1
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Banhart F. The Formation and Transformation of Low-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials by Electron Irradiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310462. [PMID: 38700071 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-dimensional materials based on graphene or graphite show a large variety of phenomena when they are subjected to irradiation with energetic electrons. Since the 1990s, electron microscopy studies, where a certain irradiation dose is unavoidable, have witnessed unexpected structural transformations of graphitic nanoparticles. It is recognized that electron irradiation is not only detrimental but also bears considerable potential in the formation of new graphitic structures. With the availability of aberration-corrected electron microscopes and the discovery of techniques to produce monolayers of graphene, detailed insight into the atomic processes occurring during electron irradiation became possible. Threshold energies for atom displacements are determined and models of different types of lattice vacancies are confirmed experimentally. However, experimental evidence for the configuration of interstitial atoms in graphite or adatoms on graphene remained indirect, and the understanding of defect dynamics still depends on theoretical concepts. This article reviews irradiation phenomena in graphene- or graphite-based nanomaterials from the scale of single atoms to tens of nanometers. Observations from the 1990s can now be explained on the basis of new results. The evolution of the understanding during three decades of research is presented, and the remaining problems are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
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2
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Rothe K, Néel N, Kröger J. Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:416-425. [PMID: 38655541 PMCID: PMC11035987 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Low-energy argon ion bombardment of graphene on Ir(111) induces atomic-scale defects at the surface. Using a scanning tunneling microscope, the two smallest defects appear as a depression without discernible interior structure suggesting the presence of vacancy sites in the graphene lattice. With an atomic force microscope, however, only one kind can be identified as a vacancy defect with four missing carbon atoms, while the other kind reveals an intact graphene sheet. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of the differential conductance and the measurement of total-force variations as a function of the lateral and vertical probe-defect distance corroborate the different character of the defects. The tendency of the vacancy defect to form a chemical bond with the microscope probe is reflected by the strongest attraction at the vacancy center as well as by hysteresis effects in force traces recorded for tip approach to and retraction from the Pauli repulsion range of vertical distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rothe
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Nicolas Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jörg Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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3
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Luo W, Wang C, Li X, Liu J, Hou D, Zhang X, Huang G, Lu X, Li Y, Zhou T. Advancements in defect engineering of two-dimensional nanomaterial-based membranes for enhanced gas separation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3745-3763. [PMID: 38525977 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The advent of two-dimensional nanomaterials, a revolutionary class of materials, is marked by their atomic-scale thickness, superior aspect ratios, robust mechanical attributes, and exceptional chemical stability. These materials, producible on a large scale, are emerging as the forefront candidates in the domain of membrane-based gas separation. The concept of defect engineering in 2D nanomaterials has introduced a novel approach in their application for membrane separation, offering an effective technique to augment the performance of these membranes. Nonetheless, the development of customized microstructures in gas separation membranes via defect engineering remains nascent. Hence, this review is designed to serve as a comprehensive guide for the application of defect engineering in 2D nanomaterial-based membranes. It delves into the most recent developments in this field, encompassing the synthesis methodologies of defective 2D nanomaterials and the mechanisms underlying gas transport. Special emphasis is placed on the utilization of defect-engineered 2D nanomaterial-based membranes in gas capture applications. Furthermore, the paper encapsulates the burgeoning challenges and prospective advancements in this area. In essence, defect engineering emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing the efficacy of 2D nanomaterial-based membranes in gas separation, offering significant potential for advancements in membrane-based gas separation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Luo
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
| | - Changzheng Wang
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
| | - Xueguo Li
- Baiyin Nonferrous Group Company Limited Copper Company, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
| | - Duo Hou
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
| | - Xi Zhang
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
| | - Guoxian Huang
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
| | - Xingwu Lu
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
| | - Yanlong Li
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
| | - Tao Zhou
- Northwest Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Baiyin 730900, P. R. China. wjluo94.@126.com
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4
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Aswathappa S, Dai L, Jude Dhas SS, Dhas SAMB, Laha S, Kumar RS, Almansour AI. Acoustic Shock Wave-Induced Solid-State Fusion of Nanoparticles: A Case Study of the Conversion of One-Dimensional Rod Shape into Three-Dimensional Honeycomb Nanostructures of CdO for High-Performance Energy Storage Materials. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:576-592. [PMID: 38110302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the solid-state fusion of rod-shaped to honeycomb-shaped cadmium oxide particles (CdO NPs) caused by the process of repeated exposure to acoustic shock waves. Significant changes have been observed in structurally and morphologically dependent properties. For instance, at the 200-shocked condition, the high-pressure CdO-B2 phase is present as a secondary phase wherein all of the rod-shaped particles have been transformed into honeycomb-shaped CdO particles which possess comparatively higher specific-capacitance than CdO nanorods (NRs). The computed specific capacitance values for the 0, 100, and 200 shocked samples at a scan rate of 100 m V s-1 are computed to be 433, 415, and 583 F g-1, respectively. The second-stage decomposition temperature points of the CdO NPs have significantly increased in accordance with the morphological changes from rod to honeycomb patterns such that the values are 343, 526, and 534 °C, respectively, for 0, 100, and 200 shocked conditions. Note that such honeycomb nanostructured CdO particles by shock-wave processing have never been observed, to date. Due to the superior energy storage abilities as well as the spectacular high thermal stability of the honeycomb CdO nanostructures compared to CdO NRs, shocked CdO with honeycomb nanostructures can be considered as energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Aswathappa
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China
| | - Lidong Dai
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China
| | - S Sahaya Jude Dhas
- Department of Physics, Kings Engineering College, Sriperumbudur, Chennai, Tamilnadu 602117, India
| | - S A Martin Britto Dhas
- Shock Wave Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Abdul Kalam Research Center, Sacred Heart College, Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu 635601, India
| | - Sourav Laha
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Louerdi S, Hrabar S, Mouhib T, Kański M, Postawa Z. Ar cluster bombardment of phenylalanine deposited on graphene-Effect of kinetic energy and projectile size. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204705. [PMID: 38010336 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of kinetic energy and projectile size on particle emission from a phenylalanine overlayer adsorbed on a graphene bilayer during argon projectile bombardment. Projectiles of various sizes (1-1000 atoms) and kinetic energies (0.5-40 keV) are used to study their impact on the ejection efficiency, mass distribution, and kinetic and angular spectra of the emitted substances. Particle ejection mechanisms are discussed in scenarios with and without sample perforation. Additionally, this study investigated the potential use of graphene in secondary ion mass spectrometry or neutral secondary mass spectrometry analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Louerdi
- LISA Laboratory, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, Hassan First University of Settat, BP: 218, 26103 Berrechid, Morocco
| | - Sviatoslav Hrabar
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Taoufiq Mouhib
- LISA Laboratory, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, Hassan First University of Settat, BP: 218, 26103 Berrechid, Morocco
| | - Michał Kański
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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Kumral B, Demingos PG, Cui T, Serles P, Barri N, Singh CV, Filleter T. Defect Engineering of Graphene for Dynamic Reliability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302145. [PMID: 37291948 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interface between two-dimensional (2D) materials and soft, stretchable polymeric substrates is a governing criterion in proposed 2D materials-based flexible devices. This interface is dominated by weak van der Waals forces and there is a large mismatch in elastic constants between the contact materials. Under dynamic loading, slippage, and decoupling of the 2D material is observed, which then leads to extensive damage propagation in the 2D lattice. Herein, graphene is functionalized through mild and controlled defect engineering for a fivefold increase in adhesion at the graphene-polymer interface. Adhesion is characterized experimentally using buckling-based metrology, while molecular dynamics simulations reveal the role of individual defects in the context of adhesion. Under in situ cyclic loading, the increased adhesion inhibits damage initiation and interfacial fatigue propagation within graphene. This work offers insight into achieving dynamically reliable and robust 2D material-polymer contacts, which can facilitate the development of 2D materials-based flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Kumral
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Pedro Guerra Demingos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Nima Barri
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
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7
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Kumar K, Dubau L, Jaouen F, Maillard F. Review on the Degradation Mechanisms of Metal-N-C Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Electrolyte: Current Understanding and Mitigation Approaches. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9265-9326. [PMID: 37432676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
One bottleneck hampering the widespread use of fuel cell vehicles, in particular of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), is the high cost of the cathode where the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs, due to the current need of precious metals to catalyze this reaction. Electrochemists tackle this issue in the short/medium term by developing catalysts with improved utilization or efficiency of platinum, and in the longer term, by developing catalysts based on Earth-abundant elements. Considerable progress has been achieved in the initial performance of Metal-nitrogen-carbon (Metal-N-C) catalysts for the ORR, especially with Fe-N-C materials. However, until now, this high performance cannot be maintained for a sufficiently long time in an operating PEMFC. The identification and mitigation of the degradation mechanisms of Metal-N-C electrocatalysts in the acidic environment of PEMFCs has therefore become an important research topic. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the degradation mechanisms of Metal-N-C electrocatalysts, including the recently identified importance of combined oxygen and electrochemical potential. Results obtained in a liquid electrolyte and a PEMFC device are discussed, as well as insights gained from in situ and operando techniques. We also review the mitigation approaches that the scientific community has hitherto investigated to overcome the durability issues of Metal-N-C electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Kumar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laetitia Dubau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Jaouen
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Maillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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8
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Liao Y, Li Z, Chen L, Croll AB, Xia W. Crumpling Defective Graphene Sheets. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3637-3644. [PMID: 36898061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Upon crumpling, graphene sheets yield intriguing hierarchical structures with high resistance to compression and aggregation, garnering a great deal of attention in recent years for their remarkable potential in a variety of applications. Here, we aim to understand the effect of Stone-Wales (SW) defects, i.e., a typical topological defect of graphene, on the crumpling behavior of graphene sheets at a fundamental level. By employing atomistically informed coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations, we find that SW defects strongly influence the sheet conformation as manifested by the change in size scaling laws and weaken the self-adhesion of the sheet during the crumpling process. Remarkably, the analyses of the internal structures (i.e., local curvatures, stresses, and cross-section patterns) of crumpled graphene emphasize the enhanced mechanical heterogeneity and "glass-like" amorphous state elicited by SW defects. Our findings pave the way for understanding and exploring the tailored design of crumpled structure via defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchao Liao
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zhaofan Li
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Andrew B Croll
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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9
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Bruns S, Minnert C, Pethö L, Michler J, Durst K. Room Temperature Viscous Flow of Amorphous Silica Induced by Electron Beam Irradiation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205237. [PMID: 36638235 PMCID: PMC9982523 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of oxide glasses in high-tech applications illustrates the demand of novel engineering techniques on nano- and microscale. Due to the high viscosity of oxide glasses at room temperature, shaping operations are usually performed at temperatures close or beyond the point of glass transition Tg . Those treatments, however, are global and affect the whole component. It is known from the literature that electron irradiation facilitates the viscous flow of amorphous silica near room temperature for nanoscale components. At the micrometer scale, however, a comprehensive study on this topic is still pending. In the present study, electron irradiation inducing viscous flow at room temperature is observed using a micropillar compression approach and amorphous silica as a model system. A comparison to high temperature yielding up to a temperature of 1100 °C demonstrates that even moderate electron irradiation resembles the mechanical response of 600 °C and beyond. As an extreme case, a yield strength as low as 300 MPa is observed with a viscosity indicating that Tg has been passed. Those results show that electron irradiation-facilitated viscous flow is not limited to the nanoscale which offers great potential for local microengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bruns
- Department of Materials ScienceTechnical University of DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Straße 2DE‐64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Christian Minnert
- Department of Materials ScienceTechnical University of DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Straße 2DE‐64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Laszlo Pethö
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyFeuerwerkerstrasse 39ThunCH‐3602Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyFeuerwerkerstrasse 39ThunCH‐3602Switzerland
| | - Karsten Durst
- Department of Materials ScienceTechnical University of DarmstadtAlarich‐Weiss‐Straße 2DE‐64287DarmstadtGermany
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10
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The generation of carbon/oxygen double defects in FeP/CoP-N-C enhanced by β particles for photic driving degradation of levofloxacin. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Yue S, Yuan W, Deng Z, Xi W, Shen Y. In Situ TEM Observation of the Atomic Transport Process during the Coalescence of Au Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8115-8121. [PMID: 36197114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In practical applications, the coalescence of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is a major factor affecting their physical chemistry properties. Currently, due to a lack of understanding of the atomic-level mechanisms during the nucleation and growth stages of coalescence, the correlation between the different dynamic factors in the different stages of NP coalescence is unclear. In this study, we used advanced in situ characterization techniques to observe the formation of atomic material transport channels (Au chains) during the initiation of coalescence nucleation. We focused on the movement and migration states of Au atoms and discovered an atomic ordered arrangement growth mechanism that occurs after the completion of nucleation. Simultaneously, we used density functional theory to reveal the formation principle of Au chains. These findings improve our understanding of the atomic-scale coalescence process, which can provide a new perspective for further research on coalescence atomic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yue
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wenjuan Yuan
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Ziliang Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongli Shen
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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12
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Gaikwad PS, Kowalik M, van Duin A, Odegard GM. Computational study of effect of radiation induced crosslinking on the properties of flattened carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28945-28953. [PMID: 36320755 PMCID: PMC9552316 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05550c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flattened carbon nanotubes (flCNTs) are a primary component of many carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn and sheet materials, which are promising reinforcements for the next generation of ultra-strong composites for aerospace applications. Significant improvements in the performance of CNT materials can be realized with improvements in the load transfer between flCNTs, which are generally oriented at different angles with respect to each other. An intriguing approach to improving the load transfer is via irradiation-induced chemical crosslinking between adjacent flCNTs. The objective of this research is to use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the behavior of flCNT junctions with 0- and 90-degree orientations and varying levels of crosslinking. The results indicate that crosslinking improves the flCNT interfacial load transfer for both orientations, but degrades the flCNT tensile response. The primary toughening mechanism at the flCNT/flCNT interface is the formation of carbon chains that provide load transfer up to the point of total rupture. Based on these results, it is clear that irradiation-induced crosslinking is beneficial in CNT-based composite systems in which interfacial load transfer between flCNTs is of primary importance, even though individual flCNTs may lose some mechanical integrity with crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adri van Duin
- Pennsylvania State University, State CollegePA 16801USA
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13
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Electron-mediated control of nanoporosity for targeted molecular separation in carbon membranes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4972. [PMID: 36002462 PMCID: PMC9402951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes are considered game-changers to overcome the challenges that conventional polymeric membranes face. However, CMS membranes also confront a challenge in successfully separating extremely similar-sized molecules. In this article, high-precision tuning of the microstructure of CMS membranes is proposed by controlled electron irradiation for the separation of molecules with size differences less than 0.05 nm. Fitting CMS membranes for targeted molecular separation can be accomplished by irradiation dosage control, resulting in highly-efficient C2H4/C2H6 separation for low dosages (∼250kGy, with selectivity ∼14) and ultra-selective H2/CO2 separation for high dosages (1000∼2000kGy with selectivity ∼80).The electron irradiated CMS also exhibits highly stabilized permeability and selectivity for long-term operation than the pristine CMS, which suffers from significant performance degradation due to physical aging. This study successfully demonstrates electron irradiation as a possible way to construct “designer” nanoporous carbon membranes out of the standard components mostly confined to pyrolysis conditions. Controlled molecular separation by membranes requires 2D materials with precise structures to achieve the desired selectivity. Here authors demonstrate precise selectivity tuning in carbon membranes using electron irradiation.
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14
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1,1-Dimethylhydrazine adsorption on intrinsic, vacancy, and N-doped graphene: a first-principle study. J Mol Model 2022; 28:227. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Yuan Z, He G, Li SX, Misra RP, Strano MS, Blankschtein D. Gas Separations using Nanoporous Atomically Thin Membranes: Recent Theoretical, Simulation, and Experimental Advances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201472. [PMID: 35389537 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Porous graphene and other atomically thin 2D materials are regarded as highly promising membrane materials for high-performance gas separations due to their atomic thickness, large-scale synthesizability, excellent mechanical strength, and chemical stability. When these atomically thin materials contain a high areal density of gas-sieving nanoscale pores, they can exhibit both high gas permeances and high selectivities, which is beneficial for reducing the cost of gas-separation processes. Here, recent modeling and experimental advances in nanoporous atomically thin membranes for gas separations is discussed. The major challenges involved, including controlling pore size distributions, scaling up the membrane area, and matching theory with experimental results, are also highlighted. Finally, important future directions are proposed for real gas-separation applications of nanoporous atomically thin membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guangwei He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sylvia Xin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rahul Prasanna Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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16
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Bhardwaj J, Vishnoi R, Salim A, Yadav S, Ojha S, Dwivedi U, Ashokan K, Kumar P, Sharma GD, Singhal R. Gamma Irradiation Induced Surface Plasmon Resonance of Cu Nanoparticles in Fullerene C
60. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Bhardwaj
- Department of Physics Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Malviya Nagar Jaipur India
| | - Ritu Vishnoi
- Department of Physics Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Malviya Nagar Jaipur India
| | - Amena Salim
- Department of Physics Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Malviya Nagar Jaipur India
| | - Shriniwas Yadav
- Materials Research Centre Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Malviya Nagar Jaipur India
| | - S. Ojha
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi India
| | - Umesh Dwivedi
- Amity School of Applied Sciences Amity University Rajasthan Jaipur Rajasthan India
| | - K. Ashokan
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi India
- Department of Physics & Centre for Interdisciplinary Research University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) Dehradun Uttarakhand India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Department of Physics Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur Rajasthan India
| | - G. D. Sharma
- Department of Physics The LNM Institute of Information Technology Jaipur India
| | - Rahul Singhal
- Department of Physics Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, JLN Marg, Malviya Nagar Jaipur India
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17
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Fei Y, Liu J. Synthesis of Defective Nanographenes Containing Joined Pentagons and Heptagons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201000. [PMID: 35470978 PMCID: PMC9259726 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Defective nanographenes containing joined pentagons and heptagons exhibit striking physicochemical properties from both experimental and theoretical perspectives compared with their pure hexagonal counterparts. Thus, the synthesis and characterization of these unique polyarenes with well-defined defective topologies have attracted increasing attention. Despite extensive research on nonalternant molecules since the last century, most studies focused on the corresponding mutagenic and carcinogenic activities. Recently, researchers have realized that the defective domain induces geometric bending and causes electronic perturbation, thus leading to significant alteration of the photophysical properties. This review discusses the synthesis and characterization of small nonalternant polycyclic hydrocarbons in the early stage and recent developments in embedding pentagon-heptagon (5-7) pairs into large carbon skeletons through in-solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Fei
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
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18
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Effect of Stress on Irradiation Responses of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103415. [PMID: 35629443 PMCID: PMC9147753 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of stress on irradiation responses of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was studied by combing molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, proton irradiation, and Raman characterization. MD simulations of carbon knock-on at energies < 60 eV were used to obtain average threshold displacement energies (E¯d) as a function of strain ranging from 0 to 10%. Simulations at a higher irradiation energy of 2−5 keV were used to study the effect of strain on damage cascade evolution. With increasing tensile strain, E¯d was reduced from 35 eV at 0% strain to 31 eV at 10% strain. The strain-reduced E¯d led to a higher damage peak and more surviving defects (up to 1 ps). Furthermore, high strains induced local cleavage around the cavities, as one additional mechanism of damage enhancement. Experimentally, HOPG film was folded, and the folded region with the maximum tensile stress was irradiated by a 2 MeV proton beam. Raman characterization showed significantly enhanced D to G modes in comparison to the stress-free irradiation. Based on the strain dependence of E¯d and the Kinchin−Pease model, a formula for displacement estimation under different tensile strains is proposed. The stress effects need to be considered in graphite applications in a reactor’s harsh environment where both neutron damage and stress are present.
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Ren J, Liu Y, Shi X, Shan G, Tang M, Kaun C, Dou K. Flexoelectricity Driven Fano Resonance in Slotted Carbon Nanotubes for Decoupled Multifunctional Sensing. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2021:9821905. [PMID: 35047827 PMCID: PMC8739842 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9821905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctionality, interference-free signal readout, and quantum effect are important considerations for flexible sensors equipped within a single unit towards further miniaturization. To address these criteria, we present the slotted carbon nanotube (CNT) junction features tunable Fano resonance driven by flexoelectricity, which could serve as an ideal multimodal sensory receptor. Based on extensive ab initio calculations, we find that the effective Fano factor can be used as a temperature-insensitive extrinsic variable for sensing the bending strain, and the Seebeck coefficient can be used as a strain-insensitive intrinsic variable for detecting temperature. Thus, this dual-parameter permits simultaneous sensing of temperature and strain without signal interference. We further demonstrate the applicability of this slotted junction to ultrasensitive chemical sensing which enables precise determination of donor-type, acceptor-type, and inert molecules. This is due to the enhancement or counterbalance between flexoelectric and chemical gating. Flexoelectric gating would preserve the electron–hole symmetry of the slotted junction whereas chemical gating would break it. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, the slotted CNT junction provides an excellent quantum platform for the development of multistimuli sensation in artificial intelligence at the molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Ren
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xingqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Guangcun Shan
- Institute of Precision Instrument and Quantum Sensing, School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,Institute of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mingming Tang
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Chaocheng Kaun
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, China
| | - Kunpeng Dou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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20
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Zhang G, Chen J. A multifaceted application of designed coulomb explosion occurring on oxidized topological crystalline insulator SnTe. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multifaceted application of designed coulomb explosion process occurred on the SnTe@oxide experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China
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21
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Almassov N, Kirkpatrick S, Alsar Z, Serik N, Spitas C, Kostas K, Insepov Z. Crosslinking Multilayer Graphene by Gas Cluster Ion Bombardment. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:27. [PMID: 35054553 PMCID: PMC8781868 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a new, highly efficient method of crosslinking multilayer graphene, and create nanopores in it by its irradiation with low-energy argon cluster ions. Irradiation was performed by argon cluster ions with an acceleration energy E ≈ 30 keV, and total fluence of argon cluster ions ranging from 1 × 109 to 1 × 1014 ions/cm2. The results of the bombardment were observed by the direct examination of traces of argon-cluster penetration in multilayer graphene, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Further image processing revealed an average pore diameter of approximately 3 nm, with the predominant size corresponding to 2 nm. We anticipate that a controlled cross-linking process in multilayer graphene can be achieved by appropriately varying irradiation energy, dose, and type of clusters. We believe that this method is very promising for modulating the properties of multilayer graphene, and opens new possibilities for creating three-dimensional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlan Almassov
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (Z.A.); (N.S.); (C.S.); (K.K.)
| | | | - Zhanna Alsar
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (Z.A.); (N.S.); (C.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Nurzhan Serik
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (Z.A.); (N.S.); (C.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Christos Spitas
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (Z.A.); (N.S.); (C.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Kostas
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (Z.A.); (N.S.); (C.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Zinetula Insepov
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (Z.A.); (N.S.); (C.S.); (K.K.)
- School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, National Nuclear Research University (MEPhI), 115409 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Exponentially selective molecular sieving through angstrom pores. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7170. [PMID: 34887395 PMCID: PMC8660907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional crystals with angstrom-scale pores are widely considered as candidates for a next generation of molecular separation technologies aiming to provide extreme, exponentially large selectivity combined with high flow rates. No such pores have been demonstrated experimentally. Here we study gas transport through individual graphene pores created by low intensity exposure to low kV electrons. Helium and hydrogen permeate easily through these pores whereas larger species such as xenon and methane are practically blocked. Permeating gases experience activation barriers that increase quadratically with molecules' kinetic diameter, and the effective diameter of the created pores is estimated as ∼2 angstroms, about one missing carbon ring. Our work reveals stringent conditions for achieving the long sought-after exponential selectivity using porous two-dimensional membranes and suggests limits on their possible performance.
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23
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Ferreira MP, da Nova Mussel W, Dutra PR, Ângela de Barros Correia Menezes M, Pedrosa TA. Physical-chemical exfoliation of pristine graphite flakes. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Chaolumen, Stepek IA, Yamada KE, Ito H, Itami K. Construction of Heptagon-Containing Molecular Nanocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23508-23532. [PMID: 33547701 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular nanocarbons containing heptagonal rings have attracted increasing interest due to their dynamic behavior, electronic properties, aromaticity, and solid-state packing. Heptagon incorporation can not only induce negative curvature within nanocarbon scaffolds, but also confer significantly altered properties through interaction with adjacent non-hexagonal rings. Despite the disclosure of several beautiful examples in recent years, synthetic strategies toward heptagon-embedded molecular nanocarbons remain relatively limited due to the intrinsic challenges of heptagon formation and incorporation into polyarene frameworks. In this Review, recent advances in solution-mediated and surface-assisted synthesis of heptagon-containing molecular nanocarbons, as well as the intriguing properties of these frameworks, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolumen
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Iain A Stepek
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keigo E Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
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25
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Thiemann FL, Rowe P, Zen A, Müller EA, Michaelides A. Defect-Dependent Corrugation in Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8143-8150. [PMID: 34519502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene's intrinsically corrugated and wrinkled topology fundamentally influences its electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties. Experimental techniques allow the manipulation of pristine graphene and the controlled production of defects which allows one to control the atomic out-of-plane fluctuations and thus tune graphene's properties. Here, we perform large scale machine learning-driven molecular dynamics simulations to understand the impact of defects on the structure of graphene. We find that defects cause significantly higher corrugation leading to a strongly wrinkled surface. The magnitude of this structural transformation strongly depends on the defect concentration and specific type of defect. Analyzing the atomic neighborhood of the defects reveals that the extent of these morphological changes depends on the preferred geometrical orientation and the interactions between defects. While our work highlights that defects can strongly affect graphene's morphology, it also emphasizes the differences between distinct types by linking the global structure to the local environment of the defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian L Thiemann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre and London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Rowe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre and London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Zen
- Thomas Young Centre and London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Fisica Ettore Pancini, Università di Napoli Federico II, Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Erich A Müller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre and London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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26
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Laser Technology for the Formation of Bioelectronic Nanocomposites Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Proteins with Different Structures, Electrical Conductivity and Biocompatibility. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11178036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A laser technology for creating nanocomposites from alternating layers of albumin/collagen proteins with two types of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.01 wt.% was proposed. For this purpose, a setup with a diode laser (810 nm) and feedback system for controlling the temperature of the area affected by the radiation was developed. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine a decrease in the defectiveness of SWCNT with an increase in their concentration in the nanocomposite due to the formation of branched 3D networks with covalent bonds between nanotubes. It was revealed that adhesion of proteins to branched 3D networks from SWCNT occurred. The specific electrical conductivity of nanocomposites based on large SWCNT nanotubes was 3.2 and 4.3 S/m compared to that for nanocomposites based on small SWCNT with the same concentrations—1.1 and 1.8 S/m. An increase in the concentration and size of nanotubes provides higher porosity of nanocomposites. For small SWCNT-based nanocomposites, a significant number of mesopores up to 50 nm in size and the largest specific surface area and specific pore volume were found. Nanocomposites with small SWCNT (0.001 wt.%) provided the best cardiac fibroblast viability. Such technology can be potentially used to create bioelectronic components or scaffolds for heart tissue engineering.
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27
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Mittal R, Gupta MK, Chaplot SL. Phase transition mechanism of hexagonal graphite to hexagonal and cubic diamond: ab initiosimulation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:425403. [PMID: 34315145 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ab initiomolecular dynamics simulations are used to elucidate the mechanism of the phase transition in shock experiments from hexagonal graphite (HG) to hexagonal diamond (HD) or to cubic diamond (CD). The transition from HG to HD is found to occur swiftly in very small time of 0.2 ps, with large cooperative displacements of all the atoms. We observe that alternate layers of atoms in HG slide in opposite directions by 1/6 along the ±[2, 1, 0], which is about 0.7 Å, while simultaneously puckering by about ±0.25 Å perpendicular to thea-bplane. The transition from HG to CD occurred with more complex cooperative displacements. In this case, six successive HG layers slide in pairs by 1/3 along [0, 1, 0], [-1, -1, 0] and [1, 0, 0], respectively along with the puckering as above. We have also performed calculations of the phonon spectrum in HG at high pressure, which reveal soft phonon modes that may facilitate the phase transition involving the sliding and puckering of the HG layers. We have further calculated the Gibbs free energy, including the vibrational energy and entropy, and derived the phase diagram between HG and CD phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Mittal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Mayanak Kumar Gupta
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Samrath Lal Chaplot
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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28
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Tang J, Cheng T, Wang Y, Hu L, Hong M, Qin W, Cai G, Jiang C, Ren F. Constructing high-performance radiation-resistant ternary YSZ-MgO-CNT nanocomposites via tailored nanostructures. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Electrically Conductive Networks from Hybrids of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Created by Laser Radiation. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081875. [PMID: 34443706 PMCID: PMC8399117 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A technology for the formation of electrically conductive nanostructures from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and their hybrids with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on Si substrate has been developed. Under the action of single pulses of laser irradiation, nanowelding of SWCNT and MWCNT nanotubes with graphene sheets was obtained. Dependences of electromagnetic wave absorption by films of short and long nanotubes with subnanometer and nanometer diameters on wavelength are calculated. It was determined from dependences that absorption maxima of various types of nanotubes are in the wavelength region of about 266 nm. It was found that contact between nanotube and graphene was formed in time up to 400 fs. Formation of networks of SWCNT/MWCNT and their hybrids with rGO at threshold energy densities of 0.3/0.5 J/cm2 is shown. With an increase in energy density above the threshold value, formation of amorphous carbon nanoinclusions on the surface of nanotubes was demonstrated. For all films, except the MWCNT film, an increase in defectiveness after laser irradiation was obtained, which is associated with appearance of C–C bonds with neighboring nanotubes or graphene sheets. CNTs played the role of bridges connecting graphene sheets. Laser-synthesized hybrid nanostructures demonstrated the highest hardness compared to pure nanotubes. Maximum hardness (52.7 GPa) was obtained for MWCNT/rGO topology. Regularity of an increase in electrical conductivity of nanostructures after laser irradiation has been established for films made of all nanomaterials. Hybrid structures of nanotubes and graphene sheets have the highest electrical conductivity compared to networks of pure nanotubes. Maximum electrical conductivity was obtained for MWCNT/rGO hybrid structure (~22.6 kS/m). Networks of nanotubes and CNT/rGO hybrids can be used to form strong electrically conductive interconnections in nanoelectronics, as well as to create components for flexible electronics and bioelectronics, including intelligent wearable devices (IWDs).
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31
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Gupta S, Periasamy P, Narayanan B. Defect dynamics in two-dimensional black phosphorus under argon ion irradiation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8575-8590. [PMID: 33912891 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00567g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the atomic-scale mechanisms underlying production, accumulation, and temporal evolution of defects in phosphorene during noble-gas ion irradiation is crucial to design efficient defect engineering routes to fabricate next-generation materials for energy technologies. Here, we employed classical molecular dynamics (CMD) simulations using a reactive force field to unravel the effect of defect dynamics on the structural changes in a monolayer of phosphorene induced by argon-ion irradiation, and its subsequent relaxation during post-radiation annealing treatment. Analysis of our CMD trajectories using unsupervised machine learning methods showed that radiation fluence strongly influences the types of defect that form, their dynamics, and their relaxation mechanisms during subsequent annealing. Low ion fluences yielded a largely crystalline sheet featuring isolated small voids (up to 2 nm), Stone-Wales defects, and mono-/di-vacancies; while large nanopores (∼10 nm) can form beyond a critical fluence of ∼1014 ions per cm2. During post-radiation annealing, we found two distinct relaxation mechanisms, depending on the fluence level. The isolated small voids (1-2 nm) formed at low ion-fluences heal via local re-arrangement of rings, which is facilitated by a cooperative mechanism involving a series of atomic motions that include thermal rippling, bond formation, bond rotation, angle bending and dihedral twisting. On the other hand, damaged structures obtained at high fluences exhibit pronounced coalescence of nanopores mediated by 3D networks of P-centered tetrahedra. These findings provide new perspectives to use ion beams to precisely control the concentration and distribution of specific defect types in phosphorene for emerging applications in electronics, batteries, sensing, and neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saransh Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, 332 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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32
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Zhang ZT, Yang QQ, Zhen XJ, Feng ZZ, Zhai XP, Zhang XD, Huang YF, Wang Q, Zhang HL. Two-Dimensional Bismuthene Showing Radiation-Tolerant Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21626-21634. [PMID: 33904717 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing space exploration enterprise calls for novel and high-quality radiation-resistant materials, among which nonlinear optical materials and devices are particularly scarce. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown promising potential, but the radiation effects on their nonlinear optical properties remain largely elusive. We previously fabricated 2D bismuthene for mode-locking sub-ns laser; herein, their space adaption was evaluated under a simulated space radiation environment. The as-synthesized thin layers of bismuthene exhibited strong third-order nonlinear optical responses extending into the near-infrared region. Remarkably, when exposed to 60Co γ-rays and electron irradiation, the bismuthene showed only slight degradation in saturable absorption behaviors that were critical for mode-locking in space. Ultrafast spectroscopy was applied to address the radiation effects and damage mechanisms that are difficult to understand by routine techniques. This work offers a new bottom-up approach for preparing 2D bismuthene, and the elucidation of its fundamental excited-state dynamics after radiation also provides a guideline to optimize the material for eventual space applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhan-Zu Feng
- Science and Technology on Material Performance Evaluating in Space Environment Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin-Ping Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials Behavior and Evaluation Technology in Space Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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33
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Low-energy electron-driven observation of nanometer-sized Laves phases at alloy surfaces enabling statistical characterization with high precision and efficiency. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lak A, Disch S, Bender P. Embracing Defects and Disorder in Magnetic Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002682. [PMID: 33854879 PMCID: PMC8025001 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles have tremendous scientific and technological potential in a broad range of technologies, from energy applications to biomedicine. To improve their performance, single-crystalline and defect-free nanoparticles have thus far been aspired. However, in several recent studies, defect-rich nanoparticles outperform their defect-free counterparts in magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Here, an overview on the state-of-the-art of design and characterization of defects and resulting spin disorder in magnetic nanoparticles is presented with a focus on iron oxide nanoparticles. The beneficial impact of defects and disorder on intracellular magnetic hyperthermia performance of magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery and cancer therapy is emphasized. Defect-engineering in iron oxide nanoparticles emerges to become an alternative approach to tailor their magnetic properties for biomedicine, as it is already common practice in established systems such as semiconductors and emerging fields including perovskite solar cells. Finally, perspectives and thoughts are given on how to deliberately induce defects in iron oxide nanoparticles and their potential implications for magnetic tracers to monitor cell therapy and immunotherapy by MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidin Lak
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoScienceLMU MunichAmalienstr. 54Munich80799Germany
| | - Sabrina Disch
- Department für ChemieUniversität zu KölnGreinstraße 4‐6Köln50939Germany
| | - Philipp Bender
- Department of Physics and Materials ScienceUniversity of Luxembourg162A avenue de la FaÏencerieLuxembourgL‐1511Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Present address:
Heinz Maier‐Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ)Technische Universität MünchenD‐85748GarchingGermany
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35
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Wang X, Fan H, Han D, Hong Y, Zhang J. Thermal boundary resistance at graphene-pentacene interface explored by a data-intensive approach. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:215404. [PMID: 33596554 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the machinery of artificial intelligence matures in recent years, there has been a surge in applying machine learning (ML) techniques for material property predictions. Artificial neural network (ANN) is a branch of ML and has gained increasing popularity due to its capabilities of modeling complex correlations among large datasets. The interfacial thermal transport plays a significant role in the thermal management of graphene-pentacene based organic electronics. In this work, the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) between graphene and pentacene is comprehensively investigated by classical molecular dynamics simulations combined with the ML technique. The TBR values along thea,bandcdirections of pentacene at 300 K are 5.19 ± 0.18 × 10-8m2K W-1, 3.66 ± 0.36 × 10-8m2K W-1and 5.03 ± 0.14 × 10-8m2K W-1, respectively. Different architectures of ANN models are trained to predict the TBR between graphene and pentacene. Two important hyperparameters, i.e. network layer and the number of neurons are explored to achieve the best prediction results. It is reported that the two-layer ANN with 40 neurons each layer provides the optimal model performance with a normalized mean square error loss of 7.04 × 10-4. Our results provide reasonable guidelines for the thermal design and development of graphene-pentacene electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhao Fan
- Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Han
- Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - Jingchao Zhang
- NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States of America
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36
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Fischer M, Caridad JM, Sajid A, Ghaderzadeh S, Ghorbani-Asl M, Gammelgaard L, Bøggild P, Thygesen KS, Krasheninnikov AV, Xiao S, Wubs M, Stenger N. Controlled generation of luminescent centers in hexagonal boron nitride by irradiation engineering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabe7138. [PMID: 33597249 PMCID: PMC7888958 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent centers in the two-dimensional material hexagonal boron nitride have the potential to enable quantum applications at room temperature. To be used for applications, it is crucial to generate these centers in a controlled manner and to identify their microscopic nature. Here, we present a method inspired by irradiation engineering with oxygen atoms. We systematically explore the influence of the kinetic energy and the irradiation fluence on the generation of luminescent centers. We find modifications of their density for both parameters, while a fivefold enhancement is observed with increasing fluence. Molecular dynamics simulations clarify the generation mechanism of these centers and their microscopic nature. We infer that VNCB and [Formula: see text] are the most likely centers formed. Ab initio calculations of their optical properties show excellent agreement with our experiments. Our methodology generates quantum emitters in a controlled manner and provides insights into their microscopic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fischer
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J M Caridad
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A Sajid
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Ghaderzadeh
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Ghorbani-Asl
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - L Gammelgaard
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Bøggild
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K S Thygesen
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - S Xiao
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Wubs
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Stenger
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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37
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Liu C, Zhang J, Zhang X, Muruganathan M, Mizuta H, Oshima Y. In-situ electrical conductance measurement of suspended ultra-narrow graphene nanoribbons observed via transmission electron microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:025710. [PMID: 32992312 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbca7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbon is an attractive material for nano-electronic devices, as their electrical transport performance can be controlled by their edge structures. However, in most cases, the electrical transport has been investigated only for graphene nanoribbons fabricated on a substrate, which hinders the appearance of intrinsic electrical transport due to screening effects. In this study, we developed special devices based on silicon chips for transmission electron microscopy to observe a monolayer graphene nanoribbon suspended between two gold electrodes. Moreover, with the development of an in-situ transmission electron microscopy holder, the current-voltage characteristics were achieved simultaneously with observing and modifying the structure. We found that the current-voltage characteristics differed between 1.5 nm-wide graphene nanoribbons with armchair and zigzag edge structures. The energy gap of the zigzag edge was more than two-fold larger than that of the armchair edge and exhibited an abrupt jump above a critical bias voltage in the differential conductance curve. Thus, our in-situ transmission electron microscopy method is promising for elucidating the structural dependence of electrical conduction in two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Liu
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Manoharan Muruganathan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuta
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3: 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshifumi Oshima
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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38
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Vinchon P, Glad X, Robert Bigras G, Martel R, Stafford L. Preferential self-healing at grain boundaries in plasma-treated graphene. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:49-54. [PMID: 32690911 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of defects located in grains or at grain boundaries is central to the development of functional materials. Although there is a surge of interest in the formation, migration and annihilation of defects during ion and plasma irradiation of bulk materials, these processes are rarely assessed in low-dimensional materials and remain mostly unexplored spectroscopically at the micrometre scale due to experimental limitations. Here, we use a hyperspectral Raman imaging scheme providing high selectivity and diffraction-limited spatial resolution to examine plasma-induced damage in a polycrystalline graphene film. Measurements conducted before and after very low-energy (11-13 eV) ion bombardment show defect generation in graphene grains following a zero-dimensional defect curve, whereas domain boundaries tend to develop as one-dimensional defects. Damage generation is slower at grain boundaries than within the grains, a behaviour ascribed to preferential self-healing. This evidence of local defect migration and structural recovery in graphene sheds light on the complexity of chemical and physical processes at the grain boundaries of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vinchon
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - X Glad
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - G Robert Bigras
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - R Martel
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - L Stafford
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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39
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40
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Weinhold M, Klar PJ. Patterning 2D materials for devices by mild lithography. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29887-29895. [PMID: 35480291 PMCID: PMC9041141 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04982h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2D materials have been intensively studied for almost two decades and are now exhibiting exceptional properties. Thus, devices that integrate 2D materials offer many novel functionalities that will contribute significantly to the transition into an era beyond ‘Moore’. Lithographic methods are key technologies in the context of materials' integration into devices. However, to fully leverage the capabilities of these potential devices, it is vital to keep the integrity of the 2D materials intact and to minimize damage induced by device processing. This requirement is only partially met when employing conventional lithography methods, as they induce structural defects in the delicate materials. We demonstrate that exposing graphene to typical electron doses used in conventional electron beam lithography induces significant defect formation. The defect density is proportional to the electron dose and the structural integrity cannot be fully recovered by thermal annealing. We introduce a novel approach of mild lithography which combines traditional processing methods with a subsequent transfer step of the patterned mask onto the 2D material. We demonstrate that this separation of pattern definition and pattern application allows the lithographic process to be performed without exposing and potentially damaging the 2D material being processed. Finally, as an example relevant in terms of innovative device architectures, we present how the mild lithography approach can be used to achieve ordered arrangements of gold nanoparticles on 2D materials. Mild lithography allows patterning of 2D materials while minimizing processing-induced defects. Thus, their structural integrity and intrinsic properties are preserved.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Weinhold
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, DE-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter J. Klar
- Institute of Experimental Physics I and Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, DE-35392 Giessen, Germany
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41
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Krasheninnikov AV. Are two-dimensional materials radiation tolerant? NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1447-1452. [PMID: 32969454 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have many unique properties, which can be exploited in various applications. In particular, electronic devices based on 2D materials should ideally be suited for the operation in outer cosmic space due to their low weight, small size and low power consumption. This brings about the issue of their radiation hardness, or tolerance, which has recently been addressed in a number of studies. The results of these investigations are somewhat counterintuitive: although one can naively expect that atomically thin structures should easily be destroyed by the beams of energetic particles, the devices made from 2D materials were reported to exhibit extraordinary radiation hardness. In this Focus article, an overview of the recent studies on the subject is given, followed by the discussion of the origin of the reported high tolerance, which is inherently related to the response of 2D materials, the systems with the reduced dimensionality, to irradiation. The analysis of the experimental and theoretical data on the behavior of 2D systems under irradiation indicates that although free-standing 2D materials can indeed be referred to as radiation resilient systems under irradiation conditions corresponding to the outer space, this is generally not the case, as the environment, e.g., the substrate, can strongly influence the radiation tolerance of 2D materials and devices based on these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
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42
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Gas separation using graphene nanosheet: insights from theory and simulation. J Mol Model 2020; 26:322. [PMID: 33118096 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of porous graphene, especially experimental research, is a challenging issue in related academic and technology and has become a hot topic in recent years. It is well known that the preparation of porous graphene is a difficult problem in experimental techniques. To prepare nanoporous graphene, much attention must focus on the quality of nanoporous structures and throughput array pores. Therefore, a comprehensive summary as much as possible has been made to provide a better understanding of the progress. A summary of synthesis techniques, the properties of nanoporous graphene membranes from the synthesis point of view, and potential applications of porous graphene and graphene oxide for gas separation on the basis of theoretical studies were given attention in this paper. Gas separation, including carbon dioxide capture, gas storage, natural gas sweetening, and flue gas purification through porous graphene, is of great interest. Porous graphene with narrow pore distribution provides exciting opportunities in gas separation processes.
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Ghaderzadeh S, Ladygin V, Ghorbani-Asl M, Hlawacek G, Schleberger M, Krasheninnikov AV. Freestanding and Supported MoS 2 Monolayers under Cluster Irradiation: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37454-37463. [PMID: 32814400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials with nanometer-size holes are promising systems for DNA sequencing, water purification, and molecule selection/separation. However, controllable creation of holes with uniform sizes and shapes is still a challenge, especially when the 2D material consists of several atomic layers as, e.g., MoS2, the archetypical transition metal dichalcogenide. We use analytical potential molecular dynamics simulations to study the response of 2D MoS2 to cluster irradiation. We model both freestanding and supported sheets and assess the amount of damage created in MoS2 by the impacts of noble gas clusters in a wide range of cluster energies and incident angles. We show that cluster irradiation can be used to produce uniform holes in 2D MoS2 with the diameter being dependent on cluster size and energy. Energetic clusters can also be used to displace sulfur atoms preferentially from either top or bottom layers of S atoms in MoS2 and also clean the surface of MoS2 sheets from adsorbents. Our results for MoS2, which should be relevant to other 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, suggest new routes toward cluster beam engineering of devices based on 2D inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Ghaderzadeh
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir Ladygin
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gregor Hlawacek
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marika Schleberger
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, 00076 Espoo, Finland
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45
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Park S, Lee G, Park B, Seo Y, bin Park C, Chun YT, Joo C, Rho J, Kim JM, Hone J, Jun SC. Electrically focus-tuneable ultrathin lens for high-resolution square subpixels. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:98. [PMID: 32549978 PMCID: PMC7275053 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the tremendous demands for high-resolution pixel-scale thin lenses in displays, we developed a graphene-based ultrathin square subpixel lens (USSL) capable of electrically tuneable focusing (ETF) with a performance competitive with that of a typical mechanical refractive lens. The fringe field due to a voltage bias in the graphene proves that our ETF-USSL can focus light onto a single point regardless of the wavelength of the visible light-by controlling the carriers at the Dirac point using radially patterned graphene layers, the focal length of the planar structure can be adjusted without changing the curvature or position of the lens. A high focusing efficiency of over 60% at a visible wavelength of 405 nm was achieved with a lens thickness of <13 nm, and a change of 19.42% in the focal length with a 9% increase in transmission was exhibited under a driving voltage. This design is first presented as an ETF-USSL that can be controlled in pixel units of flat panel displays for visible light. It can be easily applied as an add-on to high resolution, slim displays and provides a new direction for the application of multifunctional autostereoscopic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehong Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Gilho Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongho Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Seo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Chae bin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tea Chun
- Electrical Engineering Division, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OFA UK
- Department of Electronic Material Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112 Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Electrical Engineering Division, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OFA UK
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Mudd 220, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Seong Chan Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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Li D, Wang Y, Cui T, Ma Y, Ding F. Local Carbon Concentration Determines the Graphene Edge Structure. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3451-3457. [PMID: 32298587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the structures and properties of various graphene edges have attracted enormous attention, the underlying mechanism that determines the appearance of various edges is still unknown. Here, a global search of graphene edge structures is performed by using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. In addition to locating the most stable edges of graphene, two databases of graphene armchair and zigzag edge structures are built. Graphene edge self-passivation plays an important role in the stability of the edges of graphene, and self-passivated edge structures that contain both octagons and triangles are found for the first time. The obvious "apical dominance" feature of armchair edges is found. The appearance of the experimentally observed ac(56), ac(677), and Klein edges can be explained by the local carbon concentration. Additionally, the graphene edge database is also significant for the study of the open end of nanotubes or fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Li
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanchao Wang
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Tian Cui
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Ma
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Cypriano J, Bahri M, Dembelé K, Baaziz W, Leão P, Bazylinski DA, Abreu F, Ersen O, Farina M, Werckmann J. Insight on thermal stability of magnetite magnetosomes: implications for the fossil record and biotechnology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6706. [PMID: 32317676 PMCID: PMC7174351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetosomes are intracellular magnetic nanocrystals composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4), enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane, produced by magnetotactic bacteria. Because of the stability of these structures in certain environments after cell death and lysis, magnetosome magnetite crystals contribute to the magnetization of sediments as well as providing a fossil record of ancient microbial ecosystems. The persistence or changes of the chemical and magnetic features of magnetosomes under certain conditions in different environments are important factors in biotechnology and paleomagnetism. Here we evaluated the thermal stability of magnetosomes in a temperature range between 150 and 500 °C subjected to oxidizing conditions by using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that magnetosomes are stable and structurally and chemically unaffected at temperatures up to 300 °C. Interestingly, the membrane of magnetosomes was still observable after heating the samples to 300 °C. When heated between 300 °C and 500 °C cavity formation in the crystals was observed most probably associated to the partial transformation of magnetite into maghemite due to the Kirkendall effect at the nanoscale. This study provides some insight into the stability of magnetosomes in specific environments over geological periods and offers novel tools to investigate biogenic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kassiogé Dembelé
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Baaziz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jacques Werckmann
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, LABNANO, rua Xavier Sigaud, 150, CEP, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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The Effect of Ion Irradiation Density on the Defect of Graphene: A Molecular Dynamics Study. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper analyzes graphene irradiation effects using a molecular dynamic simulation software, large-scale atomic / molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). We propose a hypothesis for the effective range of incident ions based on simulation results of irradiation effects that were found using a suspended single-layer graphene. This explains the influence mechanism of irradiation density on the degree of material defects. This paper does key research on how copper substrate influences a single- and bi-layer graphene. The results show that for a single-layer graphene (SLG) the substrate increases the effective range of the incident ions. Within a certain range of the irradiation density, the substrate enhances the defect production on graphene in low-energy irradiation (<5 keV). However, due to the shielding effect of the substrate, the overall trend of graphene damage will be reduced. For the bi-layer graphene (BLG), the effect of the indirect action range is more obvious than that of the direct-action range. In the case of low irradiation density, the knock-on atoms of BLG are much less than suspended SLG.
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Zhao D, Chang B, Beleggia M. Electron-Beam Patterning of Vapor-Deposited Solid Anisole. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6436-6441. [PMID: 31942796 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emerging ice lithography (IL) nanofabrication technology differs from conventional electron-beam lithography by working at cryogenic temperatures and using vapor-deposited organic molecules, such as solid water and alkanes, as e-beam resists. In this paper, we systematically investigate e-beam patterning of frozen anisole and assess its performance as an e-beam resist in IL. Dose curves reveal that anisole has a very low contrast of ∼1, with a very weak dependence on primary beam energy in the investigated range of 5-20 keV. The minimum line width of 60 nm is attainable at 20 keV, limited by stage vibration in our apparatus. Notably, various solid states of anisole have been observed and we can control the deposited anisole from crystalline to amorphous state by decreasing the deposition temperature. The critical temperature for forming an amorphous film is 130 K in the vacuum of a microscope chamber. Smooth patterns with a surface roughness of ∼0.7 nm are achieved in the as-deposited amorphous solid anisole. As a proof of principle of 3D fabrication, we finally fabricate nanoscale patterns on exotic silicon micropillars with a high aspect ratio using this resist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhao
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Bingdong Chang
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Marco Beleggia
- DTU Nanolab, National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
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Effects of electromagnetic irradiation on low-molecular-weight fraction of fluidized catalytic cracking decant oil for synthesis of pitch precursor. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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