosal immune responses, emphasizing the critical role they play in responding to HIV during sexual transmission. The article discusses the following groups of microbicides: surfactants or membrane disruptors, vaginal milieu protectors, anionic polymers, dendrimers, carbohydrate-binding proteins, HIV replication inhibitors (reverse transcriptase inhibitors), and multi-purpose prevention technologies, which combine protection against HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, and contraception. For each chemical compound, the article provides a brief overview of relevant preclinical and clinical research, emphasizing their potential as microbicides. The article offers insights into the multifaceted impact of microbicides, which signify a pivotal step forward in the pursuit of effective and accessible pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Zhernov
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Fomin Clinic, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislava O. Petrova
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark Y. Simanduyev
- The Baku Branch, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State University (Sechenov University), Baku AZ1141, Azerbaijan
| | - Denis V. Shcherbakov
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare, Omsk State Medical University, 644099 Omsk, Russia
| | - Roman V. Polibin
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Mitrokhin
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem A. Basov
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Diphtheria and Pertussis Surveillance Laboratory, G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N. Zabroda
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sonya O. Vysochanskaya
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Diphtheria and Pertussis Surveillance Laboratory, G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ezzulddin Al-khaleefa
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamilla R. Pashayeva
- The Baku Branch, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State University (Sechenov University), Baku AZ1141, Azerbaijan
| | - Narmina Yu. Feyziyeva
- The Baku Branch, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State University (Sechenov University), Baku AZ1141, Azerbaijan
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Cossarini F, Shang J, Krek A, Al-Taie Z, Hou R, Canales-Herrerias P, Tokuyama M, Tankelevich M, Tillowiz A, Jha D, Livanos AE, Leyre L, Uzzan M, Martinez-Delgado G, Tylor M, Sharma K, Bourgonje AR, Cruz M, Ioannou G, Dawson T, D'Souza D, Kim-Schulze S, Akm A, Aberg JA, Chen BK, Gnjatic S, Polydorides AD, Cerutti A, Argmann C, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Suarez-Farinas M, Petralia F, Faith JJ, Mehandru S. HIV-1 infection is associated with depletion of germinal center B cells and a decrease in IgA + plasma cells in the GI tract. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.17.590425. [PMID: 38826293 PMCID: PMC11142040 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.590425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) B cells and plasma cells (PCs), critical to mucosal homeostasis, play an important role in the host response to HIV-1 infection. Here, high resolution mapping of human B cells and PCs from colon and ileum during both viremic and suppressed HIV-1 infection identified a significant reduction in germinal center (GC) B cells and Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) during HIV-1 viremia. Further, IgA + PCs, the major cellular output of intestinal GCs were significantly reduced during viremic HIV-1 infection. PC-associated transcriptional perturbations, including type I interferon signaling persisted in antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated individuals, suggesting ongoing disruption of the intestinal immune milieu during ART. GI humoral immune perturbations associated with changes in intestinal microbiome composition and systemic inflammation. Herein, we highlight a key immune defect in the GI mucosa due to HIV-1 viremia, with major implications. One Sentence Summary Major perturbations in intestinal GC dynamics in viremic HIV-1 infection relate to reduced IgA + plasma cells, systemic inflammation and microbiota changes.
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Lv W, Li Z, Wang S, He J, Zhang L. A role for tunneling nanotubes in virus spread. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1356415. [PMID: 38435698 PMCID: PMC10904554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1356415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are actin-rich intercellular conduits that mediate distant cell-to-cell communication and enable the transfer of various cargos, including proteins, organelles, and virions. They play vital roles in both physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focus on TNTs in different types of viruses, including retroviruses such as HIV, HTLV, influenza A, herpesvirus, paramyxovirus, alphavirus and SARS-CoV-2. We summarize the viral proteins responsible for inducing TNT formation and explore how these virus-induced TNTs facilitate intercellular communication, thereby promoting viral spread. Furthermore, we highlight other virus infections that can induce TNT-like structures, facilitating the dissemination of viruses. Moreover, TNTs promote intercellular spread of certain viruses even in the presence of neutralizing antibodies and antiviral drugs, posing significant challenges in combating viral infections. Understanding the mechanisms underlying viral spread via TNTs provides valuable insights into potential drug targets and contributes to the development of effective therapies for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimiao Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zichen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shule Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Woottum M, Yan S, Sayettat S, Grinberg S, Cathelin D, Bekaddour N, Herbeuval JP, Benichou S. Macrophages: Key Cellular Players in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38400063 PMCID: PMC10893316 DOI: 10.3390/v16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cells of the myeloid lineages, including tissue macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, were rapidly recognized, in addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, as target cells of HIV-1, their specific roles in the pathophysiology of infection were initially largely neglected. However, numerous studies performed over the past decade, both in vitro in cell culture systems and in vivo in monkey and humanized mouse animal models, led to growing evidence that macrophages play important direct and indirect roles as HIV-1 target cells and in pathogenesis. It has been recently proposed that macrophages are likely involved in all stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis, including virus transmission and dissemination, but above all, in viral persistence through the establishment, together with latently infected CD4+ T cells, of virus reservoirs in many host tissues, the major obstacle to virus eradication in people living with HIV. Infected macrophages are indeed found, very often as multinucleated giant cells expressing viral antigens, in almost all lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, where they can probably persist for long period of time. In addition, macrophages also likely participate, directly as HIV-1 targets or indirectly as key regulators of innate immunity and inflammation, in the chronic inflammation and associated clinical disorders observed in people living with HIV, even in patients receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. The main objective of this review is therefore to summarize the recent findings, and also to revisit older data, regarding the critical functions of tissue macrophages in the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection, both as major HIV-1-infected target cells likely found in almost all tissues, as well as regulators of innate immunity and inflammation during the different stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sen Yan
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sophie Sayettat
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Séverine Grinberg
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Dominique Cathelin
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
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Zhitkevich A, Bayurova E, Avdoshina D, Zakirova N, Frolova G, Chowdhury S, Ivanov A, Gordeychuk I, Palefsky JM, Isaguliants M. HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Expression in HPV16-Infected Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells Alters E6 Expression and Cellular Metabolism, and Induces a Hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal Cell Phenotype. Viruses 2024; 16:193. [PMID: 38399969 PMCID: PMC10892743 DOI: 10.3390/v16020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of epithelial malignancies in HIV-1 infected individuals is associated with co-infection with oncogenic viruses, such as high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPVs), mostly HPV16. The molecular mechanisms underlying the HIV-1-associated increase in epithelial malignancies are not fully understood. A collaboration between HIV-1 and HR HPVs in the malignant transformation of epithelial cells has long been anticipated. Here, we delineated the effects of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase on the in vitro and in vivo properties of HPV16-infected cervical cancer cells. A human cervical carcinoma cell line infected with HPV16 (Ca Ski) was made to express HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) by lentiviral transduction. The levels of the mRNA of the E6 isoforms and of the factors characteristic to the epithelial/mesenchymal transition were assessed by real-time RT-PCR. The parameters of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration were determined using Seahorse technology. RT expressing Ca Ski subclones were assessed for the capacity to form tumors in nude mice. RT expression increased the expression of the E6*I isoform, modulated the expression of E-CADHERIN and VIMENTIN, indicating the presence of a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype, enhanced glycolysis, and inhibited mitochondrial respiration. In addition, the expression of RT induced phenotypic alterations impacting cell motility, clonogenic activity, and the capacity of Ca Ski cells to form tumors in nude mice. These findings suggest that HIV-RT, a multifunctional protein, affects HPV16-induced oncogenesis, which is achieved through modulation of the expression of the E6 oncoprotein. These results highlight a complex interplay between HIV antigens and HPV oncoproteins potentiating the malignant transformation of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zhitkevich
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Darya Avdoshina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Natalia Zakirova
- Centre for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Galina Frolova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
| | - Sona Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.C.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
- Centre for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.); (G.F.); (I.G.)
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Joel M. Palefsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.C.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Maria Isaguliants
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Szabó-Meleg E. Intercellular Highways in Transport Processes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:173-201. [PMID: 39242380 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Communication among cells is vital in multicellular organisms. Various structures and mechanisms have evolved over time to achieve the intricate flow of material and information during this process. One such way of communication is through tunnelling membrane nanotubes (TNTs), which were initially described in 2004. These TNTs are membrane-bounded actin-rich cellular extensions, facilitating direct communication between distant cells. They exhibit remarkable diversity in terms of structure, morphology, and function, in which cytoskeletal proteins play an essential role. Biologically, TNTs play a crucial role in transporting membrane components, cell organelles, and nucleic acids, and they also present opportunities for the efficient transmission of bacteria and viruses, furthermore, may contribute to the dissemination of misfolded proteins in certain neurodegenerative diseases. Convincing results of studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo indicate that TNTs play roles in various biomedical processes, including cell differentiation, tissue regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, immune response and function, as well as tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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9
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Simon F, Thoma-Kress AK. Intercellular Transport of Viral Proteins. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:435-474. [PMID: 39242389 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are vehicles to exchange genetic information and proteins between cells and organisms by infecting their target cells either cell-free, or depending on cell-cell contacts. Several viruses like certain retroviruses or herpesviruses transmit by both mechanisms. However, viruses have also evolved the properties to exchange proteins between cells independent of viral particle formation. This exchange of viral proteins can be directed to target cells prior to infection to interfere with restriction factors and intrinsic immunity, thus, making the target cell prone to infection. However, also bystander cells, e.g. immune cell populations, can be targeted by viral proteins to dampen antiviral responses. Mechanistically, viruses exploit several routes of cell-cell communication to exchange viral proteins like the formation of extracellular vesicles or the formation of long-distance connections like tunneling nanotubes. Although it is known that viral nucleic acids can be transferred between cells as well, this chapter concentrates on viral proteins of human pathogenic viruses covering all Baltimore classes and summarizes our current knowledge on intercellular transport of viral proteins between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Simon
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Rey-Barroso J, Dufrançais O, Vérollet C. Tunneling Nanotubes in Myeloid Cells: Perspectives for Health and Infectious Diseases. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:419-434. [PMID: 39242388 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are cellular connections, which represent a novel route for cell-to-cell communication. Strong evidence points to a role for TNTs in the intercellular transfer of signals, molecules, organelles, and pathogens, involving them in many cellular functions. In myeloid cells (e.g., monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts), intercellular communication via TNT contributes to their differentiation and immune functions, by favoring material and pathogen transfer, as well as cell fusion. This chapter addresses the complexity of the definition and characterization of TNTs in myeloid cells, the different processes involved in their formation, their existence in vivo, and finally their function(s) in health and infectious diseases, with the example of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rey-Barroso
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Ophélie Dufrançais
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Rey-Cadilhac F, Rachenne F, Missé D, Pompon J. Viral Components Trafficking with(in) Extracellular Vesicles. Viruses 2023; 15:2333. [PMID: 38140574 PMCID: PMC10747788 DOI: 10.3390/v15122333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The global public health burden exerted by viruses partially stems from viruses' ability to subdue host cells into creating an environment that promotes their multiplication (i.e., pro-viral). It has been discovered that viruses alter cell physiology by transferring viral material through extracellular vesicles (EVs), which serve as vehicles for intercellular communication. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual framework of all possible EV-virus associations and their resulting functions in infection output. First, we describe the different viral materials potentially associated with EVs by reporting that EVs can harbor entire virions, viral proteins and viral nucleic acids. We also delineate the different mechanisms underlying the internalization of these viral components into EVs. Second, we describe the potential fate of EV-associated viral material cargo by detailing how EV can circulate and target a naive cell once secreted. Finally, we itemize the different pro-viral strategies resulting from EV associations as the Trojan horse strategy, an alternative mode of viral transmission, an expansion of viral cellular tropism, a pre-emptive alteration of host cell physiology and an immunity decoy. With this conceptual overview, we aim to stimulate research on EV-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Rey-Cadilhac
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Science, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Rachenne
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Science, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
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12
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Calado M, Pires D, Conceição C, Santos-Costa Q, Anes E, Azevedo-Pereira JM. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission-Mechanisms underlying the cell-to-cell spread of human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2480. [PMID: 37698498 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of combined antiretroviral therapy in controlling viral load and reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, an estimated 1.5 million new infections occurred worldwide in 2021. These new infections are mainly the result of sexual intercourse and thus involve cells present on the genital mucosa, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (Mø) and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Understanding the mechanisms by which HIV interacts with these cells and how HIV exploits these interactions to establish infection in a new human host is critical to the development of strategies to prevent and control HIV transmission. In this review, we explore how HIV has evolved to manipulate some of the physiological roles of these cells, thereby gaining access to strategic cellular niches that are critical for the spread and pathogenesis of HIV infection. The interaction of HIV with DCs, Mø and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and the role of the intercellular transfer of viral particles through the establishment of the infectious or virological synapses, but also through membrane protrusions such as filopodia and tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs), and cell fusion or cell engulfment processes are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Carolina Conceição
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Quirina Santos-Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Habib A, Liang Y, Zhu N. Exosomes multifunctional roles in HIV-1: insight into the immune regulation, vaccine development and current progress in delivery system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249133. [PMID: 37965312 PMCID: PMC10642161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) is known to establish a persistent latent infection. The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively reduce the viral load, but the treatment can be costly and may lead to the development of drug resistance and life-shortening side effects. It is important to develop an ideal and safer in vivo target therapy that will effectively block viral replication and expression in the body. Exosomes have recently emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle due to their low immunogenicity, nanoscale size (30-150nm), high biocompatibility, and stability in the targeted area. Exosomes, which are genetically produced by different types of cells such as dendritic cells, neurons, T and B cells, epithelial cells, tumor cells, and mast cells, are designed for efficient delivery to targeted cells. In this article, we review and highlight recent developments in the strategy and application of exosome-based HIV-1 vaccines. We also discuss the use of exosome-based antigen delivery systems in vaccine development. HIV-1 antigen can be loaded into exosomes, and this modified cargo can be delivered to target cells or tissues through different loading approaches. This review also discusses the immunological prospects of exosomes and their role as biomarkers in disease progression. However, there are significant administrative and technological obstacles that need to be overcome to fully harness the potential of exosome drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Habib
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulai Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Matveev VA, Mihelic EZ, Benko E, Budylowski P, Grocott S, Lee T, Korosec CS, Colwill K, Stephenson H, Law R, Ward LA, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Mailhot G, Delgado-Brand M, Pasculescu A, Wang JH, Qi F, Tursun T, Kardava L, Chau S, Samaan P, Imran A, Copertino DC, Chao G, Choi Y, Reinhard RJ, Kaul R, Heffernan JM, Jones RB, Chun TW, Moir S, Singer J, Gommerman J, Gingras AC, Kovacs C, Ostrowski M. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on HIV reservoir in older people with HIV. iScience 2023; 26:107915. [PMID: 37790281 PMCID: PMC10542941 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Older individuals and people with HIV (PWH) were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination, yet comprehensive studies of the immunogenicity of these vaccines and their effects on HIV reservoirs are not available. Our study on 68 PWH and 23 HIV-negative participants aged 55 and older post-three vaccine doses showed equally strong anti-spike IgG responses in serum and saliva through week 48 from baseline, while PWH salivary IgA responses were low. PWH had diminished live-virus neutralization responses after two vaccine doses, which were 'rescued' post-booster. Spike-specific T cell immunity was enhanced in PWH with normal CD4+ T cell count, suggesting Th1 imprinting. The frequency of detectable HIV viremia increased post-vaccination, but vaccines did not affect the size of the HIV reservoir in most PWH, except those with low-level viremia. Thus, older PWH require three doses of COVID-19 vaccine for maximum protection, while individuals with unsuppressed viremia should be monitored for adverse reactions from HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy A. Matveev
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Erik Z. Mihelic
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto ON M5G 1K2, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sebastian Grocott
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Terry Lee
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHÉOS), Vancouver BC V6Z IY6, Canada
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Henry Stephenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Ryan Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lesley A. Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Geneviève Mailhot
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Pasculescu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jenny H. Wang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Freda Qi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Tulunay Tursun
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Serena Chau
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Philip Samaan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Annam Imran
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gary Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yoojin Choi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert J. Reinhard
- Independent Public/Global Health Consultant, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jane M. Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel Singer
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHÉOS), Vancouver BC V6Z IY6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto ON M5G 1K2, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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15
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Bou JV, Taguwa S, Matsuura Y. Trick-or-Trap: Extracellular Vesicles and Viral Transmission. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1532. [PMID: 37896936 PMCID: PMC10611016 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-enclosed particles produced by most cells, playing important roles in various biological processes. They have been shown to be involved in antiviral mechanisms such as transporting antiviral molecules, transmitting viral resistance, and participating in antigen presentation. While viral transmission was traditionally thought to occur through independent viral particles, the process of viral infection is complex, with multiple barriers and challenges that viruses must overcome for successful infection. As a result, viruses exploit the intercellular communication pathways of EVs to facilitate cluster transmission, increasing their chances of infecting target cells. Viral vesicle transmission offers two significant advantages. Firstly, it enables the collective transmission of viral genomes, increasing the chances of infection and promoting interactions between viruses in subsequent generations. Secondly, the use of vesicles as vehicles for viral transmission provides protection to viral particles against environmental factors, while also expanding the cell tropism allowing viruses to reach cells in a receptor-independent manner. Understanding the role of EVs in viral transmission is crucial for comprehending virus evolution and developing innovative antiviral strategies, therapeutic interventions, and vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Vicente Bou
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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16
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Stögerer T, Silva-Barrios S, Carmona-Pérez L, Swaminathan S, Mai LT, Leroux LP, Jaramillo M, Descoteaux A, Stäger S. Leishmania donovani Exploits Tunneling Nanotubes for Dissemination and Propagation of B Cell Activation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0509622. [PMID: 37404188 PMCID: PMC10434010 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05096-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal B cell activation and the resulting hypergammaglobulinemia are a detrimental consequence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL); however, the mechanisms underlying this excessive production of nonprotective antibodies are still poorly understood. Here, we show that a causative agent of VL, Leishmania donovani, induces CD21-dependent formation of tunneling nanotubule (TNT)-like protrusions in B cells. These intercellular connections are used by the parasite to disseminate among cells and propagate B cell activation, and close contact both among the cells and between B cells and parasites is required to achieve this activation. Direct contact between cells and parasites is also observed in vivo, as L. donovani can be detected in the splenic B cell area as early as 14 days postinfection. Interestingly, Leishmania parasites can also glide from macrophages to B cells via TNT-like protrusions. Taken together, our results suggest that, during in vivo infection, B cells may acquire L. donovani from macrophages via TNT-like protrusions, and these connections are subsequently exploited by the parasite to disseminate among B cells, thus propagating B cell activation and ultimately leading to polyclonal B cell activation. IMPORTANCE Leishmania donovani is a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, a potentially lethal disease characterized by strong B cell activation and the subsequent excessive production of nonprotective antibodies, which are known to worsen the disease. How Leishmania activates B cells is still unknown, particularly because this parasite mostly resides inside macrophages and would not have access to B cells during infection. In this study, we describe for the first time how the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani induces and exploits the formation of protrusions that connect B lymphocytes with each other or with macrophages and glides on these structures from one cell to another. In this way, B cells can acquire Leishmania from macrophages and become activated upon contact with the parasites. This activation will then lead to antibody production. These findings provide an explanation for how the parasite may propagate B cell activation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stögerer
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sasha Silva-Barrios
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liseth Carmona-Pérez
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharada Swaminathan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linh Thuy Mai
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Leroux
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maritza Jaramillo
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Ghaly M, Proulx J, Borgmann K, Park IW. Novel role of HIV-1 Nef in regulating the ubiquitination of cellular proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1106591. [PMID: 36968110 PMCID: PMC10031067 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1106591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent data established that HIV-1 Nef is pivotal in determining the fate of cellular proteins by modulating ubiquitination. However, it is unknown which proteins are ubiquitinated in the presence of Nef, a question critical for understanding the proliferation/restriction strategies of HIV-1 in infected cells. To identify cellular proteins ubiquitinated by Nef, we conducted a proteomic analysis of cellular proteins in the presence and absence of Nef. Proteomic analysis in HEK293T cells indicated that 93 proteins were upregulated and 232 were downregulated in their ubiquitination status by Nef. Computational analysis classified these proteins based on molecular function, biological process, subcellular localization, and biological pathway. Of those proteins, we found a majority of molecular functions to be involved in binding and catalytic activity. With respect to biological processes, a significant portion of the proteins identified were related to cellular and metabolic processes. Subcellular localization analysis showed the bulk of proteins to be localized to the cytosol and cytosolic compartments, which is consistent with the known function and location of Nef during HIV-1 infection. As for biological pathways, the wide range of affected proteins was denoted by the multiple modes to fulfill function, as distinguished from a strictly singular means, which was not detected. Among these ubiquitinated proteins, six were found to directly interact with Nef, wherein two were upregulated and four downregulated. We also identified 14 proteins involved in protein stability through directly participating in the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS)-mediated proteasomal degradation pathway. Of those proteins, we found six upregulated and eight downregulated. Taken together, these analyses indicate that HIV-1 Nef is integral to regulating the stability of various cellular proteins via modulating ubiquitination. The molecular mechanisms directing Nef-triggered regulation of cellular protein ubiquitination are currently under investigation.
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Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Co-Opts Multivesicular-Derived Exosomes for Transmission. mBio 2023; 14:e0305422. [PMID: 36541757 PMCID: PMC9973304 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03054-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a member of the family Coronaviridae, genus Betacoronavirus, and subgenus Embecovirus that causes neurological disorders, vomiting and wasting disease (VWD), or influenza-like illness (ILI) in pigs. Exosomes regulate nearby or distant cells as a means of intercellular communication; however, whether they are involved in the transmission of viral reference materials during PHEV infection is unknown. Here, we collected exosomes derived from PHEV-infected neural cells (PHEV-exos) and validated their morphological, structural, and content characteristics. High-resolution mass spectrometry indicated that PHEV-exos carry a variety of cargoes, including host innate immunity sensors and viral ingredients. Furthermore, transwell analysis revealed that viral ingredients, such as proteins and RNA fragments, could be encapsulated in the exosomes of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) to nonpermissive microglia. Inhibition of exosome secretion could suppress PHEV infection. Therefore, we concluded that the mode of infectious transmission of PHEV is likely through a mixture of virus-modified exosomes and virions and that exosomal export acts as a host strategy to induce an innate response in replicating nonpermissive bystander cells free of immune system recognition. IMPORTANCE The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a large number of deaths worldwide. Clinical neurological complications have occurred in some cases; however, knowledge of the natural history of coronavirus in the central nervous system (CNS) is thus far limited. PHEV is a typical neurotropic betacoronavirus (β-CoV) that propagates via neural circuits in the host CNS after peripheral incubation rather than through the bloodstream. It is therefore a good prototype pathogen to investigate the neuropathological pathogenesis of acute human coronavirus infection. In this study, we demonstrate a new association between host vesicle-based secretion and PHEV infection, showing that multivesicular-derived exosomes are one of the modes of infectious transmission and that they mediate the transfer of immunostimulatory cargo to uninfected neuroimmune cells. These findings provide novel insights into the treatment and monitoring of neurological consequences associated with β-CoV, similar to those associated with SARS-CoV-2.
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Han M, Woottum M, Mascarau R, Vahlas Z, Verollet C, Benichou S. Mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer to myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1261-1271. [PMID: 35355323 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0322-737r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and osteoclasts (OCs) are emerging as important target cells for HIV-1, as they likely participate in all steps of pathogenesis, including sexual transmission and early virus dissemination in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues where they can constitute persistent virus reservoirs. At least in vitro, these myeloid cells are poorly infected by cell-free viral particles. In contrast, intercellular virus transmission through direct cell-to-cell contacts may be a predominant mode of virus propagation in vivo leading to productive infection of these myeloid target cells. HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer between CD4+ T cells mainly through the formation of the virologic synapse, or from infected macrophages or dendritic cells to CD4+ T cell targets, have been extensively described in vitro. Recent reports demonstrate that myeloid cells can be also productively infected through virus homotypic or heterotypic cell-to-cell transfer between macrophages or from virus-donor-infected CD4+ T cells, respectively. These modes of infection of myeloid target cells lead to very efficient spreading in these poorly susceptible cell types. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different mechanisms reported in the literature for cell-to-cell transfer and spreading of HIV-1 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP), CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculty of Health, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
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20
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Yélamos MB, Díez C, Gómez J, Hontañón V, Torresano-Felipe F, Berenguer J, González-García J, Ibañez-Samaniego L, Llop E, Olveira A, Martínez J, Resino S, Martínez I. Negative impact of HIV infection on broad-spectrum anti-HCV neutralizing antibody titers in HCV-infected patients with advanced HCV-related cirrhosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113024. [PMID: 35483197 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to assess the impact of HIV on the production of anti-HCV antibodies in HCV-infected individuals with advanced HCV-related cirrhosis before and 36 weeks after the sustained virological response (SVR) induced by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy. METHODS Prospective study on 62 patients (50 HIV/HCV-coinfected and 12 HCV-monoinfected). Plasma anti-E2 and HCV-nAbs were determined respectively by ELISA and microneutralization assays. RESULTS At baseline, the HCV-group had higher anti-E2 levels against Gt1a (p = 0.012), Gt1b (p = 0.023), and Gt4a (p = 0.005) than the HIV/HCV-group. After SVR, anti-E2 titers against Gt1a (p < 0.001), Gt1b (p = 0.001), and Gt4a (p = 0.042) were also higher in the HCV-group than HIV/HCV-group. At 36 weeks post-SVR, plasma anti-E2 titers decreased between 1.3 and 1.9-fold in the HIV/HCV-group (p < 0.001) and between 1.5 and 1.8-fold in the HCV-group (p ≤ 0.001). At baseline, the HCV-group had higher titers of HCV-nAbs against Gt1a (p = 0.022), Gt1b (p = 0.002), Gt2a (p < 0.001), and Gt4a (p < 0.001) than the HIV/HCV-group. After SVR, HCV-nAbs titers against Gt1a (p = 0.014), Gt1b (p < 0.001), Gt2a (p = 0.002), and Gt4a (p = 0.004) were also higher in the HCV-group. At 36 weeks post-SVR, HCV-nAbs decreased between 2.6 and 4.1-fold in the HIV/HCV-group (p < 0.001) and between 1.9 and 4.0-fold in the HCV-group (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HIV/HCV-coinfected patients produced lower levels of broad-spectrum anti-HCV antibodies than HCV-monoinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Yélamos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Díez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Hontañón
- Unidad de VIH; Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Torresano-Felipe
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Berenguer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan González-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de VIH; Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ibañez-Samaniego
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elva Llop
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Olveira
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Proulx J, Ghaly M, Park IW, Borgmann K. HIV-1-Mediated Acceleration of Oncovirus-Related Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040768. [PMID: 35453518 PMCID: PMC9024568 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), overall survival has been improved, and the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancers has also been remarkably reduced. However, non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated malignancies have increased significantly so that cancer is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV in certain highly developed countries, such as France. However, it is currently unknown how HIV-1 infection raises oncogenic virus-mediated cancer risks in the HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infected patients, and thus elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for how HIV-1 expedites the oncogenic viruses-triggered tumorigenesis in the co-infected hosts is imperative for developing therapeutics to cure or impede the carcinogenesis. Hence, this review is focused on HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infection-mediated molecular processes in the acceleration of non-AIDS-defining cancers.
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22
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Understanding the key functions of Myosins in viral infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:597-607. [PMID: 35212367 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosins, a class of actin-based motor proteins existing in almost any organism, are originally considered only involved in driving muscle contraction, reshaping actin cytoskeleton, and anchoring or transporting cargoes, including protein complexes, organelles, vesicles. However, accumulating evidence reveals that myosins also play vital roles in viral infection, depending on viral species and infection stages. This review systemically summarizes the described various myosins, the performed functions, and the involved mechanisms or molecular pathways during viral infection. Meanwhile, the existing issues are also discussed. Additionally, the important technologies or agents, including siRNA, gene editing, and myosin inhibitors, would facilitate dissecting the actions and mechanisms for described and undescribed myosins, which could be adopted to prevent or control viral infection are also characterized.
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HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Transmission Modes: Mechanisms and Importance for Virus Spread. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010152. [PMID: 35062355 PMCID: PMC8779814 DOI: 10.3390/v14010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, only two retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (type 1 and 2) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been recognized as pathogenic for humans. Both viruses mainly infect CD4+ T lymphocytes. HIV replication induces the apoptosis of CD4 lymphocytes, leading to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). After a long clinical latency period, HTLV-1 can transform lymphocytes, with subsequent uncontrolled proliferation and the manifestation of a disease called adult T-cell leukemia (ATLL). Certain infected patients develop neurological autoimmune disorder called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, also known as tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Both viruses are transmitted between individuals via blood transfusion, tissue/organ transplantation, breastfeeding, and sexual intercourse. Within the host, these viruses can spread utilizing either cell-free or cell-to-cell modes of transmission. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and importance of each mode of transmission for the biology of HIV-1 and HTLV-1.
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24
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Navarrete-Muñoz MA, Llorens C, Benito JM, Rallón N. Extracellular Vesicles as a New Promising Therapy in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:811471. [PMID: 35058938 PMCID: PMC8765339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively blocks HIV replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV from the body mainly due to establishment of a viral reservoir. To date, clinical strategies designed to replace cART for life and alternatively to eliminate the HIV reservoir have failed. The reduced expression of viral antigens in the latently infected cells is one of the main reasons behind the failure of the strategies to purge the HIV reservoir. This situation has forced the scientific community to search alternative therapeutic strategies to control HIV infection. In this regard, recent findings have pointed out extracellular vesicles as therapeutic agents with enormous potential to control HIV infection. This review focuses on their role as pro-viral and anti-viral factors, as well as their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Navarrete-Muñoz
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
- Biotechvana, Madrid Scientific Park Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Madrid Scientific Park Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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25
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HIV-1 Nef Protein Affects Cytokine and Extracellular Vesicles Production in the GEN2.2 Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Line. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010074. [PMID: 35062278 PMCID: PMC8780779 DOI: 10.3390/v14010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique dendritic cell subset specialized in type I interferon production, whose role in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and pathogenesis is complex and not yet well defined. Considering the crucial role of the accessory protein Nef in HIV pathogenicity, possible alterations in intracellular signalling and extracellular vesicle (EV) release induced by exogenous Nef on uninfected pDCs have been investigated. As an experimental model system, a human plasmacytoid dendritic cell line, GEN2.2, stimulated with a myristoylated recombinant NefSF2 protein was employed. In GEN2.2 cells, Nef treatment induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-1 and STAT-2 and the production of a set of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors including IP-10, MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8, TNF-α and G-CSF. The released factors differed both in type and amount from those released by macrophages treated with the same viral protein. Moreover, Nef treatment slightly reduces the production of small EVs, and the protein was found associated with the small (size < 200 nm) but not the medium/large vesicles (size > 200 nm) collected from GEN2.2 cells. These results add new information on the interactions between this virulence factor and uninfected pDCs, and may provide the basis for further studies on the interactions of Nef protein with primary pDCs.
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D’Aloia A, Arrigoni E, Costa B, Berruti G, Martegani E, Sacco E, Ceriani M. RalGPS2 Interacts with Akt and PDK1 Promoting Tunneling Nanotubes Formation in Bladder Cancer and Kidney Cells Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246330. [PMID: 34944949 PMCID: PMC8699646 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell-to-cell communication in the tumor microenvironment is a crucial process to orchestrate the different components of the tumoral infrastructure. Among the mechanisms of cellular interplay in cancer cells, tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are dynamic connections that play an important role. The mechanism of the formation of TNTs among cells and the molecules involved in the process remain to be elucidated. In this study, we analyze several bladder cancer cell lines, representative of tumors at different stages and grades. We demonstrate that TNTs are formed only by mid or high-stage cell lines that show muscle-invasive properties and that they actively transport mitochondria and proteins. The formation of TNTs is triggered by stressful conditions and starts with the assembly of a specific multimolecular complex. In this study, we characterize some of the protein components of the TNTs complex, as they are potential novel molecular targets for future therapies aimed at counteracting tumor progression. Abstract RalGPS2 is a Ras-independent Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor for RalA GTPase that is involved in several cellular processes, including cytoskeletal organization. Previously, we demonstrated that RalGPS2 also plays a role in the formation of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) in bladder cancer 5637 cells. In particular, TNTs are a novel mechanism of cell–cell communication in the tumor microenvironment, playing a central role in cancer progression and metastasis formation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in TNTs formation still need to be fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that mid and high-stage bladder cancer cell lines have functional TNTs, which can transfer mitochondria. Moreover, using confocal fluorescence time-lapse microscopy, we show in 5637 cells that TNTs mediate the trafficking of RalA protein and transmembrane MHC class III protein leukocyte-specific transcript 1 (LST1). Furthermore, we show that RalGPS2 is essential for nanotubes generation, and stress conditions boost its expression both in 5637 and HEK293 cell lines. Finally, we prove that RalGPS2 interacts with Akt and PDK1, in addition to LST1 and RalA, leading to the formation of a complex that promotes nanotubes formation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that in the tumor microenvironment, RalGPS2 orchestrates the assembly of multimolecular complexes that drive the formation of TNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia D’Aloia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (E.A.); (B.C.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Edoardo Arrigoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (E.A.); (B.C.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (E.A.); (B.C.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Giovanna Berruti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Enzo Martegani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (E.A.); (B.C.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (E.A.); (B.C.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ceriani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (E.A.); (B.C.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0264483544
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27
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Ganti K, Han J, Manicassamy B, Lowen AC. Rab11a mediates cell-cell spread and reassortment of influenza A virus genomes via tunneling nanotubes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009321. [PMID: 34473799 PMCID: PMC8443049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus [IAV] genomes comprise eight negative strand RNAs packaged into virions in the form of viral ribonucleoproteins [vRNPs]. Rab11a plays a crucial role in the transport of vRNPs from the nucleus to the plasma membrane via microtubules, allowing assembly and virus production. Here, we identify a novel function for Rab11a in the inter-cellular transport of IAV vRNPs using tunneling nanotubes [TNTs]as molecular highways. TNTs are F-Actin rich tubules that link the cytoplasm of nearby cells. In IAV-infected cells, Rab11a was visualized together with vRNPs in these actin-rich intercellular connections. To better examine viral spread via TNTs, we devised an infection system in which conventional, virion-mediated, spread was not possible. Namely, we generated HA-deficient reporter viruses which are unable to produce progeny virions but whose genomes can be replicated and trafficked. In this system, vRNP transfer to neighboring cells was observed and this transfer was found to be dependent on both actin and Rab11a. Generation of infectious virus via TNT transfer was confirmed using donor cells infected with HA-deficient virus and recipient cells stably expressing HA protein. Mixing donor cells infected with genetically distinct IAVs furthermore revealed the potential for Rab11a and TNTs to serve as a conduit for genome mixing and reassortment in IAV infections. These data therefore reveal a novel role for Rab11a in the IAV life cycle, which could have significant implications for within-host spread, genome reassortment and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki Ganti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance [CEIRS]
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28
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Ding C, Patel D, Ma Y, Mann JFS, Wu J, Gao Y. Employing Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies as a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylactic & Therapeutic Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697683. [PMID: 34354709 PMCID: PMC8329590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery that the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the pathogen of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1983, there is still no effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. The major obstacle to the development of HIV-1 vaccine is the extreme diversity of viral genome sequences. Nonetheless, a number of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 have been made and identified in this area. Novel strategies based on using these bNAbs as an efficacious preventive and/or therapeutic intervention have been applied in clinical. In this review, we summarize the recent development of bNAbs and its application in HIV-1 acquisition prevention as well as discuss the innovative approaches being used to try to convey protection within individuals at risk and being treated for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Darshit Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yunjing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of AIDS Research, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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29
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Alves de Souza Rios L, Mapekula L, Mdletshe N, Chetty D, Mowla S. HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription (Tat) Co-operates With AP-1 Factors to Enhance c-MYC Transcription. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:693706. [PMID: 34277639 PMCID: PMC8278106 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.693706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection often leads to the development of co-morbidities including cancer. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is one of the most over-represented non-Hodgkin lymphoma among HIV-infected individuals, and displays a highly aggressive phenotype in this population group, with comparatively poorer outcomes, despite these patients being on anti-retroviral therapy. Accumulating evidence indicates that the molecular pathogenesis of HIV-associated malignancies is unique, with components of the virus playing an active role in driving oncogenesis, and in order to improve patient prognosis and treatment, a better understanding of disease pathobiology and progression is needed. In this study, we found HIV-1 Tat to be localized within the tumor cells of BL patients, and enhanced expression of oncogenic c-MYC in these cells. Using luciferase reporter assays we show that HIV-1 Tat enhances the c-MYC gene promoter activity and that this is partially mediated via two AP-1 binding elements located at positions -1128 and -1375 bp, as revealed by mutagenesis experiments. We further demonstrate, using pull-down assays, that Tat can exist within a protein complex with the AP-1 factor JunB, and that this complex can bind these AP-1 sites within the c-MYC promoter, as shown by in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Therefore, these findings show that in HIV-infected individuals, Tat infiltrates B-cells, where it can enhance the expression of oncogenic factors, which contributes toward the more aggressive disease phenotype observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lungile Mapekula
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nontlantla Mdletshe
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dharshnee Chetty
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shaheen Mowla
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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30
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Onabajo OO, Lewis MG, Mattapallil JJ. GALT CD4 +PD-1 hi T follicular helper (Tfh) cells repopulate after anti-retroviral therapy. Cell Immunol 2021; 366:104396. [PMID: 34157462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are characterized by dramatic alterations in the mucosal CD4 T cell compartment. Though viremia is effectively suppressed, and peripheral CD4 T cell numbers recover to near healthy levels after highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), some of the dysfunctional consequences of HIV infection continue to persist during therapy. We hypothesized that CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cell deficiencies may play a role in this process. Using the macaque model we show that SIV infection was associated with a significant loss of Tfh cells in the GALT that drain the mesentery lining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Loss of Tfh cells significantly correlated with the depletion of the overall memory CD4 T cell compartment; most Tfh cells in the GALT expressed a CD95+CD28+ memory phenotype suggesting that infection of the memory compartment likely drives the loss of GALT Tfh cells during infection. Continuous anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was accompanied by a significant repopulation of Tfh cells in the GALT to levels similar to those of uninfected animals. Repopulating Tfh cells displayed significantly higher capacity to produce IL-21 as compared to SIV infected animals suggesting that cART fully restores Tfh cells that are functionally capable of supporting GC reactions in the GALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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Onabajo OO, Mattapallil JJ. Gut Microbiome Homeostasis and the CD4 T- Follicular Helper Cell IgA Axis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657679. [PMID: 33815419 PMCID: PMC8017181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) are associated with severe perturbations in the gut mucosal environment characterized by massive viral replication and depletion of CD4 T cells leading to dysbiosis, breakdown of the epithelial barrier, microbial translocation, immune activation and disease progression. Multiple mechanisms play a role in maintaining homeostasis in the gut mucosa and protecting the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Among these are the secretory IgA (sIgA) that are produced daily in vast quantities throughout the mucosa and play a pivotal role in preventing commensal microbes from breaching the epithelial barrier. These microbe specific, high affinity IgA are produced by IgA+ plasma cells that are present within the Peyer’s Patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the isolated lymphoid follicles that are prevalent in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Differentiation, maturation and class switching to IgA producing plasma cells requires help from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are present within these lymphoid tissues. HIV replication and CD4 T cell depletion is accompanied by severe dysregulation of Tfh cell responses that compromises the generation of mucosal IgA that in turn alters barrier integrity leading to commensal bacteria readily breaching the epithelial barrier and causing mucosal pathology. Here we review the effect of HIV infection on Tfh cells and mucosal IgA responses in the GIT and the consequences these have for gut dysbiosis and mucosal immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- F. E. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
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32
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Why Cells and Viruses Cannot Survive without an ESCRT. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030483. [PMID: 33668191 PMCID: PMC7995964 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular organelles enwrapped in membranes along with a complex network of vesicles trafficking in, out and inside the cellular environment are one of the main features of eukaryotic cells. Given their central role in cell life, compartmentalization and mechanisms allowing their maintenance despite continuous crosstalk among different organelles have been deeply investigated over the past years. Here, we review the multiple functions exerted by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery in driving membrane remodeling and fission, as well as in repairing physiological and pathological membrane damages. In this way, ESCRT machinery enables different fundamental cellular processes, such as cell cytokinesis, biogenesis of organelles and vesicles, maintenance of nuclear–cytoplasmic compartmentalization, endolysosomal activity. Furthermore, we discuss some examples of how viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, have evolved to hijack the ESCRT machinery or part of it to execute/optimize their replication cycle/infection. A special emphasis is given to the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) interaction with the ESCRT proteins, considering the peculiarities of this interplay and the need for HSV-1 to cross both the nuclear-cytoplasmic and the cytoplasmic-extracellular environment compartmentalization to egress from infected cells.
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33
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Gruevska A, Moragrega ÁB, Cossarizza A, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: Relevance for HIV-Infected Patients under Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020410. [PMID: 33669403 PMCID: PMC7920460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to medical advances over the past few decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, once a devastatingly mortal pandemic, has become a manageable chronic condition. However, available antiretroviral treatments (cART) cannot fully restore immune health and, consequently, a number of inflammation-associated and/or immunodeficiency complications have manifested themselves in treated HIV-infected patients. Among these chronic, non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-related conditions, liver disease is one of the deadliest, proving to be fatal for 15–17% of these individuals. Aside from the presence of liver-related comorbidities, including metabolic disturbances and co-infections, HIV itself and the adverse effects of cART are the main factors that contribute to hepatic cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Among the molecular mechanisms that are activated in the liver during HIV infection, apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes stands out as a key pathogenic player. In this review, we will discuss the evidence and potential mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by HIV, HIV-encoded proteins, or cART. Some antiretroviral drugs, especially the older generation, can induce apoptosis of hepatic cells, which occurs through a variety of mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), all of which ultimately lead to caspase activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gruevska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ángela B. Moragrega
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-396-4167; Fax: +34-96-398-3879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Peyvandi F, Miri S, Garagiola I. Immune Responses to Plasma-Derived Versus Recombinant FVIII Products. Front Immunol 2021; 11:591878. [PMID: 33552050 PMCID: PMC7862552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The most severe side effect of hemophilia treatment is the inhibitor development occurring in 30% of patients, during the earliest stages of treatment with factor (F)VIII concentrates. These catastrophic immune responses rapidly inactivate the infused FVIII, rendering the treatment ineffective. This complication is associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality. The risk factors involved in the onset of the inhibitors are both genetic and environmental. The source of FVIII products, i.e. plasma-derived or recombinant FVIII products, is considered one of the most relevant factors for inhibitor development. Numerous studies in the literature report conflicting data on the different immunogenicity of the products. The SIPPET randomized trial showed an increased in the inhibitor rate in patients using recombinant FVIII products than those receiving plasma-derived products in the first exposure days. The SIPPET randomized trial showed an increase in the inhibitor rate in patients using recombinant FVIII products compared to those treated with plasma-derived products in the first days of exposure. The potential increase in the immunogenicity of recombinant products can be attributed to several factors such as: the different post-translational modification in different cell lines, the presence of protein aggregates, and the role played by the chaperon protein of FVIII, the von Willebrand factor, which modulates the uptake of FVIII by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, the presence of non-neutralizing antibodies against FVIII has shown to be in increased inhibitor development as demonstrated in a sub-analysis of the SIPPET study. In addition, the presence of the specific subclasses of the immunoglobulins may also be an important biomarker to indicate whether the inhibitor will evolve into a persistent neutralizing antibody or a transient one that would disappear without any specific treatment. Recently, the availability of novel non-replacement therapies as well as emicizumab, administered by weekly subcutaneous infusion, have significantly changed the quality of life of patients with inhibitors showing a considerable reduction of the annual bleeding rate and in most patients the absence of bleeding. Although, these novel drugs improve patients' quality of life, they do not abolish the need to infuse FVIII during acute bleeding or surgery. Therefore, the issue of immunogenicity against FVIII still remains an important side effect of hemophilia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Peyvandi
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center and Fondazione Luigi Villa, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Syna Miri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Garagiola
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center and Fondazione Luigi Villa, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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35
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Rezaie J, Aslan C, Ahmadi M, Zolbanin NM, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. The versatile role of exosomes in human retroviral infections: from immunopathogenesis to clinical application. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:19. [PMID: 33451365 PMCID: PMC7810184 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediating intercellular communication. These vesicles encompass many bio-molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that are transported between cells and regulate pathophysiological actions in the recipient cell. Exosomes originate from multivesicular bodies inside cells and microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane and participate in various pathological conditions. Retroviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus -type 1 (HIV-1) and Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 engage exosomes for spreading and infection. Exosomes from virus-infected cells transfer viral components such as miRNAs and proteins that promote infection and inflammation. Additionally, these exosomes deliver virus receptors to target cells that make them susceptible to virus entry. HIV-1 infected cells release exosomes that contribute to the pathogenesis including neurological disorders and malignancy. Exosomes can also potentially carry out as a modern approach for the development of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 vaccines. Furthermore, as exosomes are present in most biological fluids, they hold the supreme capacity for clinical usage in the early diagnosis and prognosis of viral infection and associated diseases. Our current knowledge of exosomes' role from virus-infected cells may provide an avenue for efficient retroviruses associated with disease prevention. However, the exact mechanism involved in retroviruses infection/ inflammation remains elusive and related exosomes research will shed light on the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran
| | - Cynthia Aslan
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Pathogenesis: A Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010045. [PMID: 33450847 PMCID: PMC7828316 DOI: 10.3390/life11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a fundamental property of living cells. EVs are known to transfer biological signals between cells and thus regulate the functional state of recipient cells. Such vesicles mediate the intercellular transport of many biologically active molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, specific lipids) and participate in regulation of key physiological processes. In addition, EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases: infectious, neurodegenerative, and oncological. The current EV classification into microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes is based on their size, pathways of cellular biogenesis, and molecular composition. This review is focused on analysis of the role of EVs (mainly exosomes) in the pathogenesis of viral infection. We briefly characterize the biogenesis and molecular composition of various EV types. Then, we consider EV-mediated pro- and anti-viral mechanisms. EV secretion by infected cells can be an important factor of virus spread in target cell populations, or a protective factor limiting viral invasion. The data discussed in this review, on the effect of EV secretion by infected cells on processes in neighboring cells and on immune cells, are of high significance in the search for new therapeutic approaches and for design of new generations of vaccines.
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37
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Martins SDT, Alves LR. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:593170. [PMID: 33335862 PMCID: PMC7736630 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.593170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane structures containing proteins and nucleic acids that are gaining a lot of attention lately. They are produced by most cells and can be detected in several body fluids, having a huge potential in therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. EVs produced by infected cells usually have a molecular signature that is very distinct from healthy cells. For intracellular pathogens like viruses, EVs can have an even more complex function, since the viral biogenesis pathway can overlap with EV pathways in several ways, generating a continuum of particles, like naked virions, EVs containing infective viral genomes and quasi-enveloped viruses, besides the classical complete viral particles that are secreted to the extracellular space. Those particles can act in recipient cells in different ways. Besides being directly infective, they also can prime neighbor cells rendering them more susceptible to infection, block antiviral responses and deliver isolated viral molecules. On the other hand, they can trigger antiviral responses and cytokine secretion even in uninfected cells near the infection site, helping to fight the infection and protect other cells from the virus. This protective response can also backfire, when a massive inflammation facilitated by those EVs can be responsible for bad clinical outcomes. EVs can help or harm the antiviral response, and sometimes both mechanisms are observed in infections by the same virus. Since those pathways are intrinsically interlinked, understand the role of EVs during viral infections is crucial to comprehend viral mechanisms and respond better to emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon de Toledo Martins
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, ICC-Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil.,Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lysangela Ronalte Alves
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, ICC-Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
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38
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Persistent Immune Activation in HIV-1-Infected Ex Vivo Model Tissues Subjected to Antiretroviral Therapy: Soluble and Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Cytokines. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 84:45-53. [PMID: 32032302 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual immune activation after successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1-infected patients is associated with the increased risk of complications. Cytokines, both soluble and extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated, may play an important role in this immune activation. SETTING Ex vivo tissues were infected with X4LAI04 or R5SF162 HIV-1. Virus replicated for 16 days, or tissues were treated with the anti-retroviral drug ritonavir. METHODS Viral replication and production of 33 cytokines in soluble and EV-associated forms were measured with multiplexed bead-based assays. RESULTS Both variants of HIV-1 efficiently replicated in tissues and triggered upregulation of soluble cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-7, IL-18, IFN-γ, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES. A similar pattern was observed in EV-associated cytokine release by HIV-infected tissues. In addition, TNF-α and RANTES demonstrated a significant shift to a more soluble form compared with EV-associated cytokines. Ritonavir treatment efficiently suppressed viral replication; however, both soluble and EV-associated cytokines remained largely upregulated after 13 days of treatment. EV-associated cytokines were more likely to remain elevated after ART. Treatment of uninfected tissues with ritonavir itself did not affect cytokine release. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that HIV-1 infection of ex vivo lymphoid tissues resulted in their immune activation as evaluated by upregulation of various cytokines, both soluble and EV-associated. This upregulation persisted despite inhibition of viral replication by ART. Thus, similar to in vivo, HIV-1-infected human tissues ex vivo continue to be immune-activated after viral suppression, providing a new laboratory model to study this phenomenon.
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39
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Kaw S, Ananth S, Tsopoulidis N, Morath K, Coban BM, Hohenberger R, Bulut OC, Klein F, Stolp B, Fackler OT. HIV-1 infection of CD4 T cells impairs antigen-specific B cell function. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105594. [PMID: 33146906 PMCID: PMC7737609 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Failures to produce neutralizing antibodies upon HIV‐1 infection result in part from B‐cell dysfunction due to unspecific B‐cell activation. How HIV‐1 affects antigen‐specific B‐cell functions remains elusive. Using an adoptive transfer mouse model and ex vivo HIV infection of human tonsil tissue, we found that expression of the HIV‐1 pathogenesis factor NEF in CD4 T cells undermines their helper function and impairs cognate B‐cell functions including mounting of efficient specific IgG responses. NEF interfered with T cell help via a specific protein interaction motif that prevents polarized cytokine secretion at the T‐cell–B‐cell immune synapse. This interference reduced B‐cell activation and proliferation and thus disrupted germinal center formation and affinity maturation. These results identify NEF as a key component for HIV‐mediated dysfunction of antigen‐specific B cells. Therapeutic targeting of the identified molecular surface in NEF will facilitate host control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Kaw
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Swetha Ananth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Morath
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bahar M Coban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Hohenberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olcay C Bulut
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, SLK Klinikum Am Gesundbrunnen, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Bettina Stolp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Yarandi SS, Robinson JA, Vakili S, Donadoni M, Burdo TH, Sariyer IK. Characterization of Nef expression in different brain regions of SIV-infected macaques. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241667. [PMID: 33137166 PMCID: PMC7605674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-associated CNS dysfunction is a significant problem among people with HIV (PWH), who now live longer due to viral suppression from combined anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Over the course of infection, HIV generates toxic viral proteins and induces inflammatory cytokines that have toxic effects on neurons in the CNS. Among these viral proteins, HIV Nef has been found in neurons of postmortem brain specimens from PWH. However, the source of Nef and its impact on neuronal cell homeostasis are still elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, in using a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaque model of neuroHIV, we find SIV Nef reactivity in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of SIV-infected animals using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Interestingly, SIV-infected macaques treated with ART also showed frequent Nef positive cells in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Using dual quantitative RNAscope and IHC, we observed cells that were positive for Nef, but were not for SIV RNA, suggesting that Nef protein is present in cells that are not actively infected with SIV. Using cell specific markers, we observed Nef protein in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. Importantly, we also identified a number of NeuN-positive neurons, which are not permissive to SIV infection, but contained Nef protein. Further characterization of Nef-positive neurons showed caspase 3 activation, indicating late stage apoptosis in the CNS neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that regardless of ART status, Nef is expressed in the brain of SIV infected macaques and may contribute to neurological complications seen in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan S. Yarandi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jake A. Robinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sarah Vakili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Tricia H. Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Hassanpour M, Rezaie J, Nouri M, Panahi Y. The role of extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 virus infection. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104422. [PMID: 32544615 PMCID: PMC7293471 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles releasing from various types of cells contribute to intercellular communication via delivering bio-molecules like nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. Exosomes are 30-120 nm extracellular vesicles that participate in several pathological conditions. Virus-infected cells release exosomes that are implicated in infection through transferring viral components such as viral-derived miRNAs and proteins. As well, exosomes contain receptors for viruses that make recipient cells susceptible to virus entry. Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection has become a worldwide urgent public health concern. There is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment existing for COVID-19 virus infection. Hence, it is critical to find a safe and effective therapeutic tool to patients with severe COVID-19 virus infection. Extracellular vesicles may contribute to spread this virus as they transfer such receptors as CD9 and ACE2, which make recipient cells susceptible to virus docking. Upon entry, COVID-19 virus may be directed into the exosomal pathway, and its component is packaged into exosomes for secretion. Exosome-based strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 virus infection may include following items: inhibition of exosome biogenesis and uptake, exosome-therapy, exosome-based drug delivery system, and exosome-based vaccine. Mesenchymal stem cells can suppress nonproductive inflammation and improve/repair lung cells including endothelial and alveolar cells, which damaged by COVID-19 virus infection. Understanding molecular mechanisms behind extracellular vesicles related COVID-19 virus infection may provide us with an avenue to identify its entry, replication, spreading, and infection to overcome its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hassanpour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran,Correspondence to: J. Rezaie, Solid Tumor Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. BoX: 1138, 57147 Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Y. Panahi, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran
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42
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Andualem H, Kiros M, Getu S, Hailemichael W. Immunoglobulin G2 Antibody as a Potential Target for COVID-19 Vaccine. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:143-149. [PMID: 33062618 PMCID: PMC7532904 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s274746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global threat of COVID-19 is continued with no commercially available vaccine or drug yet. While the application of convalescent therapy is usually beneficial, for critically ill patients, the detrimental effect associated with some antibodies is also reported. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is described, albeit the lack of defining whether the difference in subclasses has a beneficial or detrimental role. IgG2 has limited ability to activate innate immune cells and complement-mediated inflammation, which have been inversely described in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. The expansion of IgG2 is promoted by interferon γ (IFN-γ); however, there is a low level of IFN-γ in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, this review describes the importance of targeting IgG2, with IFN-γ in minimizing the SARS-CoV-2 associated inflammation, and may provide insight into the design of vaccine or antibody-based therapies to COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Andualem
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Kiros
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Getu
- Clinical Hematology and Immunohematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Wasihun Hailemichael
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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43
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Comparison of miRNA Expression Profiles between HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages (MDMs) and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186970. [PMID: 32971935 PMCID: PMC7556008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the progression of HIV-1 infection, macrophage tropic HIV-1 that use the CCR5 co-receptor undergoes a change in co-receptor use to CXCR4 that is predominately T cell tropic. This change in co-receptor preference makes the virus able to infect T cells. HIV-2 is known to infect MDMs and T cells and is dual tropic. The aim of this study was to elucidate the differential expression profiles of host miRNAs and their role in cells infected with HIV-1/HIV-2. To achieve this goal, a comparative global miRNA expression profile was determined in human PBMCs and MDMs infected with HIV-1/HIV-2. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in HIV-1/HIV-2 infected PBMCs and MDMs using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique. A comparative global miRNA expression profile in infected MDMs and PBMCs with HIV-1 and HIV-2 identified differential expression of several host miRNAs. These differentially expressed miRNAs are likely to be involved in many signaling pathways, like the p53 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, MAPK signaling pathways, FoxO signaling pathway, and viral carcinogenesis. Thus, a comparative study of the differential expression of host miRNAs in MDMs and T cell in response to HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection will help us to identify unique biomarkers that can differentiate HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection.
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Mdletshe N, Nel A, Shires K, Mowla S. HIV Nef enhances the expression of oncogenic c-MYC and activation-induced cytidine deaminase in Burkitt lymphoma cells, promoting genomic instability. Infect Agent Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is of high prevalence among HIV-infected people. In particular, the incidence of HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma (BL) remains high despite the advent of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy. Recent evidence shows that serum-soluble HIV proteins can enhance oncogenesis, particularly in lymphoid tissues. This study sought to define the role of HIV protein Negative regulatory factor (Nef) in BL development by assessing its effect on key lymphoma driver genes.
Methods
A recombinant Nef protein was used to assess changes in expressions of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA/AID) and c-MYC in B lymphocytes exposed extracellularly to the protein. Additionally, changes in the promoter activities of these genes were measured using a Nef-expressing cellular model and reporter assays. Confocal microscopy was used to observe c-MYC and AID expression and localization, and genomic integrity via the recruitment of phosphorylated γ-H2AX, in Nef-exposed cells.
Results
mRNA transcription of c-MYC and AICDA were significantly enhanced in lymphoma cells, up to 2-fold for c-MYC and up to 4-fold for AICDA, when exposed to varying concentrations of Nef (0–1000 ng/ml) and for different periods of time (3, 6 and 12 h). The protein expressions of AID and c-MYC followed a similar pattern and these effects were specific to BL but not lymphoblastoid cells. While the promoter activity of c-MYC was enhanced in the presence of Nef in a dose-dependent manner, the same was not observed for AICDA. Both AID and c-MYC accumulated within the cytoplasmic and nuclear spaces of Nef-exposed lymphoma cells, with a concomitant increase in DNA double strand breaks within the genome.
Conclusions
Exposure to HIV Nef leads to significant increases in AID and c-MYC, leading to genomic instability, potentially enhancing the oncogenic potential of Burkitt lymphoma. Our findings align with that of others to show that HIV proteins can directly contribute to the development and pathogenesis of HIV-associated lymphoma and accounts for the elevated incidence of BL observed in the HIV-infected population.
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Kumar A, Kodidela S, Tadrous E, Cory TJ, Walker CM, Smith AM, Mukherjee A, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis and Their Potential Role in Therapeutic Intervention. Viruses 2020; 12:E887. [PMID: 32823684 PMCID: PMC7472073 DOI: 10.3390/v12080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown their potential as a carrier of molecular information, and they have been involved in physiological functions and diseases caused by viral infections. Virus-infected cells secrete various lipid-bound vesicles, including endosome pathway-derived exosomes and microvesicles/microparticles that are released from the plasma membrane. They are released via a direct outward budding and fission of plasma membrane blebs into the extracellular space to either facilitate virus propagation or regulate the immune responses. Moreover, EVs generated by virus-infected cells can incorporate virulence factors including viral protein and viral genetic material, and thus can resemble noninfectious viruses. Interactions of EVs with recipient cells have been shown to activate signaling pathways that may contribute to a sustained cellular response towards viral infections. EVs, by utilizing a complex set of cargos, can play a regulatory role in viral infection, both by facilitating and suppressing the infection. EV-based antiviral and antiretroviral drug delivery approaches provide an opportunity for targeted drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the literature on EVs, their associated involvement in transmission in viral infections, and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Erene Tadrous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Crystal Martin Walker
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Amber Marie Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Ahona Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
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Lotfi S, Nasser H, Noyori O, Hiyoshi M, Takeuchi H, Koyanagi Y, Suzu S. M-Sec facilitates intercellular transmission of HIV-1 through multiple mechanisms. Retrovirology 2020; 17:20. [PMID: 32650782 PMCID: PMC7350586 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 promotes the formation of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) that connect distant cells, aiding cell-to-cell viral transmission between macrophages. Our recent study suggests that the cellular protein M-Sec plays a role in these processes. However, the timing, mechanism, and to what extent M-Sec contributes to HIV-1 transmission is not fully understood, and the lack of a cell line model that mimics macrophages has hindered in-depth analysis. Results We found that HIV-1 increased the number, length and thickness of TNTs in a manner dependent on its pathogenic protein Nef and M-Sec in U87 cells, as observed in macrophages. In addition, we found that M-Sec was required not only for TNT formation but also motility of U87 cells, both of which are beneficial for viral transmission. In fact, M-Sec knockdown in U87 cells led to a significantly delayed viral production in both cellular and extracellular fractions. This inhibition was observed for wild-type virus, but not for a mutant virus lacking Nef, which is known to promote not only TNT formation but also migration of infected macrophages. Conclusions By taking advantage of useful features of U87 cells, we provided evidence that M-Sec mediates a rapid and efficient cell–cell transmission of HIV-1 at an early phase of infection by enhancing both TNT formation and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Lotfi
- Division of Infection & Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hesham Nasser
- Division of Infection & Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41511, Egypt
| | - Osamu Noyori
- Division of Infection & Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masateru Hiyoshi
- Department of Safety Research On Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto University, KyotoKyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Division of Infection & Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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Cavarelli M, Le Grand R. The importance of semen leukocytes in HIV-1 transmission and the development of prevention strategies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2018-2032. [PMID: 32614649 PMCID: PMC7553688 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1765622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 sexual transmission occurs mostly through contaminated semen, which is a complex mixture of soluble factors with immunoregulatory functions and cells. It is well established that semen cells from HIV-1-infected men are able to produce the virus and that are harnessed to efficiently interact with mucosal barriers exposed during sexual intercourse. Several cofactors contribute to semen infectivity and may enhance the risk of HIV-1 transmission to a partner by increasing local HIV-1 replication in the male genital tract, thereby increasing the number of HIV-1-infected cells and the local HIV-1 shedding in semen. The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy has improved the life expectancy of HIV-1 infected individuals; however, there is evidence that systemic viral suppression does not always reflect full viral suppression in the seminal compartment. This review focus on the role semen leukocytes play in HIV-1 transmission and discusses implications of the increased resistance of cell-mediated transmission to immune-based prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Cavarelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT) , Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT) , Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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48
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections of the Nervous System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070700. [PMID: 32605316 PMCID: PMC7411781 DOI: 10.3390/v12070700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular space. EVs such as exosomes and microvesicles are membrane-bound vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 1000 nm in diameter. Under normal conditions, EVs mediate cell to cell as well as inter-organ communication via the shuttling of their cargoes which include RNA, DNA and proteins. Under pathological conditions, however, the number, size and content of EVs are found to be altered and have been shown to play crucial roles in disease progression. Emerging studies have demonstrated that EVs are involved in many aspects of viral infection-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In the current review, we will describe the interactions between EV biogenesis and the release of virus particles while also reviewing the role of EVs in various viral infections, such as HIV-1, HTLV, Zika, CMV, EBV, Hepatitis B and C, JCV, and HSV-1. We will also discuss the potential uses of EVs and their cargoes as biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles for viral infections.
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49
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Dogrammatzis C, Waisner H, Kalamvoki M. Cloaked Viruses and Viral Factors in Cutting Edge Exosome-Based Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:376. [PMID: 32528954 PMCID: PMC7264115 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a heterogeneous group of vesicles released by all types of cells that play a major role in intercellular communication. The field of EVs started gaining attention since it was realized that these vesicles are not waste bags, but they carry specific cargo and they communicate specific messages to recipient cells. EVs can deliver different types of RNAs, proteins, and lipids from donor to recipient cells and they can influence recipient cell functions, despite their limited capacity for cargo. EVs have been compared to viruses because of their size, cell entry pathways, and biogenesis and to viral vectors because they can be loaded with desired cargo, modified, and re-targeted. These properties along with the fact that EVs are stable in body fluids, they can be produced and purified in large quantities, they can cross the blood-brain barrier, and autologous EVs do not appear to cause major adverse effects, have rendered them attractive for therapeutic use. Here, we discuss the potential for therapeutic use of EVs derived from virus infected cells or EVs carrying viral factors. We have focused on six major concepts: (i) the role of EVs in virus-based oncolytic therapy or virus-based gene delivery approaches; (ii) the potential use of EVs for developing viral vaccines or optimizing already existing vaccines; (iii) the role of EVs in delivering RNAs and proteins in the context of viral infections and modulating the microenvironment of infection; (iv) how to take advantage of viral features to design effective means of EV targeting, uptake, and cargo packaging; (v) the potential of EVs in antiviral drug delivery; and (vi) identification of novel antiviral targets based on EV biogenesis factors hijacked by viruses for assembly and egress. It has been less than a decade since more attention was given to EV research and some interesting concepts have already been developed. In the coming years, additional information on EV biogenesis, how they are hijacked and utilized by pathogens, and their impact on the microenvironment of infection is expected to indicate avenues to optimize existing therapeutic tools and develop novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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50
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Dupont M, Sattentau QJ. Macrophage Cell-Cell Interactions Promoting HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E492. [PMID: 32354203 PMCID: PMC7290394 DOI: 10.3390/v12050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens infect macrophages as part of their intracellular life cycle. This is particularly true for viruses, of which HIV-1 is one of the best studied. HIV-1 infection of macrophages has important consequences for viral persistence and pathogenesis, but the mechanisms of macrophage infection remain to be fully elucidated. Despite expressing viral entry receptors, macrophages are inefficiently infected by cell-free HIV-1 virions, whereas direct cell-cell spread is more efficient. Different modes of cell-cell spread have been described, including the uptake by macrophages of infected T cells and the fusion of infected T cells with macrophages, both leading to macrophage infection. Cell-cell spread can also transmit HIV-1 between macrophages and from macrophages to T cells. Here, we describe the current state of the field concerning the cell-cell spread of HIV-1 to and from macrophages, discuss mechanisms, and highlight potential in vivo relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Dupont
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, UK
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