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Li SJ, Wu YL, Chen JH, Shen SY, Duan J, Xu HE. Autoimmune diseases: targets, biology, and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:674-685. [PMID: 38097717 PMCID: PMC10943205 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) arise from a breakdown in immunological self-tolerance, wherein the adaptive immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues and organs. AIDs impose excessive treatment costs and currently rely on non-specific and universal immunosuppression, which only offer symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying causes. AIDs are driven by autoantigens, targeting the autoantigens holds great promise in transforming the treatment of these diseases. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying different AIDs and the identification of specific autoantigens are critical. In this review, we categorize AIDs based on their underlying causes and compile information on autoantigens implicated in each disease, providing a roadmap for the development of novel immunotherapy regimens. We will focus on type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is an autoimmune disease characterized by irreversible destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the Langerhans islets of the pancreas. We will discuss insulin as possible autoantigen of T1D and its role in T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we will review current treatments of TID and propose a potentially effective immunotherapy targeting autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Yan-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Juan-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi-Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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2
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Kasmani MY, Ciecko AE, Brown AK, Petrova G, Gorski J, Chen YG, Cui W. Autoreactive CD8 T cells in NOD mice exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity but restricted TCR gene usage. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201503. [PMID: 35667687 PMCID: PMC9170949 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired scRNA-seq and scTCR-seq reveals that diabetogenic CD8 T cells in the islets and spleens of NOD mice exhibit phenotypic and clonal heterogeneity despite restricted TCR gene usage. Expression of certain TCR genes correlates with clonal proliferation and effector phenotype. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder defined by CD8 T cell–mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells. We have previously shown that diabetogenic CD8 T cells in the islets of non-obese diabetic mice are phenotypically heterogeneous, but clonal heterogeneity remains relatively unexplored. Here, we use paired single-cell RNA and T-cell receptor sequencing (scRNA-seq and scTCR-seq) to characterize autoreactive CD8 T cells from the islets and spleens of non-obese diabetic mice. scTCR-seq demonstrates that CD8 T cells targeting the immunodominant β-cell epitope IGRP206-214 exhibit restricted TCR gene usage. scRNA-seq identifies six clusters of autoreactive CD8 T cells in the islets and six in the spleen, including memory and exhausted cells. Clonal overlap between IGRP206-214–reactive CD8 T cells in the islets and spleen suggests these cells may circulate between the islets and periphery. Finally, we identify correlations between TCR genes and T-cell clonal expansion and effector fate. Collectively, our work demonstrates that IGRP206-214–specific CD8 T cells are phenotypically heterogeneous but clonally restricted, raising the possibility of selectively targeting these TCR structures for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ashley E Ciecko
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ashley K Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Galina Petrova
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jack Gorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA .,Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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3
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Erausquin E, Serra P, Parras D, Santamaria P, López-Sagaseta J. Structural plasticity in I-Ag7 links autoreactivity to hybrid insulin peptides in type I diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:924311. [PMID: 35967292 PMCID: PMC9365947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.924311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently provided evidence for promiscuous recognition of several different hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) by the highly diabetogenic, I-Ag7-restricted 4.1-T cell receptor (TCR). To understand the structural determinants of this phenomenon, we solved the structure of an agonistic HIP/I-Ag7 complex, both in isolation as well as bound to the 4.1-TCR. We find that HIP promiscuity of the 4.1-TCR is dictated, on the one hand, by an amino acid sequence pattern that ensures I-Ag7 binding and, on the other hand, by the presence of three acidic residues at positions P5, P7 and P8 that favor an optimal engagement by the 4.1-TCR’s complementary determining regions. Surprisingly, comparison of the TCR-bound and unbound HIP/I-Ag7 structures reveals that 4.1-TCR binding triggers several novel and unique structural motions in both the I-Ag7 molecule and the peptide that are essential for docking. This observation indicates that the type 1 diabetes-associated I-Ag7 molecule is structurally malleable and that this plasticity allows the recognition of multiple peptides by individual TCRs that would otherwise be unable to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Erausquin
- Unit of Protein Crystallography and Structural Immunology, Navarrabiomed, Navarra, Spain
- Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra University Hospital, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Parras
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jacinto López-Sagaseta, ; Pere Santamaria,
| | - Jacinto López-Sagaseta
- Unit of Protein Crystallography and Structural Immunology, Navarrabiomed, Navarra, Spain
- Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra University Hospital, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jacinto López-Sagaseta, ; Pere Santamaria,
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4
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Buckle I, Loaiza Naranjo JD, Bergot AS, Zhang V, Talekar M, Steptoe RJ, Thomas R, Hamilton-Williams EE. Tolerance induction by liposomes targeting a single CD8 epitope IGRP 206-214 in a model of type 1 diabetes is impeded by co-targeting a CD4 + islet epitope. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:33-48. [PMID: 34668580 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is predominantly mediated by CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell destruction of islet beta cells, of which islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)206-214 is a dominant target antigen specificity. Previously, we found that a liposome-based antigen-specific immunotherapy encapsulating the CD4+ T-cell islet epitope 2.5mim together with the nuclear factor-κB inhibitor calcitriol induced regulatory T cells and protected from diabetes in NOD mice. Here we investigated whether the same system delivering IGRP206-214 could induce antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell-targeted immune regulation and delay diabetes. Subcutaneous administration of IGRP206-214 /calcitriol liposomes transiently activated and expanded IGRP-specific T-cell receptor transgenic 8.3 CD8+ T cells. Liposomal co-delivery of calcitriol was required to optimally suppress endogenous IGRP-specific CD8+ T-cell interferon-γ production and cytotoxicity. Concordantly, a short course of IGRP206-214 /calcitriol liposomes delayed diabetes progression and reduced insulitis. However, when IGRP206-214 /calcitriol liposomes were delivered together with 2.5mim /calcitriol liposomes, disease protection was not observed and the regulatory effect of 2.5mim /calcitriol liposomes was abrogated. Thus, tolerogenic liposomes that target either a dominant CD8+ or a CD4+ T-cell islet epitope can delay diabetes progression but combining multiple epitopes does not enhance protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Buckle
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeniffer D Loaiza Naranjo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Vivian Zhang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Meghna Talekar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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5
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Li X, Meng G, Chen X, Wang L, Lin Z, Wang L. A Single L/D-Substitution at Q4 of the mInsA 2-10 Epitope Prevents Type 1 Diabetes in Humanized NOD Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713276. [PMID: 34526989 PMCID: PMC8435724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive CD8+ T cells play an indispensable key role in the destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells and the initiation of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin is an essential β-cell autoantigen in T1D. An HLA-A*0201-restricted epitope of insulin A chain (mInsA2-10) is an immunodominant ligand for autoreactive CD8+ T cells in NOD.β2mnull .HHD mice. Altered peptide ligands (APLs) carrying amino acid substitutions at T cell receptor (TCR) contact positions within an epitope are potential to modulate autoimmune responses via triggering altered TCR signaling. Here, we used a molecular simulation strategy to guide the generation of APL candidates by substitution of L-amino acids with D-amino acids at potential TCR contact residues (positions 4 and 6) of mInsA2-10, named mInsA2-10DQ4 and mInsA2-10DC6, respectively. We found that administration of mInsA2-10DQ4, but not DC6, significantly suppressed the development of T1D in NOD.β2mnull .HHD mice. Mechanistically, treatment with mInsA2-10DQ4 not only notably eliminated mInsA2-10 autoreactive CD8+ T cell responses but also prevented the infiltration of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells, as well as the inflammatory responses in the pancreas of NOD.β2mnull.HHD mice. This study provides a new strategy for the development of APL vaccines for T1D prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Institute of Immunology People's Libration Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanqiang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- Institute of Immunology People's Libration Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Immunology People's Libration Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Immunology People's Libration Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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6
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Amdare N, Purcell AW, DiLorenzo TP. Noncontiguous T cell epitopes in autoimmune diabetes: From mice to men and back again. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100827. [PMID: 34044020 PMCID: PMC8233151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that affects the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets. The nonobese diabetic mouse is a widely studied spontaneous model of the disease that has contributed greatly to our understanding of T1D pathogenesis. This is especially true in the case of antigen discovery. Upon review of existing knowledge concerning the antigens and peptide epitopes that are recognized by T cells in this model, good concordance is observed between mouse and human antigens. A fascinating recent illustration of the contribution of the nonobese diabetic mouse in the area of epitope identification is the discovery of noncontiguous CD4+ T cell epitopes. This novel epitope class is characterized by the linkage of an insulin-derived peptide to, most commonly, a fragment of a natural cleavage product of another beta cell secretory granule constituent. These so-called hybrid insulin peptides are also recognized by T cells in patients with T1D, although the precise mechanism for their generation has yet to be defined and is the subject of active investigation. Although evidence from the tumor immunology arena documented the existence of noncontiguous CD8+ T cell epitopes, generated by proteasome-mediated peptide splicing involving transpeptidation, such CD8+ T cell epitopes were thought to be a rare immunological curiosity. However, recent advances in bioinformatics and mass spectrometry have challenged this view. These developments, coupled with the discovery of hybrid insulin peptides, have spurred a search for noncontiguous CD8+ T cell epitopes in T1D, an exciting frontier area still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Amdare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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7
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Innate immune receptors in type 1 diabetes: the relationship to cell death-associated inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1213-1225. [PMID: 32510139 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The importance of innate immunity in host defense and inflammatory responses has been clearly demonstrated after the discovery of innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (Nod)-like receptors (NLRs). Innate immunity also plays a critical role in diverse pathological conditions including autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). In particular, the role of a variety of innate immune receptors in T1D has been demonstrated using mice with targeted disruption of such innate immune receptors. Here, we discuss recent findings showing the role of innate immunity in T1D that were obtained mostly from studies of genetic mouse models of innate immune receptors. In addition, the role of innate immune receptors involved in the pathogenesis of T1D in sensing death-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from dead cells or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) will also be covered. Elucidation of the role of innate immune receptors in T1D and the nature of DAMPs sensed by such receptors may lead to the development of new therapeutic modalities against T1D.
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8
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Zakharov PN, Hu H, Wan X, Unanue ER. Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine islets shows high cellular complexity at all stages of autoimmune diabetes. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151619. [PMID: 32251514 PMCID: PMC7971127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases are driven by activation of diverse immune cells in the target organs. However, the molecular signatures of immune cell populations over time in an autoimmune process remain poorly defined. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we performed an unbiased examination of diverse islet-infiltrating cells during autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. The data revealed a landscape of transcriptional heterogeneity across the lymphoid and myeloid compartments. Memory CD4 and cytotoxic CD8 T cells appeared early in islets, accompanied by regulatory cells with distinct phenotypes. Surprisingly, we observed a dramatic remodeling in the islet microenvironment, in which the resident macrophages underwent a stepwise activation program. This process resulted in polarization of the macrophage subpopulations into a terminal proinflammatory state. This study provides a single-cell atlas defining the staging of autoimmune diabetes and reveals that diabetic autoimmunity is driven by transcriptionally distinct cell populations specialized in divergent biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Zakharov
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hao Hu
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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9
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Bassin EJ, Piganelli JD, Little SR. Auto-antigen and Immunomodulatory Agent-Based Approaches for Antigen-Specific Tolerance in NOD Mice. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:9. [PMID: 33547977 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be managed by insulin replacement, but it is still associated with an increased risk of microvascular/cardiovascular complications. There is considerable interest in antigen-specific approaches for treating T1D due to their potential for a favorable risk-benefit ratio relative to non-specific immune-based treatments. Here we review recent antigen-specific tolerance approaches using auto-antigen and/or immunomodulatory agents in NOD mice and provide insight into seemingly contradictory findings. RECENT FINDINGS Although delivery of auto-antigen alone can prevent T1D in NOD mice, this approach may be prone to inconsistent results and has not demonstrated an ability to reverse established T1D. Conversely, several approaches that promote presentation of auto-antigen in a tolerogenic context through cell/tissue targeting, delivery system properties, or the delivery of immunomodulatory agents have had success in reversing recent-onset T1D in NOD mice. While initial auto-antigen based approaches were unable to substantially influence T1D progression clinically, recent antigen-specific approaches have promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Bassin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, 6125 Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 940 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Serra P, Santamaria P. Peptide-MHC-Based Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Autoimmunity: Engineering, Mechanisms, and Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621774. [PMID: 33574822 PMCID: PMC7870702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of autoimmunity results from a breakdown of immunoregulation and involves cellularly complex immune responses against broad repertoires of epitope specificities. As a result, selective targeting of specific effector autoreactive T- or B-cells is not a realistic therapeutic option for most autoimmune diseases. Induction of autoantigen-specific regulatory T-cells capable of effecting bystander (dominant), yet tissue-specific, immunoregulation has thus emerged as a preferred therapeutic alternative. We have shown that peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC)-based nanomedicines can re-program cognate autoantigen-experienced T-cells into disease-suppressing regulatory T-cells, which in turn elicit the formation of complex regulatory cell networks capable of comprehensively suppressing organ-specific autoimmunity without impairing normal immunity. Here, we summarize the various pMHC-based nanomedicines and disease models tested to date, the engineering principles underpinning the pharmacodynamic and therapeutic potency of these compounds, and the underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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11
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Sun L, Xi S, He G, Li Z, Gang X, Sun C, Guo W, Wang G. Two to Tango: Dialogue between Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:4106518. [PMID: 32802890 PMCID: PMC7415089 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a long-term and chronic autoimmune disorder, in which the immune system attacks the pancreatic β-cells. Both adaptive and innate immune systems are involved in T1DM development. Both B-cells and T-cells, including CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells, as well as other T-cell subsets, could affect onset of autoimmunity. Furthermore, cells involved in innate immunity, including the macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, could also accelerate or decelerate T1DM development. In this review, the crosstalk and function of immune cells in the pathogenesis of T1DM, as well as the corresponding therapeutic interventions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Shugang Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Guangyu He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Weiying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
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12
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Calviño-Sampedro C, Gomez-Tourino I, Cordero OJ, Reche PA, Gómez-Perosanz M, Sánchez-Trincado JL, Rodríguez MÁ, Sueiro AM, Viñuela JE, Calviño RV. Naturally presented HLA class I-restricted epitopes from the neurotrophic factor S100-β are targets of the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes. FASEB J 2019; 33:6390-6401. [PMID: 30817223 PMCID: PMC6463915 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802270r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells by the immune system, and CD8+ T lymphocytes are critical actors in this autoimmune response. Pancreatic islets are surrounded by a mesh of nervous cells, the peri-insular Schwann cells, which are also targeted by autoreactive T lymphocytes and express specific antigens, such as the neurotrophic factor S100-β. Previous work has shown increased proliferative responses to whole S100-β in both human T1D patients and the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. We describe for the first time naturally processed and presented epitopes (NPPEs) presented by class I human leukocyte antigen–A*02:01 (A2.1) molecules derived from S100-β. These NPPEs triggered IFN-γ responses more frequently in both newly diagnosed and long-term T1D patients compared with healthy donors. Furthermore, the same NPPEs are recognized during the autoimmune response leading to diabetes in A2.1-transgenic NOD mice as early as 4 wk of age. Interestingly, when these NPPEs are used to prevent diabetes in this animal model, an acceleration of the disease is observed together with an exacerbation in insulitis and an increase in S100-β–specific cytotoxicity in vaccinated animals. Whether these can be used in diabetes prevention needs to be carefully evaluated in animal models before use in future clinical assays.—Calviño-Sampedro, C., Gomez-Tourino, I., Cordero, O. J., Reche, P. A., Gómez-Perosanz, M., Sánchez-Trincado, J. L., Rodríguez, M. Á., Sueiro, A. M., Viñuela, J. E., Calviño, R. V. Naturally presented HLA class I–restricted epitopes from the neurotrophic factor S100-β are targets of the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calviño-Sampedro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria Gomez-Tourino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oscar J Cordero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pedro A Reche
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gómez-Perosanz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aurelio M Sueiro
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-Hospital de Conxo, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and
| | - Juan E Viñuela
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Varela Calviño
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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13
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Serra P, Santamaria P. Antigen-specific therapeutic approaches for autoimmunity. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:238-251. [PMID: 30804535 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The main function of the immune system in health is to protect the host from infection by microbes and parasites. Because immune responses to nonself bear the risk of unleashing accidental immunity against self, evolution has endowed the immune system with central and peripheral mechanisms of tolerance, including regulatory T and B cells. Although the past two decades have witnessed the successful clinical translation of a whole host of novel therapies for the treatment of chronic inflammation, the development of antigen-based approaches capable of selectively blunting autoimmune inflammation without impairing normal immunity has remained elusive. Earlier autoantigen-specific approaches employing peptides or whole antigens have evolved into strategies that seek to preferentially deliver these molecules to autoreactive T cells either indirectly, via antigen-presenting cells, or directly, via major histocompatibility complex molecules, in ways intended to promote clonal deletion and/or immunoregulation. The disease specificity, mechanistic underpinnings, developability and translational potential of many of these strategies remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. .,Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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14
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IC-Tagging methodology applied to the expression of viral glycoproteins and the difficult-to-express membrane-bound IGRP autoantigen. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16286. [PMID: 30390011 PMCID: PMC6214907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed a methodology to produce protein microspheres (MS) that can be loaded with proteins of interest in living cells through their C or N-terminal tagging with the so-called IC-Tag. The IC-Tagging method has many applications ranging from the production of immobilized enzymes for industrial use to the production of subunit vaccines due to its intrinsic adjuvancy. Here we show the adaptation of the IC-Tagging to work inside the endoplasmic reticulum and bacteria, allowing us to produce properly modified viral glycoproteins. Additionally, we were able to express the Islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), whose expression remained elusive to date possibly due to its toxicity when over-expressed. IGRP is an antigen of enormous pharmaceutical interest as it is specifically targeted during the autoimmune response taking place in both the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice and type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients leading to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.
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15
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Dolton G, Zervoudi E, Rius C, Wall A, Thomas HL, Fuller A, Yeo L, Legut M, Wheeler S, Attaf M, Chudakov DM, Choy E, Peakman M, Sewell AK. Optimized Peptide-MHC Multimer Protocols for Detection and Isolation of Autoimmune T-Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1378. [PMID: 30008714 PMCID: PMC6034003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide–MHC (pMHC) multimers have become the “gold standard” for the detection and isolation of antigen-specific T-cells but recent evidence shows that normal use of these reagents can miss fully functional T-cells that bear T-cell receptors (TCRs) with low affinity for cognate antigen. This issue is particularly pronounced for anticancer and autoimmune T-cells as self-reactive T-cell populations are enriched for low-affinity TCRs due to the removal of cells with higher affinity receptors by immune tolerance mechanisms. Here, we stained a wide variety of self-reactive human T-cells using regular pMHC staining and an optimized technique that included: (i) protein kinase inhibitor (PKI), to prevent TCR triggering and internalization, and (ii) anti-fluorochrome antibody, to reduce reagent dissociation during washing steps. Lymphocytes derived from the peripheral blood of type 1 diabetes patients were stained with pMHC multimers made with epitopes from preproinsulin (PPI), insulin-β chain, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), or glucose-6-phospate catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) presented by disease-risk allelles HLA A*02:01 or HLA*24:02. Samples from ankylosing spondylitis patients were stained with a multimerized epitope from vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 (VIPR1) presented by HLA B*27:05. Optimized procedures stained an average of 40.5-fold (p = 0.01, range between 1.4 and 198) more cells than could be detected without the inclusion of PKI and cross-linking anti-fluorochrome antibody. Higher order pMHC dextramers recovered more cells than pMHC tetramers in parallel assays, and standard staining protocols with pMHC tetramers routinely recovered less cells than functional assays. HLA A*02:01-restricted PPI-specific and HLA B*27:05-restricted VIPR1-specific T-cell clones generated using the optimized procedure could not be stained by standard pMHC tetramer staining. However, these clones responded well to exogenously supplied peptide and endogenously processed and presented epitopes. We also showed that anti-fluorochrome antibody-conjugated magnetic beads enhanced staining of self-reactive T-cells that could not be stained using standard protocols, thus enabling rapid ex vivo isolation of autoimmune T-cells. We, therefore, conclude that regular pMHC tetramer staining is generally unsuitable for recovering self-reactive T-cells from clinical samples and recommend the use of the optimized protocols described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Efthalia Zervoudi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Wall
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L Thomas
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Yeo
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Wheeler
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Centre for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ernest Choy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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16
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An altered CD8 + T cell epitope of insulin prevents type 1 diabetes in humanized NOD mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:590-601. [PMID: 29955175 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive CD8+ T cells, which play an indispensable role in β cell destruction, represent an emerging target for the prevention of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Altered peptide ligands (APLs) can efficiently induce antigen-specific T cells anergy, apoptosis or shifts in the immune response. Here, we found that HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cell responses against a primary β-cell autoantigen insulin epitope InsB15-14 were present in both NOD.β2mnull.HHD NOD mice and T1D patients. We generated several APL candidates for InsB15-14 by residue substitution at the p6 position. Only H6F exhibited an inhibitory effect on mInsB15-14-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. H6F treatment significantly reduced the T1D incidence, which was accompanied by diminished autoreactive CD8+ T cell responses to mInsB15-14, inhibited infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the pancreas and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in pancreatic and splenic T cells in NOD.β2mnull.HHD mice. Mechanistically, H6F treatment significantly augmented a tiny portion of CD8+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen and especially in the pancreas. This subset exhibited typical Treg phenotypes and required peptide-specific restimulation to exert immunosuppressive activity. Therefore, this APL H6F may be a promising candidate with potential clinical application value for antigen-specific prevention of T1D.
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17
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Xu X, Bian L, Shen M, Li X, Zhu J, Chen S, Xiao L, Zhang Q, Chen H, Xu K, Yang T. Multipeptide-coupled nanoparticles induce tolerance in 'humanised' HLA-transgenic mice and inhibit diabetogenic CD8 + T cell responses in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2418-2431. [PMID: 28887632 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Induction of antigen-specific immunological tolerance may provide an attractive immunotherapy in the NOD mouse model but the conditions that lead to the successful translation to human type 1 diabetes are limited. In this study, we covalently linked 500 nm carboxylated polystyrene beads (PSB) with a mixture of immunodominant HLA-A*02:01-restricted epitopes (peptides-PSB) that may have high clinical relevance in humans as they promote immune tolerance; we then investigated the effect of the nanoparticle-peptide complexes on T cell tolerance. METHODS PSB-coupled mixtures of HLA-A*02:01-restricted epitopes were administered to HHD II mice via intravenous injection. The effects on delaying the course of the disease were verified in NOD.β2m null HHD mice. The diabetogenic HLA-A*02:01-restricted cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) responses to treatment with peptides-PSB were validated in individuals with type 1 diabetes. RESULTS We showed that peptides-PSB could induce antigen-specific tolerance in HHD II mice. The protective immunological mechanisms were mediated through the function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, suppressive T cell activation and T cell anergy. Furthermore, the peptides-PSB induced an activation and accumulation of regulatory T cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells through a rapid production of CD169+ macrophage-derived C-C motif chemokine 22 (CCL22). Peptides-PSB also prevented diabetes in 'humanised' NOD.β2m null HHD mice and suppressed pathogenic CTL responses in people with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate for the first time the potential for using multipeptide-PSB complexes to induce T cell tolerance and halt the autoimmune process. These findings represent a promising platform for an antigen-specific tolerance strategy in type 1 diabetes and highlight a mechanism through which metallophilic macrophages mediate the early cell-cell interactions required for peptides-PSB-induced immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Bian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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18
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A Gut Microbial Mimic that Hijacks Diabetogenic Autoreactivity to Suppress Colitis. Cell 2017; 171:655-667.e17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Role of TGF-β in Self-Peptide Regulation of Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:11-19. [PMID: 28733878 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β has been implicated in regulation of the immune system, including autoimmunity. We have found that TGF-β is readily produced by T cells following immunization with self-peptide epitopes that downregulate autoimmune responses in type 1 diabetes (T1D) prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. These include multiple peptide epitopes derived from the islet β-cell antigens GAD65 (GAD65 p202-221, GAD65 p217-236), GAD67 (GAD67 p210-229, GAD67 p225-244), IGRP (IGRP p123-145, IGRP p195-214) and insulin B-chain (Ins. B:9-23) that protected NOD mice from T1D. Immunization of NOD mice with the self-MHC class II I-Ag7 β-chain-derived peptide, I-Aβg7 p54-76 also induced large amounts of TGF-β and also protected these mice from diabetes development. These results indicate that peptides derived from disease related self-antigens and MHC class II molecules primarily induce TGF-β producing regulatory Th3 and Tr1-like cells. TGF-β produced by these cells could enhance the differentiation of induced regulatory iTreg and iTreg17 cells to prevent induction and progression of autoimmune diseases. We therefore suggest that peripheral immune tolerance could be induced and maintained by immunization with self-peptides that induce TGF-β producing T cells.
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20
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Cerosaletti K, Barahmand-Pour-Whitman F, Yang J, DeBerg HA, Dufort MJ, Murray SA, Israelsson E, Speake C, Gersuk VH, Eddy JA, Reijonen H, Greenbaum CJ, Kwok WW, Wambre E, Prlic M, Gottardo R, Nepom GT, Linsley PS. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Expanded Clones of Islet Antigen-Reactive CD4 + T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:323-335. [PMID: 28566371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The significance of islet Ag-reactive T cells found in peripheral blood of type 1 diabetes (T1D) subjects is unclear, partly because similar cells are also found in healthy control (HC) subjects. We hypothesized that key disease-associated cells would show evidence of prior Ag exposure, inferred from expanded TCR clonotypes, and essential phenotypic properties in their transcriptomes. To test this, we developed single-cell RNA sequencing procedures for identifying TCR clonotypes and transcript phenotypes in individual T cells. We applied these procedures to analysis of islet Ag-reactive CD4+ memory T cells from the blood of T1D and HC individuals after activation with pooled immunodominant islet peptides. We found extensive TCR clonotype sharing in Ag-activated cells, especially from individual T1D subjects, consistent with in vivo T cell expansion during disease progression. The expanded clonotype from one T1D subject was detected at repeat visits spanning >15 mo, demonstrating clonotype stability. Notably, we found no clonotype sharing between subjects, indicating a predominance of "private" TCR specificities. Expanded clones from two T1D subjects recognized distinct IGRP peptides, implicating this molecule as a trigger for CD4+ T cell expansion. Although overall transcript profiles of cells from HC and T1D subjects were similar, profiles from the most expanded clones were distinctive. Our findings demonstrate that islet Ag-reactive CD4+ memory T cells with unique Ag specificities and phenotypes are expanded during disease progression and can be detected by single-cell analysis of peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101;
| | | | - Junbao Yang
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Matthew J Dufort
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Sara A Murray
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Vivian H Gersuk
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - James A Eddy
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Erik Wambre
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | | | - Peter S Linsley
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101;
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21
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Burrack AL, Martinov T, Fife BT. T Cell-Mediated Beta Cell Destruction: Autoimmunity and Alloimmunity in the Context of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:343. [PMID: 29259578 PMCID: PMC5723426 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells of the immune system. Despite improvements in insulin analogs and continuous blood glucose level monitoring, there is no cure for T1D, and some individuals develop life-threatening complications. Pancreas and islet transplantation have been attractive therapeutic approaches; however, transplants containing insulin-producing cells are vulnerable to both recurrent autoimmunity and conventional allograft rejection. Current immune suppression treatments subdue the immune system, but not without complications. Ideally a successful approach would target only the destructive immune cells and leave the remaining immune system intact to fight foreign pathogens. This review discusses the autoimmune diabetes disease process, diabetic complications that warrant a transplant, and alloimmunity. First, we describe the current understanding of autoimmune destruction of beta cells including the roles of CD4 and CD8 T cells and several possibilities for antigen-specific tolerance induction. Second, we outline diabetic complications necessitating beta cell replacement. Third, we discuss transplant recognition, potential sources for beta cell replacement, and tolerance-promoting therapies under development. We hypothesize that a better understanding of autoreactive T cell targets during disease pathogenesis and alloimmunity following transplant destruction could enhance attempts to re-establish tolerance to beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Burrack
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Brian T. Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian T. Fife,
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22
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Kodama K, Zhao Z, Toda K, Yip L, Fuhlbrigge R, Miao D, Fathman CG, Yamada S, Butte AJ, Yu L. Expression-Based Genome-Wide Association Study Links Vitamin D-Binding Protein With Autoantigenicity in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:1341-9. [PMID: 26983959 PMCID: PMC4839207 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoreactive T cells that recognize pancreatic islet antigens and destroy insulin-producing β-cells. This attack results from a breakdown in tolerance for self-antigens, which is controlled by ectopic antigen expression in the thymus and pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). The autoantigens known to be involved include a set of islet proteins, such as insulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8. In an attempt to identify additional antigenic proteins, we performed an expression-based genome-wide association study using microarray data from 118 arrays of the thymus and PLNs of T1D mice. We ranked all 16,089 protein-coding genes by the likelihood of finding repeated differential expression and the degree of tissue specificity for pancreatic islets. The top autoantigen candidate was vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP). T-cell proliferation assays showed stronger T-cell reactivity to VDBP compared with control stimulations. Higher levels and frequencies of serum anti-VDBP autoantibodies (VDBP-Abs) were identified in patients with T1D (n = 331) than in healthy control subjects (n = 77). Serum vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with VDBP-Ab levels in patients in whom T1D developed during the winter. Immunohistochemical localization revealed that VDBP was specifically expressed in α-cells of pancreatic islets. We propose that VDBP could be an autoantigen in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kodama
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Kyoko Toda
- Biomedical Research Center, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Linda Yip
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Rebecca Fuhlbrigge
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Dongmei Miao
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - C Garrison Fathman
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Diabetes Center, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atul J Butte
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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23
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Askenasy N. Mechanisms of autoimmunity in the non-obese diabetic mouse: effector/regulatory cell equilibrium during peak inflammation. Immunology 2016; 147:377-88. [PMID: 26749404 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune imbalance in autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes may originate from aberrant activities of effector cells or dysfunction of suppressor cells. All possible defective mechanisms have been proposed for diabetes-prone species: (i) quantitative dominance of diabetogenic cells and decreased numbers of regulatory T cells, (ii) excessive aggression of effectors and defective function of suppressors, (iii) perturbed interaction between effector and suppressor cells, and (iv) variations in sensitivity to negative regulation. The experimental evidence available to date presents conflicting information on these mechanisms, with identification of perturbed equilibrium on the one hand and negation of critical role of each mechanism in propagation of diabetic autoimmunity on the other hand. In our analysis, there is no evidence that inherent abnormalities in numbers and function of effector and suppressor T cells are responsible for the immune imbalance responsible for propagation of type 1 diabetes as a chronic inflammatory process. Possibly, the experimental tools for investigation of these features of immune activity are still underdeveloped and lack sufficient resolution, in the presence of the extensive biological viability and functional versatility of effector and suppressor elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Askenasy
- The Leah and Edward M. Frankel Laboratory of Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Petach Tikva, Israel
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24
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Yu C, Burns JC, Robinson WH, Utz PJ, Ho PP, Steinman L, Frey AB. Identification of Candidate Tolerogenic CD8(+) T Cell Epitopes for Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes in the NOD Mouse Model. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:9083103. [PMID: 27069933 PMCID: PMC4812430 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9083103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing pancreatic islet β cells are the target of self-reactive B and T cells. T cells reactive with epitopes derived from insulin and/or IGRP are critical for the initiation and maintenance of disease, but T cells reactive with other islet antigens likely have an essential role in disease progression. We sought to identify candidate CD8(+) T cell epitopes that are pathogenic in type 1 diabetes. Proteins that elicit autoantibodies in human type 1 diabetes were analyzed by predictive algorithms for candidate epitopes. Using several different tolerizing regimes using synthetic peptides, two new predicted tolerogenic CD8(+) T cell epitopes were identified in the murine homolog of the major human islet autoantigen zinc transporter ZnT8 (aa 158-166 and 282-290) and one in a non-β cell protein, dopamine β-hydroxylase (aa 233-241). Tolerizing vaccination of NOD mice with a cDNA plasmid expressing full-length proinsulin prevented diabetes, whereas plasmids encoding ZnT8 and DβH did not. However, tolerizing vaccination of NOD mice with the proinsulin plasmid in combination with plasmids expressing ZnT8 and DβH decreased insulitis and enhanced prevention of disease compared to vaccination with the plasmid encoding proinsulin alone.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Cation Transport Proteins/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
- Female
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Proinsulin/genetics
- Proinsulin/immunology
- Time Factors
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Zinc Transporter 8
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Burns
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Paul J. Utz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peggy P. Ho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan B. Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- *Alan B. Frey:
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25
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Serreze DV, Niens M, Kulik J, DiLorenzo TP. Bridging Mice to Men: Using HLA Transgenic Mice to Enhance the Future Prediction and Prevention of Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in Humans. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1438:137-151. [PMID: 27150089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3661-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Similar to the vast majority of cases in humans, the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the NOD mouse model is due to T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β cells. Particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes (designated HLA in humans; and H2 in mice) provide the primary genetic risk factor for T1D development. It has long been appreciated that within the MHC, particular unusual class II genes contribute to the development of T1D in both humans and NOD mice by allowing for the development and functional activation of β cell autoreactive CD4 T cells. However, studies in NOD mice have revealed that through interactions with other background susceptibility genes, the quite common class I variants (K(d), D(b)) characterizing this strain's H2 (g7) MHC haplotype aberrantly acquire an ability to support the development of β cell autoreactive CD8 T cell responses also essential to T1D development. Similarly, recent studies indicate that in the proper genetic context some quite common HLA class I variants also aberrantly contribute to T1D development in humans. This review focuses on how "humanized" HLA transgenic NOD mice can be created and used to identify class I dependent β cell autoreactive CD8 T cell populations of clinical relevance to T1D development. There is also discussion on how HLA transgenic NOD mice can be used to develop protocols that may ultimately be useful for the prevention of T1D in humans by attenuating autoreactive CD8 T cell responses against pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | - Marijke Niens
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - John Kulik
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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26
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Xu X, Gu Y, Bian L, Shi Y, Cai Y, Chen Y, Chen H, Qian L, Wu X, Xu K, Mallone R, Davidson HW, Yu L, She J, Zhang M, Yang T. Characterization of immune response to novel HLA-A2-restricted epitopes from zinc transporter 8 in type 1 diabetes. Vaccine 2015; 34:854-62. [PMID: 26541133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ZnT8-specific CD8+ T cells in human type 1 diabetes (T1D) have been reported recently, although the results from different laboratories are inconsistent. We aimed to characterize these ZnT8 specific CD8+ T cells and validate assays to screen peptide libraries. METHODS We screened HLA-A2-restricted T cell candidate peptides of ZnT8 with different methods including computer algorithms, MHC-peptide binding and dissociation assays in T2 cell line, identification in HLA-A2 transgenic (Tg) mice and in vivo CTL assays. Then ELISpot assay was used to measure peptide-reactive T cell responses in 49 HLA-A2-restricted T1D patients. RESULTS We demonstrated that ZnT8(107-116)(115), ZnT8(110-118), and ZnT8(177-186) were novel HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL epitopes in T1D patients. ZnT8(107-116)(115), ZnT8(115-123), ZnT8(153-161), ZnT8(177-186) and ZnT8(291-300) represent potentially major biomarkers for T1D. T cell responses against these epitopes showed different distributions between recently diagnosed and long-standing patients. Furthermore, they displayed discriminating performance among different ethnicities. We also compared the performance of the epitope identification strategies used herein. The epitopes which exhibited strong immunogenicity in HLA-A2 Tg mice were also well recognized by T1D patients. CONCLUSIONS The differences in autoimmune T cell responses among T1D individuals may open new avenues toward T1D prediction and prevention. It also provides efficient strategies for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingling Bian
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangmei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Dept. of Diabetology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Howard W Davidson
- Department of Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Jinxiong She
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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27
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Fousteri G, Jofra T, Di Fonte R, Battaglia M. Combination of an Antigen-Specific Therapy and an Immunomodulatory Treatment to Simultaneous Block Recurrent Autoimmunity and Alloreactivity in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127631. [PMID: 26080071 PMCID: PMC4469694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of endogenous insulin production by islet transplantation is considered a curative option for patients with type 1 diabetes. However, recurrent autoimmunity and alloreactivity cause graft rejection hindering successful transplantation. Here we tested whether transplant tolerance to allogeneic islets could be achieved in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by simultaneously tackling autoimmunity via antigen-specific immunization, and alloreactivity via granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and rapamycin (RAPA) treatment. Immunization with insB9-23 peptide alone or in combination with two islet peptides (IGRP206-214 and GAD524-543) in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) were tested for promoting syngeneic pancreatic islet engraftment in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice. Treatment with G-CSF/RAPA alone or in combination with insB9-23/IFA was examined for promoting allogeneic islet engraftment in the same mouse model. InsB9-23/IFA immunization significantly prolonged syngeneic pancreatic islet survival in NOD mice by a mechanism that necessitated the presence of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cells, while combination of three islet epitopes was less efficacious in controlling recurrent autoimmunity. G-CSF/RAPA treatment was unable to reverse T1D or control recurrent autoimmunity but significantly prolonged islet allograft survival in NOD mice. Blockade of interleukin-10 (IL-10) during G-CSF/RAPA treatment resulted in allograft rejection suggesting that IL-10-producing cells were fundamental to achieve transplant tolerance. G-CSF/RAPA treatment combined with insB9-23/IFA did not further increase the survival of allogeneic islets. Thus, insB9-23/IFA immunization controls recurrent autoimmunity and G-CSF/RAPA treatment limits alloreactivity, however their combination does not further promote allogeneic pancreatic islet engraftment in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GF); (MB)
| | - Tatiana Jofra
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Fonte
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GF); (MB)
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28
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Wall ML, Pound LD, Trenary I, O'Brien RM, Young JD. Novel stable isotope analyses demonstrate significant rates of glucose cycling in mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetes 2015; 64:2129-37. [PMID: 25552595 PMCID: PMC4439557 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A polymorphism located in the G6PC2 gene, which encodes an islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit, is the most important common determinant of variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in humans. Studies of G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice suggest that G6pc2 represents a negative regulator of basal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) that acts by hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), thereby reducing glycolytic flux. However, this conclusion conflicts with the very low estimates for the rate of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets, as assessed using radioisotopes. We have reassessed the rate of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets using a novel stable isotope method. The data show much higher levels of glucose cycling than previously reported. In 5 mmol/L glucose, islets from C57BL/6J chow-fed mice cycled ∼16% of net glucose uptake. The cycling rate was further increased at 11 mmol/L glucose. Similar cycling rates were observed using islets from high fat-fed mice. Importantly, glucose cycling was abolished in G6pc2 KO mouse islets, confirming that G6pc2 opposes the action of the glucose sensor glucokinase by hydrolyzing G6P. The demonstration of high rates of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets explains why G6pc2 deletion enhances GSIS and why variants in G6PC2 affect FBG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Wall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN
| | - Lynley D Pound
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
| | - Irina Trenary
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
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29
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Mukherjee G, Chaparro RJ, Schloss J, Smith C, Bando CD, DiLorenzo TP. Glucagon-reactive islet-infiltrating CD8 T cells in NOD mice. Immunology 2015; 144:631-40. [PMID: 25333865 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by T-cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in pancreatic islets. A number of islet antigens recognized by CD8 T cells that contribute to disease pathogenesis in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice have been identified; however, the antigenic specificities of the majority of the islet-infiltrating cells have yet to be determined. The primary goal of the current study was to identify candidate antigens based on the level and specificity of expression of their genes in mouse islets and in the mouse β cell line MIN6. Peptides derived from the candidates were selected based on their predicted ability to bind H-2K(d) and were examined for recognition by islet-infiltrating T cells from NOD mice. Several proteins, including those encoded by Abcc8, Atp2a2, Pcsk2, Peg3 and Scg2, were validated as antigens in this way. Interestingly, islet-infiltrating T cells were also found to recognize peptides derived from proglucagon, whose expression in pancreatic islets is associated with α cells, which are not usually implicated in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. However, type 1 diabetes patients have been reported to have serum autoantibodies to glucagon, and NOD mouse studies have shown a decrease in α cell mass during disease pathogenesis. Our finding of islet-infiltrating glucagon-specific T cells is consistent with these reports and suggests the possibility of α cell involvement in development and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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30
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Babad J, Mukherjee G, Follenzi A, Ali R, Roep BO, Shultz LD, Santamaria P, Yang OO, Goldstein H, Greiner DL, DiLorenzo TP. Generation of β cell-specific human cytotoxic T cells by lentiviral transduction and their survival in immunodeficient human leucocyte antigen-transgenic mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:398-413. [PMID: 25302633 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several β cell antigens recognized by T cells in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are also T cell targets in the human disease. While numerous antigen-specific therapies prevent diabetes in NOD mice, successful translation of rodent findings to patients has been difficult. A human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-transgenic mouse model incorporating human β cell-specific T cells might provide a better platform for evaluating antigen-specific therapies. The ability to study such T cells is limited by their low frequency in peripheral blood and the difficulty in obtaining islet-infiltrating T cells from patients. We have worked to overcome this limitation by using lentiviral transduction to 'reprogram' primary human CD8 T cells to express three T cell receptors (TCRs) specific for a peptide derived from the β cell antigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP265-273 ) and recognized in the context of the human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule HLA-A2. The TCRs bound peptide/MHC multimers with a range of avidities, but all bound with at least 10-fold lower avidity than the anti-viral TCR used for comparison. One exhibited antigenic recognition promiscuity. The β cell-specific human CD8 T cells generated by lentiviral transduction with one of the TCRs released interferon (IFN)-γ in response to antigen and exhibited cytotoxic activity against peptide-pulsed target cells. The cells engrafted in HLA-A2-transgenic NOD-scid IL2rγ(null) mice and could be detected in the blood, spleen and pancreas up to 5 weeks post-transfer, suggesting the utility of this approach for the evaluation of T cell-modulatory therapies for T1D and other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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31
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Serra P, Santamaria P. Nanoparticle-based autoimmune disease therapy. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:3-13. [PMID: 25704658 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of immunotherapy against autoimmunity is to block pathogenic inflammation without impairing immunity against infections and tumours. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a central role in maintaining immune homeostasis, and autoimmune inflammation is frequently associated with decreased numbers and/or function of these T-cells. Therapies harnessing Tregs to treat autoimmune inflammation remain under-developed with caveats ranging from the lack of antigenic and disease specificity to the potential phenotypic and functional instability of in vitro-expanded Treg cells in vivo. Here, we review nanotechnology-based approaches designed to promote immune tolerance through various mechanisms, ranging from systemic or local suppression of antigen-presenting cells and deletion of antigen-specific T-cells, to the systemic expansion of antigen- and disease-specific Treg cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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32
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Wang J, Nanjundappa RH, Shameli A, Clemente-Casares X, Yamanouchi J, Elliott JF, Slattery R, Serra P, Santamaria P. The cross-priming capacity and direct presentation potential of an autoantigen are separable and inversely related properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3296-307. [PMID: 25165150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether a prevalent epitope of the β-cell-specific autoantigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP206-214) reaches regional Ag-presentation pathways via unprocessed polypeptide chains, as free IGRP206-214 peptide or via preformed IGRP206-214/K(d) complexes. This was accomplished by expressing bacterial artificial chromosome transgenes encoding wild-type (stable) or ubiquitinated (unstable) forms of IGRP in IGRP-deficient NOD mice carrying MHC class I-deficient β-cells, dendritic cells, or B cells. We investigated the ability of the pancreatic lymph nodes of these mice to prime naive IGRP206-214-reactive CD8(+) T cells in vivo, either in response to spontaneous Ag shedding, or to synchronized forms of β-cell necrosis or apoptosis. When IGRP was made unstable by targeting it for proteasomal degradation within β-cells, the cross-priming, autoimmune-initiating potential of this autoantigen (designated autoantigenicity) was impaired. Yet at the same time, the direct presentation, CTL-targeting potential of IGRP (designated pathogenicity) was enhanced. The appearance of IGRP206-214 in regional Ag-presentation pathways was dissociated from transfer of IGRP206-214 or IGRP206-214/K(d) from β cells to dendritic cells. These results indicate that autoantigenicity and pathogenicity are separable and inversely related properties and suggest that pathogenic autoantigens, capable of efficiently priming CTLs while marking target cells for CTL-induced killing, may have a critical balance of these two properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Wang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roopa Hebbandi Nanjundappa
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Afshin Shameli
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John F Elliott
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Robyn Slattery
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Hospital Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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33
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Karumuthil-Melethil S, Gudi R, Johnson BM, Perez N, Vasu C. Fungal β-glucan, a Dectin-1 ligand, promotes protection from type 1 diabetes by inducing regulatory innate immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3308-21. [PMID: 25143443 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides in cereal grains, mushrooms, algae, or microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Immune cells recognize these β-glucans through a cell surface pathogen recognition receptor called Dectin-1. Studies using β-glucans and other Dectin-1 binding components have demonstrated the potential of these agents in activating the immune cells for cancer treatment and controlling infections. In this study, we show that the β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces the expression of immune regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-2) and a tolerogenic enzyme (IDO) in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells as well as spleen cells. These properties can be exploited to modulate autoimmunity in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Treatment of prediabetic NOD mice with low-dose β-glucan resulted in a profound delay in hyperglycemia, and this protection was associated with increase in the frequencies of Foxp3(+), LAP(+), and GARP(+) T cells. Upon Ag presentation, β-glucan-exposed dendritic cells induced a significant increase in Foxp3(+) and LAP(+) T cells in in vitro cultures. Furthermore, systemic coadministration of β-glucan plus pancreatic β cell Ag resulted in an enhanced protection of NOD mice from T1D as compared with treatment with β-glucan alone. These observations demonstrate that the innate immune response induced by low-dose β-glucan is regulatory in nature and can be exploited to modulate T cell response to β cell Ag for inducing an effective protection from T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhika Gudi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Nicolas Perez
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many aspects of autoimmune disease are not well understood, including the specificities of autoimmune targets, and patterns of co-morbidity and cross-heritability across diseases. Prior work has provided evidence that somatic mutation caused by gene conversion and deletion at segmentally duplicated loci is relevant to several diseases. Simple tandem repeat (STR) sequence is highly mutable, both somatically and in the germ-line, and somatic STR mutations are observed under inflammation. RESULTS Protein-coding genes spanning STRs having markers of mutability, including germ-line variability, high total length, repeat count and/or repeat similarity, are evaluated in the context of autoimmunity. For the initiation of autoimmune disease, antigens whose autoantibodies are the first observed in a disease, termed primary autoantigens, are informative. Three primary autoantigens, thyroid peroxidase (TPO), phogrin (PTPRN2) and filaggrin (FLG), include STRs that are among the eleven longest STRs spanned by protein-coding genes. This association of primary autoantigens with long STR sequence is highly significant (p<3.0x10(-7)). Long STRs occur within twenty genes that are associated with sixteen common autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis. The repeat within the TTC34 gene is an outlier in terms of length and a link with systemic lupus erythematosus is proposed. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that many autoimmune diseases are triggered by immune responses to proteins whose DNA sequence mutates somatically in a coherent, consistent fashion. Other autoimmune diseases may be caused by coherent somatic mutations in immune cells. The coherent somatic mutation hypothesis has the potential to be a comprehensive explanation for the initiation of many autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Andrew Ross
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Fuchs YF, Adler K, Lindner A, Karasinsky A, Wilhelm C, Weigelt M, Balke H, Förtsch K, Mortler-Hildebrandt LF, Harlan DM, Pechhold K, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E. IGRP and insulin vaccination induce CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes in the RIP-CD80GP mouse. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:199-206. [PMID: 24387268 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is characterized by autoantigen-specific T cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, and CD8(+) T cells are key players during this process. We assessed whether the bitransgenic RIP-CD80 x RIP-LCMV-GP (RIP-CD80GP) mice may be a versatile antigen-specific model of inducible CD8(+) T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes. Antigen-encoding DNA, peptide-loaded dendritic cells and antigen plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant were used for vaccination. Of 14 pancreatic proteins tested by DNA vaccination, murine pre-proinsulin 2 (100% of mice; median time after vaccination, 60 days) and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) (77%, 58 days) could induce diabetes. Vaccination with DNA encoding for zinc transporter 8, Ia-2, Ia-2β, glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (Gad67), chromogranin A, insulinoma amyloid polypeptide and homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 induced diabetes development in 25-33% of mice. Vaccination with DNA encoding for Gad65, secretogranin 5, pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (Pdx1), carboxyl ester lipase, glucagon and control hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) induced diabetes in <20% of mice. Diabetes induction efficiency could be increased by DNA vaccination with a vector encoding a ubiquitin-antigen fusion construct. Diabetic mice had florid T cell islet infiltration. CD8(+) T cell targets of IGRP were identified with a peptide library-based enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and diabetes could also be induced by vaccination with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted IGRP peptides loaded on mature dendritic cells. Vaccination with antigen plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant, which can prevent diabetes in other models, led to rapid diabetes development in the RIP-CD80GP mouse. We conclude that RIP-CD80GP mice are a versatile model of antigen specific autoimmune diabetes and may complement existing mouse models of autoimmune diabetes for evaluating CD8(+) T cell-targeted prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Fuchs
- DFG - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden-German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
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Jaberi-Douraki M, Liu SW(S, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A. Autoimmune responses in T1DM: quantitative methods to understand onset, progression, and prevention of disease. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15:162-74. [PMID: 24827702 PMCID: PMC4050373 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological processes that underlie autoimmune disorders and identifying biomarkers to predict their onset are two pressing issues that need to be thoroughly sorted out by careful thought when analyzing these diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a typical example of such diseases. It is mediated by autoreactive cytotoxic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells that infiltrate the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and destroy insulin-secreting β-cells, leading to abnormal levels of glucose in affected individuals. The disease is also associated with a series of islet-specific autoantibodies that appear in high-risk subjects (HRS) several years prior to the onset of diabetes-related symptoms. It has been suggested that T1D is relapsing-remitting in nature and that islet-specific autoantibodies released by lymphocytic B-cells are detectable at different stages of the disease, depending on their binding affinity (the higher, the earlier they appear). The multifaceted nature of this disease and its intrinsic complexity make this disease very difficult to analyze experimentally as a whole. The use of quantitative methods, in the form of mathematical models and computational tools, to examine the disease has been a very powerful tool in providing predictions and insights about the underlying mechanism(s) regulating its onset and development. Furthermore, the models developed may have prognostic implications by aiding in the enrollment of HRS into trials for T1D prevention. In this review, we summarize recent advances made in determining T- and B-cell involvement in T1D using these quantitative approaches and delineate areas where mathematical modeling can make further contributions in unraveling certain aspect of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Shang Wan (Shalon) Liu
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48105-5714
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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37
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Li M, Ikehara S. Stem cell treatment for type 1 diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:9. [PMID: 25364717 PMCID: PMC4206977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a common chronic disease in children, characterized by a loss of β cells, which results in defects in insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia causes diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Curative therapies mainly include diet and insulin administration. Although hyperglycemia can be improved by insulin administration, exogenous insulin injection cannot successfully mimic the insulin secretion from normal β cells, which keeps blood glucose levels within the normal range all the time. Islet and pancreas transplantation achieves better glucose control, but there is a lack of organ donors. Cell based therapies have also been attempted to treat T1DM. Stem cells such as embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and tissue stem cells (TSCs) such as bone marrow-, adipose tissue-, and cord blood-derived stem cells, have been shown to generate insulin-producing cells. In this review, we summarize the most-recently available information about T1DM and the use of TSCs to treat T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Stem Cell Disorders, Kansai Medical University Hirakata City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Ikehara
- Department of Stem Cell Disorders, Kansai Medical University Hirakata City, Osaka, Japan
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38
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39
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O'Brien RM. Moving on from GWAS: functional studies on the G6PC2 gene implicated in the regulation of fasting blood glucose. Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13:768-77. [PMID: 24142592 PMCID: PMC4041587 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-013-0422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in G6PC2 are the most important common determinants of variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. Molecular studies examining the functional impact of these SNPs on G6PC2 gene transcription and splicing suggest that they affect FBG by directly modulating G6PC2 expression. This conclusion is supported by studies on G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice showing that G6pc2 represents a negative regulator of basal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that acts by hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate, thereby reducing glycolytic flux and opposing the action of glucokinase. Suppression of G6PC2 activity might, therefore, represent a novel therapy for lowering FBG and the risk of cardiovascular-associated mortality. GWAS and G6pc2 KO mouse studies also suggest that G6PC2 affects other aspects of beta cell function. The evolutionary benefit conferred by G6PC2 remains unclear, but it is unlikely to be related to its ability to modulate FBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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40
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Tsai S, Santamaria P. MHC Class II Polymorphisms, Autoreactive T-Cells, and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:321. [PMID: 24133494 PMCID: PMC3794362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, also known as human leukocyte antigen genes (HLA) in humans, are the prevailing contributors of genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others (1–3). Although the pathways through which MHC molecules afford autoimmune risk or resistance remain to be fully mapped out, it is generally accepted that they do so by shaping the central and peripheral T-cell repertoires of the host toward autoimmune proclivity or resistance, respectively. Disease-predisposing MHC alleles would both spare autoreactive thymocytes from central tolerance and bias their development toward a pathogenic phenotype. Protective MHC alleles, on the other hand, would promote central deletion of autoreactive thymocytes and skew their development toward non-pathogenic phenotypes. This interpretation of the data is at odds with two other observations: that in MHC-heterozygous individuals, resistance is dominant over susceptibility; and that it is difficult to understand how deletion of one or a few clonal autoreactive T-cell types would suffice to curb autoimmune responses driven by hundreds if not thousands of autoreactive T-cell specificities. This review provides an update on current advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying MHC class II-associated autoimmune disease susceptibility and/or resistance and attempts to reconcile these seemingly opposing concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
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Mukherjee G, Geliebter A, Babad J, Santamaria P, Serreze DV, Freeman GJ, Tarbell KV, Sharpe A, DiLorenzo TP. DEC-205-mediated antigen targeting to steady-state dendritic cells induces deletion of diabetogenic CD8⁺ T cells independently of PD-1 and PD-L1. Int Immunol 2013; 25:651-60. [PMID: 24021877 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8⁺ T cells specific for islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) have been implicated in type 1 diabetes in both humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, in which T cells specific for IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ are highly prevalent. We sought to manipulate these pathogenic T cells by exploiting the ability of steady-state dendritic cells (DCs) to present antigens in a tolerogenic manner. The endocytic receptor DEC-205 was utilized to deliver an IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ mimotope to DCs in NOD mice, and the impact of this delivery on a polyclonal population of endogenous islet-reactive cognate T cells was determined. Assessment of islet-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells showed a decrease in the percentage, and the absolute number, of endogenous IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-specific T cells when the mimotope was delivered to DCs, compared with delivery of a specificity control. Employing an adoptive transfer system, deletion of CD8⁺ T cells as a result of DEC-205-mediated antigen targeting was found to occur independently of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), both often implicated in the regulation of peripheral T-cell tolerance. Given its promise for the manipulation of self-reactive polyclonal T cells demonstrated here, the distinctive characteristics of this antigen delivery system will be important to appreciate as its potential as an intervention for autoimmune diseases continues to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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42
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Gravano DM, Hoyer KK. Promotion and prevention of autoimmune disease by CD8+ T cells. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:68-79. [PMID: 23871638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, little was known about the importance of CD8+ T effectors in promoting and preventing autoimmune disease development. CD8+ T cells can oppose or promote autoimmune disease through activities as suppressor cells and as cytotoxic effectors. Studies in several distinct autoimmune models and data from patient samples are beginning to establish the importance of CD8+ T cells in these diseases and to define the mechanisms by which these cells influence autoimmunity. CD8+ effectors can promote disease via dysregulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines, skewed differentiation profiles and inappropriate apoptosis induction of target cells, and work to block disease by eliminating self-reactive cells and self-antigen sources, or as regulatory T cells. Defining the often major contribution of CD8+ T cells to autoimmune disease and identifying the mechanisms by which they alter the pathogenesis of disease is a rapidly expanding area of study and will add valuable information to our understanding of the kinetics, pathology and biology of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gravano
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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43
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Clemente-Casares X, Tsai S, Huang C, Santamaria P. Antigen-specific therapeutic approaches in Type 1 diabetes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a007773. [PMID: 22355799 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of strategies capable of specifically curbing pathogenic autoimmune responses in a disease- and organ-specific manner without impairing foreign or tumor antigen-specific immune responses represents a long sought-after goal in autoimmune disease research. Unfortunately, our current understanding of the intricate details of the different autoimmune diseases that affect mankind, including type 1 diabetes, is rudimentary. As a result, progress in the development of the so-called "antigen-specific" therapies for autoimmunity has been slow and fraught with limitations that interfere with bench-to-bedside translation. Absent or incomplete understanding of mechanisms of action and lack of adequate immunological biomarkers, for example, preclude the rational design of effective drug development programs. Here, we provide an overview of antigen-specific approaches that have been tested in preclinical models of T1D and, in some cases, human subjects. The evidence suggests that effective translation of these approaches through clinical trials and into patients will continue to meet with failure unless detailed mechanisms of action at the level of the organism are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, University of Calgary, NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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44
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Yang T, Hohenstein AC, Lee CE, Hutton JC, Davidson HW. Mapping I-A(g7) restricted epitopes in murine G6PC2. Immunol Res 2013; 55:91-9. [PMID: 22983906 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G6PC2, also known as islet-specific glucose 6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), is a major target of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells in both diabetic human subjects and the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. However, in contrast to the abundant literature regarding the CD8(+) response to this antigen, much less is known about the potential involvement of IGRP-reactive CD4(+) T cells in diabetogenesis. The single previous study that examined this question in NOD mice was based upon a candidate epitope approach and identified three I-A(g7)-restricted epitopes that each elicited spontaneous responses in these animals. However, given the known inaccuracies of MHC class II epitope prediction algorithms, we hypothesized that additional specificities might also be targeted. To address this issue, we immunized NOD mice with membranes from insect cells overexpressing full-length recombinant mouse IGRP and measured recall responses of purified CD4(+) T cells using a library of overlapping peptides encompassing the entire 355-aa primary sequence. Nine peptides representing 8 epitopes gave recall responses, only 1 of which corresponded to any of the previously reported sequences. In each case proliferation was blocked by a monoclonal antibody to I-A(g7), but not the appropriate isotype control. Consistent with a role in diabetogenesis, proliferative responses to 4 of the 9 peptides (3 epitopes) were also detected in CD4(+) T cells purified from the pancreatic draining lymph nodes of pre-diabetic female animals, but not from peripheral lymph nodes or spleens of the same animals. Intriguingly, one of the newly identified spontaneously reactive epitopes (P8 [IGRP(55-72)]) is highly conserved between mice and man, suggesting that it might also be a target of HLA-DQ8-restricted T cells in diabetic human subjects, an hypothesis that we are currently testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Giannoukakis N, Trucco M. Dendritic cell therapy for Type 1 diabetes suppression. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:1063-74. [PMID: 23148758 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While dendritic cell-based therapy is a clinical reality for human malignancies, until now, some conceptual concerns have served to delay its consideration to treat human autoimmune diseases, even in light of almost two decades' worth of overwhelmingly supportive preclinical animal studies. This article provides an overview of the development of dendritic cell-based therapy for Type 1 diabetes mellitus, given that this is the best-studied autoimmune disorder and that there is a good understanding of the underlying immunology. This article also highlights data from the authors' pioneering Phase I clinical trial with tolerogenic dendritic cells, which hopes to motivate the clinical translation of other dendritic cell-based approaches, to one or more carefully selected Type 1 diabetic patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Giannoukakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Roep BO, Peakman M. Antigen targets of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a007781. [PMID: 22474615 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by recognition of one or more β-cell proteins by the immune system. The list of target antigens in this disease is ever increasing and it is conceivable that additional islet autoantigens, possibly including pivotal β-cell targets, remain to be discovered. Many knowledge gaps remain with respect to the disorder's pathogenesis, including the cause of loss of tolerance to islet autoantigens and an explanation as to why targeting of proteins with a distribution of expression beyond β cells may result in selective β-cell destruction and type 1 diabetes. Yet, our knowledge of β-cell autoantigens has already led to translation into tissue-specific immune intervention strategies that are currently being assessed in clinical trials for their efficacy to halt or delay disease progression to type 1 diabetes, as well as to reverse type 1 diabetes. Here we will discuss recently gained insights into the identity, biology, structure, and presentation of islet antigens in relation to disease heterogeneity and β-cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
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47
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Quantifying the importance of pMHC valency, total pMHC dose and frequency on nanoparticle therapeutic efficacy. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:350-9. [PMID: 23528729 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) coated with β-cell-specific peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class I molecules can effectively restore normoglycemia in spontaneously diabetic nonobese diabetic mice. They do so by expanding pools of cognate memory autoreactive regulatory CD8+ T cells that arise from naive low-avidity T-cell precursors to therapeutic levels. Here we develop our previously constructed mathematical model to explore the effects of compound design parameters (NP dose and pMHC valency) on therapeutic efficacy with the underlying hypothesis that the functional correlates of the therapeutic response (expansion of autoregulatory T cells and deletion of autoantigen-loaded antigen-presenting cells by these T cells) are biphasic. We show, using bifurcation analysis, that the model exhibits a 'resonance'-like behavior for a given range of NP dose in which bistability between the healthy state (possessing zero level of effector T-cell population) and autoimmune state (possessing elevated level of the same population) disappears. A heterogeneous population of model mice subjected to several treatment protocols under these new conditions is conducted to quantify both the average percentage of autoregulatory T cells in responsive and nonresponsive model mice, and the average valency-dependent minimal optimal dose needed for effective therapy. Our results reveal that a moderate increase (≥1.6-fold) in the NP-dependent expansion rate of autoregulatory T-cell population leads to a significant increase in the efficacy and the area corresponding to the effective treatment regimen, provided that NP dose ≥8 μg. We expect the model developed here to generalize to other autoimmune diseases and serve as a computational tool to understand and optimize pMHC-NP-based therapies.
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Wang J, Lu J, Lan Y, Zhou H, Li W, Xiang M. Total coumarins from Urtica dentata Hand prevent murine autoimmune diabetes via suppression of the TLR4-signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:379-392. [PMID: 23340441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Urtica dentata Hand (UDH), the root of Laportea bulbifera (Sieb. et. Zucc.) Wedd, has been traditionally used in traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory and immuno-regulatory agent for rheumatoid arthritis and some other autoimmune diseases treatment. And the coumarins are the major components of UDH. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of total coumarins (TC) isolated from UDH on the development of autoimmune diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, low-dose (37.5 mg/kg), middle-dose (75 mg/kg), and high-dose (150 mg/kg) TC-treatment groups. NOD mice were then given with a suspension of TC or saline by intragastric (i.g.) administration every other day. After 4 weeks of treatment, 8 mice at 12-weeks of age per group were randomly selected to be sacrificed to perform intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, examine histopathological insulitis, spleen T lymphocyte proliferation, the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cell (Treg), dendritic cell (DC) surface molecules, toll-like receptor (TLR)4 expression and signal pathways involved. The remaining 10 mice per group were kept until 26 weeks of age to assess the incidence of diabetes. We also studied the direct effect of TC on DC and CD4+CD25+ Tregs in vitro. RESULTS Treatment with TC for 4 weeks significantly inhibited insulitis, increased pancreatic islet number, delayed the onset and decreased the development of diabetes by 26 weeks of age in NOD mice, compared with the untreated control mice. TC suppressed spleen T lymphocyte proliferation, induced Th2-biased cytokine response, the generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and Foxp3 mRNA expression. And TC-treated DCs were characterized as low expression of MHC class II and CD86 molecules. TLR4 gene and protein expressions in the spleen, thymus and pancreas were down-regulated in TC-treated groups. The key molecules in the downstream signaling cascades of TLR4, including myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)88, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, IL-1β, Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β(TRIF), TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM), interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and IFN-β, all decreased significantly in TC groups, suggesting that TC inhibits both MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways of TLR4. At the cellular level, however, TLR4 protein expression in DCs, but not in Tregs, was downregulated by TC. And TC strengthened the role of DC, not Treg, in negative immune regulation in vitro. In contrast, anti-TLR4 antibody could block the effect of TC on DCs immune function. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TC extracted from UDH prevent the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice via suppression of the TLR4-signaling pathways. TC maintain the DCs in an immature tolerogenic state, at least in part, mediated by down-regulating TLR4-signaling pathways in DCs, then enhance Treg differentiation, shift toward Th2 and suppress T lymphocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Multiple roles of glucose-6-phosphatases in pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2608-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Shameli A, Yamanouchi J, Tsai S, Yang Y, Clemente-Casares X, Moore A, Serra P, Santamaria P. IL-2 promotes the function of memory-like autoregulatory CD8+T cells but suppresses their development via FoxP3+Treg cells. Eur J Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Shameli
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Medicine, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory; MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown MA USA
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; Centre Esther Koplowitz Barcelona Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; Centre Esther Koplowitz Barcelona Spain
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