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Wilk AJ, Marceau JO, Kazer SW, Fleming I, Miao VN, Galvez-Reyes J, Kimata JT, Shalek AK, Holmes S, Overbaugh J, Blish CA. Pro-inflammatory feedback loops define immune responses to pathogenic Lentivirus infection. Genome Med 2024; 16:24. [PMID: 38317183 PMCID: PMC10840164 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes chronic inflammation and AIDS in humans, with variable rates of disease progression between individuals driven by both host and viral factors. Similarly, simian lentiviruses vary in their pathogenicity based on characteristics of both the host species and the virus strain, yet the immune underpinnings that drive differential Lentivirus pathogenicity remain incompletely understood. METHODS We profile immune responses in a unique model of differential lentiviral pathogenicity where pig-tailed macaques are infected with highly genetically similar variants of SIV that differ in virulence. We apply longitudinal single-cell transcriptomics to this cohort, along with single-cell resolution cell-cell communication techniques, to understand the immune mechanisms underlying lentiviral pathogenicity. RESULTS Compared to a minimally pathogenic lentiviral variant, infection with a highly pathogenic variant results in a more delayed, broad, and sustained activation of inflammatory pathways, including an extensive global interferon signature. Conversely, individual cells infected with highly pathogenic Lentivirus upregulated fewer interferon-stimulated genes at a lower magnitude, indicating that highly pathogenic Lentivirus has evolved to partially escape from interferon responses. Further, we identify CXCL10 and CXCL16 as important molecular drivers of inflammatory pathways specifically in response to highly pathogenic Lentivirus infection. Immune responses to highly pathogenic Lentivirus infection are characterized by amplifying regulatory circuits of pro-inflammatory cytokines with dense longitudinal connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our work presents a model of lentiviral pathogenicity where failures in early viral control mechanisms lead to delayed, sustained, and amplifying pro-inflammatory circuits, which in turn drives disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Wilk
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joshua O Marceau
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Vincent N Miao
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School & MIT, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jennyfer Galvez-Reyes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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2
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Apetrei C, Gaufin T, Brocca-Cofano E, Sivanandham R, Sette P, He T, Sivanandham S, Martinez Sosa N, Martin KJ, Raehtz KD, Kleinman AJ, Valentine A, Krampe N, Gautam R, Lackner AA, Landay AL, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I. T cell activation is insufficient to drive SIV disease progression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161111. [PMID: 37485874 PMCID: PMC10443804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolution of T cell activation and inflammation is a key determinant of the lack of SIV disease progression in African green monkeys (AGMs). Although frequently considered together, T cell activation occurs in response to viral stimulation of acquired immunity, while inflammation reflects innate immune responses to mucosal injury. We dissociated T cell activation from inflammation through regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion with Ontak (interleukin-2 coupled with diphtheria toxin) during early SIV infection of AGMs. This intervention abolished control of T cell immune activation beyond the transition from acute to chronic infection. Ontak had no effect on gut barrier integrity, microbial translocation, inflammation, and hypercoagulation, despite increasing T cell activation. Ontak administration increased macrophage counts yet decreased their activation. Persistent T cell activation influenced SIV pathogenesis, shifting the ramp-up in viral replication to earlier time points, prolonging the high levels of replication, and delaying CD4+ T cell restoration yet without any clinical or biological sign of disease progression in Treg-depleted AGMs. Thus, by inducing T cell activation without damaging mucosal barrier integrity, we showed that systemic T cell activation per se is not sufficient to drive disease progression, which suggests that control of systemic inflammation (likely through maintenance of gut integrity) is the key determinant of lack of disease progression in natural hosts of SIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Tianyu He
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sindhuja Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Audrey Valentine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noah Krampe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Samer S, Chowdhury A, Wiche Salinas TR, Estrada PMDR, Reuter M, Tharp G, Bosinger S, Cervasi B, Auger J, Gill K, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Reyes-Teran G, Estes JD, Betts MR, Silvestri G, Paiardini M. Lymph-Node-Based CD3 + CD20 + Cells Emerge from Membrane Exchange between T Follicular Helper Cells and B Cells and Increase Their Frequency following Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0176022. [PMID: 37223960 PMCID: PMC10308947 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01760-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells are key targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication and contribute to the virus reservoir under antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we describe a novel CD3+ CD20+ double-positive (DP) lymphocyte subset, resident in secondary lymphoid organs of humans and rhesus macaques (RMs), that appear predominantly after membrane exchange between TFH and B cells. DP lymphocytes are enriched in cells displaying a TFH phenotype (CD4+ PD1hi CXCR5hi), function (interleukin 21 positive [IL-21+]), and gene expression profile. Importantly, expression of CD40L upon brief in vitro mitogen stimulation identifies, by specific gene-expression signatures, DP cells of TFH-cell origin versus those of B-cell origin. Analysis of 56 RMs showed that DP cells (i) significantly increase following SIV infection, (ii) are reduced after 12 months of ART in comparison to pre-ART levels, and (iii) expand to a significantly higher frequency following ART interruption. Quantification of total SIV-gag DNA on sorted DP cells from chronically infected RMs showed that these cells are susceptible to SIV infection. These data reinforce earlier observations that CD20+ T cells are infected and expanded by HIV infection, while suggesting that these cells phenotypically overlap activated CD4+ TFH cells that acquire CD20 expression via trogocytosis and can be targeted as part of therapeutic strategies aimed at HIV remission. IMPORTANCE The HIV reservoir is largely composed of latently infected memory CD4+ T cells that persist during antiretroviral therapy and constitute a major barrier toward HIV eradication. In particular, CD4+ T follicular helper cells have been demonstrated as key targets for viral replication and persistence under ART. In lymph nodes from HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected rhesus macaques, we show that CD3+ CD20+ lymphocytes emerge after membrane exchange between T cells and B cells and are enriched in phenotypic, functional, and gene expression profiles found in T follicular helper cells. Furthermore, in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, these cells expand following experimental infection and after interruption of ART and harbor SIV DNA at levels similar to those found in CD4+ T cells; thus, CD3+ CD20+ lymphocytes are susceptible to SIV infection and can contribute to SIV persistence.
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Grants
- P30 AI050409 NIAID NIH HHS
- 75N91019D00024 NCI NIH HHS
- P51 OD011132 NIH HHS
- HHSN261200800001C NCI NIH HHS
- U24 OD011023 NIH HHS
- U42 OD011023 NIH HHS
- P01 AI131338 NIAID NIH HHS
- HHSN261200800001E NCI NIH HHS
- UM1 AI164562 NIAID NIH HHS
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIR, NIAID)
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (DIR, NIAID, NIDA, NIDDK, NHLBI, NINDS)
- HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI)
- HHS | NIH | Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, National Institutes of Health (ORIP)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Samer
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ankita Chowdhury
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Morgan Reuter
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory Tharp
- Emory NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Auger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kiran Gill
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Práctica Médica Grupal en Otorrinolaringología, Centro Médico ABC Santa Fe, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Comisión Coordinadora de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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4
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Le Hingrat Q, Sette P, Xu C, Rahmberg AR, Tarnus L, Annapureddy H, Kleinman A, Brocca-Cofano E, Sivanandham R, Sivanandham S, He T, Capreri DJ, Ma D, Estes JD, Brenchley JM, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. Prolonged experimental CD4 + T-cell depletion does not cause disease progression in SIV-infected African green monkeys. Nat Commun 2023; 14:979. [PMID: 36813761 PMCID: PMC9946951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is a hallmark of HIV infection, leading to impairment of cellular immunity and opportunistic infections, but its contribution to SIV/HIV-associated gut dysfunction is unknown. Chronically SIV-infected African Green Monkeys (AGMs) partially recover mucosal CD4+ T-cells, maintain gut integrity and do not progress to AIDS. Here we assess the impact of prolonged, antibody-mediated CD4 + T-cell depletion on gut integrity and natural history of SIV infection in AGMs. All circulating CD4+ T-cells and >90% of mucosal CD4+ T-cells are depleted. Plasma viral loads and cell-associated viral RNA in tissues are lower in CD4+-cell-depleted animals. CD4+-cell-depleted AGMs maintain gut integrity, control immune activation and do not progress to AIDS. We thus conclude that CD4+ T-cell depletion is not a determinant of SIV-related gut dysfunction, when gastrointestinal tract epithelial damage and inflammation are absent, suggesting that disease progression and resistance to AIDS are independent of CD4+ T-cell restoration in SIVagm-infected AGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew R Rahmberg
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lilas Tarnus
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haritha Annapureddy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sindhuja Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tianyu He
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Capreri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Vieira V, Lim N, Singh A, Leitman E, Dsouza R, Adland E, Muenchhoff M, Roider J, Marin Lopez M, Carabelli J, Giandhari J, Groll A, Jooste P, Prado JG, Thobakgale C, Dong K, Kiepiela P, Prendergast AJ, Tudor-Williams G, Frater J, Walker BD, Ndung’u T, Ramsuran V, Leslie A, Kløverpris HN, Goulder P. Slow progression of pediatric HIV associates with early CD8+ T cell PD-1 expression and a stem-like phenotype. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e156049. [PMID: 36602861 PMCID: PMC9977437 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV nonprogression despite persistent viremia is rare among adults who are naive to antiretroviral therapy (ART) but relatively common among ART-naive children. Previous studies indicate that ART-naive pediatric slow progressors (PSPs) adopt immune evasion strategies similar to those described in natural hosts of SIV. However, the mechanisms underlying this immunophenotype are not well understood. In a cohort of early-treated infants who underwent analytical treatment interruption (ATI) after 12 months of ART, expression of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells immediately before ATI was the main predictor of slow progression during ATI. PD-1+CD8+ T cell frequency was also negatively correlated with CCR5 and HLA-DR expression on CD4+ T cells and predicted stronger HIV-specific T lymphocyte responses. In the CD8+ T cell compartment of PSPs, we identified an enrichment of stem-like TCF-1+PD-1+ memory cells, whereas pediatric progressors and viremic adults had a terminally exhausted PD-1+CD39+ population. TCF-1+PD-1+ expression on CD8+ T cells was associated with higher proliferative activity and stronger Gag-specific effector functionality. These data prompted the hypothesis that the proliferative burst potential of stem-like HIV-specific cytotoxic cells could be exploited in therapeutic strategies to boost the antiviral response and facilitate remission in infants who received early ART with a preserved and nonexhausted T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Vieira
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ellen Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Reena Dsouza
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Roider
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Department of Paediatrics, Kimberley Hospital, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Julia G. Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Christina Thobakgale
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Krista Dong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Photini Kiepiela
- South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gareth Tudor-Williams
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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6
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Jasinska AJ, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. Walk on the wild side: SIV infection in African non-human primate hosts-from the field to the laboratory. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1060985. [PMID: 36713371 PMCID: PMC9878298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV emerged following cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that naturally infect non-human primates (NHPs) from Africa. While HIV replication and CD4+ T-cell depletion lead to increased gut permeability, microbial translocation, chronic immune activation, and systemic inflammation, the natural hosts of SIVs generally avoid these deleterious consequences when infected with their species-specific SIVs and do not progress to AIDS despite persistent lifelong high viremia due to long-term coevolution with their SIV pathogens. The benign course of natural SIV infection in the natural hosts is in stark contrast to the experimental SIV infection of Asian macaques, which progresses to simian AIDS. The mechanisms of non-pathogenic SIV infections are studied mainly in African green monkeys, sooty mangabeys, and mandrills, while progressing SIV infection is experimentally modeled in macaques: rhesus macaques, pigtailed macaques, and cynomolgus macaques. Here, we focus on the distinctive features of SIV infection in natural hosts, particularly (1): the superior healing properties of the intestinal mucosa, which enable them to maintain the integrity of the gut barrier and prevent microbial translocation, thus avoiding excessive/pathologic immune activation and inflammation usually perpetrated by the leaking of the microbial products into the circulation; (2) the gut microbiome, the disruption of which is an important factor in some inflammatory diseases, yet not completely understood in the course of lentiviral infection; (3) cell population shifts resulting in target cell restriction (downregulation of CD4 or CCR5 surface molecules that bind to SIV), control of viral replication in the lymph nodes (expansion of natural killer cells), and anti-inflammatory effects in the gut (NKG2a/c+ CD8+ T cells); and (4) the genes and biological pathways that can shape genetic adaptations to viral pathogens and are associated with the non-pathogenic outcome of the natural SIV infection. Deciphering the protective mechanisms against SIV disease progression to immunodeficiency, which have been established through long-term coevolution between the natural hosts and their species-specific SIVs, may prompt the development of novel therapeutic interventions, such as drugs that can control gut inflammation, enhance gut healing capacities, or modulate the gut microbiome. These developments can go beyond HIV infection and open up large avenues for correcting gut damage, which is common in many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. Jasinska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (DOM), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (DOM), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Ivona Pandrea,
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7
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Rahmberg AR, Markowitz TE, Mudd JC, Hirsch V, Brenchley JM. Epigenetic Reprogramming Leads to Downregulation of CD4 and Functional Changes in African Green Monkey Memory CD4 + T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:337-345. [PMID: 35750337 PMCID: PMC9283288 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
African green monkeys (AGMs), Chlorocebus pygerythrus, are a natural host for a lentivirus related to HIV, SIV. SIV-infected AGMs rarely progress to AIDS despite robust viral replication. Though multiple mechanisms are involved, a primary component is the animals' ability to downregulate CD4 expression on mature CD4+ Th cells, rendering these cells resistant to infection by SIV. These CD8αα+ T cells retain functional characteristics of CD4+ Th cells while simultaneously acquiring abilities of cytotoxic CD8αβ+ T cells. To determine mechanisms underlying functional differences between T cell subsets in AGMs, chromatin accessibility in purified populations was determined by assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing. Differences in chromatin accessibility alone were sufficient to cluster cells by subtype, and accessibility at the CD4 locus reflected changes in CD4 expression. DNA methylation at the CD4 locus also correlated with inaccessible chromatin. By associating accessible regions with nearby genes, gene expression was found to correlate with accessibility changes. T cell and immune system activation pathways were identified when comparing regions that changed accessibility from CD4+ T cells to CD8αα+ T cells. Different transcription factor binding sites are revealed as chromatin accessibility changes, and these differences may elicit downstream changes in differentiation. This comprehensive description of the epigenetic landscape of AGM T cells identified genes and pathways that could have translational value in therapeutic approaches recapitulating the protective effects CD4 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Rahmberg
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tovah E Markowitz
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Axle Informatics, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Nonhuman Primate Virology Section, Lab of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;
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8
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Liu Q, Wang L, Lin H, Wang Z, Wu J, Guo J, Wen S, Ran L, Yue Z, Su X, Wu Q, Tang J, Li Z, Hu L, Xu L, Ye L, Huang Q. Tumor-Specific CD4+ T Cells Restrain Established Metastatic Melanoma by Developing Into Cytotoxic CD4– T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875718. [PMID: 35784297 PMCID: PMC9243303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are the main focus of efforts to understand anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy. The adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes expanded and differentiated in vitro has long been considered the primary strategy in adaptive anti-tumor immunity, however, the majority of the transferred tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells differentiated into CD39+CD69+ exhausted progenies, limiting its effects in repressing tumor growth. Contrarily, less attention has been addressed to the role of CD4+ T cells during tumorigenesis. Using a mouse model of metastatic melanoma, we found that transferring tumor-specific CD4+ T cells into recipients induces substantial regression of the established metastatic tumors. Notably, in vitro activated CD4+ T cells developed into cytotoxic CD4- T cells in vivo and get exhausted gradually. The blockade of PD-L1 signaling resulted in an expansion of tumor specific CD4+ T cells, which could better control the established metastatic melanoma. Moreover, the tumor-specific memory CD4+ T cell can prevent mice from tumor metastasis, and the tumor-specific effector CD4+ T cells can also mitigate the established metastatic tumor. Overall, our findings suggest a novel mechanism of CD4+ T cells in curtailing tumor metastasis and confirm their therapeutic role in combination with PD-L1 blockade in cancer immunotherapy. Hence, a better understanding of cytotoxic CD4- T cell-mediated tumor regression could provide an alternative choice for patients exhibiting suboptimal or no response to CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiao Liu, ; Lilin Ye, ; ; Qizhao Huang,
| | - Lisha Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huayu Lin
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
| | - Junyi Guo
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqiong Wen
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Ran
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengliang Yue
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Su
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiao Liu, ; Lilin Ye, ; ; Qizhao Huang,
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiao Liu, ; Lilin Ye, ; ; Qizhao Huang,
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9
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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10
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The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0107421. [PMID: 34756073 PMCID: PMC8579922 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01074-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiome composition in humans is categorized based upon the degree to which one of four species of Lactobacillus is dominant (Lactobacilluscrispatus, community state type I [CST I], Lactobacillusgasseri, CST II, Lactobacillus iners, CST III, and Lactobacillus jensenii, CST V). Women with a vaginal microbiome not dominated by one of the four Lactobacillus species tend to have a more diverse microbiome, CST IV. CSTs I, II, III, and V are common in North America and Europe and are associated with lower incidences of some pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Gardnerella vaginalis. As a result, therapeutic interventions to change the composition of the vaginal microbiomes are under development. However, Homo sapiens is the only mammalian species which has high frequencies of Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiomes. Here, we treated female nonhuman primates (NHPs) with regimens of metronidazole and high levels of L.crispatus to determine how well these animals could be colonized with L.crispatus, how this influenced the immunological milieu, and how Lactobacillus treatment influenced or was influenced by the endogenous vaginal microbiome. We find that NHPs can transiently be colonized with L. crispatus, that beta diversity and not the number of doses of L. crispatus or pretreatment with metronidazole predicts subsequent L. crispatus colonization, that L. crispatus does not alter the local immunological milieu, and that the vaginal microbiome composition was resilient, normalizing by 4 weeks after our manipulations. Overall, this study suggests these animals are not amenable to long-term L. crispatus colonization. IMPORTANCE NHPs have proven to be invaluable animal models for the study of many human infectious diseases. The use of NHPs to study the effect of the microbiome on disease transmission and susceptibility is limited due to differences between the native microbiomes of humans and NHPs. In particular, Lactobacillus dominance of the vaginal microbiome is unique to humans and remains an important risk factor in reproductive health. By assessing the extent to which NHPs can be colonized with exogenously applied L. crispatus to resemble a human vaginal microbiome and examining the effects on the vaginal microenvironment, we highlight the utility of NHPs in analysis of vaginal microbiome manipulations in the context of human disease.
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11
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Langner CA, Brenchley JM. FRugally Optimized DNA Octomer (FRODO) qPCR Measurement of HIV and SIV in Human and Nonhuman Primate Samples. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e93. [PMID: 33861500 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) are commonly employed to enumerate genes of interest among particular biological samples. Insertion of PCR amplicons into plasmid DNA is a mainstay for creation of known quantities of target sequences to standardize qPCRs. Typically, one amplicon is inserted into one plasmid construct, and the plasmid is then amplified, purified, serially diluted, and quantified to be used to enumerate target sequences in unknown samples. As qPCR is often used to detect multiple amplicons simultaneously, individual qPCR standards are often desired to normalize one to another. Here we report a single plasmid containing eight amplicons, which can be used to quantify several different strains of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus, cell number equivalents for humans and nonhuman primates, T cell receptor excision circles, and bacterial 16S DNA. This FRugally Optimized DNA Octomer (FRODO) plasmid was created and standardized to quantify all eight PCR amplicons. © 2021 US Government. Basic Protocol 1: Total genomic DNA extraction from primary cells Basic Protocol 2: Quantitative PCR for viral, bacterial, and cell number equivalents Support Protocol: Purification, quantification, and storage of FRODO standard plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Langner
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Russell RM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Liu W, Sherrill-Mix S, Li Y, Connell J, Loy DE, Trimboli S, Smith AG, Avitto AN, Gondim MVP, Plenderleith LJ, Wetzel KS, Collman RG, Ayouba A, Esteban A, Peeters M, Kohler WJ, Miller RA, François-Souquiere S, Switzer WM, Hirsch VM, Marx PA, Piel AK, Stewart FA, Georgiev AV, Sommer V, Bertolani P, Hart JA, Hart TB, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. CD4 receptor diversity represents an ancient protection mechanism against primate lentiviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025914118. [PMID: 33771926 PMCID: PMC8020793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025914118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV/SIV) requires binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) to the host protein CD4 on the surface of immune cells. Although invariant in humans, the Env binding domain of the chimpanzee CD4 is highly polymorphic, with nine coding variants circulating in wild populations. Here, we show that within-species CD4 diversity is not unique to chimpanzees but found in many African primate species. Characterizing the outermost (D1) domain of the CD4 protein in over 500 monkeys and apes, we found polymorphic residues in 24 of 29 primate species, with as many as 11 different coding variants identified within a single species. D1 domain amino acid replacements affected SIV Env-mediated cell entry in a single-round infection assay, restricting infection in a strain- and allele-specific fashion. Several identical CD4 polymorphisms, including the addition of N-linked glycosylation sites, were found in primate species from different genera, providing striking examples of parallel evolution. Moreover, seven different guenons (Cercopithecus spp.) shared multiple distinct D1 domain variants, pointing to long-term trans-specific polymorphism. These data indicate that the HIV/SIV Env binding region of the primate CD4 protein is highly variable, both within and between species, and suggest that this diversity has been maintained by balancing selection for millions of years, at least in part to confer protection against primate lentiviruses. Although long-term SIV-infected species have evolved specific mechanisms to avoid disease progression, primate lentiviruses are intrinsically pathogenic and have left their mark on the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jesse Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dorothy E Loy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Stephanie Trimboli
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew G Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexa N Avitto
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marcos V P Gondim
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lindsey J Plenderleith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine S Wetzel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- Recherche Translationnelle Appliquée au VIH et aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Esteban
- Recherche Translationnelle Appliquée au VIH et aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- Recherche Translationnelle Appliquée au VIH et aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - William J Kohler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Preston A Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Alex K Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, WC1H 0BW London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona A Stewart
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, WC1H 0BW London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Georgiev
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, WC1H 0BW London, United Kingdom
| | - Paco Bertolani
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Project, BP 2012, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Terese B Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Project, BP 2012, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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13
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Hennessy EJ, FitzGerald GA. Battle for supremacy: nucleic acid interactions between viruses and cells. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144227. [PMID: 33290272 PMCID: PMC7843224 DOI: 10.1172/jci144227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the globe, researchers have been trying to understand its origin, life cycle, and pathogenesis. There is a striking variability in the phenotypic response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 that may reflect differences in host genetics and/or immune response. It is known that the human epigenome is influenced by ethnicity, age, lifestyle, and environmental factors, including previous viral infections. This Review examines the influence of viruses on the host epigenome. We describe general lessons and methodologies that can be used to understand how the virus evades the host immune response. We consider how variation in the epigenome may contribute to heterogeneity in the response to SARS-CoV-2 and may identify a precision medicine approach to treatment.
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14
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Le Hingrat Q, Sereti I, Landay AL, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4 + T-Cell Depletion in Lentiviral Infection. A Critical Review of the Dynamics of the CD4 + T Cells in SIV and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695674. [PMID: 34367156 PMCID: PMC8336601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is pathognomonic for AIDS in both HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. It occurs early, is massive at mucosal sites, and is not entirely reverted by antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly if initiated when T-cell functions are compromised. HIV/SIV infect and kill activated CCR5-expressing memory and effector CD4+ T-cells from the intestinal lamina propria. Acute CD4+ T-cell depletion is substantial in progressive, nonprogressive and controlled infections. Clinical outcome is predicted by the mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery during chronic infection, with no recovery occurring in rapid progressors, and partial, transient recovery, the degree of which depends on the virus control, in normal and long-term progressors. The nonprogressive infection of African nonhuman primate SIV hosts is characterized by partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration, despite high viral replication. Complete, albeit very slow, recovery of mucosal CD4+ T-cells occurs in controllers. Early ART does not prevent acute mucosal CD4+ T-cell depletion, yet it greatly improves their restoration, sometimes to preinfection levels. Comparative studies of the different models of SIV infection support a critical role of immune activation/inflammation (IA/INFL), in addition to viral replication, in CD4+ T-cell depletion, with immune restoration occurring only when these parameters are kept at bay. CD4+ T-cell depletion is persistent, and the recovery is very slow, even when both the virus and IA/INFL are completely controlled. Nevertheless, partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery is sufficient for a healthy life in natural hosts. Cell death and loss of CD4+ T-cell subsets critical for gut health contribute to mucosal inflammation and enteropathy, which weaken the mucosal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, a major driver of IA/INFL. In turn, IA/INFL trigger CD4+ T-cells to become either viral targets or apoptotic, fueling their loss. CD4+ T-cell depletion also drives opportunistic infections, cancers, and comorbidities. It is thus critical to preserve CD4+ T cells (through early ART) during HIV/SIV infection. Even in early-treated subjects, residual IA/INFL can persist, preventing/delaying CD4+ T-cell restoration. New therapeutic strategies limiting mucosal pathology, microbial translocation and IA/INFL, to improve CD4+ T-cell recovery and the overall HIV prognosis are needed, and SIV models are extensively used to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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HIV Infection and Persistence in Pulmonary Mucosal Double Negative T Cells In Vivo. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01788-20. [PMID: 32967958 PMCID: PMC7925170 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01788-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are relatively unexplored anatomical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Double negative (DN) T cells are a subset of T cells that lack expression of CD4 and CD8 (CD4- CD8-) and may have both regulatory and effector functions during HIV infection. Notably, circulating DN T cells were previously described as cellular HIV reservoirs. Here, we undertook a thorough analysis of pulmonary versus blood DN T cells of people living with HIV (PLWH) under ART. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and matched peripheral blood were collected from 35 PLWH on ART and 16 uninfected volunteers without respiratory symptoms. Both PLWH and HIV-negative (HIV-) adults displayed higher frequencies of DN T cells in BAL versus blood, and these cells mostly exhibited an effector memory phenotype. In PLWH, pulmonary mucosal DN T cells expressed higher levels of HLA-DR and several cellular markers associated with HIV persistence (CCR6, CXCR3, and PD-1) than blood. We also observed that DN T cells were less senescent (CD28- CD57+) and expressed less immunosuppressive ectonucleotidase (CD73/CD39), granzyme B, and perforin in the BAL fluid than in the blood of PLWH. Importantly, fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)-sorted DN T cells from the BAL fluid of PLWH under suppressive ART harbored HIV DNA. Using the humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (hu-BLT) mouse model of HIV infection, we observed higher infection frequencies of lung DN T cells than those of the blood and spleen in both early and late HIV infection. Overall, our findings show that HIV is seeded in pulmonary mucosal DN T cells early following infection and persists in these potential cellular HIV reservoirs even during long-term ART.IMPORTANCE Reservoirs of HIV during ART are the primary reasons why HIV/AIDS remains an incurable disease. Indeed, HIV remains latent and unreachable by antiretrovirals in cellular and anatomical sanctuaries, preventing its eradication. The lungs have received very little attention compared to other anatomical reservoirs despite being immunological effector sites exhibiting characteristics ideal for HIV persistence. Furthermore, PLWH suffer from a high burden of pulmonary non-opportunistic infections, suggesting impaired pulmonary immunity despite ART. Meanwhile, various immune cell populations have been proposed to be cellular reservoirs in blood, including CD4- CD8- DN T cells, a subset that may originate from CD4 downregulation by HIV proteins. The present study aims to describe DN T cells in human and humanized mice lungs in relation to intrapulmonary HIV burden. The characterization of DN T cells as cellular HIV reservoirs and the lungs as an anatomical HIV reservoir will contribute to the development of targeted HIV eradication strategies.
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16
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Syntheses and anti-HIV and human cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) down-modulating potencies of pyridine-fused cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115816. [PMID: 33181479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CADA compounds selectively down-modulate human cell-surface CD4 protein and are of interest as HIV entry inhibitors and as drugs for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and some cancers. Postulating that fusing a pyridine ring bearing hydrophobic substituents into the macrocyclic scaffold of CADA compounds may lead to potent compounds with improved properties, 17 macrocycles were synthesized, 14 with 12-membered rings having an isobutylene head group, two arenesulfonyl side arms, and fused pyridine rings bearing a para substituent. The analogs display a wide range of CD4 down-modulating and anti-HIV potencies, including some with greater potency than CADA, proving that a highly basic nitrogen atom in the 12-membered ring is not required for potency and that hydrophobic substituents enhance potency of pyridine-fused CADA compounds. Cytotoxicities of the new compounds compared favorably with those of CADA, showing that incorporation of a pyridine ring into the macrocyclic scaffold can produce selective compounds for potently down-modulating proteins of medicinal interest.
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17
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Mudd JC, Lai S, Shah S, Rahmberg A, Flynn JK, Starke CE, Perkins MR, Ransier A, Darko S, Douek DC, Hirsch VM, Cameron M, Brenchley JM. Epigenetic silencing of CD4 expression in nonpathogenic SIV infection in African green monkeys. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139043. [PMID: 32841214 PMCID: PMC7526541 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
African green monkeys (AGMs) are natural hosts of SIV that postthymically downregulate CD4 to maintain a large population of CD4-CD8aa+ virus-resistant cells with Th functionality, which can result in AGMs becoming apparently cured of SIVagm infection. To understand the mechanisms of this process, we performed genome-wide transcriptional analysis on T cells induced to downregulate CD4 in vitro from AGMs and closely related patas monkeys and T cells that maintain CD4 expression from rhesus macaques. In T cells that downregulated CD4, pathway analysis revealed an atypical regulation of the DNA methylation machinery, which was reversible when pharmacologically targeted with 5-aza-2 deoxycytidine. This signature was driven largely by the dioxygenase TET3, which became downregulated with loss of CD4 expression. CpG motifs within the AGM CD4 promoter region became methylated during CD4 downregulation in vitro and were stably imprinted in AGM CD4-CD8aa+ T cells sorted directly ex vivo. These results suggest that AGMs use epigenetic mechanisms to durably silence the CD4 gene. Manipulation of these mechanisms could provide avenues for modulating SIV and HIV-1 entry receptor expression in hosts that become progressively infected with SIV, which could lead to novel therapeutic interventions aimed to reduce HIV viremia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research
| | - Stephen Lai
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research
| | - Sanjana Shah
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research
| | - Andrew Rahmberg
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research
| | - Jacob K Flynn
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research
| | - Carly E Starke
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research
| | - Molly R Perkins
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research
| | - Amy Ransier
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, and
| | - Sam Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, and
| | | | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Nonhuman Primate Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research
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18
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Holbrook BC, Alexander-Miller MA. Higher Frequency and Increased Expression of Molecules Associated with Suppression on T Regulatory Cells from Newborn Compared with Adult Nonhuman Primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2128-2136. [PMID: 32878911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) play a critical role in controlling the immune response, often limiting pathogen-specific cells to curb immune-mediated damage. Studies in human infants have reported an increased representation of Tregs in these individuals. However, how these cells differ from those in adults at various sites and how they respond to activation signals is relatively unknown. In this study, we used a newborn nonhuman primate model to assess Treg populations present at multiple sites with regard to frequency and phenotype in comparison with those present in adult animals. We found that Foxp3+ cells were more highly represented in the T cell compartment of newborn nonhuman primates for all sites examined (i.e., the spleen, lung, and circulation). In the spleen and circulation, newborn-derived Tregs expressed significantly higher levels of Foxp3 and CD25 compared with adults, consistent with an effector phenotype. Strikingly, the phenotype of Tregs in the lungs of adult and infant animals was relatively similar, with both adult and newborn Tregs exhibiting a more uniform PD-1+CD39+ phenotype. Finally, in vitro, newborn Tregs exhibited an increased requirement for TCR engagement for survival. Further, these cells upregulated CD39 more robustly than their adult counterpart. Together, these data provide new insights into the quantity of Tregs in newborns, their activation state, and their potential to respond to activation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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19
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Raehtz KD, Barrenäs F, Xu C, Busman-Sahay K, Valentine A, Law L, Ma D, Policicchio BB, Wijewardana V, Brocca-Cofano E, Trichel A, Gale M, Keele BF, Estes JD, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. African green monkeys avoid SIV disease progression by preventing intestinal dysfunction and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008333. [PMID: 32119719 PMCID: PMC7077871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike HIV infection, SIV infection is generally nonpathogenic in natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGMs), despite life-long high viral replication. Lack of disease progression was reportedly based on the ability of SIV-infected AGMs to prevent gut dysfunction, avoiding microbial translocation and the associated systemic immune activation and chronic inflammation. Yet, the maintenance of gut integrity has never been documented, and the mechanism(s) by which gut integrity is preserved are unknown. We sought to investigate the early events of SIV infection in AGMs, specifically examining the impact of SIVsab infection on the gut mucosa. Twenty-nine adult male AGMs were intrarectally infected with SIVsab92018 and serially sacrificed at well-defined stages of SIV infection, preramp-up (1-3 days post-infection (dpi)), ramp-up (4-6 dpi), peak viremia (9-12 dpi), and early chronic SIV infection (46-55 dpi), to assess the levels of immune activation, apoptosis, epithelial damage and microbial translocation in the GI tract and peripheral lymph nodes. Tissue viral loads, plasma cytokines and plasma markers of gut dysfunction were also measured throughout the course of early infection. While a strong, but transient, interferon-based inflammatory response was observed, the levels of plasma markers linked to enteropathy did not increase. Accordingly, no significant increases in apoptosis of either mucosal enterocytes or lymphocytes, and no damage to the mucosal epithelium were documented during early SIVsab infection of AGMs. These findings were supported by RNAseq of the gut tissue, which found no significant alterations in gene expression that would indicate microbial translocation. Thus, for the first time, we confirmed that gut epithelial integrity is preserved, with no evidence of microbial translocation, in AGMs throughout early SIVsab infection. This might protect AGMs from developing intestinal dysfunction and the subsequent chronic inflammation that drives both HIV disease progression and HIV-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Barrenäs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Audrey Valentine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anita Trichel
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory of Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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20
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Robins E, Zheng M, Ni Q, Liu S, Liang C, Zhang B, Guo J, Zhuang Y, He YW, Zhu P, Wan Y, Li QJ. Conversion of effector CD4 + T cells to a CD8 + MHC II-recognizing lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:150-161. [PMID: 32066854 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are dichotomous lineages in adaptive immunity. While conventionally viewed as distinct fates that are fixed after thymic development, accumulating evidence indicates that these two populations can exhibit significant lineage plasticity, particularly upon TCR-mediated activation. We define a novel CD4-CD8αβ+ MHC II-recognizing population generated by lineage conversion from effector CD4+ T cells. CD4-CD8αβ+ effector T cells downregulated the expression of T helper cell-associated costimulatory molecules and increased the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated cytotoxic molecules. This shift in functional potential corresponded with a CD8+-lineage skewed transcriptional profile. TCRβ repertoire sequencing and in vivo genetic lineage tracing in acutely infected wild-type mice demonstrated that CD4-CD8αβ+ effector T cells arise from fundamental lineage reprogramming of bona fide effector CD4+ T cells. Impairing autophagy via functional deletion of the initiating kinase Vps34 or the downstream enzyme Atg7 enhanced the generation of this cell population. These findings suggest that effector CD4+ T cells can exhibit a previously unreported degree of skewing towards the CD8+ T cell lineage, which may point towards a novel direction for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Robins
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingshan Ni
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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21
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He T, Xu C, Krampe N, Dillon SM, Sette P, Falwell E, Haret-Richter GS, Butterfield T, Dunsmore TL, McFadden WM, Martin KJ, Policicchio BB, Raehtz KD, Penn EP, Tracy RP, Ribeiro RM, Frank DN, Wilson CC, Landay AL, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. High-fat diet exacerbates SIV pathogenesis and accelerates disease progression. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:5474-5488. [PMID: 31710311 PMCID: PMC6877342 DOI: 10.1172/jci121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) is a risk factor for obesity and diabetes; both of these diseases are also associated with systemic inflammation, similar to HIV infection. A HFD induces intestinal dysbiosis and impairs liver function and coagulation, with a potential negative impact on HIV/SIV pathogenesis. We administered a HFD rich in saturated fats and cholesterol to nonpathogenic (African green monkeys) and pathogenic (pigtailed macaques) SIV hosts. The HFD had a negative impact on SIV disease progression in both species. Thus, increased cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA occurred in the HFD-receiving nonhuman primates, indicating a potential reservoir expansion. The HFD induced prominent immune cell infiltration in the adipose tissue, an important SIV reservoir, and heightened systemic immune activation and inflammation, altering the intestinal immune environment and triggering gut damage and microbial translocation. Furthermore, HFD altered lipid metabolism and HDL oxidation and also induced liver steatosis and fibrosis. These metabolic disturbances triggered incipient atherosclerosis and heightened cardiovascular risk in the SIV-infected HFD-receiving nonhuman primates. Our study demonstrates that dietary intake has a discernable impact on the natural history of HIV/SIV infections and suggests that dietary changes can be used as adjuvant approaches for HIV-infected subjects, to reduce inflammation and the risk of non-AIDS comorbidities and possibly other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Pathology, and
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Falwell
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Tiffany Butterfield
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Pathology, and
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Barrenas F, Raehtz K, Xu C, Law L, Green RR, Silvestri G, Bosinger SE, Nishida A, Li Q, Lu W, Zhang J, Thomas MJ, Chang J, Smith E, Weiss JM, Dawoud RA, Richter GH, Trichel A, Ma D, Peng X, Komorowski J, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Gale M. Macrophage-associated wound healing contributes to African green monkey SIV pathogenesis control. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5101. [PMID: 31704931 PMCID: PMC6841668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) avoid AIDS despite lifelong infection. Here, we examined how this outcome is achieved by comparing a natural SIV host, African green monkey (AGM) to an AIDS susceptible species, rhesus macaque (RM). To asses gene expression profiles from acutely SIV infected AGMs and RMs, we developed a systems biology approach termed Conserved Gene Signature Analysis (CGSA), which compared RNA sequencing data from rectal AGM and RM tissues to various other species. We found that AGMs rapidly activate, and then maintain, evolutionarily conserved regenerative wound healing mechanisms in mucosal tissue. The wound healing protein fibronectin shows distinct tissue distribution and abundance kinetics in AGMs. Furthermore, AGM monocytes exhibit an embryonic development and repair/regeneration signature featuring TGF-β and concomitant reduced expression of inflammatory genes compared to RMs. This regenerative wound healing process likely preserves mucosal integrity and prevents inflammatory insults that underlie immune exhaustion in RMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Barrenas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kevin Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lynn Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard R Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Nishida
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Wuxun Lu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jianshui Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Matthew J Thomas
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elise Smith
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reem A Dawoud
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - George H Richter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anita Trichel
- Divison of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinxia Peng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Computer Science, PAN, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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23
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Lara A, Cong Y, Jahrling PB, Mednikov M, Postnikova E, Yu S, Munster V, Holbrook MR. Peripheral immune response in the African green monkey model following Nipah-Malaysia virus exposure by intermediate-size particle aerosol. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007454. [PMID: 31166946 PMCID: PMC6576798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to appropriately mimic human disease is critical for using animal models as a tool for understanding virus pathogenesis. In the case of Nipah virus (NiV), infection of humans appears to occur either through inhalation, contact with or consumption of infected material. In two of these circumstances, respiratory or sinusoidal exposure represents a likely route of infection. In this study, intermediate-size aerosol particles (~7 μm) of NiV-Malaysia were used to mimic potential routes of exposure by focusing viral deposition in the upper respiratory tract. Our previous report showed this route of exposure extended the disease course and a single animal survived the infection. Here, analysis of the peripheral immune response found minimal evidence of systemic inflammation and depletion of B cells during acute disease. However, the animal that survived infection developed an early IgM response with rapid development of neutralizing antibodies that likely afforded protection. The increase in NiV-specific antibodies correlated with an expansion of the B cell population in the survivor. Cell-mediated immunity was not clearly apparent in animals that succumbed during the acute phase of disease. However, CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory cells increased in the survivor with correlating increases in cytokines and chemokines associated with cell-mediated immunity. Interestingly, kinetic changes of the CD4+ and CD8bright T cell populations over the course of acute disease were opposite from animals that succumbed to infection. In addition, increases in NK cells and basophils during convalescence of the surviving animal were also evident, with viral antigen found in NK cells. These data suggest that a systemic inflammatory response and "cytokine storm" are not major contributors to NiV-Malaysia pathogenesis in the AGM model using this exposure route. Further, these data demonstrate that regulation of cell-mediated immunity, in addition to rapid production of NiV specific antibodies, may be critical for surviving NiV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Lara
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Yu Cong
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark Mednikov
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Elena Postnikova
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Vincent Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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24
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Multivariate profiling of African green monkey and rhesus macaque T lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4834. [PMID: 30886198 PMCID: PMC6423277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of immune responses limits the usefulness of univariate methods in answering complex immunology questions. To demonstrate the utility of a multivariate approach, we employ such approach to compare T cells of African green monkeys (AGMs) and rhesus macaques (RMs). Among the most prominent distinguishing features we found were lower CD3 and higher CD28 surface expression in AGMs compared to RMs. After in vitro stimulation, a larger proportion of AGM T cells secreted cytokines, especially those producing more than one cytokine (i.e. multifunctional cells). To find out whether multifunctional responses associate with protection in other species, we compared T cells of cynomolgus macaques (CMs) infected with wild-type Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) to those of CMs infected (vaccinated) with a replication-defective virus. Wild-type SIV infection in macaques leads to simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which does not happen in animals previously vaccinated with a replication-defective virus. Interestingly, after in vitro stimulation, multifunctional cells were more abundant among T cells of vaccinated CMs. Our results propose T-cell multifunctionality as a potentially useful marker of immunity, although additional verification is needed. Finally, we hope our multivariate model and its associated validation methods will inform future studies in the field of immunology.
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25
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Abstract
HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, has a complex evolutionary history involving several cross-species transmissions and recombination events as well as changes in the repertoire and function of its accessory genes. Understanding these events and the adaptations to new host species provides key insights into innate defense mechanisms, viral dependencies on cellular factors, and prerequisites for the emergence of the AIDS pandemic. In addition, understanding the factors and adaptations required for the spread of HIV in the human population helps to better assess the risk of future lentiviral zoonoses and provides clues to how improved control of viral replication can be achieved. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on viral features and adaptations preceding the AIDS pandemic. We aim at providing a viral point of view, focusing on known key hurdles of each cross-species transmission and the mechanisms that HIV and its simian precursors evolved to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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26
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Hammoud DA, Lentz MR, Lara A, Bohannon JK, Feuerstein I, Huzella L, Jahrling PB, Lackemeyer M, Laux J, Rojas O, Sayre P, Solomon J, Cong Y, Munster V, Holbrook MR. Aerosol exposure to intermediate size Nipah virus particles induces neurological disease in African green monkeys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006978. [PMID: 30462637 PMCID: PMC6281276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) infection can lead to severe respiratory or neurological disease in humans. Transmission of NiV has been shown to occur through contact with virus contaminated fomites or consumption of contaminated food. Previous results using the African green monkey (AGM) model of NiV infection identified aspects of infection that, while similar to humans, don’t fully recapitulate disease. Previous studies also demonstrate near uniform lethality that is not consistent with human NiV infection. In these studies, aerosol exposure using an intermediate particle size (7μm) was used to mimic potential human exposure by facilitating virus deposition in the upper respiratory tract. Computed tomography evaluation found some animals developed pulmonary parenchymal disease including consolidations, ground-glass opacities, and reactive adenopathy. Despite the lack of neurological signs, magnetic resonance imaging identified distinct brain lesions in three animals, similar to those previously reported in NiV-infected patients. Immunological characterization of tissues collected at necropsy suggested a local pulmonary inflammatory response with increased levels of macrophages in the lung, but a limited neurologic response. These data provide the first clear evidence of neurological involvement in the AGM that recapitulates human disease. With the development of a disease model that is more representative of human disease, these data suggest that NiV infection in the AGM may be appropriate for evaluating therapeutic countermeasures directed at virus-induced neuropathogenesis. The development of effective therapeutic approaches to the treatment of human diseases requires an understanding of the disease process induced by an infectious agent. Historically the development of medical countermeasures for highly pathogenic viruses required the use of a uniformly lethal animal model. While this approach is useful in some regards, it frequently does not provide a true indication of the disease process. In the work presented here, the approach was to use a virus exposure method that mimicked a potential route of human exposure and used a dose that might be more representative of one a human would receive. Using this method and advanced medical imaging techniques, we were able to demonstrate an extended disease course with mixed respiratory and neurological disease like that seen in humans. This study also found that the response to infection in the lungs was inflammatory and that the disease in the brain was limited despite clear evidence of lesions. These data support the development of animal models that mimic human disease and allow for the identification of potential therapeutic approaches that target the disease process rather than only the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A. Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret R. Lentz
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Abigail Lara
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jordan K. Bohannon
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Irwin Feuerstein
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Louis Huzella
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Lackemeyer
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joseph Laux
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Oscar Rojas
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Philip Sayre
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Yu Cong
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Vincent Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Palesch D, Bosinger SE, Tharp GK, Vanderford TH, Paiardini M, Chahroudi A, Johnson ZP, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Norgren RB, Patel NB, Sodora DL, Dawoud RA, Stewart CB, Seepo SM, Harris RA, Liu Y, Raveendran M, Han Y, English A, Thomas GWC, Hahn MW, Pipes L, Mason CE, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Sauter D, Worley K, Rogers J, Silvestri G. Sooty mangabey genome sequence provides insight into AIDS resistance in a natural SIV host. Nature 2018; 553:77-81. [PMID: 29300007 PMCID: PMC5843367 DOI: 10.1038/nature25140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques, SIV infection of a natural host, sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), is non-pathogenic despite high viraemia1. Here we sequenced and assembled the genome of a captive sooty mangabey. We conducted genome-wide comparative analyses of transcript assemblies from C. atys and AIDS-susceptible species, such as humans and macaques, to identify candidates for host genetic factors that influence susceptibility. We identified several immune-related genes in the genome of C. atys that show substantial sequence divergence from macaques or humans. One of these sequence divergences, a C-terminal frameshift in the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) gene of C. atys, is associated with a blunted in vitro response to TLR-4 ligands. In addition, we found a major structural change in exons 3–4 of the immune-regulatory protein intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2); expression of this variant leads to reduced cell surface expression of ICAM-2. These data provide a resource for comparative genomic studies of HIV and/or SIV pathogenesis and may help to elucidate the mechanisms by which SIV-infected sooty mangabeys avoid AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Palesch
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Zachary P Johnson
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert B Norgren
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Nirav B Patel
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Donald L Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Reem A Dawoud
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
| | - Caro-Beth Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA
| | - Sara M Seepo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA
| | - R Alan Harris
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Muthuswamy Raveendran
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Adam English
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Gregg W C Thomas
- Department of Biology and School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Biology and School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Lenore Pipes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kim Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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28
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Wetzel KS, Yi Y, Yadav A, Bauer AM, Bello EA, Romero DC, Bibollet-Ruche F, Hahn BH, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Peeters M, Collman RG. Loss of CXCR6 coreceptor usage characterizes pathogenic lentiviruses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007003. [PMID: 29659623 PMCID: PMC5919676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic HIV-1 originated from the cross-species transmission of SIVcpz, which infects chimpanzees, while SIVcpz itself emerged following the cross-species transmission and recombination of monkey SIVs, with env contributed by the SIVgsn/mus/mon lineage that infects greater spot-nosed, mustached and mona monkeys. SIVcpz and HIV-1 are pathogenic in their respective hosts, while the phenotype of their SIVgsn/mus/mon ancestors is unknown. However, two well-studied SIV infected natural hosts, sooty mangabeys (SMs) and African green monkeys (AGMs), typically remain healthy despite high viral loads; these species express low levels of the canonical coreceptor CCR5, and recent work shows that CXCR6 is a major coreceptor for SIV in these hosts. It is not known what coreceptors were used by the precursors of SIVcpz, whether coreceptor use changed during emergence of the SIVcpz/HIV-1 lineage, and what T cell subsets express CXCR6 in natural hosts. Using species-matched coreceptors and CD4, we show here that SIVcpz uses only CCR5 for entry and, like HIV-1, cannot use CXCR6. In contrast, SIVmus efficiently uses both CXCR6 and CCR5. Coreceptor selectivity was determined by Env, with CXCR6 use abrogated by Pro326 in the V3 crown, which is absent in monkey SIVs but highly conserved in SIVcpz/HIV-1. To characterize which cells express CXCR6, we generated a novel antibody that recognizes CXCR6 of multiple primate species. Testing lymphocytes from SM, the best-studied natural host, we found that CXCR6 is restricted to CD4+ effector memory cells, and is expressed by a sub-population distinct from those expressing CCR5. Thus, efficient CXCR6 use, previously identified in SM and AGM infection, also characterizes a member of the SIV lineage that gave rise to SIVcpz/HIV-1. Loss of CXCR6 usage by SIVcpz may have altered its cell tropism, shifting virus from CXCR6-expressing cells that may support replication without disrupting immune function or homeostasis, towards CCR5-expressing cells with pathogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Wetzel
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yanjie Yi
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Anjana Yadav
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Anya M. Bauer
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ezekiel A. Bello
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dino C. Romero
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Martine Peeters
- UMI233-TransVIHMI/INSERM U1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Ferrando-Martinez S, Moysi E, Pegu A, Andrews S, Nganou Makamdop K, Ambrozak D, McDermott AB, Palesch D, Paiardini M, Pavlakis GN, Brenchley JM, Douek D, Mascola JR, Petrovas C, Koup RA. Accumulation of follicular CD8+ T cells in pathogenic SIV infection. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2089-2103. [PMID: 29664020 DOI: 10.1172/jci96207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LN follicles constitute major reservoir sites for HIV/SIV persistence. Cure strategies could benefit from the characterization of CD8+ T cells able to access and eliminate HIV-infected cells from these areas. In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the phenotype, frequency, localization, and functionality of follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8+) in SIV-infected nonhuman primates. Although disorganization of follicles was a major factor, significant accumulation of fCD8+ cells during chronic SIV infection was also observed in intact follicles, but only in pathogenic SIV infection. In line with this, tissue inflammatory mediators were strongly associated with the accumulation of fCD8+ cells, pointing to tissue inflammation as a major factor in this process. These fCD8+ cells have cytolytic potential and can be redirected to target and kill HIV-infected cells using bispecific antibodies. Altogether, our data support the use of SIV infection to better understand the dynamics of fCD8+ cells and to develop bispecific antibodies as a strategy for virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Krystelle Nganou Makamdop
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - David Palesch
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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30
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Joas S, Parrish EH, Gnanadurai CW, Lump E, Stürzel CM, Parrish NF, Learn GH, Sauermann U, Neumann B, Rensing KM, Fuchs D, Billingsley JM, Bosinger SE, Silvestri G, Apetrei C, Huot N, Garcia-Tellez T, Müller-Trutwin M, Hotter D, Sauter D, Stahl-Hennig C, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F. Species-specific host factors rather than virus-intrinsic virulence determine primate lentiviral pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1371. [PMID: 29636452 PMCID: PMC5893559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 causes chronic inflammation and AIDS in humans, whereas related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) replicate efficiently in their natural hosts without causing disease. It is currently unknown to what extent virus-specific properties are responsible for these different clinical outcomes. Here, we incorporate two putative HIV-1 virulence determinants, i.e., a Vpu protein that antagonizes tetherin and blocks NF-κB activation and a Nef protein that fails to suppress T cell activation via downmodulation of CD3, into a non-pathogenic SIVagm strain and test their impact on viral replication and pathogenicity in African green monkeys. Despite sustained high-level viremia over more than 4 years, moderately increased immune activation and transcriptional signatures of inflammation, the HIV-1-like SIVagm does not cause immunodeficiency or any other disease. These data indicate that species-specific host factors rather than intrinsic viral virulence factors determine the pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Joas
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Erica H Parrish
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 372327, USA
| | - Clement W Gnanadurai
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Edina Lump
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicholas F Parrish
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter Innsbruck Medical University, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James M Billingsley
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- WA Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, 75015, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, 94010, France
| | | | | | - Dominik Hotter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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31
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Muenchhoff M, Adland E, Karimanzira O, Crowther C, Pace M, Csala A, Leitman E, Moonsamy A, McGregor C, Hurst J, Groll A, Mori M, Sinmyee S, Thobakgale C, Tudor-Williams G, Prendergast AJ, Kloverpris H, Roider J, Leslie A, Shingadia D, Brits T, Daniels S, Frater J, Willberg CB, Walker BD, Ndung'u T, Jooste P, Moore PL, Morris L, Goulder P. Nonprogressing HIV-infected children share fundamental immunological features of nonpathogenic SIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:358ra125. [PMID: 27683550 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disease-free infection in HIV-infected adults is associated with human leukocyte antigen-mediated suppression of viremia, whereas in the sooty mangabey and other healthy natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), viral replication continues unabated. To better understand factors preventing HIV disease, we investigated pediatric infection, where AIDS typically develops more rapidly than in adults. Among 170 nonprogressing antiretroviral therapy-naïve children aged >5 years maintaining normal-for-age CD4 T cell counts, immune activation levels were low despite high viremia (median, 26,000 copies/ml). Potent, broadly neutralizing antibody responses in most of the subjects and strong virus-specific T cell activity were present but did not drive pediatric nonprogression. However, reduced CCR5 expression and low HIV infection in long-lived central memory CD4 T cells were observed in pediatric nonprogressors. These children therefore express two cardinal immunological features of nonpathogenic SIV infection in sooty mangabeys-low immune activation despite high viremia and low CCR5 expression on long-lived central memory CD4 T cells-suggesting closer similarities with nonpathogenetic mechanisms evolved over thousands of years in natural SIV hosts than those operating in HIV-infected adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany. German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Owen Karimanzira
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carol Crowther
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Matthew Pace
- Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anna Csala
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Ellen Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Angeline Moonsamy
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Callum McGregor
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Institute of Cancer Research, Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, U.K
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Mathematics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Theresienstrasse 39, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Masahiko Mori
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Smruti Sinmyee
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K
| | - Christina Thobakgale
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Henrik Kloverpris
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 4001 Durban, South Africa. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Roider
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Delane Shingadia
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, U.K
| | - Thea Brits
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Samantha Daniels
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - John Frater
- Institute for Emerging Infections, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, U.K
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, U.K
| | - Bruce D Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 4001 Durban, South Africa. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA. Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), 4001 Durban, South Africa
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, U.K. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa. Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, U.K.
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Pathogenic Correlates of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated B Cell Dysfunction. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01051-17. [PMID: 28931679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01051-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared and contrasted pathogenic (in pig-tailed macaques [PTMs]) and nonpathogenic (in African green monkeys [AGMs]) SIVsab infections to assess the significance of the B cell dysfunction observed in simian (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. We report that the loss of B cells is specifically associated with the pathogenic SIV infection, while in the natural hosts, in which SIV is nonpathogenic, B cells rapidly increase in both lymph nodes (LNs) and intestine. SIV-associated B cell dysfunction associated with the pathogenic SIV infection is characterized by loss of naive B cells, loss of resting memory B cells due to their redistribution to the gut, increases of the activated B cells and circulating tissue-like memory B cells, and expansion of the B regulatory cells (Bregs). While circulating B cells are virtually restored to preinfection levels during the chronic pathogenic SIV infection, restoration is mainly due to an expansion of the "exhausted," virus-specific B cells, i.e., activated memory cells and tissue-like memory B cells. Despite of the B cell dysfunction, SIV-specific antibody (Ab) production was higher in the PTMs than in AGMs, with the caveat that rapid disease progression in PTMs was strongly associated with lack of anti-SIV Ab. Neutralization titers and the avidity and maturation of immune responses did not differ between pathogenic and nonpathogenic infections, with the exception of the conformational epitope recognition, which evolved from low to high conformations in the natural host. The patterns of humoral immune responses in the natural host are therefore more similar to those observed in HIV-infected subjects, suggesting that natural hosts may be more appropriate for modeling the immunization strategies aimed at preventing HIV disease progression. The numerous differences between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic infections with regard to dynamics of the memory B cell subsets point to their role in the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV infections and suggest that monitoring B cells may be a reliable approach for assessing disease progression.IMPORTANCE We report here that the HIV/SIV-associated B cell dysfunction (defined by loss of total and memory B cells, increased B regulatory cell [Breg] counts, and B cell activation and apoptosis) is specifically associated with pathogenic SIV infection and absent during the course of nonpathogenic SIV infection in natural nonhuman primate hosts. Alterations of the B cell population are not correlated with production of neutralizing antibodies, the levels of which are similar in the two species. Rapid progressive infections are associated with a severe impairment in SIV-specific antibody production. While we did not find major differences in avidity and maturation between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic SIV infections, we identified a major difference in conformational epitope recognition, with the nonpathogenic infection being characterized by an evolution from low to high conformations. B cell dysfunction should be considered in designing immunization strategies aimed at preventing HIV disease progression.
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Falanga YT, Frascoli M, Kaymaz Y, Forconi C, Ong'echa JM, Bailey JA, Berg LJ, Moormann AM. High pathogen burden in childhood promotes the development of unconventional innate-like CD8+ T cells. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93814. [PMID: 28768916 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and humoral constituents of the immune system differ significantly between children and adults, yet very little is known about the impact of early-life pathogen exposure on this immunologic transition. We examined CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets defined by CCR7 and CD45RA expression in two longitudinal pediatric cohorts experiencing divergent levels of pathogen burden. Using multiparameter flow cytometry, along with serological, cytokine, and transcriptomic data, we show that cumulative pathogen burden promotes the development of atypical CD8dim T cells with an innate-like profile (Granzyme Bhi, IFNγlow, TNFαlow, PLFZhi, ID2hi, IKZF2hi) in contrast to age-matched children residing in a low pathogen-exposure area who display a more conventional CD8bright profile (IFNγ+, TNFα+, CCL4+). Furthermore, these unconventional T cells had stunted proliferation, distinct transcriptional programs, and impaired T cell receptor signaling and were enriched in hallmark TNFα, NF-κB, and IL-6 gene signaling pathways, reminiscent of NK cells and type-1 innate lymphoid cells. Our findings suggest that these unconventional CD8dim T cells arise in a very particular immunological context and may provide a deeper understanding of the heterogeneity in human immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves T Falanga
- Department of Pathology.,Program in Molecular Medicine, and
| | | | - Yasin Kaymaz
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Vacchio MS, Bosselut R. What Happens in the Thymus Does Not Stay in the Thymus: How T Cells Recycle the CD4+-CD8+ Lineage Commitment Transcriptional Circuitry To Control Their Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 196:4848-56. [PMID: 27260768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MHC-restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are at the core of most adaptive immune responses. Although these cells carry distinct functions, they arise from a common precursor during thymic differentiation, in a developmental sequence that matches CD4 and CD8 expression and functional potential with MHC restriction. Although the transcriptional control of CD4(+)-CD8(+) lineage choice in the thymus is now better understood, less was known about what maintains the CD4(+) and CD8(+) lineage integrity of mature T cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that establish in the thymus, and maintain in postthymic cells, the separation of these lineages. We focus on recent studies that address the mechanisms of epigenetic control of Cd4 expression and emphasize how maintaining a transcriptional circuitry nucleated around Thpok and Runx proteins, the key architects of CD4(+)-CD8(+) lineage commitment in the thymus, is critical for CD4(+) T cell helper functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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35
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Vinton CL, Ortiz AM, Calantone N, Mudd JC, Deleage C, Morcock DR, Whitted S, Estes JD, Hirsch VM, Brenchley JM. Cytotoxic T Cell Functions Accumulate When CD4 Is Downregulated by CD4 + T Cells in African Green Monkeys. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:4403-4412. [PMID: 28438898 PMCID: PMC5502537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
African green monkeys (AGMs) are a natural host of SIV that do not develop simian AIDS. Adult AGMs naturally have low numbers of CD4+ T cells and a large population of MHC class II-restricted CD8αα T cells that are generated through CD4 downregulation in CD4+ T cells. In this article, we study the functional profiles and SIV infection status in vivo of CD4+ T cells, CD8αα T cells, and CD8αβ T cells in lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of AGMs and rhesus macaques (in which CD4 downregulation is not observed). We show that, although CD8αα T cells in AGMs maintain functions associated with CD4+ T cells (including Th follicular functionality in lymphoid tissues and Th2 responses in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), they also accumulate functions normally attributed to canonical CD8+ T cells. These hyperfunctional CD8αα T cells are found to circulate peripherally, as well as reside within the lymphoid tissue. Due to their unique combination of CD4 and CD8 T cell effector functions, these CD4- CD8αα T cells are likely able to serve as an immunophenotype capable of Th1, follicular Th, and CTL functionalities, yet they are unable to be infected by SIV. These data demonstrate the ambiguity of CD4/CD8 expression in dictating the functional capacities of T cells and suggest that accumulation of hyperfunctional CD8αα T cells in AGMs may lead to tissue-specific antiviral immune responses in lymphoid follicles that limit SIV replication in this particular anatomical niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Vinton
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nina Calantone
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Claire Deleage
- Retroviral Immunopathology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - David R Morcock
- Retroviral Immunopathology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Sonya Whitted
- Nonhuman Primate Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Retroviral Immunopathology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Nonhuman Primate Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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A Critical Review of the Evidence Concerning the HIV Latency Reversing Effect of Disulfiram, the Possible Explanations for Its Inability to Reduce the Size of the Latent Reservoir In Vivo, and the Caveats Associated with Its Use in Practice. AIDS Res Treat 2017; 2017:8239428. [PMID: 28465838 PMCID: PMC5390639 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8239428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively suppresses the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), improves immune function, and decreases the morbidity of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, it is unable to eradicate the virus because it does not eliminate latently infected cells. The latent reservoir poses the major barrier to an HIV-1 cure. The “shock and kill” strategy aims to reactivate the virus and destroy latently infected cells. Many latency reversing agents (LRAs) reactivate HIV in vitro, but the absence of damaging side-effects and efficacy in vivo make disulfiram particularly promising. However, in clinical trials to date, disulfiram treatment has not resulted in a reduction in the size of the latent reservoir. In this article I will therefore discuss the evidence for the latency reversing effect of disulfiram, the possible explanations for its inability to reduce the size of the latent reservoir in vivo, and the caveats associated with its use in practice. These considerations will help to inform judgements about the prospect of an HIV cure from disulfiram based treatments.
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Kariuki SM, Selhorst P, Ariën KK, Dorfman JR. The HIV-1 transmission bottleneck. Retrovirology 2017; 14:22. [PMID: 28335782 PMCID: PMC5364581 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that most new systemic infections of HIV-1 can be traced back to one or a limited number of founder viruses. Usually, these founders are more closely related to minor HIV-1 populations in the blood of the presumed donor than to more abundant lineages. This has led to the widely accepted idea that transmission selects for viral characteristics that facilitate crossing the mucosal barrier of the recipient’s genital tract, although the specific selective forces or advantages are not completely defined. However, there are other steps along the way to becoming a founder virus at which selection may occur. These steps include the transition from the donor’s general circulation to the genital tract compartment, survival within the transmission fluid, and establishment of a nascent stable local infection in the recipient’s genital tract. Finally, there is the possibility that important narrowing events may also occur during establishment of systemic infection. This is suggested by the surprising observation that the number of founder viruses detected after transmission in intravenous drug users is also limited. Although some of these steps may be heavily selective, others may result mostly in a stochastic narrowing of the available founder pool. Collectively, they shape the initial infection in each recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mundia Kariuki
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Falmouth 3.25, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Philippe Selhorst
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey R Dorfman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Falmouth 3.25, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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CXCR6-Mediated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagmSab Entry into Sabaeus African Green Monkey Lymphocytes Implicates Widespread Use of Non-CCR5 Pathways in Natural Host Infections. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01626-16. [PMID: 27903799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01626-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM) are well-studied natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that do not progress to AIDS when infected with their species-specific viruses. Natural hosts of SIV express very low levels of the canonical entry coreceptor CCR5, and recent studies have shown that CCR5 is dispensable for SIV infection of SM in vivo and that blocking of CCR5 does not prevent ex vivo infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SM or vervet AGM. In both hosts, CXCR6 is an efficient entry pathway in vitro Here we investigated the use of species-matched CXCR6 and other alternative coreceptors by SIVagmSab, which infects sabaeus AGM. We cloned sabaeus CD4 and 10 candidate coreceptors. Species-matched CXCR6, CCR5, and GPR15 mediated robust entry into transfected cells by pseudotypes carrying SIVagmSab92018ivTF Env, with lower-level entry through GPR1 and APJ. We cloned genetically divergent env genes from the plasma of two wild-infected sabaeus AGM and found similar patterns of coreceptor use. Titration experiments showed that CXCR6 and CCR5 were more efficient than other coreceptors when tested at limiting CD4/coreceptor levels. Finally, blocking of CXCR6 with its ligand CXCL16 significantly inhibited SIVagmSab replication in sabaeus PBMC and had a greater impact than did the CCR5 blocker maraviroc, confirming the use of CXCR6 in primary lymphocyte infection. These data suggest a new paradigm for SIV infection of natural host species, whereby a shared outcome of virus-host coevolution is the use of CXCR6 or other alternative coreceptors for entry, which may direct SIV toward CD4+ T cell subsets and anatomical sites that support viral replication without disrupting immune homeostasis and function. IMPORTANCE Natural hosts of SIV do not progress to AIDS, in stark contrast to pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-human and SIVmac-macaque infections. Identifying how natural hosts avoid immunodeficiency can elucidate key mechanisms of pathogenesis. It is known that despite high viral loads, natural hosts have a low frequency of CD4+ cells expressing the SIV coreceptor CCR5. In this study, we demonstrate the efficient use of the coreceptor CXCR6 by SIVagmSab to infect sabaeus African green monkey lymphocytes. In conjunction with studies of SIVsmm, which infects sooty mangabeys, and SIVagmVer, which infects vervet monkeys, our data suggest a unifying model whereby in natural hosts, in which the CCR5 expression level is low, the use of CXCR6 or other coreceptors to mediate infection may target SIV toward distinct cell populations that are able to support high-level viral replication without causing a loss of CD4+ T cell homeostasis and lymphoid tissue damage that lead to AIDS in HIV-1 and SIVmac infections.
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Immune activation in HIV infection: what can the natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus teach us? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:201-8. [PMID: 26845673 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes studies in natural hosts, with a particular focus on the control of immune activation and new insights into viral reservoirs. We discuss why these findings are relevant for HIV research today. RECENT FINDINGS AIDS resistance in natural hosts is characterized by a rapid control of inflammatory processes in response to simian immunodeficiency virus infection despite persistent viremia. Although CD4 T cells are dramatically depleted in the intestine in primary infection, interleukin 17-producing T helper cells (Th17) are preserved and natural hosts lack microbial translocation. Thus, viral replication in the gut is not sufficient to explain mucosal damage, but additional factors are necessary. Natural hosts also display a lower infection rate of stem-cell memory, central memory and follicular helper T cells. The follicles are characterized by a lack of viral trapping and the viral replication in secondary lymphoid organs is rapidly controlled. Hence, the healthy status of natural hosts is associated with preserved lymphoid environments. SUMMARY Understanding the underlying mechanisms of preservation of Th17 and of the low contribution of stem-cell memory, central memory and follicular helper T cells to viral reservoirs could benefit the search for preventive and curative approaches of HIV. Altogether, the complementarity of the model helps to identify strategies aiming at restoring full capacity of the immune system and decreasing the size of the viral reservoirs.
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The well-tempered SIV infection: Pathogenesis of SIV infection in natural hosts in the wild, with emphasis on virus transmission and early events post-infection that may contribute to protection from disease progression. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:308-323. [PMID: 27394696 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
African NHPs are infected by over 40 different simian immunodeficiency viruses. These viruses have coevolved with their hosts for long periods of time and, unlike HIV in humans, infection does not generally lead to disease progression. Chronic viral replication is maintained for the natural lifespan of the host, without loss of overall immune function. Lack of disease progression is not correlated with transmission, as SIV infection is highly prevalent in many African NHP species in the wild. The exact mechanisms by which these natural hosts of SIV avoid disease progression are still unclear, but a number of factors might play a role, including: (i) avoidance of microbial translocation from the gut lumen by preventing or repairing damage to the gut epithelium; (ii) control of immune activation and apoptosis following infection; (iii) establishment of an anti-inflammatory response that resolves chronic inflammation; (iv) maintenance of homeostasis of various immune cell populations, including NK cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, Tregs, Th17 T-cells, and γδ T-cells; (v) restriction of CCR5 availability at mucosal sites; (vi) preservation of T-cell function associated with down-regulation of CD4 receptor. Some of these mechanisms might also be involved in protection of natural hosts from mother-to-infant SIV transmission during breastfeeding. The difficulty of performing invasive studies in the wild has prohibited investigation of the exact events surrounding transmission in natural hosts. Increased understanding of the mechanisms of SIV transmission in natural hosts, and of the early events post-transmission which may contribute to avoidance of disease progression, along with better comprehension of the factors involved in protection from SIV breastfeeding transmission in the natural hosts, could prove invaluable for the development of new prevention strategies for HIV.
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Interleukin-2 Therapy Induces CD4 Downregulation, Which Decreases Circulating CD4 T Cell Counts, in African Green Monkeys. J Virol 2016; 90:5750-5758. [PMID: 27053558 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00057-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED African green monkeys (AGMs) are natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVAGM). Because these animals do not develop simian AIDS despite maintaining high viral loads, there is considerable interest in determining how these animals have evolved to avoid SIV disease progression. Unlike nonnatural hosts of SIV, adult AGMs maintain low levels of CD4(+) T cells at steady states and also have a large population of virus-resistant CD8αα T cells that lack CD4 expression despite maintaining T helper cell functionalities. In recent work, we have shown that homeostatic cytokines can induce CD4 downregulation in AGM T cells in vitro Through administering therapeutic doses of recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) to AGMs, we show here that this mechanism is operative in vivo IL-2 therapy induced transient yet robust proliferation in all major T cell subsets. Within the CD4(+) T cell population, those that were induced into cycle by IL-2 exhibited characteristics of CD4-to-CD8αα conversion. In all animals receiving IL-2, circulating CD4(+) T cell counts and proportions tended to be lower and CD4(-) CD8αα(+) T cell counts tended to be higher. Despite reductions in circulating target cells, the viral load was unaffected over the course of study. IMPORTANCE The data in this study identify that homeostatic cytokines can downregulate CD4 in vivo and, when given therapeutically, can induce AGMs to sustain very low levels of circulating CD4(+) T cells without showing signs of immunodeficiency.
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Chawla R, Van Puyenbroeck V, Pflug NC, Sama A, Ali R, Schols D, Vermeire K, Bell TW. Tuning Side Arm Electronics in Unsymmetrical Cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Translocation Inhibitors to Improve their Human Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) Receptor Down-Modulating Potencies. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2633-47. [PMID: 26974263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotriazadisulfonamide prevents HIV entry into cells by down-modulating surface CD4 receptor expression through binding to the CD4 signal peptide. According to a two-site binding model, 28 new unsymmetrical analogues bearing a benzyl tail group and nine bearing a cyclohexylmethyl tail have been designed and synthesized. The most potent new CD4 down-modulator (40 (CK147); IC50 63 nM) has a 4-dimethylaminobenzenesulfonyl side arm. One of the two side arms was varied with substituents in different positions. This gave a range of CD4 down-modulation potencies that correlated well with anti-HIV-1 activities. The side arms of 21 of the new benzyl-tailed analogues were modeled by means of quantum mechanical calculations. For CADA analogues with arenesulfonamide side arms, the pIC50 values for CD4 down-modulation correlated with the component of the electric dipole moment in the aromatic ring, suggesting that an attractive electronic interaction is a major factor determining the stability of the complex between the molecule and its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Chawla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
| | - Victor Van Puyenbroeck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicholas C Pflug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
| | - Alekhya Sama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
| | - Rameez Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Vermeire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas W Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada , 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216 United States
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Ouwendijk WJD, Getu S, Mahalingam R, Gilden D, Osterhaus ADME, Verjans GMGM. Characterization of the immune response in ganglia after primary simian varicella virus infection. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:376-88. [PMID: 26676825 PMCID: PMC4899505 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection in non-human primates causes varicella, after which the virus becomes latent in ganglionic neurons and reactivates to cause zoster. The host response in ganglia during establishment of latency is ill-defined. Ganglia from five African green monkeys (AGMs) obtained at 9, 13, and 20 days post-intratracheal SVV inoculation (dpi) were analyzed by ex vivo flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Ganglia at 13 and 20 dpi exhibited mild inflammation. Immune infiltrates consisted mostly of CD8(dim) and CD8(bright) memory T cells, some of which expressed granzyme B, and fewer CD11c(+) and CD68(+) cells. Chemoattractant CXCL10 transcripts were expressed in neurons and infiltrating inflammatory cells but did not co-localize with SVV open reading frame 63 (ORF63) RNA expression. Satellite glial cells expressed increased levels of activation markers CD68 and MHC class II at 13 and 20 dpi compared to those at 9 dpi. Overall, local immune responses emerged as viral DNA load in ganglia declined, suggesting that intra-ganglionic immunity contributes to restricting SVV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J D Ouwendijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarah Getu
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ravi Mahalingam
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Don Gilden
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm Efficiently Utilizes Non-CCR5 Entry Pathways in African Green Monkey Lymphocytes: Potential Role for GPR15 and CXCR6 as Viral Coreceptors. J Virol 2015; 90:2316-31. [PMID: 26656714 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02529-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED African green monkeys (AGM) are natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and infection in these animals is generally nonpathogenic, whereas infection of nonnatural hosts, such as rhesus macaques (RM), is commonly pathogenic. CCR5 has been described as the primary entry coreceptor for SIV in vivo, while human-derived CXCR6 and GPR15 also appear to be used in vitro. However, sooty mangabeys that are genetically deficient in CCR5 due to an out-of-frame deletion are infectible with SIVsmm, indicating that SIVsmm can use alternative coreceptors in vivo. In this study, we examined the CCR5 dependence of SIV strains derived from vervet AGM (SIVagmVer) and the ability of AGM-derived GPR15 and CXCR6 to serve as potential entry coreceptors. We found that SIVagmVer replicated efficiently in AGM and RM peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the presence of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc, despite the fact that maraviroc was capable of blocking the CCR5-tropic strains SIVmac239, SIVsmE543-3, and simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-AD8 in RM PBMC. We also found that AGM CXCR6 and AGM GPR15, to a lesser extent, supported entry of pseudotype viruses bearing SIVagm envelopes, including SIVagm transmitted/founder envelopes. Lastly, we found that CCR5, GPR15, and CXCR6 mRNAs were detected in AGM and RM memory CD4(+) T cells. These results suggest that GPR15 and CXCR6 are expressed on AGM CD4(+) T cells and are potential alternative coreceptors for SIVagm use in vivo. These data suggest that the use of non-CCR5 entry pathways may be a common feature of SIV replication in natural host species, with the potential to contribute to nonpathogenicity in these animals. IMPORTANCE African green monkeys (AGM) are natural hosts of SIV, and infection in these animals generally does not cause AIDS, whereas SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RM) typically develop AIDS. Although it has been reported that SIV generally uses CD4 and CCR5 to enter target cells in vivo, other molecules, such as GPR15 and CXCR6, also function as SIV coreceptors in vitro. In this study, we investigated whether SIV from vervet AGM can use non-CCR5 entry pathways, as has been observed in sooty mangabeys. We found that SIVagmVer efficiently replicated in AGM and RM peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc, suggesting that non-CCR5 entry pathways can support SIVagm entry. We found that AGM-derived GPR15 and CXCR6 support SIVagmVer entry in vitro and may serve as entry coreceptors for SIVagm in vivo, since their mRNAs were detected in AGM memory CD4(+) T cells, the preferred target cells of SIV.
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Inclusion of Flagellin during Vaccination against Influenza Enhances Recall Responses in Nonhuman Primate Neonates. J Virol 2015; 89:7291-303. [PMID: 25948746 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00549-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus can cause life-threatening infections in neonates and young infants. Although vaccination is a major countermeasure against influenza, current vaccines are not approved for use in infants less than 6 months of age, in part due to the weak immune response following vaccination. Thus, there is a strong need to develop new vaccines with improved efficacy for this vulnerable population. To address this issue, we established a neonatal African green monkey (AGM) nonhuman primate model that could be used to identify effective influenza vaccine approaches for use in young infants. We assessed the ability of flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist, to serve as an effective adjuvant in this at-risk population. Four- to 6-day-old AGMs were primed and boosted with inactivated PR8 influenza virus (IPR8) adjuvanted with either wild-type flagellin or inactive flagellin with a mutation at position 229 (m229), the latter of which is incapable of signaling through TLR5. Increased IgG responses were observed following a boost, as well as at early times after challenge, in infants vaccinated with flagellin-adjuvanted IPR8. Inclusion of flagellin during vaccination also resulted in a significantly increased number of influenza virus-specific T cells following challenge compared to the number in infants vaccinated with the m229 adjuvant. Finally, following challenge infants vaccinated with IPR8 plus flagellin exhibited a reduced pathology in the lungs compared to that in infants that received IPR8 plus m229. This study provides the first evidence of flagellin-mediated enhancement of vaccine responses in nonhuman primate neonates. IMPORTANCE Young infants are particularly susceptible to severe disease as a result of influenza virus infection. Compounding this is the lack of effective vaccines for use in this vulnerable population. Here we describe a vaccine approach that results in improved immune responses and protection in young infants. Incorporation of flagellin during vaccination resulted in increased antibody and T cell responses together with reduced disease following virus infection. These results suggest that flagellin may serve as an effective adjuvant for vaccines targeted to this vulnerable population.
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46
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Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Infection and Sensing Capacity during Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:6918-27. [PMID: 25903334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00332-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques (MAC) lead to chronic inflammation and AIDS. Natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM), are protected against SIV-induced chronic inflammation and AIDS. Here, we report that AGM plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) express extremely low levels of CD4, unlike MAC and human pDC. Despite this, AGM pDC efficiently sensed SIVagm, but not heterologous HIV/SIV isolates, indicating a virus-host adaptation. Moreover, both AGM and SM pDC were found to be, in contrast to MAC pDC, predominantly negative for CCR5. Despite such limited CD4 and CCR5 expression, lymphoid tissue pDC were infected to a degree similar to that seen with CD4(+) T cells in both MAC and AGM. Altogether, our finding of efficient pDC infection by SIV in vivo identifies pDC as a potential viral reservoir in lymphoid tissues. We discovered low expression of CD4 on AGM pDC, which did not preclude efficient sensing of host-adapted viruses. Therefore, pDC infection and efficient sensing are not prerequisites for chronic inflammation. The high level of pDC infection by SIVagm suggests that if CCR5 paucity on immune cells is important for nonpathogenesis of natural hosts, it is possibly not due to its role as a coreceptor. IMPORTANCE The ability of certain key immune cell subsets to resist infection might contribute to the asymptomatic nature of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in its natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM). This relative resistance to infection has been correlated with reduced expression of CD4 and/or CCR5. We show that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) of natural hosts display reduced CD4 and/or CCR5 expression, unlike macaque pDC. Surprisingly, this did not protect AGM pDC, as infection levels were similar to those found in MAC pDC. Furthermore, we show that AGM pDC did not consistently produce type I interferon (IFN-I) upon heterologous SIVmac/HIV type 1 (HIV-1) encounter, while they sensed autologous SIVagm isolates. Pseudotyping SIVmac/HIV-1 overcame this deficiency, suggesting that reduced uptake of heterologous viral strains underlays this lack of sensing. The distinct IFN-I responses depending on host species and HIV/SIV isolates reveal the host/virus species specificity of pDC sensing.
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47
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Mandl JN, Ahmed R, Barreiro LB, Daszak P, Epstein JH, Virgin HW, Feinberg MB. Reservoir host immune responses to emerging zoonotic viruses. Cell 2014; 160:20-35. [PMID: 25533784 PMCID: PMC4390999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses, such as HIV, Ebola virus, coronaviruses, influenza A viruses, hantaviruses, or henipaviruses, can result in profound pathology in humans. In contrast, populations of the reservoir hosts of zoonotic pathogens often appear to tolerate these infections with little evidence of disease. Why are viruses more dangerous in one species than another? Immunological studies investigating quantitative and qualitative differences in the host-virus equilibrium in animal reservoirs will be key to answering this question, informing new approaches for treating and preventing zoonotic diseases. Integrating an understanding of host immune responses with epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary insights into viral emergence will shed light on mechanisms that minimize fitness costs associated with viral infection, facilitate transmission to other hosts, and underlie the association of specific reservoir hosts with multiple emerging viruses. Reservoir host studies provide a rich opportunity for elucidating fundamental immunological processes and their underlying genetic basis, in the context of distinct physiological and metabolic constraints that contribute to host resistance and disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of the accessory viral Nef protein as a multifunctional manipulator of the host cell that is required for effective replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in vivo is well established. It is unknown, however, whether Nef manipulates all or just specific subsets of CD4(+) T cells, which are the main targets of virus infection and differ substantially in their state of activation and importance for a functional immune system. Here, we analyzed the effect of Nef proteins differing in their T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 downmodulation function in HIV-infected human lymphoid aggregate cultures and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We found that Nef efficiently downmodulates TCR-CD3 in naive and memory CD4(+) T cells and protects the latter against apoptosis. In contrast, highly proliferative CD45RA(+) CD45RO(+) CD4(+) T cells were main producers of infectious virus but largely refractory to TCR-CD3 downmodulation. Such T cell subset-specific differences were also observed for Nef-mediated modulation of CD4 but not for enhancement of virion infectivity. Our results indicate that Nef predominantly modulates surface receptors on CD4(+) T cell subsets that are not already fully permissive for viral replication. As a consequence, Nef-mediated downmodulation of TCR-CD3, which distinguishes most primate lentiviruses from HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and its vpu-containing simian precursors, may promote a selective preservation of central memory CD4(+) T cells, which are critical for the maintenance of a functional immune system. IMPORTANCE The Nef proteins of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses manipulate infected CD4(+) T cells in multiple ways to promote viral replication and immune evasion in vivo. Here, we show that some effects of Nef are subset specific. Downmodulation of CD4 and TCR-CD3 is highly effective in central memory CD4(+) T cells, and the latter Nef function protects this T cell subset against apoptosis. In contrast, highly activated/proliferating CD4(+) T cells are largely refractory to receptor downmodulation but are main producers of infectious HIV-1. Nef-mediated enhancement of virion infectivity, however, was observed in all T cell subsets examined. Our results provide new insights into how primate lentiviruses manipulate their target cells and suggest that the TCR-CD3 downmodulation function of Nef may promote a selective preservation of memory CD4(+) T cells, which are critical for immune function, but has little effect on activated/proliferating CD4(+) T cells, which are the main targets for viral replication.
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Vermeire K, Bell TW, Van Puyenbroeck V, Giraut A, Noppen S, Liekens S, Schols D, Hartmann E, Kalies KU, Marsh M. Signal peptide-binding drug as a selective inhibitor of co-translational protein translocation. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1002011. [PMID: 25460167 PMCID: PMC4251836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, surface expression of most type I transmembrane proteins requires translation and simultaneous insertion of the precursor protein into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane for subsequent routing to the cell surface. This co-translational translocation pathway is initiated when a hydrophobic N-terminal signal peptide (SP) on the nascent protein emerges from the ribosome, binds the cytosolic signal recognition particle (SRP), and targets the ribosome-nascent chain complex to the Sec61 translocon, a universally conserved protein-conducting channel in the ER-membrane. Despite their common function in Sec61 targeting and ER translocation, SPs have diverse but unique primary sequences. Thus, drugs that recognise SPs could be exploited to inhibit translocation of specific proteins into the ER. Here, through flow cytometric analysis the small-molecule macrocycle cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) is identified as a highly selective human CD4 (hCD4) down-modulator. We show that CADA inhibits CD4 biogenesis and that this is due to its ability to inhibit co-translational translocation of CD4 into the lumen of the ER, both in cells as in a cell-free in vitro translation/translocation system. The activity of CADA maps to the cleavable N-terminal SP of hCD4. Moreover, through surface plasmon resonance analysis we were able to show direct binding of CADA to the SP of hCD4 and identify this SP as the target of our drug. Furthermore, CADA locks the SP in the translocon during a post-targeting step, possibly in a folded state, and prevents the translocation of the associated protein into the ER lumen. Instead, the precursor protein is routed to the cytosol for degradation. These findings demonstrate that a synthetic, cell-permeable small-molecule can be developed as a SP-binding drug to selectively inhibit protein translocation and to reversibly regulate the expression of specific target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Vermeire
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Biology, CSCM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Victor Van Puyenbroeck
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Giraut
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enno Hartmann
- Institute of Biology, CSCM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Kalies
- Institute of Biology, CSCM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mark Marsh
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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A ThPOK-LRF transcriptional node maintains the integrity and effector potential of post-thymic CD4+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:947-56. [PMID: 25129370 PMCID: PMC4251968 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor ThPOK promotes CD4+ T cell differentiation in the thymus. Here, using a mouse strain that allows post-thymic gene deletion, we show that ThPOK maintains CD4+ T lineage integrity and couples effector differentiation to environmental cues after antigenic stimulation. ThPOK preserved the integrity and amplitude of effector responses, and was required for proper TH1 and TH2 differentiation in vivo by restraining the expression and function of the transcriptional regulator of cytotoxic T cell differentiation, Runx3. The transcription factor LRF contributed in a redundant manner with ThPOK to prevent the trans-differentiation of mature CD4+ T cells into CD8+ T cells. As such, the ThPOK-LRF transcriptional module was essential for CD4+ T cell integrity and responses.
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