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Tamura H. IgA nephropathy associated with Crohn's disease. World J Methodol 2023; 13:67-78. [PMID: 37456980 PMCID: PMC10348078 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i3.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and Crohn’s disease was reported. IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure, and up to 50% of cases progressed to end-stage renal disease within 25 years after IgAN diagnosis. However, specific and effective therapeutic strategies are still lacking. In this review, we discuss the possibility of the mechanism involved in IgAN associated with Crohn’s disease based on the findings of basic and clinical studies. Although the etiology of IgAN associated with Crohn’s disease is not permanent and various factors are thought to be involved, the stabilization of the disease condition of Crohn’s disease is believed to help treat IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8608556, Japan
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2
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Jang J, Hwang S, Oh AR, Park S, Yaseen U, Kim JG, Park S, Jung Y, Cha JY. Fructose malabsorption in ChREBP-deficient mice disrupts the small intestine immune microenvironment and leads to diarrhea-dominant bowel habit changes. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:769-782. [PMID: 36813915 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism by which incompletely absorbed fructose causes gastrointestinal symptoms is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the immunological mechanisms of bowel habit changes associated with fructose malabsorption by examining Chrebp-knockout mice exhibiting defective fructose absorption. METHODS Mice were fed a high-fructose diet (HFrD), and stool parameters were monitored. The gene expression in the small intestine was analyzed by RNA sequencing. Intestinal immune responses were assessed. The microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA profiling. Antibiotics were used to assess the relevance of microbes for HFrD-induced bowel habit changes. RESULTS Chrebp-knockout (KO) mice fed HFrD showed diarrhea. Small-intestine samples from HFrD-fed Chrebp-KO mice revealed differentially expressed genes involved in the immune pathways, including IgA production. The number of IgA-producing cells in the small intestine decreased in HFrD-fed Chrebp-KO mice. These mice showed signs of increased intestinal permeability. Chrebp-KO mice fed a control diet showed intestinal bacterial imbalance, which the HFrD exaggerated. Bacterial reduction improved diarrhea-associated stool parameters and restored the decreased IgA synthesis induced in HFrD-fed Chrebp-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS The collective data indicate that gut microbiome imbalance and disrupting homeostatic intestinal immune responses account for the development of gastrointestinal symptoms induced by fructose malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsun Jang
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Gachon University, Inchon, Korea
| | - Soonjae Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Inchon, 21999, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Oh
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Gachon University, Inchon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Gachon University, Inchon, Korea
| | - Uzma Yaseen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Gachon University, Inchon, Korea
| | - Jae Gon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Inchon, 21999, Korea
| | - Sangbin Park
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Gachon University, Inchon, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Gachon University, Inchon, Korea. .,Department of Microbiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Inchon, 21999, Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Cha
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Gachon University, Inchon, Korea. .,Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Inchon, 21999, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
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3
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Wang B, Shen J. NF-κB Inducing Kinase Regulates Intestinal Immunity and Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895636. [PMID: 35833111 PMCID: PMC9271571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity and homeostasis are maintained through the regulation of cytokine trafficking, microbiota, necrosis and apoptosis. Intestinal immunity and homeostasis participate in host defenses and inflammatory responses locally or systemically through the gut-organ axis. NF-κB functions as a crucial transcription factor mediating the expression of proteins related to the immune responses. The activation of NF-κB involves two major pathways: canonical and non-canonical. The canonical pathway has been extensively studied and reviewed. Here, we present the current knowledge of NIK, a pivotal mediator of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and its role in intestinal immunity and homeostasis. This review also discusses the novel role of NIK signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Shen,
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4
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Neonatal LTβR signaling is required for the accumulation of eosinophils in the inflamed adult mesenteric lymph node. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:418-427. [PMID: 35181738 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although eosinophils are important contributors to mucosal immune responses, mechanisms that regulate their accumulation in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues remain ill-defined. Combining bone marrow chimeras and pharmacological inhibition approaches, here we find that lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR) signaling during the neonatal period is required for the accumulation of eosinophils in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) during an enteric viral infection in adult male and female mice. We demonstrate that MLN stromal cells express genes that are important for eosinophil migration and survival, such as Ccl-11 (eotaxin-1), Ccl7, Ccl9, and Cxcl2, and that expression of most of these genes is downregulated as a consequence of neonatal LTβR blockade. We also find that neonatal LTβR signaling is required for the generation of a rotavirus-specific IgA antibody response in the adult MLN, but eosinophils are dispensable for this response. Collectively, our studies reveal a role for neonatal LTβR signaling in regulating eosinophil numbers in the adult MLN.
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5
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Shou Y, Koroleva E, Spencer CM, Shein SA, Korchagina AA, Yusoof KA, Parthasarathy R, Leadbetter EA, Akopian AN, Muñoz AR, Tumanov AV. Redefining the Role of Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor in the Maintenance of Lymphoid Organs and Immune Cell Homeostasis in Adulthood. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712632. [PMID: 34335629 PMCID: PMC8320848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) is a promising therapeutic target in autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as cancer. Mice with genetic inactivation of LTβR display multiple defects in development and organization of lymphoid organs, mucosal immune responses, IgA production and an autoimmune phenotype. As these defects are imprinted in embryogenesis and neonate stages, the impact of LTβR signaling in adulthood remains unclear. Here, to overcome developmental defects, we generated mice with inducible ubiquitous genetic inactivation of LTβR in adult mice (iLTβRΔ/Δ mice) and redefined the role of LTβR signaling in organization of lymphoid organs, immune response to mucosal bacterial pathogen, IgA production and autoimmunity. In spleen, postnatal LTβR signaling is required for development of B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), recruitment of neutrophils and maintenance of the marginal zone. Lymph nodes of iLTβRΔ/Δ mice were reduced in size, lacked FDCs, and had disorganized subcapsular sinus macrophages. Peyer`s patches were smaller in size and numbers, and displayed reduced FDCs. The number of isolated lymphoid follicles in small intestine and colon were also reduced. In contrast to LTβR-/- mice, iLTβRΔ/Δ mice displayed normal thymus structure and did not develop signs of systemic inflammation and autoimmunity. Further, our results suggest that LTβR signaling in adulthood is required for homeostasis of neutrophils, NK, and iNKT cells, but is dispensable for the maintenance of polyclonal IgA production. However, iLTβRΔ/Δ mice exhibited an increased sensitivity to C. rodentium infection and failed to develop pathogen-specific IgA responses. Collectively, our study uncovers new insights of LTβR signaling in adulthood for the maintenance of lymphoid organs, neutrophils, NK and iNKT cells, and IgA production in response to mucosal bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Shou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States,Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ekaterina Koroleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Sergey A. Shein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anna A. Korchagina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kizil A. Yusoof
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Raksha Parthasarathy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Leadbetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Armen N. Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Amanda R. Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Alexei V. Tumanov,
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Isho B, Florescu A, Wang AA, Gommerman JL. Fantastic IgA plasma cells and where to find them. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:119-137. [PMID: 34046908 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IgA is produced in large quantities at mucosal surfaces by IgA+ plasma cells (PC), protecting the host from pathogens, and restricting commensal access to the subepithelium. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that IgA+ PC are not constrained to mucosal barrier sites. Rather, IgA+ PC may leave these sites where they provide both host defense and immunoregulatory function. In this review, we will outline how IgA+ PC are generated within the mucosae and how they subsequently migrate to their "classical" effector site, the gut lamina propria. From there we provide examples of IgA+ PC displacement from the gut to other parts of the body, referencing examples during homeostasis and inflammation. Lastly, we will speculate on mechanisms of IgA+ PC displacement to other tissues. Our aim is to provide a new perspective on how IgA+ PC are truly fantastic beasts of the immune system and identify new places to find them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baweleta Isho
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Angela A Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Sun T, Nguyen A, Gommerman JL. Dendritic Cell Subsets in Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1075-1083. [PMID: 32071090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is a complex environment that is constantly exposed to Ags derived from food, microbiota, and metabolites. Intestinal dendritic cells (DC) have the responsibility of establishing oral tolerance against these Ags while initiating immune responses against mucosal pathogens. We now know that DC are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells composed of classical and monocyte-derived DC, Langerhans cells, and plasmacytoid DC. In the intestine, DC are found in organized lymphoid tissues, such as the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, as well as in the lamina propria. In this Brief Review, we review recent work that describes a division of labor between and collaboration among gut DC subsets in the context of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Understanding relationships between DC subtypes and their biological functions will rationalize oral vaccine design and will provide insights into treatments that quiet pathological intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
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8
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Li C, Lam E, Perez-Shibayama C, Ward LA, Zhang J, Lee D, Nguyen A, Ahmed M, Brownlie E, Korneev KV, Rojas O, Sun T, Navarre W, He HH, Liao S, Martin A, Ludewig B, Gommerman JL. Early-life programming of mesenteric lymph node stromal cell identity by the lymphotoxin pathway regulates adult mucosal immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/42/eaax1027. [PMID: 31862865 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Redundant mechanisms support immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses to intestinal antigens. These include multiple priming sites [mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), Peyer's patches, and isolated lymphoid follicles] and various cytokines that promote class switch to IgA, even in the absence of T cells. Despite these backup mechanisms, vaccination against enteric pathogens such as rotavirus has limited success in some populations. Genetic and environmental signals experienced during early life are known to influence mucosal immunity, yet the mechanisms for how these exposures operate remain unclear. Here, we used rotavirus infection to follow antigen-specific IgA responses through time and in different gut compartments. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we tested the role of the lymphotoxin (LT) pathway-known to support IgA responses-at different developmental stages. We found that LT-β receptor (LTβR) signaling in early life programs intestinal IgA responses in adulthood by affecting antibody class switch recombination to IgA and subsequent generation of IgA antibody-secreting cells within an intact MLN. In addition, early-life LTβR signaling dictates the phenotype and function of MLN stromal cells to support IgA responses in the adult. Collectively, our studies uncover new mechanistic insights into how early-life LTβR signaling affects mucosal immune responses during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conglei Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyn Lam
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lesley A Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Musaddeque Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Brownlie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirill V Korneev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Department of Immunology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Navarre
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shan Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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9
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IgA Responses to Microbiota. Immunity 2019; 49:211-224. [PMID: 30134201 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various immune mechanisms are deployed in the mucosa to confront the immense diversity of resident bacteria. A substantial fraction of the commensal microbiota is coated with immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, and recent findings have established the identities of these bacteria under homeostatic and disease conditions. Here we review the current understanding of IgA biology, and present a framework wherein two distinct types of humoral immunity coexist in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Homeostatic IgA responses employ a polyreactive repertoire to bind a broad but taxonomically distinct subset of microbiota. In contrast, mucosal pathogens and vaccines elicit high-affinity, T cell-dependent antibody responses. This model raises fundamental questions including how polyreactive IgA specificities are generated, how these antibodies exert effector functions, and how they exist together with other immune responses during homeostasis and disease.
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10
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Fu J, Li G, Wu J, Wang Z. Intestinal IgA positive lymphocytes in acute liver necrosis decrease due to lymphocyte homing disturbance and apoptosis. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2018; 111:101-105. [PMID: 30318894 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2018.5656/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM the number of intestinal IgA+ lymphocytes are decreased in acute liver necrosis and the mechanism remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to observe the role of lymphocyte homing and apoptosis associated with decreased intestinal IgA positive lymphocytes in acute liver necrosis. METHODS the acute liver necrosis mouse model and LTβR pre-treatment were used to assess intestinal mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM - 1) expression, cell apoptosis, IgA+ cells and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). RESULTS MAdCAM - 1 mRNA and protein expression decreased significantly in the acute necrosis group; 0.57 ± 0.032 fold vs. baseline (p < 0.05) and 0.45 ± 0.072 fold vs. baseline (p < 0.05), respectively. LTβR pre-treatment could significantly improve the decline of MAdCAM - 1 mRNA and protein expression in the intestinal mucosa (1.83 ± 0.064 fold vs. baseline, p < 0.05 and 1.75 ± 0.046 fold vs. baseline, p < 0.05, respectively) and partially restore the decline in IgA+ lymphocytes and SIgA levels. There were increased rates of enterocyte apoptosis in both the acute liver necrosis and LTβR pre-treatment group; 0.79% vs. control (p < 0.05) and 0.77% vs. control (p < 0.05), respectively). CONCLUSION our results suggest that the dysfunction of lymphocyte homing and apoptosis are both involved with decreased intestinal IgA+ lymphocytes in acute liver necrosis. LTβR pre-treatment can partially restore IgA+ cells and SIgA by increasing MAdCAM - 1 expression, rather than inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Fu
- Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital,Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital,Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital,Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital,Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, China
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11
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Kilani-Jaziri S, Mokdad-Bzeouich I, Krifa M, Nasr N, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. Immunomodulatory and cellular anti-oxidant activities of caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric phenolic acids: a structure-activity relationship study. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:416-424. [PMID: 27855523 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1252919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have been performed to assess the potential utility of natural products as immunomodulatory agents to enhance host responses and to reduce damage to the human body. To determine whether phenolic compounds (caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids) have immunomodulatory effects and clarify which types of immune effector cells are stimulated in vitro, we evaluated their effect on splenocyte proliferation and lysosomal enzyme activity. We also investigated the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In addition, induction of the cellular antioxidant activity in splenocytes, macrophages, and red blood cells was determined by measuring the fluorescence of the DCF product. The study first results indicated that caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids significantly promote LPS-stimulated splenocyte proliferation, suggesting a potential activation of B cells, and enhanced humoral immune response in hosts treated by the tested natural products. Phenolic acids significantly enhanced the killing activity of isolated NK and CTL cells but had negligible effects on mitogen-induced proliferation of splenic T cells. We showed that caffeic acid enhances lysosomal enzyme activity in murine peritoneal macrophages, suggesting a potential role in activating such cells. Immunomodulatory activity was concomitant with the cellular antioxidant effect in macrophages and splenocytes of caffeic and ferulic acids. We conclude from this study that caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids exhibited an immunomodulatory effect which could be ascribed, in part, to their cytoprotective effect via their antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, these results suggest that these natural products could be potentially used to modulate immune cell functions in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Kilani-Jaziri
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and.,b Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Imen Mokdad-Bzeouich
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and.,b Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mounira Krifa
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and.,b Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Nouha Nasr
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and.,b Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Kamel Ghedira
- b Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia and.,b Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
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12
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Gubernatorova EO, Tumanov AV. Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin in Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2016; 81:1309-1325. [PMID: 27914457 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the major forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family play an important role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we discuss the function of key cytokines of this family - TNF and lymphotoxin (LT) - in mucosal healing, IgA production, and in control of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), novel regulators of mucosal homeostasis in the gut. TNF plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). LT regulates group 3 of ILCs and IL-22 production and protects the epithelium against damage by chemicals and mucosal bacterial pathogens. In addition, we discuss major mouse models employed to study the mechanism of intestinal inflammation, their advantages and limitations, as well as application of TNF blockers in the therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Gubernatorova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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13
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Parra D, Korytář T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. B cells and their role in the teleost gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:150-66. [PMID: 26995768 PMCID: PMC5125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the main route of entry for pathogens in all living organisms. In the case of teleost fish, mucosal surfaces cover the vast majority of the animal. As these surfaces are in constant contact with the environment, fish are perpetually exposed to a vast number of pathogens. Despite the potential prevalence and variety of pathogens, mucosal surfaces are primarily populated by commensal non-pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, a fine balance between these two populations of microorganisms is crucial for animal survival. This equilibrium, controlled by the mucosal immune system, maintains homeostasis at mucosal tissues. Teleost fish possess a diffuse mucosa-associated immune system in the intestine, with B cells being one of the main responders. Immunoglobulins produced by these lymphocytes are a critical line of defense against pathogens and also prevent the entrance of commensal bacteria into the epithelium. In this review we will summarize recent literature regarding the role of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in gut immunity in teleost fish, with specific focus on immunoglobulin isotypes and the microorganisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic that interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A, Hammarström L. Monogenic mutations associated with IgA deficiency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1321-1335. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1198696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Albarbar B, Dunnill C, Georgopoulos NT. Regulation of cell fate by lymphotoxin (LT) receptor signalling: Functional differences and similarities of the LT system to other TNF superfamily (TNFSF) members. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:659-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Berek C. Eosinophils: important players in humoral immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:57-64. [PMID: 26291602 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils perform numerous tasks. They are involved in inflammatory reactions associated with innate immune defence against parasitic infections and are also involved in pathological processes in response to allergens. Recently, however, it has become clear that eosinophils also play crucial non-inflammatory roles in the generation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. Eosinophils, being a major source of the plasma cell survival factor APRIL (activation and proliferation-induced ligand), are essential not only for the long-term survival of plasma cells in the bone marrow, but also for the maintenance of these cells in the lamina propria which underlies the gut epithelium. At steady state under non-inflammatory conditions eosinophils are resident cells of the gastrointestinal tract, although only few are present in the major organized lymphoid tissue of the gut - the Peyer's patches (PP). Surprisingly, however, lack of eosinophils abolishes efficient class-switching of B cells to immunoglobulin (Ig)A in the germinal centres of PP. Thus, eosinophils are required to generate and to maintain mucosal IgA plasma cells, and as a consequence their absence leads to a marked reduction of IgA both in serum and in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). Eosinophils thus have an essential part in long-term humoral immune protection, as they are crucial for the longevity of antibody-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow and, in addition, for gut immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berek
- B cell Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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17
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IL-1β in eosinophil-mediated small intestinal homeostasis and IgA production. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:930-42. [PMID: 25563499 PMCID: PMC4481137 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes that reside in the gastrointestinal (GI) lamina propria, where their basal function remains largely unexplored. In this study, by examining mice with a selective deficiency of systemic eosinophils (by lineage ablation) or GI eosinophils (eotaxin-1/2 double deficient or CC chemokine receptor 3 deficient), we show that eosinophils support immunoglobulin A (IgA) class switching, maintain intestinal mucus secretions, affect intestinal microbial composition, and promote the development of Peyer's patches. Eosinophil-deficient mice showed reduced expression of mediators of secretory IgA production, including intestinal interleukin 1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase, lymphotoxin (LT) α, and LT-β, and reduced levels of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t-positive (ROR-γt(+)) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), while maintaining normal levels of APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand), BAFF (B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family), and TGF-β (transforming growth factor β). GI eosinophils expressed a relatively high level of IL-1β, and IL-1β-deficient mice manifested the altered gene expression profiles observed in eosinophil-deficient mice and decreased levels of IgA(+) cells and ROR-γt(+) ILCs. On the basis of these collective data, we propose that eosinophils are required for homeostatic intestinal immune responses including IgA production and that their affect is mediated via IL-1β in the small intestine.
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18
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Shalapour S, Font-Burgada J, Di Caro G, Zhong Z, Sanchez-Lopez E, Dhar D, Willimsky G, Ammirante M, Strasner A, Hansel DE, Jamieson C, Kane CJ, Klatte T, Birner P, Kenner L, Karin M. Immunosuppressive plasma cells impede T-cell-dependent immunogenic chemotherapy. Nature 2015; 521:94-8. [PMID: 25924065 PMCID: PMC4501632 DOI: 10.1038/nature14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated genetic alterations induce expression of tumour antigens that can activate CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), but the microenvironment of established tumours promotes immune tolerance through poorly understood mechanisms. Recently developed therapeutics that overcome tolerogenic mechanisms activate tumour-directed CTLs and are effective in some human cancers. Immune mechanisms also affect treatment outcome, and certain chemotherapeutic drugs stimulate cancer-specific immune responses by inducing immunogenic cell death and other effector mechanisms. Our previous studies revealed that B cells recruited by the chemokine CXCL13 into prostate cancer tumours promote the progression of castrate-resistant prostate cancer by producing lymphotoxin, which activates an IκB kinase α (IKKα)-BMI1 module in prostate cancer stem cells. Because castrate-resistant prostate cancer is refractory to most therapies, we examined B cell involvement in the acquisition of chemotherapy resistance. Here we focus on oxaliplatin, an immunogenic chemotherapeutic agent that is effective in aggressive prostate cancer. We show that mouse B cells modulate the response to low-dose oxaliplatin, which promotes tumour-directed CTL activation by inducing immunogenic cell death. Three different mouse prostate cancer models were refractory to oxaliplatin unless genetically or pharmacologically depleted of B cells. The crucial immunosuppressive B cells are plasmocytes that express IgA, interleukin (IL)-10 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), the appearance of which depends on TGFβ receptor signalling. Elimination of these cells, which also infiltrate human-therapy-resistant prostate cancer, allows CTL-dependent eradication of oxaliplatin-treated tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Shalapour
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Joan Font-Burgada
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Giuseppe Di Caro
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Lopez
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Massimo Ammirante
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Amy Strasner
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Donna E Hansel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Christina Jamieson
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Christopher J Kane
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Birner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- 1] Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria [2] Clinical Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals (UPLA), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Karin
- 1] Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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19
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Guo X, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Lasorella A, Kee BL, Fu YX. Innate Lymphoid Cells Control Early Colonization Resistance against Intestinal Pathogens through ID2-Dependent Regulation of the Microbiota. Immunity 2015; 42:731-43. [PMID: 25902484 PMCID: PMC4725053 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota-mediated effects on the host immune response facilitate colonization resistance against pathogens. However, it is unclear whether and how the host immune response can regulate the microbiota to mediate colonization resistance. ID2, an essential transcriptional regulator for the development of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) progenitors, remains highly expressed in differentiated ILCs with unknown function. Using conditionally deficient mice in which ID2 is deleted from differentiated ILC3s, we observed that these mutant mice exhibited greatly impaired gut colonization resistance against Citrobacter rodentium. Utilizing gnotobiotic hosts, we showed that the ID2-dependent early colonization resistance was mediated by interleukin-22 (IL-22) regulation of the microbiota. In addition to regulating development, ID2 maintained homeostasis of ILC3s and controlled IL-22 production through an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and IL-23 receptor pathway. Thus, ILC3s can mediate immune surveillance, which constantly maintains a proper microbiota, to facilitate early colonization resistance through an ID2-dependent regulation of IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute of Biophysics and The University of Chicago joint Group for Immunotherapy, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute of Biophysics and The University of Chicago joint Group for Immunotherapy, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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20
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Winsauer C, Prepens S, Schlienz D, Nedospasov S, Kruglov AA. Novel mouse model to study T cell-dependent IgA induction in vivo. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:54-60. [PMID: 25790905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microbiota at the mucosal surfaces controls multiple aspects of body homeostasis. Therefore, regulation of microflora composition by the host is crucial, and one of the mechanisms driving microbiota diversity is the production of large quantities of immunoglobulin A (IgA) at the mucosal surfaces. However, mechanisms of IgA induction in the gut are not completely understood. Here we further characterize a mouse model for studying T cell-dependent IgA production in the gut due to specific genetic ablation of LTβ in RORγt+ cells. Using in utero blockade of the mesenteric lymph node development, we showed that IgA induction in these mice occurs directly in the LP. Furthermore, T cell-dependent IgA inducing mechanism in these mice generates distinct IgA plasma cells producing commensal microflora-binding IgA antibodies. Thus, this model represents a unique in vivo tool for the analysis of T cell-dependent IgA plasma cell generation and their antibody specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Winsauer
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Sandra Prepens
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlienz
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Sergei Nedospasov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Kruglov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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21
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Fagarasan S, Macpherson AJ. The Regulation of IgA Production. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Senger K, Hackney J, Payandeh J, Zarrin AA. Antibody Isotype Switching in Vertebrates. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 57:295-324. [PMID: 26537387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The humoral or antibody-mediated immune response in vertebrates has evolved to respond to diverse antigenic challenges in various anatomical locations. Diversification of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) constant region via isotype switching allows for remarkable plasticity in the immune response, including versatile tissue distribution, Fc receptor binding, and complement fixation. This enables antibody molecules to exert various biological functions while maintaining antigen-binding specificity. Different immunoglobulin (Ig) classes include IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA, which exist as surface-bound and secreted forms. High-affinity autoantibodies are associated with various autoimmune diseases such as lupus and arthritis, while defects in components of isotype switching are associated with infections. A major route of infection used by a large number of pathogens is invasion of mucosal surfaces within the respiratory, digestive, or urinary tract. Most infections of this nature are initially limited by effector mechanisms such as secretory IgA antibodies. Mucosal surfaces have been proposed as a major site for the genesis of adaptive immune responses, not just in fighting infections but also in tolerating commensals and constant dietary antigens. We will discuss the evolution of isotype switching in various species and provide an overview of the function of various isotypes with a focus on IgA, which is universally important in gut homeostasis as well as pathogen clearance. Finally, we will discuss the utility of antibodies as therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Senger
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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23
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Duluc D, Banchereau R, Gannevat J, Thompson-Snipes L, Blanck JP, Zurawski S, Zurawski G, Hong S, Rossello-Urgell J, Pascual V, Baldwin N, Stecher J, Carley M, Boreham M, Oh S. Transcriptional fingerprints of antigen-presenting cell subsets in the human vaginal mucosa and skin reflect tissue-specific immune microenvironments. Genome Med 2014; 6:98. [PMID: 25520755 PMCID: PMC4268898 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells localize throughout the body, where they can sense
and capture invading pathogens to induce protective immunity. Hence, harnessing
the biology of tissue-resident dendritic cells is fundamental for the rational
design of vaccines against pathogens. Methods Herein, we characterized the transcriptomes of four
antigen-presenting cell subsets from the human vagina (Langerhans cells,
CD14- and CD14+ dendritic
cells, macrophages) by microarray, at both the transcript and network level, and
compared them to those of three skin dendritic cell subsets and blood myeloid
dendritic cells. Results We found that genomic fingerprints of antigen-presenting cells are
significantly influenced by the tissue of origin as well as by individual subsets.
Nonetheless, CD14+ populations from both vagina and
skin are geared towards innate immunity and pro-inflammatory responses, whereas
CD14- populations, particularly skin and vaginal
Langerhans cells, and vaginal CD14- dendritic cells,
display both Th2-inducing and regulatory phenotypes. We also identified new
phenotypic and functional biomarkers of vaginal antigen-presenting cell
subsets. Conclusions We provide a transcriptional database of 87 microarray samples
spanning eight antigen-presenting cell populations in the human vagina, skin and
blood. Altogether, these data provide molecular information that will further help
characterize human tissue antigen-presenting cell lineages and their functions.
Data from this study can guide the design of mucosal vaccines against sexually
transmitted pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-014-0098-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Duluc
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Romain Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Julien Gannevat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Blanck
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Seunghee Hong
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Jose Rossello-Urgell
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Nicole Baldwin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Jack Stecher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246 USA
| | - Michael Carley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246 USA
| | - Muriel Boreham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246 USA
| | - SangKon Oh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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Hiemstra IH, Beijer MR, Veninga H, Vrijland K, Borg EGF, Olivier BJ, Mebius RE, Kraal G, den Haan JMM. The identification and developmental requirements of colonic CD169⁺ macrophages. Immunology 2014; 142:269-78. [PMID: 24883436 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD169-positive macrophages in the marginal zone of the spleen and subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes play an important role as gatekeepers, strategically located to capture pathogens. Here we identified a population of CD169-positive macrophages in the colon and investigated which factors influenced their development. Murine colonic CD115+ F4/80(lo) CD11c(lo) macrophages expressing CD169 were present in the lamina propria, mainly surrounding the crypts. In spite of the high levels of bacterial flora in the colon and the importance of Toll-like receptor signalling in mucosal homeostasis, the presence of CD169+ macrophages was not affected in mice that were deficient in MyD88-mediated Toll-like receptor signalling and in mice in which the bacterial flora was eradicated. Whereas the development of splenic CD169+ macrophages was dependent on lymphotoxin α, colonic CD169+ macrophages were present in normal numbers in lymphotoxin α-deficient mice. In contrast, reduced numbers of CD169+ macrophages were found in the colon of mice deficient in vitamin A, whereas CD169+ macrophages in the spleen were unaffected. In conclusion, we identified a new macrophage subset in the lamina propria of the colon characterized by the expression of CD169. Its differentiation, unlike CD169+ macrophages in lymphoid organs, is independent of lymphotoxin α signalling, but requires vitamin A.
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26
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Figgett WA, Vincent FB, Saulep-Easton D, Mackay F. Roles of ligands from the TNF superfamily in B cell development, function, and regulation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:191-202. [PMID: 24996229 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most ligands from the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily play very important roles in the immune system, and particularly so in B lymphocyte biology. TNF ligands are essential to many aspects of normal B cell biology from development in the bone marrow to maturation in the periphery as well as for activation and differentiation into germinal centre, memory or plasma cells. TNF ligands also influence other aspects of B cell biology such as their ability to present antigens or regulate immune responses. Importantly, inadequate regulation of many TNF ligands is associated with B cell disorders including autoimmunity and cancers. As a result, inhibitors of a number of TNF ligands have been tested in the clinic, with some becoming very successful approved treatments alleviating B cell-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Figgett
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Fabien B Vincent
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Damien Saulep-Easton
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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27
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Randall TD, Mebius RE. The development and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues: a balancing act with micro-organisms. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:455-66. [PMID: 24569801 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, colonized by commensal organisms and used by pathogens as points of entry. As a result, the immune system has devoted the bulk of its resources to mucosal sites to maintain symbiosis with commensal organisms, prevent pathogen entry, and avoid unnecessary inflammatory responses to innocuous antigens. These functions are facilitated by a variety of mucosal lymphoid organs that develop during embryogenesis in the absence of microbial stimulation as well as ectopic lymphoid tissues that develop in adults following microbial exposure or inflammation. Each of these lymphoid organs samples antigens from different mucosal sites and contributes to immune homeostasis, commensal containment, and immunity to pathogens. Here we discuss the mechanisms, mostly based on mouse studies, that control the development of mucosal lymphoid organs and how the various lymphoid tissues cooperate to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Alabama, USA
| | - R E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
The mammalian intestine must manage to contain 100 trillion intestinal bacteria without inducing inappropriate immune responses to these microorganisms. The effects of the immune system on intestinal microorganisms are numerous and well-characterized, and recent research has determined that the microbiota influences the intestinal immune system as well. In this review, we first discuss the intestinal immune system and its role in containing and maintaining tolerance to commensal organisms. We next introduce a category of immune cells, the innate lymphoid cells, and describe their classification and function in intestinal immunology. Finally, we discuss the effects of the intestinal microbiota on innate lymphoid cells.
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29
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Kruglov AA, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV, Winsauer C, Prepens S, Seleznik GM, Eberl G, Littman DR, Heikenwalder M, Tumanov AV, Nedospasov SA. Nonredundant function of soluble LTα3 produced by innate lymphoid cells in intestinal homeostasis. Science 2013; 342:1243-6. [PMID: 24311691 DOI: 10.1126/science.1243364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) production at mucosal surfaces contributes to protection against pathogens and controls intestinal microbiota composition. However, mechanisms regulating IgA induction are not completely defined. We show that soluble lymphotoxin α (sLTα3) produced by RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) controls T cell-dependent IgA induction in the lamina propria via regulation of T cell homing to the gut. By contrast, membrane-bound lymphotoxin β (LTα1β2) produced by RORγt(+) ILCs is critical for T cell-independent IgA induction in the lamina propria via control of dendritic cell functions. Ablation of LTα in RORγt(+) cells abrogated IgA production in the gut and altered microbiota composition. Thus, soluble and membrane-bound lymphotoxins produced by ILCs distinctly organize adaptive immune responses in the gut and control commensal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kruglov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin 10117, Germany
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30
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Microbe-dependent CD11b+ IgA+ plasma cells mediate robust early-phase intestinal IgA responses in mice. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1772. [PMID: 23612313 PMCID: PMC3644083 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal plasma cells predominantly produce immunoglobulin (Ig) A, however, their functional diversity remains poorly characterized. Here we show that murine intestinal IgA plasma cells can be newly classified into two populations on the basis of CD11b expression, which cannot be discriminated by currently known criteria such as general plasma cell markers, B cell origin and T cell dependence. CD11b+ IgA+ plasma cells require the lymphoid structure of Peyer’s patches, produce more IgA than CD11b− IgA+ plasma cells, proliferate vigorously, and require microbial stimulation and IL-10 for their development and maintenance. These features allow CD11b+ IgA+ plasma cells to mediate early-phase antigen-specific intestinal IgA responses induced by oral immunization with protein antigen. These findings reveal the functional diversity of IgA+ plasma cells in the murine intestine. Intestinal plasma cells contribute to the delicate balance between immunity against pathogens and tolerance of intestinal microflora. Kunisawa et al. identify a subpopulation of plasma cells whose proliferation depends on stimulation by microbes and IL-10, and which mediate early-phase responses to oral antigens.
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31
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Wege AK, Huber B, Wimmer N, Männel DN, Hehlgans T. LTβR expression on hematopoietic cells regulates acute inflammation and influences maturation of myeloid subpopulations. Innate Immun 2013; 20:461-70. [PMID: 23940077 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913497242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin beta-receptor (LTβR) is involved in the formation and maintenance of secondary lymphoid structures, as well as in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Because LTβR lymphoid structure formation continues to develop in infants, we compared two different chimera models: one using adult mice and the other using a transplantation model of neonatal mice. To elucidate the function of LTβR on lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, we generated bone marrow chimeras on the wild type C57Bl/6 and the LTβR-deficient (LTβR(-/-)) background, and reconstituted the mice with bone marrow cells reciprocally. These chimeric mice were analyzed in the experimental model of acute dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Interestingly, both models revealed not only equal reconstitution levels but also similar immunological responses: LTβR expression on stromal cells is essential for lymph node formation, whereas LTBR on hematopoietic cells is crucial for a decrease in inflammation. In addition, mice lacking LTβR on hematopoietic cells revealed (a) an increase of immature granulocytic cells in the spleen and (b) a reduced proportion of myeloid cells in peripheral blood and spleen expressing CD11b(+)Ly6C(+)Ly6G(-) (myeloid-derived suppressor cells expression profile). In conclusion, LTβR expression on hematopoietic cells seems to be involved in the down-regulation of acute inflammatory reactions paralleled by the appearance of immature myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K Wege
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Caritas Hospital St. Josef, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Huber
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nadin Wimmer
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela N Männel
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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32
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Abstract
The field of lymphotoxin biology has seen many advances in the past decade. Notably, a role for lymphotoxin as a key effector cytokine has emerged to add to its foundational contribution to lymphoid organogenesis. It is now clear that lymphotoxin contributes to host defense for a wide variety of pathogens, and the lymphotoxin receptor is a defining feature of and regulatory mechanism in both innate and adaptive immunities. Specifically, lymphotoxin contributes to Th education, licensing of IL-22 production from type 3 innate lymphoid cells, and even maintains innate myeloid populations within the fully developed lymph node. Most recently, lymphotoxin has been implicated in regulation of the microbiota and metabolic disease. Early studies revealed that lymphotoxin might influence composition of the commensal microbiota through its regulation of immunological compartmentalization in the gut. Additionally, several epidemiological studies have linked polymorphisms in lymphotoxin to metabolic disease. Studies exploring the role of lymphotoxin in metabolic disease have demonstrated that lymphotoxin may influence metabolism both directly in the liver and indirectly through regulation of gut immune responses. It now appears that lymphotoxin may bridge the gap between altered composition of the commensal microbiota and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Upadhyay V, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin signalling in immune homeostasis and the control of microorganisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:270-9. [PMID: 23524463 PMCID: PMC3900493 DOI: 10.1038/nri3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily that was originally thought to be functionally redundant to TNF, but these proteins were later found to have independent roles in driving lymphoid organogenesis. More recently, LT-mediated signalling has been shown to actively contribute to effector immune responses. LT regulates dendritic cell and CD4(+) T cell homeostasis in the steady state and determines the functions of these cells during pathogenic challenges. The LT receptor pathway is essential for controlling pathogens and even contributes to the regulation of the intestinal microbiota, with recent data suggesting that LT-induced changes in the microbiota promote metabolic disease. In this Review, we discuss these newly defined roles for LT, with a particular focus on how the LT receptor pathway regulates innate and adaptive immune responses to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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34
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Yokley BH, Selby ST, Posch PE. A stimulation-dependent alternate core promoter links lymphotoxin α expression with TGF-β1 and fibroblast growth factor-7 signaling in primary human T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4573-84. [PMID: 23547113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT)-α regulates many biologic activities, yet little is known of the regulation of its gene. In this study, the contribution to LTA transcriptional regulation of the region between the transcription and translation start sites (downstream segment) was investigated. The LTA downstream segment was found to be required for, and alone to be sufficient for, maximal transcriptional activity in both T and B lymphocytes. The latter observation suggested that an alternate core promoter might be present in the downstream segment. Characterization of LTA mRNAs isolated from primary and from transformed human T cells under different stimulation conditions identified eight unique transcript variants (TVs), including one (LTA TV8) that initiated within a polypyrimidine tract near the 3' end of the downstream segment. Further investigation determined that the LTA downstream segment alternate core promoter that produces the LTA TV8 transcript most likely consists of a stimulating protein 1 binding site and an initiator element and that factors involved in transcription initiation (stimulating protein 1, TFII-I, and RNA polymerase II) bind to this LTA region in vivo. Interestingly, the LTA downstream segment alternate core promoter was active only after specific cellular stimulation and was the major promoter used when human T cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 and fibroblast growth factor-7. Most importantly, this study provides evidence of a direct link for crosstalk between T cells and epithelial/stromal cells that has implications for LT signaling by T cells in the cooperative regulation of various processes typically associated with TGF-βR and fibroblast growth factor-R2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Yokley
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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35
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Sunyer JO. Fishing for mammalian paradigms in the teleost immune system. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:320-6. [PMID: 23507645 PMCID: PMC4203445 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of fish immune systems. Such studies have greatly expanded the knowledge of the evolution and diversification of vertebrate immune systems. Several findings in those studies have overturned old paradigms about the immune system and led to the discovery of novel aspects of mammalian immunity. Here I focus on how findings pertaining to immunity in teleost (bony) fish have led to major new insights about mammalian B cell function in innate and adaptive immunity. Additionally, I illustrate how the discovery of the most ancient mucosal immunoglobulin described thus far will help resolve unsettled paradigms of mammalian mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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36
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Chorny A, Puga I, Cerutti A. Regulation of frontline antibody responses by innate immune signals. Immunol Res 2013; 54:4-13. [PMID: 22477522 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mature B cells generate protective immunity by undergoing immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching and somatic hypermutation, two Ig gene-diversifying processes that usually require cognate interactions with T cells that express CD40 ligand. This T-cell-dependent pathway provides immunological memory but is relatively slow to occur. Thus, it must be integrated with a faster, T-cell-independent pathway for B-cell activation through CD40 ligand-like molecules that are released by innate immune cells in response to microbial products. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between the innate immune system and B cells, particularly "frontline" B cells located in the marginal zone of the spleen and in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Chorny
- Department of Medicine, The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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37
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that non-hematopoietic stromal cells of the intestine have multiple roles in immune responses and inflammation at this mucosal site. Despite this, many still consider gut stromal cells as passive structural entities, with past research focused heavily on their roles in fibrosis, tumor progression, and wound healing, rather than their contributions to immune function. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of stromal cells in intestinal immunity, highlighting the many immunological axes in which stromal cells have a functional role. We also consider emerging data that broaden the potential scope of their contribution to immunity in the gut and argue that these so-called "non-immune" cells are reclassified in light of their diverse contributions to intestinal innate immunity and the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis.
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38
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa contains the largest population of antibody-secreting plasma cells in the body, and in humans several grams of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) are released into the intestine each day. In the gut lumen, SIgA serves as a first-line barrier that protects the epithelium from pathogens and toxins. Recently, next-generation sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of the nature of the intestinal microbiota and has also shed new light on the important roles of SIgA in the regulation of host-commensal homeostasis. Here, I discuss pathways of IgA induction in the context of SIgA specificity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strae 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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39
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Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Hoss K, Hoersch G, Zemlin C, Heckmann M, Berek C, Schroeder HW, Maier RF, Zemlin M. IgA response in preterm neonates shows little evidence of antigen-driven selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5449-56. [PMID: 23105134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After birth, contact to environmental Ags induces the production of IgA, which represents a first line of defense for the neonate. We sought to characterize the maturation of the repertoire of IgA H chain transcripts in circulating blood B cells during human ontogeny. We found that IgA H chain transcripts were present in cord blood as early as 27 wk of gestation and that the restrictions of the primary Ab repertoire (IgM) persisted in the IgA repertoire. Thus, B cells harboring more "mature" V(H) regions were not preferred for class switch to IgA. Preterm and term neonates expressed a unique IgA repertoire, which was characterized by short CDR-H3 regions, preference of the J(H) proximal D(H)7-27 gene segment, and very few somatic mutations. During the first postnatal months, these restrictions were slowly released. Preterm birth did not measurably accelerate the maturation of the IgA repertoire. At a postconceptional age of 60 wk, somatic mutation frequency of IgA H chain transcripts reached 25% of the adult values but still showed little evidence of Ag-driven selection. These results indicate that similar to IgG, the IgA repertoire expands in a controlled manner after birth. Thus, the IgA repertoire of the newborn has distinctive characteristics that differ from the adult IgA repertoire. These observations might explain the lower affinity and specificity of neonatal IgA Abs, which could contribute to a higher susceptibility to infections and altered responses to vaccinations, but might also prevent the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rogosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps University Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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40
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Doi T, Kanai T, Mikami Y, Sujino T, Jun L, Ono Y, Hayashi A, Hibi T. IgA plasma cells express the negative regulatory co-stimulatory molecule programmed cell death 1 ligand and have a potential tolerogenic role in the intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:918-23. [PMID: 22906740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To maintain immune homeostasis in the intestine, the intestinal immune system has evolved several tolerogenic mechanisms toward intestinal microflora and food antigens. Although programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) protein has been implicated in immunological tolerance in the intestine and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs), distribution of its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 in the small intestine lamina propria (LP) are unknown. We investigated PD-L1 expression in intestinal LP and found that IgA plasma cells (PCs) were major PD-L1 expressing cells. PD-L1 expression levels on IgA PCs were higher than that on IgG PCs in peripheral lymphoid tissues. IgA PCs expressed antigen-presenting molecule MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and PD-L2. IgA PCs isolated from intestinal LP exhibited antigen presentation activity, and in the presence of TGF-β induced FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells, but not IFN-γ(+) Th1 cells, from naïve T cells. Thus, IgA PCs in the intestine may be involved in an immune regulatory role in the intestinal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Doi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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41
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Boulianne B, Porfilio EA, Pikor N, Gommerman JL. Lymphotoxin-sensitive microenvironments in homeostasis and inflammation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:243. [PMID: 22866054 PMCID: PMC3408564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell microenvironments within lymphoid tissues are designed to support immune cell homeostasis and to regulate ongoing immune responses to pathogens. Such stromal cell networks have been best characterized within lymphoid tissues including the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes, and systems for classifying stromal cell phenotypes and functions are emerging. In response to inflammation, stromal cell networks within lymphoid tissues change in order to accommodate and regulate lymphocyte activation. Local inflammation in non-lymphoid tissues can also induce de novo formation of lymphoid aggregates, which we term here “follicle-like structures.” Of note, the stromal cell networks that underpin such follicles are not as well characterized and may be different depending on the anatomical site. However, one common element that is integral to the maintenance of stromal cell environments, either in lymphoid tissue or in extra-lymphoid sites, is the constitutive regulation of stromal cell phenotype and/or function by the lymphotoxin (LT) pathway. Here we discuss how the LT pathway influences stromal cell environments both in homeostasis and in the context of inflammation in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant Boulianne
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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42
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Slack E, Balmer ML, Fritz JH, Hapfelmeier S. Functional flexibility of intestinal IgA - broadening the fine line. Front Immunol 2012; 3:100. [PMID: 22563329 PMCID: PMC3342566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria outnumber our own human cells in conditions of both health and disease. It has long been recognized that secretory antibody, particularly IgA, is produced in response to these microbes and hypothesized that this must play an important role in defining the relationship between a host and its intestinal microbes. However, the exact role of IgA and the mechanisms by which IgA can act are only beginning to be understood. In this review we attempt to unravel the complex interaction between so-called “natural,” “primitive” (T-cell-independent), and “classical” IgA responses, the nature of the intestinal microbiota/intestinal pathogens and the highly flexible dynamic homeostasis of the mucosal immune system. Such an analysis reveals that low-affinity IgA is sufficient to protect the host from excess mucosal immune activation induced by harmless commensal microbes. However, affinity-maturation of “classical” IgA is essential to provide protection from more invasive commensal species such as segmented filamentous bacteria and from true pathogens such as Salmonellatyphimurium. Thus a correlation is revealed between “sophistication” of the IgA response and aggressiveness of the challenge. A second emerging theme is that more-invasive species take advantage of host inflammatory mechanisms to more successfully compete with the resident microbiota. In many cases, the function of IgA may be to limit such inflammatory responses, either directly by coagulating or inhibiting virulence of bacteria before they can interact with the host or by modulating immune signaling induced by host recognition. Therefore IgA appears to provide an added layer of robustness in the intestinal ecosystem, promoting “commensal-like” behavior of its residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Slack
- Institute for Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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43
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Abstract
Recently a new lymphocyte subset called innate lymphoid cells has emerged and it includes key producers of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 in the mucosal environment. Using Citrobacter rodentium infection to deliver a pathogenic insult to the colon, two studies have revealed an underlying role for lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling in the generation of IL-22 by these cells. This observation links a system well known for its ability to organize lymphoid microenvironments into a basic mucosal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Browning
- Department of Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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44
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Zhu M, Fu YX. The role of core TNF/LIGHT family members in lymph node homeostasis and remodeling. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:75-84. [PMID: 22017432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) maintain active homeostasis at steady state. However, in response to changes in the local environment, such as local infection, cancer, vaccination, and autoimmune disease, dramatic remodeling of LN occurs. This remodeling includes changes in size, lymph and blood flow, immune cell trafficking and cellularity, lymphatic and blood vessel growth and activation, as well as microarchitecture. Therefore, inflammatory conditions often lead to enlarged nodes; after local inflammation resolves, LNs actively regress in size and return to steady state. Remodeling of lymphatic vessels (LVs) and blood vessels (BVs) during both the expansion and regression phases are key steps in controlling LN size as well as function. The cells, membrane-associated molecules, and soluble cytokines that are essential for LV and BV homeostasis as well as dynamic changes in the expansion and regression phases have not been well defined. Understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms behind LN remodeling would help us to better control undesired immune responses (e.g. inflammation and autoimmune diseases) or promote desired responses (e.g. antitumor immunity and vaccination). In this review, we focus on how the closely related tumor necrosis factor (TNF) members: LIGHT (TNFSF14), lymphotoxin-αβ, and TNF-α contribute to the remodeling of LNs at various stages of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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45
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McDonald KG, Leach MR, Brooke KWM, Wang C, Wheeler LW, Hanly EK, Rowley CW, Levin MS, Wagner M, Li E, Newberry RD. Epithelial expression of the cytosolic retinoid chaperone cellular retinol binding protein II is essential for in vivo imprinting of local gut dendritic cells by lumenal retinoids. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:984-997. [PMID: 22222225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) use all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to promote characteristic intestinal responses, including Foxp3(+) Treg conversion, lymphocyte gut homing molecule expression, and IgA production. How this ability to generate ATRA is conferred to DCs in vivo remains largely unstudied. Here, we observed that among DCs, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1), which catalyzes the conversion of retinal to ATRA, was preferentially expressed by small intestine CD103(+) lamina propria (LP) DCs. Retinoids induced LP CD103(+) DCs to generate ATRA via ALDH1 activity. Either biliary or dietary retinoids were required to confer ALDH activity to LP DCs in vivo. Cellular retinol-binding protein II (CRBPII), a cytosolic retinoid chaperone that directs enterocyte retinol and retinal metabolism but is redundant to maintain serum retinol, was required to confer ALDH activity to CD103(+) LP DCs. CRBPII expression was restricted to small intestine epithelial cells, and ALDH activity in CRBPII(-/-) DCs was restored by transfer to a wild-type recipient. CD103(+) LP DCs from CRBPII(-/-) mice had a decreased capacity to promote IgA production. Moreover, CD103(+) DCs preferentially associated with the small intestine epithelium and LP CD103(+) DC ALDH activity, and the ability to promote IgA production was reduced in mice with impaired DC-epithelia associations. These findings demonstrate in vivo roles for the expression of epithelial CRBPII and lumenal retinoids to imprint local gut DCs with an intestinal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely G McDonald
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew R Leach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kaitlin W M Brooke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leroy W Wheeler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elyse K Hanly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christopher W Rowley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marc S Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Cell Biology, The State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Ellen Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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46
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Fritz JH, Rojas OL, Simard N, McCarthy DD, Hapfelmeier S, Rubino S, Robertson SJ, Larijani M, Gosselin J, Ivanov II, Martin A, Casellas R, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Paige CJ, Gommerman JL. Acquisition of a multifunctional IgA+ plasma cell phenotype in the gut. Nature 2011; 481:199-203. [PMID: 22158124 PMCID: PMC3487691 DOI: 10.1038/nature10698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The largest mucosal surface in the body is in the gastrointestinal tract, a location that is heavily colonized by microbes that are normally harmless. A key mechanism required for maintaining a homeostatic balance between this microbial burden and the lymphocytes that densely populate the gastrointestinal tract is the production and transepithelial transport of poly-reactive IgA (ref. 1). Within the mucosal tissues, B cells respond to cytokines, sometimes in the absence of T-cell help, undergo class switch recombination of their immunoglobulin receptor to IgA, and differentiate to become plasma cells. However, IgA-secreting plasma cells probably have additional attributes that are needed for coping with the tremendous bacterial load in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we report that mouse IgA(+) plasma cells also produce the antimicrobial mediators tumour-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and express many molecules that are commonly associated with monocyte/granulocytic cell types. The development of iNOS-producing IgA(+) plasma cells can be recapitulated in vitro in the presence of gut stroma, and the acquisition of this multifunctional phenotype in vivo and in vitro relies on microbial co-stimulation. Deletion of TNF-α and iNOS in B-lineage cells resulted in a reduction in IgA production, altered diversification of the gut microbiota and poor clearance of a gut-tropic pathogen. These findings reveal a novel adaptation to maintaining homeostasis in the gut, and extend the repertoire of protective responses exhibited by some B-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
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47
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McCarthy DD, Kujawa J, Wilson C, Papandile A, Poreci U, Porfilio EA, Ward L, Lawson MAE, Macpherson AJ, McCoy KD, Pei Y, Novak L, Lee JY, Julian BA, Novak J, Ranger A, Gommerman JL, Browning JL. Mice overexpressing BAFF develop a commensal flora-dependent, IgA-associated nephropathy. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3991-4002. [PMID: 21881212 DOI: 10.1172/jci45563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activation factor of the TNF family (BAFF) is a potent B cell survival factor. BAFF overexpressing transgenic mice (BAFF-Tg mice) exhibit features of autoimmune disease, including B cell hyperplasia and hypergammaglobulinemia, and develop fatal nephritis with age. However, basal serum IgA levels are also elevated, suggesting that the pathology in these mice may be more complex than initially appreciated. Consistent with this, we demonstrate here that BAFF-Tg mice have mesangial deposits of IgA along with high circulating levels of polymeric IgA that is aberrantly glycosylated. Renal disease in BAFF-Tg mice was associated with IgA, because serum IgA was highly elevated in nephritic mice and BAFF-Tg mice with genetic deletion of IgA exhibited less renal pathology. The presence of commensal flora was essential for the elevated serum IgA phenotype, and, unexpectedly, commensal bacteria-reactive IgA antibodies were found in the blood. These data illustrate how excess B cell survival signaling perturbs the normal balance with the microbiota, leading to a breach in the normal mucosal-peripheral compartmentalization. Such breaches may predispose the nonmucosal system to certain immune diseases. Indeed, we found that a subset of patients with IgA nephropathy had elevated serum levels of a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL), a cytokine related to BAFF. These parallels between BAFF-Tg mice and human IgA nephropathy may provide a new framework to explore connections between mucosal environments and renal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D McCarthy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are colonized by large communities of commensal bacteria and represent the primary site of entry for pathogenic agents. To prevent microbial intrusion, mucosal B cells release large amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules through multiple follicular and extrafollicular pathways. IgA is the most abundant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions and owes its success in frontline immunity to its ability to undergo transcytosis across epithelial cells. In addition to translocating IgA onto the mucosal surface, epithelial cells educate the mucosal immune system as to the composition of the local microbiota and instruct B cells to initiate IgA responses that generate immune protection while preserving immune homeostasis. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the cellular interactions and signaling pathways governing IgA production at mucosal surfaces and discuss new findings on the regulation and function of mucosal IgD, the most enigmatic isotype of our mucosal antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerutti
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Spain.
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49
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Abstract
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is a constitutive mucosal lymphoid tissue adjacent to major airways in some mammalian species, including rats and rabbits, but not humans or mice. A related tissue, inducible BALT (iBALT), is an ectopic lymphoid tissue that is formed upon inflammation or infection in both mice and humans and can be found throughout the lung. Both BALT and iBALT acquire antigens from the airways and initiate local immune responses and maintain memory cells in the lungs. Here, we discuss the development and function of BALT and iBALT in the context of pulmonary immunity to infectious agents, tumors, and allergens as well as autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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50
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Suzuki K, Kawamoto S, Maruya M, Fagarasan S. GALT: organization and dynamics leading to IgA synthesis. Adv Immunol 2011; 107:153-85. [PMID: 21034974 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381300-8.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than four decades ago, immunoglobulin (Ig) A has been the subject of continuous and intensive studies. The major concepts derived were that the precursors of IgA plasma cells are generated in follicular organized structures with the help of T cells and the secreted IgAs provide protection against mucosal pathogens. However, only recently we began to appreciate that IgAs play key roles in regulation of bacterial communities in the intestine and that the repertoire of gut microbiota is closely linked to the proper functioning of the immune system. In this review, we highlight the complex and dynamic mutualistic relationships between bacteria and immune cells and discuss the sites and pathways leading to IgA synthesis in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Suzuki
- Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Yokohama Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
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