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Li Z, Abram L, Peall KJ. Deciphering the Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underpinning Myoclonus Dystonia Using Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cellular Models. Cells 2024; 13:1520. [PMID: 39329704 PMCID: PMC11430605 DOI: 10.3390/cells13181520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1.2% and is characterised by involuntary muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures and pain. Only symptomatic treatments are available with no disease-modifying or curative therapy, in large part due to the limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. However, the inherited monogenic forms of dystonia provide an opportunity for the development of disease models to examine these mechanisms. Myoclonus Dystonia, caused by SGCE mutations encoding the ε-sarcoglycan protein, represents one of now >50 monogenic forms. Previous research has implicated the involvement of the basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit in dystonia pathogenesis, but further work is needed to understand the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms. Pluripotent stem cell technology enables a patient-derived disease modelling platform harbouring disease-causing mutations. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the aetiology of Myoclonus Dystonia, recent advances in producing distinct neuronal types from pluripotent stem cells, and their application in modelling Myoclonus Dystonia in vitro. Future research employing pluripotent stem cell-derived cellular models is crucial to elucidate how distinct neuronal types may contribute to dystonia and how disruption to neuronal function can give rise to dystonic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongze Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Laura Abram
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Kathryn J Peall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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2
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Gambosi B, Jamal Sheiban F, Biasizzo M, Antonietti A, D'angelo E, Mazzoni A, Pedrocchi A. A Model with Dopamine Depletion in Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Predicts Changes in Thalamocortical Beta Oscillations. Int J Neural Syst 2024; 34:2450045. [PMID: 38886870 DOI: 10.1142/s012906572450045x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is presented as a motor syndrome characterized by rigidity, tremors, and bradykinesia, with Parkinson's disease (PD) being the predominant cause. The discovery that those motor symptoms result from the death of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra led to focus most of parkinsonism research on the basal ganglia (BG). However, recent findings point to an active involvement of the cerebellum in this motor syndrome. Here, we have developed a multiscale computational model of the rodent brain's BG-cerebellar network. Simulations showed that a direct effect of dopamine depletion on the cerebellum must be taken into account to reproduce the alterations of neural activity in parkinsonism, particularly the increased beta oscillations widely reported in PD patients. Moreover, dopamine depletion indirectly impacted spike-time-dependent plasticity at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, degrading associative motor learning as observed in parkinsonism. Overall, these results suggest a relevant involvement of cerebellum in parkinsonism associative motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Gambosi
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Jamal Sheiban
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Biasizzo
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering (DIE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonietti
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Egidio D'angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Digital Neuroscience Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzoni
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NearLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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3
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Benarroch E. What Is the Role of the Dentate Nucleus in Normal and Abnormal Cerebellar Function? Neurology 2024; 103:e209636. [PMID: 38954796 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
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4
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Gittis AH, Sillitoe RV. Circuit-Specific Deep Brain Stimulation Provides Insights into Movement Control. Annu Rev Neurosci 2024; 47:63-83. [PMID: 38424473 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092823-104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a method in which electrical stimulation is delivered to specific areas of the brain, is an effective treatment for managing symptoms of a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical access to neural circuits during DBS provides an opportunity to study the functional link between neural circuits and behavior. This review discusses how the use of DBS in Parkinson's disease and dystonia has provided insights into the brain networks and physiological mechanisms that underlie motor control. In parallel, insights from basic science about how patterns of electrical stimulation impact plasticity and communication within neural circuits are transforming DBS from a therapy for treating symptoms to a therapy for treating circuits, with the goal of training the brain out of its diseased state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryn H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Neuroscience, Pathology & Immunology, and Pediatrics; and Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Ruan DD, Zou J, Liao LS, Ji MD, Wang RL, Zhang JH, Zhang L, Gao MZ, Chen Q, Yu HP, Wei W, Li YF, Li H, Lin F, Luo JW, Lin XF. In vitro study of ATP1A3 p.Ala275Pro mutant causing alternating hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1415576. [PMID: 39145297 PMCID: PMC11322359 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1415576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction We previously reported that ATP1A3 c.823G>C (p.Ala275Pro) mutant causes varying phenotypes of alternative hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism in the same family. This study aims to investigate the function of ATP1A3 c.823G>C (p.Ala275Pro) mutant at the cellular and zebrafish models. Methods ATP1A3 wild-type and mutant Hela cell lines were constructed, and ATP1A3 mRNA expression, ATP1A3 protein expression and localization, and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in each group of cells were detected. Additionally, we also constructed zebrafish models with ATP1A3 wild-type overexpression (WT) and p.Ala275Pro mutant overexpression (MUT). Subsequently, we detected the mRNA expression of dopamine signaling pathway-associated genes, Parkinson's disease-associated genes, and apoptosisassociated genes in each group of zebrafish, and observed the growth, development, and movement behavior of zebrafish. Results Cells carrying the p.Ala275Pro mutation exhibited lower levels of ATP1A3 mRNA, reduced ATP1A3 protein expression, and decreased Na+-K+-ATPase activity compared to wild-type cells. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that ATP1A3 was primarily localized in the cytoplasm, but there was no significant difference in ATP1A3 protein localization before and after the mutation. In the zebrafish model, both WT and MUT groups showed lower brain and body length, dopamine neuron fluorescence intensity, escape ability, swimming distance, and average swimming speed compared to the control group. Moreover, overexpression of both wild-type and mutant ATP1A3 led to abnormal mRNA expression of genes associated with the dopamine signaling pathway and Parkinson's disease in zebrafish, and significantly upregulated transcription levels of bad and caspase-3 in the apoptosis signaling pathway, while reducing the transcriptional level of bcl-2 and the bcl-2/bax ratio. Conclusion This study reveals that the p.Ala275Pro mutant decreases ATP1A3 protein expression and Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Abnormal expression of either wild-type or mutant ATP1A3 genes impairs growth, development, and movement behavior in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-dan Ruan
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-sheng Liao
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming-dong Ji
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruo-li Wang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian-hui Zhang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mei-zhu Gao
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong-ping Yu
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yun-fei Li
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fan Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie-wei Luo
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin-fu Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Pediatrics Department, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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6
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van der Heijden ME, Brown AM, Kizek DJ, Sillitoe RV. Cerebellar nuclei cells produce distinct pathogenic spike signatures in mouse models of ataxia, dystonia, and tremor. eLife 2024; 12:RP91483. [PMID: 39072369 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum contributes to a diverse array of motor conditions, including ataxia, dystonia, and tremor. The neural substrates that encode this diversity are unclear. Here, we tested whether the neural spike activity of cerebellar output neurons is distinct between movement disorders with different impairments, generalizable across movement disorders with similar impairments, and capable of causing distinct movement impairments. Using in vivo awake recordings as input data, we trained a supervised classifier model to differentiate the spike parameters between mouse models for ataxia, dystonia, and tremor. The classifier model correctly assigned mouse phenotypes based on single-neuron signatures. Spike signatures were shared across etiologically distinct but phenotypically similar disease models. Mimicking these pathophysiological spike signatures with optogenetics induced the predicted motor impairments in otherwise healthy mice. These data show that distinct spike signatures promote the behavioral presentation of cerebellar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Dominic J Kizek
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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Yoshioka N, Kurose M, Sano H, Tran DM, Chiken S, Tainaka K, Yamamura K, Kobayashi K, Nambu A, Takebayashi H. Sensory-motor circuit is a therapeutic target for dystonia musculorum mice, a model of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 6. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9335. [PMID: 39058787 PMCID: PMC11277474 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in Dystonin (DST), which encodes cytoskeletal linker proteins, cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 6 (HSAN-VI) in humans and the dystonia musculorum (dt) phenotype in mice; however, the neuronal circuit underlying the HSAN-VI and dt phenotype is unresolved. dt mice exhibit dystonic movements accompanied by the simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles and postnatal lethality. Here, we identified the sensory-motor circuit as a major causative neural circuit using a gene trap system that enables neural circuit-selective inactivation and restoration of Dst by Cre-mediated recombination. Sensory neuron-selective Dst deletion led to motor impairment, degeneration of proprioceptive sensory neurons, and disruption of the sensory-motor circuit. Restoration of Dst expression in sensory neurons using Cre driver mice or a single postnatal injection of Cre-expressing adeno-associated virus ameliorated sensory degeneration and improved abnormal movements. These findings demonstrate that the sensory-motor circuit is involved in the movement disorders in dt mice and that the sensory circuit is a therapeutic target for HSAN-VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Transdisciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurose
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
- Division of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Dang Minh Tran
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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8
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Lacen A, Symasek A, Gunter A, Lee HT. Slow G-Quadruplex Conformation Rearrangement and Accessibility Change Induced by Potassium in Human Telomeric Single-Stranded DNA. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5950-5965. [PMID: 38875355 PMCID: PMC11216195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The guanine-rich telomeric repeats can form G-quadruplexes (G4s) that alter the accessibility of the single-stranded telomeric overhang. In this study, we investigated the effects of Na+ and K+ on G4 folding and accessibility through cation introduction and exchange. We combined differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), and single molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to monitor the stability, conformational dynamics, and complementary strand binding accessibility of G4 formed by single-stranded telomeric DNA. Our data showed that G4 formed through heating and slow cooling in K+ solution exhibited fewer conformational dynamics than G4 formed in Na+ solution, which is consistent with the higher thermal stability of G4 in K+. Monitoring cation exchange with real time smFRET at room temperature shows that Na+ and K+ can replace each other in G4. When encountering high K+ at room or body temperature, G4 undergoes a slow conformational rearrangement process which is mostly complete by 2 h. The slow conformational rearrangement ends with a stable G4 that is unable to be unfolded by a complementary strand. This study provides new insights into the accessibility of G4 forming sequences at different time points after introduction to a high K+ environment in cells, which may affect how the nascent telomeric overhang interacts with proteins and telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna
N. Lacen
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Andrew Symasek
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Alan Gunter
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Hui-Ting Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
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Burnett SB, Culver AM, Simon TA, Rowson T, Frederick K, Palmer K, Murray SA, Davis SW, Patel RC. A frameshift mutation in the murine Prkra gene causes dystonia and exhibits abnormal cerebellar development and reduced eIF2α phosphorylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597421. [PMID: 38895245 PMCID: PMC11185611 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in Prkra gene, which encodes PACT/RAX cause early onset primary dystonia DYT-PRKRA, a movement disorder that disrupts coordinated muscle movements. PACT/RAX activates protein kinase R (PKR, aka EIF2AK2) by a direct interaction in response to cellular stressors to mediate phosphorylation of the α subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). Mice homozygous for a naturally arisen, recessively inherited frameshift mutation, Prkra lear-5J exhibit progressive dystonia. In the present study, we investigate the biochemical and developmental consequences of the Prkra lear-5J mutation. Our results indicate that the truncated PACT/RAX protein retains its ability to interact with PKR, however, it inhibits PKR activation. Furthermore, mice homozygous for the mutation have abnormalities in the cerebellar development as well as a severe lack of dendritic arborization of Purkinje neurons. Additionally, reduced eIF2α phosphorylation is noted in the cerebellums and Purkinje neurons of the homozygous Prkra lear-5J mice. These results indicate that PACT/RAX mediated regulation of PKR activity and eIF2α phosphorylation plays a role in cerebellar development and contributes to the dystonia phenotype resulting from this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristina Palmer
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St., Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Semenova U, Dzhalagoniya I, Gamaleya A, Tomskiy A, Shaikh AG, Sedov A. Pallidal multifractal complexity is a new potential physiomarker of dystonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 162:31-40. [PMID: 38555665 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-frequency 4-12 Hz pallidal oscillations are being considered as potential physiomarkers for dystonia. We suggest investigating the multifractal properties of pallidal activity as an additional marker. METHODS We employed local field potentials (LFP) recordings from 23 patients with dystonia who were undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery to explore the connection between disease severity and the multifractal characteristics of pallidal activity. Furthermore, we performed an analysis of LFP recordings from four patients, following the externalization of DBS lead electrodes, to investigate the impact of DBS and neck muscle vibration on multifractal parameters. RESULTS Greater dystonia severity exhibited a correlation with a narrower multifractal spectrum width but higher multifractal spectral asymmetry. Both GPi DBS and muscle vibration in dystonia patients expanded the multifractal spectrum width while restoring multifractal spectral symmetry. Notably, the threshold peak intensities for an increase in multifractal spectrum width substantially overlapped with the optimal volume of tissue activated. A broader multifractal spectrum during DBS corresponded to more favorable clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Multifractal properties of pallidal neuronal activity serve as indicators of neural dysfunction in dystonia. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest the potential of utilizing multifractal characteristics as predictive factors for the DBS outcome in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulia Semenova
- N.N.Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Indiko Dzhalagoniya
- N.N.Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Gamaleya
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Tomskiy
- N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA; Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexey Sedov
- N.N.Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
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Nguyen MX, Brown AM, Lin T, Sillitoe RV, Gill JS. Targeting DBS to the centrolateral thalamic nucleus improves movement in a lesion-based model of acquired cerebellar dystonia in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595095. [PMID: 38826430 PMCID: PMC11142135 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder and an incapacitating co-morbidity in a variety of neurologic conditions. Dystonia can be caused by genetic, degenerative, idiopathic, and acquired etiologies, which are hypothesized to converge on a "dystonia network" consisting of the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. In acquired dystonia, focal lesions to subcortical areas in the network - the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum - lead to a dystonia that can be difficult to manage with canonical treatments, including deep brain stimulation (DBS). While studies in animal models have begun to parse the contribution of individual nodes in the dystonia network, how acquired injury to the cerebellar outflow tracts instigates dystonia; and how network modulation interacts with symptom latency remain as unexplored questions. Here, we present an electrolytic lesioning paradigm that bilaterally targets the cerebellar outflow tracts. We found that lesioning these tracts, at the junction of the superior cerebellar peduncles and the medial and intermediate cerebellar nuclei, resulted in acute, severe dystonia. We observed that dystonia is reduced with one hour of DBS of the centrolateral thalamic nucleus, a first order node in the network downstream of the cerebellar nuclei. In contrast, one hour of stimulation at a second order node in the short latency, disynaptic projection from the cerebellar nuclei, the striatum, did not modulate the dystonia in the short-term. Our study introduces a robust paradigm for inducing acute, severe dystonia, and demonstrates that targeted modulation based on network principles powerfully rescues motor behavior. These data inspire the identification of therapeutic targets for difficult to manage acquired dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan X. Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason S. Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Matsuda T, Morigaki R, Hayasawa H, Koyama H, Oda T, Miyake K, Takagi Y. Striatal parvalbumin interneurons are activated in a mouse model of cerebellar dystonia. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050338. [PMID: 38616770 PMCID: PMC11128288 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is thought to arise from abnormalities in the motor loop of the basal ganglia; however, there is an ongoing debate regarding cerebellar involvement. We adopted an established cerebellar dystonia mouse model by injecting ouabain to examine the contribution of the cerebellum. Initially, we examined whether the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), globus pallidus externus (GPe) and striatal neurons were activated in the model. Next, we examined whether administration of a dopamine D1 receptor agonist and dopamine D2 receptor antagonist or selective ablation of striatal parvalbumin (PV, encoded by Pvalb)-expressing interneurons could modulate the involuntary movements of the mice. The cerebellar dystonia mice had a higher number of cells positive for c-fos (encoded by Fos) in the EPN, SNr and GPe, as well as a higher positive ratio of c-fos in striatal PV interneurons, than those in control mice. Furthermore, systemic administration of combined D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist and selective ablation of striatal PV interneurons relieved the involuntary movements of the mice. Abnormalities in the motor loop of the basal ganglia could be crucially involved in cerebellar dystonia, and modulating PV interneurons might provide a novel treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hayasawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Teruo Oda
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Miyake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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13
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van der Heijden ME, Brown AM, Kizek DJ, Sillitoe RV. Cerebellar nuclei cells produce distinct pathogenic spike signatures in mouse models of ataxia, dystonia, and tremor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.07.539767. [PMID: 37214855 PMCID: PMC10197583 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.07.539767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum contributes to a diverse array of motor conditions including ataxia, dystonia, and tremor. The neural substrates that encode this diversity are unclear. Here, we tested whether the neural spike activity of cerebellar output neurons is distinct between movement disorders with different impairments, generalizable across movement disorders with similar impairments, and capable of causing distinct movement impairments. Using in vivo awake recordings as input data, we trained a supervised classifier model to differentiate the spike parameters between mouse models for ataxia, dystonia, and tremor. The classifier model correctly assigned mouse phenotypes based on single neuron signatures. Spike signatures were shared across etiologically distinct but phenotypically similar disease models. Mimicking these pathophysiological spike signatures with optogenetics induced the predicted motor impairments in otherwise healthy mice. These data show that distinct spike signatures promote the behavioral presentation of cerebellar diseases.
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14
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Thomsen M, Lange LM, Zech M, Lohmann K. Genetics and Pathogenesis of Dystonia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:99-131. [PMID: 37738511 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. A number of groundbreaking genetic and molecular insights have recently been gained. While they enable genetic testing and counseling, their translation into new therapies is still limited. However, we are beginning to understand shared pathophysiological pathways and molecular mechanisms. It has become clear that dystonia results from a dysfunctional network involving the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and cortex. On the molecular level, more than a handful of, often intertwined, pathways have been linked to pathogenic variants in dystonia genes, including gene transcription during neurodevelopment (e.g., KMT2B, THAP1), calcium homeostasis (e.g., ANO3, HPCA), striatal dopamine signaling (e.g., GNAL), endoplasmic reticulum stress response (e.g., EIF2AK2, PRKRA, TOR1A), autophagy (e.g., VPS16), and others. Thus, different forms of dystonia can be molecularly grouped, which may facilitate treatment development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Thomsen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Lara M Lange
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
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15
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Gill JS, Nguyen MX, Hull M, van der Heijden ME, Nguyen K, Thomas SP, Sillitoe RV. Function and dysfunction of the dystonia network: an exploration of neural circuits that underlie the acquired and isolated dystonias. DYSTONIA 2023; 2:11805. [PMID: 38273865 PMCID: PMC10810232 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.11805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Dystonia is a highly prevalent movement disorder that can manifest at any time across the lifespan. An increasing number of investigations have tied this disorder to dysfunction of a broad "dystonia network" encompassing the cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and cortex. However, pinpointing how dysfunction of the various anatomic components of the network produces the wide variety of dystonia presentations across etiologies remains a difficult problem. In this review, a discussion of functional network findings in non-mendelian etiologies of dystonia is undertaken. Initially acquired etiologies of dystonia and how lesion location leads to alterations in network function are explored, first through an examination of cerebral palsy, in which early brain injury may lead to dystonic/dyskinetic forms of the movement disorder. The discussion of acquired etiologies then continues with an evaluation of the literature covering dystonia resulting from focal lesions followed by the isolated focal dystonias, both idiopathic and task dependent. Next, how the dystonia network responds to therapeutic interventions, from the "geste antagoniste" or "sensory trick" to botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation, is covered with an eye towards finding similarities in network responses with effective treatment. Finally, an examination of how focal network disruptions in mouse models has informed our understanding of the circuits involved in dystonia is provided. Together, this article aims to offer a synthesis of the literature examining dystonia from the perspective of brain networks and it provides grounding for the perspective of dystonia as disorder of network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Gill
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Megan X. Nguyen
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mariam Hull
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meike E. van der Heijden
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United State
| | - Ken Nguyen
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United State
| | - Sruthi P. Thomas
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United State
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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16
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van der Heijden ME, Sillitoe RV. Cerebellar dysfunction in rodent models with dystonia, tremor, and ataxia. DYSTONIA 2023; 2:11515. [PMID: 38105800 PMCID: PMC10722573 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary co- or over-contractions of the muscles, which results in abnormal postures and movements. These symptoms arise from the pathophysiology of a brain-wide dystonia network. There is mounting evidence suggesting that the cerebellum is a central node in this network. For example, manipulations that target the cerebellum cause dystonic symptoms in mice, and cerebellar neuromodulation reduces these symptoms. Although numerous findings provide insight into dystonia pathophysiology, they also raise further questions. Namely, how does cerebellar pathophysiology cause the diverse motor abnormalities in dystonia, tremor, and ataxia? Here, we describe recent work in rodents showing that distinct cerebellar circuit abnormalities could define different disorders and we discuss potential mechanisms that determine the behavioral presentation of cerebellar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E. van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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17
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Sedov A, Joshi P, Semenova U, Usova S, Asriyants S, Gamaleya A, Tomskiy A, Jinnah HA, Shaikh AG. Proprioceptive Modulation of Pallidal Physiology in Cervical Dystonia. Mov Disord 2023; 38:2094-2102. [PMID: 37702261 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that botulinum toxin can alter proprioceptive feedback and modulate the muscle-spindle output for the treatment of dystonia. However, the mechanism for this modulation remains unclear. METHODS We conducted a study involving 17 patients with cervical dystonia (CD), seven of whom had prominent CD and 10 with generalized dystonia (GD) along with CD. We investigated the effects of neck vibration, a form of proprioceptive modulation, on spontaneous single-neuron responses and local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from the globus pallidum externus (GPe) and internus (GPi). RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that neck vibration notably increased the regularity of neck-sensitive GPi neurons in focal CD patients. Additionally, in patients with GD and CD, the vibration enhanced the firing regularity of non-neck-sensitive neurons. These effects on single-unit activity were also mirrored in ensemble responses measured through LFPs. Notably, the LFP modulation was particularly pronounced in areas populated with burst neurons compared to pause or tonic cells. CONCLUSION The results from our study emphasize the significance of burst neurons in the pathogenesis of dystonia and in the efficacy of proprioceptive modulation for its treatment. Moreover, we observed that the effects of vibration on focal CD were prominent in the α band LFP, indicating modulation of pallido-cerebellar connectivity. Moreover, the pallidal effects of vibration in GD with CD involved modulation of cerebro-pallidal θ band connectivity. Our analysis provides insight into how vibration-induced changes in pallidal activity are integrated into the downstream motor circuit. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Sedov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Prajakta Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ulia Semenova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Usova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Asriyants
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Gamaleya
- Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Tomskiy
- Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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18
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Smolyaninova LV, Timoshina YA, Berezhnoy DS, Fedorova TN, Mikheev IV, Seregina IF, Loginova NA, Dobretsov MG. Impact of manganese accumulation on Na,K-ATPase expression and function in the cerebellum and striatum of C57Bl/6 mice. Neurotoxicology 2023; 98:86-97. [PMID: 37598760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Overexposure to Mn causes a neurological disorder-manganism-with motor symptoms that overlap closely with disorders associated with haploinsufficiency in the gene encoding for α3 isoform of Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA). The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that behavioral changes in the mouse model of manganism may be associated with changes in the expression and activity of α3 NKA in the cerebellum (CB) and striatum (STR)-the key brain structures responsible for motor control in adult mice. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to MnCl2 at 0.5 g/L (in drinking water) for up to eight weeks. After four weeks of Mn consumption, Mn levels were increased in the CB only. Behavioral tests demonstrated decreased performance of Mn-treated mice in the shuttle box test (third through sixth weeks), and the inclined grid walking test (first through sixth weeks), suggesting the development of learning impairment, decreased locomotion, and motor discoordination. The activity of NKA significantly decreased, and the expression of α1-α3 isoforms of NKA increased in the second week in the CB only. Thus, signs of learning and motor disturbances developing in this model of manganism are unlikely to be directly linked to disturbances in the expression or activity of NKA in the CB or STR. Whether these early changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of later behavioral deficits remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Smolyaninova
- Laboratory of Biological Membranes, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yulia A Timoshina
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Daniil S Berezhnoy
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Fedorova
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Ivan V Mikheev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina F Seregina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Loginova
- Research Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim G Dobretsov
- Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, 194223 St., Petersburg, Russia.
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19
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Brown AM, van der Heijden ME, Jinnah HA, Sillitoe RV. Cerebellar Dysfunction as a Source of Dystonic Phenotypes in Mice. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:719-729. [PMID: 35821365 PMCID: PMC10307717 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is now a substantial amount of compelling evidence demonstrating that the cerebellum may be a central locus in dystonia pathogenesis. Studies using spontaneous genetic mutations in rats and mice, engineered genetic alleles in mice, shRNA knockdown in mice, and conditional genetic silencing of fast neurotransmission in mice have all uncovered a common set of behavioral and electrophysiological defects that point to cerebellar cortical and cerebellar nuclei dysfunction as a source of dystonic phenotypes. Here, we revisit the Ptf1aCre/+;Vglut2flox/flox mutant mouse to define fundamental phenotypes and measures that are valuable for testing the cellular, circuit, and behavioral mechanisms that drive dystonia. In this model, excitatory neurotransmission from climbing fibers is genetically eliminated and, as a consequence, Purkinje cell and cerebellar nuclei firing are altered in vivo, with a prominent and lasting irregular burst pattern of spike activity in cerebellar nuclei neurons. The resulting impact on behavior is that the mice have developmental abnormalities, including twisting of the limbs and torso. These behaviors continue into adulthood along with a tremor, which can be measured with a tremor monitor or EMG. Importantly, expression of dystonic behavior is reduced upon cerebellar-targeted deep brain stimulation. The presence of specific combinations of disease-like features and therapeutic responses could reveal the causative mechanisms of different types of dystonia and related conditions. Ultimately, an emerging theme places cerebellar dysfunction at the center of a broader dystonia brain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Osanai H, Yamamoto J, Kitamura T. Extracting electromyographic signals from multi-channel LFPs using independent component analysis without direct muscular recording. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100482. [PMID: 37426755 PMCID: PMC10326347 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Electromyography (EMG) has been commonly used for the precise identification of animal behavior. However, it is often not recorded together with in vivo electrophysiology due to the need for additional surgeries and setups and the high risk of mechanical wire disconnection. While independent component analysis (ICA) has been used to reduce noise from field potential data, there has been no attempt to proactively use the removed "noise," of which EMG signals are thought to be one of the major sources. Here, we demonstrate that EMG signals can be reconstructed without direct EMG recording using the "noise" ICA component from local field potentials. The extracted component is highly correlated with directly measured EMG, termed IC-EMG. IC-EMG is useful for measuring an animal's sleep/wake, freezing response, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM)/REM sleep states consistently with actual EMG. Our method has advantages in precise and long-term behavioral measurement in wide-ranging in vivo electrophysiology experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Osanai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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21
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Matar E, Bhatia K. Dystonia and Parkinson's disease: Do they have a shared biology? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:347-411. [PMID: 37482398 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinsonism and dystonia co-occur across many movement disorders and are most encountered in the setting of Parkinson's disease. Here we aim to explore the shared neurobiological underpinnings of dystonia and parkinsonism through the clinical lens of the conditions in which these movement disorders can be seen together. Foregrounding the discussion, we briefly review the circuits of the motor system and the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects of motor control and highlight their relevance to the proposed pathophysiology of parkinsonism and dystonia. Insight into shared biology is then sought from dystonia occurring in PD and other forms of parkinsonism including those disorders in which both can be co-expressed simultaneously. We organize these within a biological schema along with important questions to be addressed in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Matar
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Rey Hipolito AG, van der Heijden ME, Sillitoe RV. Physiology of Dystonia: Animal Studies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:163-215. [PMID: 37482392 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is currently ranked as the third most prevalent motor disorder. It is typically characterized by involuntary muscle over- or co-contractions that can cause painful abnormal postures and jerky movements. Dystonia is a heterogenous disorder-across patients, dystonic symptoms vary in their severity, body distribution, temporal pattern, onset, and progression. There are also a growing number of genes that are associated with hereditary dystonia. In addition, multiple brain regions are associated with dystonic symptoms in both genetic and sporadic forms of the disease. The heterogeneity of dystonia has made it difficult to fully understand its underlying pathophysiology. However, the use of animal models has been used to uncover the complex circuit mechanisms that lead to dystonic behaviors. Here, we summarize findings from animal models harboring mutations in dystonia-associated genes and phenotypic animal models with overt dystonic motor signs resulting from spontaneous mutations, neural circuit perturbations, or pharmacological manipulations. Taken together, an emerging picture depicts dystonia as a result of brain-wide network dysfunction driven by basal ganglia and cerebellar dysfunction. In the basal ganglia, changes in dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic signaling are found across different animal models. In the cerebellum, abnormal burst firing activity is observed in multiple dystonia models. We are now beginning to unveil the extent to which these structures mechanistically interact with each other. Such mechanisms inspire the use of pre-clinical animal models that will be used to design new therapies including drug treatments and brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro G Rey Hipolito
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
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23
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Ruigrok TJH, Wang X, Sabel-Goedknegt E, Coulon P, Gao Z. A disynaptic basal ganglia connection to the inferior olive: potential for basal ganglia influence on cerebellar learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1176126. [PMID: 37215357 PMCID: PMC10196041 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1176126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are interconnected at subcortical levels. However, a subcortical basal ganglia connection to the inferior olive (IO), being the source of the olivocerebellar climbing fiber system, is not known. We have used classical tracing with CTb, retrograde transneuronal infection with wildtype rabies virus, conditional tracing with genetically modified rabies virus, and examination of material made available by the Allen Brain Institute, to study potential basal ganglia connections to the inferior olive in rats and mice. We show in both species that parvalbumin-positive, and therefore GABAergic, neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus, representing the rodent equivalent of the internal part of the globus pallidus, innervate a group of cells that surrounds the fasciculus retroflexus and that are collectively known as the area parafascicularis prerubralis. As these neurons supply a direct excitatory input to large parts of the inferior olivary complex, we propose that the entopeduncular nucleus, as a main output station of the basal ganglia, provides an inhibitory influence on olivary excitability. As such, this connection may influence olivary involvement in cerebellar learning and/or could be involved in transmission of reward properties that have recently been established for olivocerebellar signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Patrice Coulon
- Institute de Neurosciences de la Timone, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Corp DT, Morrison-Ham J, Jinnah HA, Joutsa J. The functional anatomy of dystonia: Recent developments. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:105-136. [PMID: 37482390 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
While dystonia has traditionally been viewed as a disorder of the basal ganglia, the involvement of other key brain structures is now accepted. However, just what these structures are remains to be defined. Neuroimaging has been an especially valuable tool in dystonia, yet traditional cross-sectional designs have not been able to separate causal from compensatory brain activity. Therefore, this chapter discusses recent studies using causal brain lesions, and animal models, to converge upon the brain regions responsible for dystonia with increasing precision. This evidence strongly implicates the basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, and somatosensory cortex, yet shows that different types of dystonia involve different nodes of this brain network. Nearly all of these nodes fall within the recently identified two-way networks connecting the basal ganglia and cerebellum, suggesting dysfunction of these specific pathways. Localisation of the functional anatomy of dystonia has strong implications for targeted treatment options, such as deep brain stimulation, and non-invasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Corp
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Jordan Morrison-Ham
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Juho Joutsa
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Turku Brain and Mind Center, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Garofalo M, Vansenne F, Verbeek DS, Sival DA. The pathogenetic basis for a disease continuum in early- and late-onset ataxia-dystonia supports a unified genetic diagnostic approach. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 43:44-51. [PMID: 36905829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetically inherited ataxic disorders are classified by their age of disease presentation into early- and late-onset ataxia (EOA and LOA, presenting before or after the 25th year-of-life). In both disease groups, comorbid dystonia co-occurs frequently. Despite overlapping genes and pathogenetic features, EOA, LOA and dystonia are considered as different genetic entities with a separate diagnostic approach. This often leads to diagnostic delay. So far, the possibility of a disease continuum between EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia has not been explored in silico. In the present study, we analyzed the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia. METHODS We analyzed the association of 267 ataxia genes with comorbid dystonia and anatomical MRI lesions in literature. We compared anatomical damage, biological pathways, and temporal cerebellar gene expression between EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia. RESULTS The majority (≈65%) of ataxia genes were associated with comorbid dystonia in literature. Both EOA and LOA gene groups with comorbid dystonia were significantly associated with lesions in the cortico-basal-ganglia-pontocerebellar network. EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia gene groups were enriched for biological pathways related to nervous system development, neural signaling and cellular processes. All genes revealed similar cerebellar gene expression levels before and after 25 years of age and during cerebellar development. CONCLUSION In EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia gene groups, our findings show similar anatomical damage, underlying biological pathways and temporal cerebellar gene expression patterns. These findings may suggest the existence of a disease continuum, supporting the diagnostic use of a unified genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F Vansenne
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D A Sival
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Li ZY, Tian WT, Huang XJ, Cao L. The Pathogenesis of Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia: Current Concepts. Mov Disord 2023; 38:537-544. [PMID: 36718795 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a movement disorder characterized by recurrent and transient episodes of involuntary movements, including dystonia, chorea, ballism, or a combination of these, which are typically triggered by sudden voluntary movement. Disturbance of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit has long been considered the cause of involuntary movements. Impairment of the gating function of the basal ganglia can cause an aberrant output toward the thalamus, which in turn leads to excessive activation of the cerebral cortex. Structural and functional abnormalities in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortex and abnormal connections between these brain regions have been found in patients with PKD. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the cerebellum in PKD. Insufficient suppression from the cerebellar cortex to the deep cerebellar nuclei could lead to overexcitation of the thalamocortical pathway. Therefore, this literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research progress to explore the neural circuits and pathogenesis of PKD and promote further understanding and outlook on the pathophysiological mechanism of movement disorders. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wo-Tu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Beckinghausen J, Donofrio SG, Lin T, Miterko LN, White JJ, Lackey EP, Sillitoe RV. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Interposed Cerebellar Nuclei in a Conditional Genetic Mouse Model with Dystonia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 31:93-117. [PMID: 37338698 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26220-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological disease that is currently ranked as the third most common motor disorder. Patients exhibit repetitive and sometimes sustained muscle contractions that cause limb and body twisting and abnormal postures that impair movement. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the basal ganglia and thalamus can be used to improve motor function when other treatment options fail. Recently, the cerebellum has garnered interest as a DBS target for treating dystonia and other motor disorders. Here, we describe a procedure for targeting DBS electrodes to the interposed cerebellar nuclei to correct motor dysfunction in a mouse model with dystonia. Targeting cerebellar outflow pathways with neuromodulation opens new possibilities for using the expansive connectivity of the cerebellum to treat motor and non-motor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah G Donofrio
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Brown AM, Lackey EP, Salazar Leon LE, Rey Hipolito AG, Beckinghausen J, Lin T, Sillitoe RV. Electromyography as a Method for Distinguishing Dystonia in Mice. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 31:71-91. [PMID: 37338697 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26220-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Electromyography (EMG) methods allow quantitative analyses of motor function. The techniques include intramuscular recordings that are performed in vivo. However, recording muscle activity in freely moving mice, particularly in models of motor disease, often creates challenges that prevent the acquisition of clean signals. Recording preparations must be stable enough for the experimenter to collect an adequate number of signals for statistical analyses. Instability results in a low signal-to-noise ratio that prohibits proper isolation of EMG signals from the target muscle during the behavior of interest. Such insufficient isolation prevents the analysis of full electrical potential waveforms. In this case, resolving the shape of a waveform to differentiate individual spikes and bursts of muscle activity can be difficult. A common source of instability is an inadequate surgery. Poor surgical techniques cause blood loss, tissue damage, poor healing, encumbered movement, and unstable implantation of the electrodes. Here, we describe an optimized surgical procedure that ensures electrode stability for in vivo muscle recordings. We implement our technique to obtain recordings from agonist and antagonist muscle pairs in the hindlimbs of freely moving adult mice. We validate the stability of our method by holding EMG recordings during dystonic behavior. Our approach is ideal for studying normal and abnormal motor function in actively behaving mice and valuable for recording intramuscular activity when considerable motion is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis E Salazar Leon
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alejandro G Rey Hipolito
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Su JH, Hu YW, Song YP, Yang Y, Li RY, Zhou KG, Hu L, Wan XH, Teng F, Jin LJ. Dystonia-like behaviors and impaired sensory-motor integration following neurotoxic lesion of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in mice. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1102837. [PMID: 37064180 PMCID: PMC10101329 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPTg) is a vital interface between the basal ganglia and cerebellum, participating in modulation of the locomotion and muscle tone. Pathological changes of the PPTg have been reported in patients and animal models of dystonia, while its effect and mechanism on the phenotyping of dystonia is still unknown. Methods In this study, a series of behavioral tests focusing on the specific deficits of dystonia were conducted for mice with bilateral and unilateral PPTg excitotoxic lesion, including the dystonia-like movements evaluation, different types of sensory-motor integrations, explorative behaviors and gait. In addition, neural dysfunctions including apoptosis, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and neural activation of PPTg-related motor areas in the basal ganglia, reticular formations and cerebellum were also explored. Results Both bilateral and unilateral lesion of the PPTg elicited dystonia-like behaviors featured by the hyperactivity of the hindlimb flexors. Moreover, proprioceptive and auditory sensory-motor integrations were impaired in bilaterally lesioned mice, while no overt alterations were found for the tactile sensory-motor integration, explorative behaviors and gait. Similar but milder behavioral deficits were found in the unilaterally lesioned mice, with an effective compensation was observed for the auditory sensory-motor integration. Histologically, no neural loss, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration were found in the substantia nigra pars compacta and caudate putamen (CPu) following PPTg lesion, while reduced neural activity was found in the dorsolateral part of the CPu and striatal indirect pathway-related structures including subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticular. Moreover, the neural activity was decreased for the reticular formations such as pontine reticular nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, while deep cerebellar nuclei were spared. Conclusion In conclusion, lesion of the PPTg could elicit dystonia-like behaviors through its effect on the balance of the striatal pathways and the reticular formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Wen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Ping Song
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Ge Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Teng
| | - Ling-Jing Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Ling-Jing Jin
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30
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Hanalioglu S, Taskiran-Sag A, Karatas H, Donmez-Demir B, Yilmaz-Ozcan S, Eren-Kocak E, Gursoy-Ozdemir Y, Dalkara T. Cortical spreading depression can be triggered by sensory stimulation in primed wild type mouse brain: a mechanistic insight to migraine aura generation. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:107. [PMID: 35986251 PMCID: PMC9392331 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Unlike the spontaneously appearing aura in migraineurs, experimentally, cortical spreading depression (CSD), the neurophysiological correlate of aura is induced by non-physiological stimuli. Consequently, neural mechanisms involved in spontaneous CSD generation, which may provide insight into how migraine starts in an otherwise healthy brain, remain largely unclear. We hypothesized that CSD can be physiologically induced by sensory stimulation in primed mouse brain.
Methods
Cortex was made susceptible to CSD with partial inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase by epidural application of a low concentration of Na+/K+-ATPase blocker ouabain, allowing longer than 30-min intervals between CSDs or by knocking-down α2 subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase, which is crucial for K+ and glutamate re-uptake, with shRNA. Stimulation-triggered CSDs and extracellular K+ changes were monitored in vivo electrophysiologically and a K+-sensitive fluoroprobe (IPG-4), respectively.
Results
After priming with ouabain, photic stimulation significantly increased the CSD incidence compared with non-stimulated animals (44.0 vs. 4.9%, p < 0.001). Whisker stimulation also significantly increased the CSD incidence, albeit less effectively (14.9 vs. 2.4%, p = 0.02). Knocking-down Na+/K+-ATPase (50% decrease in mRNA) lowered the CSD threshold in all mice tested with KCl but triggered CSDs in 14.3% and 16.7% of mice with photic and whisker stimulation, respectively. Confirming Na+/K+-ATPase hypofunction, extracellular K+ significantly rose during sensory stimulation after ouabain or shRNA treatment unlike controls. In line with the higher CSD susceptibility observed, K+ rise was more prominent after ouabain. To gain insight to preventive mechanisms reducing the probability of stimulus-evoked CSDs, we applied an A1-receptor antagonist (DPCPX) to the occipital cortex, because adenosine formed during stimulation from ATP can reduce CSD susceptibility. DPCPX induced spontaneous CSDs but only small-DC shifts along with suppression of EEG spikes during photic stimulation, suggesting that the inhibition co-activated with sensory stimulation could limit CSD ignition when K+ uptake was not sufficiently suppressed as with ouabain.
Conclusions
Normal brain is well protected against CSD generation. For CSD to be ignited under physiological conditions, priming and predisposing factors are required as seen in migraine patients. Intense sensory stimulation has potential to trigger CSD when co-existing conditions bring extracellular K+ and glutamate concentrations over CSD-ignition threshold and stimulation-evoked inhibitory mechanisms are overcome.
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Salazar Leon LE, Sillitoe RV. Potential Interactions Between Cerebellar Dysfunction and Sleep Disturbances in Dystonia. DYSTONIA 2022; 1. [PMID: 37065094 PMCID: PMC10099477 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder. It causes debilitating twisting postures that are accompanied by repetitive and sometimes intermittent co- or over-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Historically diagnosed as a basal ganglia disorder, dystonia is increasingly considered a network disorder involving various brain regions including the cerebellum. In certain etiologies of dystonia, aberrant motor activity is generated in the cerebellum and the abnormal signals then propagate through a “dystonia circuit” that includes the thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Importantly, it has been reported that non-motor defects can accompany the motor symptoms; while their severity is not always correlated, it is hypothesized that common pathways may nevertheless be disrupted. In particular, circadian dysfunction and disordered sleep are common non-motor patient complaints in dystonia. Given recent evidence suggesting that the cerebellum contains a circadian oscillator, displays sleep-stage-specific neuronal activity, and sends robust long-range projections to several subcortical regions involved in circadian rhythm regulation, disordered sleep in dystonia may result from cerebellum-mediated dysfunction of the dystonia circuit. Here, we review the evidence linking dystonia, cerebellar network dysfunction, and cerebellar involvement in sleep. Together, these ideas may form the basis for the development of improved pharmacological and surgical interventions that could take advantage of cerebellar circuitry to restore normal motor function as well as non-motor (sleep) behaviors in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Salazar Leon
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Roy V. Sillitoe, Tel: 832-824-8913, Fax: 832-825-1251,
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Spontarelli K, Infield DT, Nielsen HN, Holm R, Young VC, Galpin JD, Ahern CA, Vilsen B, Artigas P. Role of a conserved ion-binding site tyrosine in ion selectivity of the Na+/K+ pump. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:e202113039. [PMID: 35657726 PMCID: PMC9171065 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential transmembrane Na+ and K+ gradients in animal cells are established by the Na+/K+ pump, a P-type ATPase that exports three Na+ and imports two K+ per ATP hydrolyzed. The mechanism by which the Na+/K+ pump distinguishes between Na+ and K+ at the two membrane sides is poorly understood. Crystal structures identify two sites (sites I and II) that bind Na+ or K+ and a third (site III) specific for Na+. The side chain of a conserved tyrosine at site III of the catalytic α-subunit (Xenopus-α1 Y780) has been proposed to contribute to Na+ binding by cation-π interaction. We substituted Y780 with natural and unnatural amino acids, expressed the mutants in Xenopus oocytes and COS-1 cells, and used electrophysiology and biochemistry to evaluate their function. Substitutions disrupting H-bonds impaired Na+ interaction, while Y780Q strengthened it, likely by H-bond formation. Utilizing the non-sense suppression method previously used to incorporate unnatural derivatives in ion channels, we were able to analyze Na+/K+ pumps with fluorinated tyrosine or phenylalanine derivatives inserted at position 780 to diminish cation-π interaction strength. In line with the results of the analysis of mutants with natural amino acid substitutions, the results with the fluorinated derivatives indicate that Na+-π interaction with the phenol ring at position 780 contributes minimally, if at all, to the binding of Na+. All Y780 substitutions decreased K+ apparent affinity, highlighting that a state-dependent H-bond network is essential for the selectivity switch at sites I and II when the pump changes conformational state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Spontarelli
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Daniel T. Infield
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Hang N. Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rikke Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Victoria C. Young
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Jason D. Galpin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Christopher A. Ahern
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Bente Vilsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pablo Artigas
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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Aïssa HB, Sala RW, Georgescu Margarint EL, Frontera JL, Varani AP, Menardy F, Pelosi A, Hervé D, Léna C, Popa D. Functional abnormalities in the cerebello-thalamic pathways in a mouse model of DYT25 dystonia. eLife 2022; 11:79135. [PMID: 35699413 PMCID: PMC9197392 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is often associated with functional alterations in the cerebello-thalamic pathways, which have been proposed to contribute to the disorder by propagating pathological firing patterns to the forebrain. Here, we examined the function of the cerebello-thalamic pathways in a model of DYT25 dystonia. DYT25 (Gnal+/−) mice carry a heterozygous knockout mutation of the Gnal gene, which notably disrupts striatal function, and systemic or striatal administration of oxotremorine to these mice triggers dystonic symptoms. Our results reveal an increased cerebello-thalamic excitability in the presymptomatic state. Following the first dystonic episode, Gnal+/- mice in the asymptomatic state exhibit a further increase of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical excitability, which is maintained after θ-burst stimulations of the cerebellum. When administered in the symptomatic state induced by a cholinergic activation, these stimulations decreased the cerebello-thalamic excitability and reduced dystonic symptoms. In agreement with dystonia being a multiregional circuit disorder, our results suggest that the increased cerebello-thalamic excitability constitutes an early endophenotype, and that the cerebellum is a gateway for corrective therapies via the depression of cerebello-thalamic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Baba Aïssa
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Romain W Sala
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Elena Laura Georgescu Margarint
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jimena Laura Frontera
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Pablo Varani
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Menardy
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Assunta Pelosi
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Sciences and Technology Faculty, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Denis Hervé
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Sciences and Technology Faculty, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Popa
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Coutant B, Frontera JL, Perrin E, Combes A, Tarpin T, Menardy F, Mailhes-Hamon C, Perez S, Degos B, Venance L, Léna C, Popa D. Cerebellar stimulation prevents Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in mice and normalizes activity in a motor network. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3211. [PMID: 35680891 PMCID: PMC9184492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Levodopa therapy, the gold-standard treatment for Parkinson's Disease (PD), leads to the emergence of involuntary movements, called levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Cerebellar stimulation has been shown to decrease LID severity in PD patients. Here, in order to determine how cerebellar stimulation induces LID alleviation, we performed daily short trains of optogenetic stimulations of Purkinje cells (PC) in freely moving LID mice. We demonstrated that these stimulations are sufficient to suppress LID or even prevent their development. This symptomatic relief is accompanied by the normalization of aberrant neuronal discharge in the cerebellar nuclei, the motor cortex and the parafascicular thalamus. Inhibition of the cerebello-parafascicular pathway counteracted the beneficial effects of cerebellar stimulation. Moreover, cerebellar stimulation reversed plasticity in D1 striatal neurons and normalized the overexpression of FosB, a transcription factor causally linked to LID. These findings demonstrate LID alleviation and prevention by daily PC stimulations, which restore the function of a wide motor network, and may be valuable for LID treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Coutant
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jimena Laura Frontera
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Perrin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Combes
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Tarpin
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Menardy
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Mailhes-Hamon
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Perez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Daniela Popa
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
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Rauschenberger L, Güttler C, Volkmann J, Kühn AA, Ip CW, Lofredi R. A translational perspective on pathophysiological changes of oscillatory activity in dystonia and parkinsonism. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114140. [PMID: 35690132 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral recordings from movement disorders patients undergoing deep brain stimulation have allowed the identification of pathophysiological patterns in oscillatory activity that correlate with symptom severity. Changes in oscillatory synchrony occur within and across brain areas, matching the classification of movement disorders as network disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of oscillatory changes are difficult to assess in patients, as experimental interventions are technically limited and ethically problematic. This is why animal models play an important role in neurophysiological research of movement disorders. In this review, we highlight the contributions of translational research to the mechanistic understanding of pathological changes in oscillatory activity, with a focus on parkinsonism and dystonia, while addressing the limitations of current findings and proposing possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rauschenberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Güttler
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure, Exzellenzcluster, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roxanne Lofredi
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
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Snell HD, Vitenzon A, Tara E, Chen C, Tindi J, Jordan BA, Khodakhah K. Mechanism of stress-induced attacks in an episodic neurologic disorder. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabh2675. [PMID: 35442745 PMCID: PMC9020779 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress is the most common trigger among episodic neurologic disorders. In episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), physical or emotional stress causes episodes of severe motor dysfunction that manifest as ataxia and dystonia. We used the tottering (tg/tg) mouse, a faithful animal model of EA2, to dissect the mechanisms underlying stress-induced motor attacks. We find that in response to acute stress, activation of α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-Rs) on Purkinje cells by norepinephrine leads to their erratic firing and consequently motor attacks. We show that norepinephrine induces erratic firing of Purkinje cells by disrupting their spontaneous intrinsic pacemaking via a casein kinase 2 (CK2)-dependent signaling pathway, which likely reduces the activity of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Moreover, we report that disruption of this signaling cascade at a number of nodes prevents stress-induced attacks in the tottering mouse. Together, our results suggest that norepinephrine and CK2 are required for the initiation of stress-induced attacks in EA2 and provide previously unidentified targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. Snell
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel Vitenzon
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Esra Tara
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chris Chen
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jaafar Tindi
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bryen A. Jordan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Optimal deep brain stimulation sites and networks for cervical vs. generalized dystonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114985119. [PMID: 35357970 PMCID: PMC9168456 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114985119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied deep brain stimulation effects in two types of dystonia and conclude that different specific connections between the pallidum and thalamus are responsible for optimal treatment effects. Since alternative treatment options for dystonia beyond deep brain stimulation are scarce, our results will be crucial to maximize treatment outcome in this population of patients. Dystonia is a debilitating disease with few treatment options. One effective option is deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the internal pallidum. While cervical and generalized forms of isolated dystonia have been targeted with a common approach to the posterior third of the nucleus, large-scale investigations regarding optimal stimulation sites and potential network effects have not been carried out. Here, we retrospectively studied clinical results following DBS for cervical and generalized dystonia in a multicenter cohort of 80 patients. We model DBS electrode placement based on pre- and postoperative imaging and introduce an approach to map optimal stimulation sites to anatomical space. Second, we investigate which tracts account for optimal clinical improvements, when modulated. Third, we investigate distributed stimulation effects on a whole-brain functional connectome level. Our results show marked differences of optimal stimulation sites that map to the somatotopic structure of the internal pallidum. While modulation of the striatopallidofugal axis of the basal ganglia accounted for optimal treatment of cervical dystonia, modulation of pallidothalamic bundles did so in generalized dystonia. Finally, we show a common multisynaptic network substrate for both phenotypes in the form of connectivity to the cerebellum and somatomotor cortex. Our results suggest a brief divergence of optimal stimulation networks for cervical vs. generalized dystonia within the pallidothalamic loop that merge again on a thalamo-cortical level and share a common whole-brain network.
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Nelson AB, Girasole AE, Lee HY, Ptáček LJ, Kreitzer AC. Striatal Indirect Pathway Dysfunction Underlies Motor Deficits in a Mouse Model of Paroxysmal Dyskinesia. J Neurosci 2022; 42:2835-2848. [PMID: 35165171 PMCID: PMC8973425 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1614-20.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal involuntary movements, or dyskinesias, are seen in many neurologic diseases, including disorders where the brain appears grossly normal. This observation suggests that alterations in neural activity or connectivity may underlie dyskinesias. One influential model proposes that involuntary movements are driven by an imbalance in the activity of striatal direct and indirect pathway neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs, respectively). Indeed, in some animal models, there is evidence that dMSN hyperactivity contributes to dyskinesia. Given the many diseases associated with dyskinesia, it is unclear whether these findings generalize to all forms. Here, we used male and female mice in a mouse model of paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) to assess whether involuntary movements are related to aberrant activity in the striatal direct and indirect pathways. In this model, as in the human disorder PNKD, animals experience dyskinetic attacks in response to caffeine or alcohol. Using optically identified striatal single-unit recordings in freely moving PNKD mice, we found a loss of iMSN firing during dyskinesia bouts. Further, chemogenetic inhibition of iMSNs triggered dyskinetic episodes in PNKD mice. Finally, we found that these decreases in iMSN firing are likely because of aberrant endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of glutamatergic inputs. These data show that striatal iMSN dysfunction contributes to the etiology of dyskinesia in PNKD, and suggest that indirect pathway hypoactivity may be a key mechanism for the generation of involuntary movements in other disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Involuntary movements, or dyskinesias, are part of many inherited and acquired neurologic syndromes. There are few effective treatments, most of which have significant side effects. Better understanding of which cells and patterns of activity cause dyskinetic movements might inform the development of new neuromodulatory treatments. In this study, we used a mouse model of an inherited human form of paroxysmal dyskinesia in combination with cell type-specific tools to monitor and manipulate striatal activity. We were able to narrow in on a specific group of neurons that causes dyskinesia in this model, and found alterations in a well-known form of plasticity in this cell type, endocannabinoid-dependent synaptic LTD. These findings point to new areas for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Nelson
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology, UCSF
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Allison E Girasole
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology, UCSF
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | | | - Louis J Ptáček
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology, UCSF
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology, UCSF
- Department of Physiology, UCSF
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158
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Scarduzio M, Hess EJ, Standaert DG, Eskow Jaunarajs KL. Striatal synaptic dysfunction in dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Ekmen A, Meneret A, Valabregue R, Beranger B, Worbe Y, Lamy JC, Mehdi S, Herve A, Adanyeguh I, Temiz G, Damier P, Gras D, Roubertie A, Piard J, Navarro V, Mutez E, Riant F, Welniarz Q, Vidailhet M, Lehericy S, Meunier S, Gallea C, Roze E. Cerebellum Dysfunction in Patients With PRRT2-Related Paroxysmal Dyskinesia. Neurology 2022; 98:e1077-e1089. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives:The main culprit gene for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, characterized by brief and recurrent attacks of involuntary movements, is PRRT2. The location of the primary dysfunction associated with paroxysmal dyskinesia remains a matter of debate and may vary depending on the etiology. While striatal dysfunction has often been implicated in these patients, evidence from preclinical models indicate that the cerebellum could also play a role. We aimed to investigate the role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of PRRT2-related dyskinesia in humans.Methods:We enrolled 22 consecutive right-handed patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with a pathogenic variant of PRRT2, and their matched controls. Participants underwent a multi-modal neuroimaging protocol. We recorded anatomic and diffusion-weighted MRI, as well as resting-state functional MRI during which we tested the after-effects of sham and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the cerebellum on endogenous brain activity. We quantified: (i) the structural integrity of gray matter using voxel-based morphometry; (ii) the structural integrity of white matter using fixel-based analysis; (iii) the strength and direction of functional cerebellar connections using spectral dynamic causal modeling.Results:PRRT2 patients had: (i) decreased gray matter volume in the cerebellar lobule VI and in the medial prefrontal cortex; (ii) microstructural alterations of white matter in the cerebellum and along the tracts connecting the cerebellum to the striatum and the cortical motor areas; (iii) dysfunction of cerebellar motor pathways to the striatum and the cortical motor areas, as well as abnormal communication between the associative cerebellum (Crus I) and the medial prefrontal cortex. Cerebellar stimulation modulated communication within the motor and associative cerebellar networks, and tended to restore this communication to the level observed in healthy controls.Discussion:Patients with PRRT2-related dyskinesia have converging structural alterations of the motor cerebellum and related pathways with a dysfunction of cerebellar output towards the cerebello-thalamo-striato-cortical network. We hypothesize that abnormal cerebellar output is the primary dysfunction in patients with a PRRT2 pathogenic variant, resulting in striatal dysregulation and paroxysmal dyskinesia. More broadly, striatal dysfunction in paroxysmal dyskinesia might be secondary to aberrant cerebellar output transmitted by thalamic relays in certain disorders.Clinical trial number:NCT03481491 (https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03481491)
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Van Der Heijden ME, Gill JS, Rey Hipolito AG, Salazar Leon LE, Sillitoe RV. Quantification of Behavioral Deficits in Developing Mice With Dystonic Behaviors. DYSTONIA 2022; 1:10494. [PMID: 36960404 PMCID: PMC10032351 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence from structural imaging studies in patients, the function of dystonia-causing genes, and the comorbidity of neuronal and behavioral defects all suggest that pediatric-onset dystonia is a neurodevelopmental disorder. However, to fully appreciate the contribution of altered development to dystonia, a mechanistic understanding of how networks become dysfunctional is required for early-onset dystonia. One current hurdle is that many dystonia animal models are ideally suited for studying adult phenotypes, as the neurodevelopmental features can be subtle or are complicated by broad developmental deficits. Furthermore, most assays that are used to measure dystonia are not suited for developing postnatal mice. Here, we characterize the early-onset dystonia in Ptf1a Cre ;Vglut2 fl/fl mice, which is caused by the absence of neurotransmission from inferior olive neurons onto cerebellar Purkinje cells. We investigate motor control with two paradigms that examine how altered neural function impacts key neurodevelopmental milestones seen in postnatal pups (postnatal day 7-11). We find that Ptf1a Cre ;Vglut2 fl/fl mice have poor performance on the negative geotaxis assay and the surface righting reflex. Interestingly, we also find that Ptf1a Cre ;Vglut2 fl/fl mice make fewer ultrasonic calls when socially isolated from their nests. Ultrasonic calls are often impaired in rodent models of autism spectrum disorders, a condition that can be comorbid with dystonia. Together, we show that these assays can serve as useful quantitative tools for investigating how neural dysfunction during development influences neonatal behaviors in a dystonia mouse model. Our data implicate a shared cerebellar circuit mechanism underlying dystonia-related motor signs and social impairments in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E. Van Der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason S. Gill
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alejandro G. Rey Hipolito
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luis E. Salazar Leon
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Correspondence: Roy V. Sillitoe,
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Sival DA, Noort SAMV, Tijssen MAJ, de Koning TJ, Verbeek DS. Developmental neurobiology of cerebellar and Basal Ganglia connections. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:123-129. [PMID: 34954622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of mixed phenotypes of Early Onset Ataxia (EOA) with comorbid dystonia has shifted the pathogenetic concept from the cerebellum towards the interconnected cerebellar motor network. This paper on EOA with comorbid dystonia (EOA-dystonia) explores the conceptual relationship between the motor phenotype and the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. METHODS In EOA-dystonia, we reviewed anatomic-, genetic- and biochemical-studies on the comorbidity between ataxia and dystonia. RESULTS In a clinical EOA cohort, the prevalence of dystonia was over 60%. Both human and animal studies converge on the underlying role for the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. Genetic -clinical and -in silico network studies reveal underlying biological pathways for energy production and neural signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS EOA-dystonia phenotypes are attributable to the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network, instead of to the cerebellum, alone. The underlying anatomic and pathogenetic pathways have clinical implications for our understanding of the heterogeneous phenotype, neuro-metabolic and genetic testing and potentially also for new treatment strategies, including neuro-modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Sival
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Suus A M van Noort
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Genetics University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Sciamanna G, El Atiallah I, Montanari M, Pisani A. Plasticity, genetics and epigenetics in dystonia: An update. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:199-206. [PMID: 35034734 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia represents a group of movement disorders characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that result in abnormal posture and twisting movements. In the last 20 years several animal models have been generated, greatly improving our knowledge of the neural and molecular mechanism underlying this pathological condition, but the pathophysiology remains still poorly understood. In this review we will discuss recent genetic factors related to dystonia and the current understanding of synaptic plasticity alterations reported by both clinical and experimental research. We will also present recent evidence involving epigenetics mechanisms in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sciamanna
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilham El Atiallah
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 2 Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Montanari
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 2 Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Movement Disorders Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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da Silva Lapa JD, Godinho FLF, Teixeira MJ, Listik C, Iglesio RF, Duarte KP, Cury RG. Should the Globus Pallidus Targeting Be Refined in Dystonia? J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2021; 83:361-367. [PMID: 34808675 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is a highly effective therapy for primary generalized and focal dystonias, but therapeutic success is compromised by a nonresponder rate of up to 20%. Variability in electrode placement and in tissue stimulated inside the GPi may explain in part different outcomes among patients. Refinement of the target within the pallidal area could be helpful for surgery planning and clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to discuss current and potential methodological (somatotopy, neuroimaging, and neurophysiology) aspects that might assist neurosurgical targeting of the GPi, aiming to treat generalized or focal dystonia. METHODS We selected published studies by searching electronic databases and scanning the reference lists for articles that examined the anatomical and electrophysiologic aspects of the GPi in patients with idiopathic/inherited dystonia who underwent functional neurosurgical procedures. RESULTS The sensorimotor sector of the GPi was the best target to treat dystonic symptoms, and was localized at its lateral posteroventral portion. The effective volume of tissue activated (VTA) to treat dystonia had a mean volume of 153 mm3 in the posterior GPi area. Initial tractography studies evaluated the close relation between the electrode localization and pallidothalamic tract to control dystonic symptoms.Regarding the somatotopy, the more ventral, lateral, and posterior areas of the GPi are associated with orofacial and cervical representation. In contrast, the more dorsal, medial, and anterior areas are associated with the lower limbs; between those areas, there is the representation of the upper limb. Excessive pallidal synchronization has a peak at the theta band of 3 to 8 Hz, which might be responsible for generating dystonic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Somatotopy assessment of posteroventral GPi contributes to target-specific GPi sectors related to segmental body symptoms. Tractography delineates GPi output pathways that might guide electrode implants, and electrophysiology might assist in pointing out areas of excessive theta synchronization. Finally, the identification of oscillatory electrophysiologic features that correlate with symptoms might enable closed-loop approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Dornellys da Silva Lapa
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fundação de Beneficiência Hospital de Cirurgia, Cirurgia, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Luiz Franceschi Godinho
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clarice Listik
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ferrareto Iglesio
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kleber Paiva Duarte
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubens Gisbert Cury
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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45
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Frederick NM, Pooler MM, Shah P, Didonna A, Opal P. Pharmacological perturbation reveals deficits in D2 receptor responses in Thap1 null mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2302-2308. [PMID: 34802187 PMCID: PMC8670318 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary dystonia DYT6 is caused by mutations in the transcription factor Thanatos‐associated protein 1 (THAP1). To understand THAP1’s functions, we generated mice lacking THAP1 in the nervous system. THAP1 loss causes locomotor deficits associated with transcriptional changes. Since many of the genes misregulated involve dopaminergic signaling, we pharmacologically challenged the two striatal canonical dopamine pathways: the direct, regulated by the D1 receptor, and the indirect, regulated by the D2 receptor. We discovered that depleting THAP1 specifically interferes with the D2 receptor responses, pointing to a selective misregulation of the indirect pathway in DYT6 with implications for pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Frederick
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.,Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Morgan M Pooler
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Parth Shah
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
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46
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Abstract
Fluorescence imaging techniques play a pivotal role in our understanding of the nervous system. The emergence of various super-resolution microscopy methods and specialized fluorescent probes enables direct insight into neuronal structure and protein arrangements in cellular subcompartments with so far unmatched resolution. Super-resolving visualization techniques in neurons unveil a novel understanding of cytoskeletal composition, distribution, motility, and signaling of membrane proteins, subsynaptic structure and function, and neuron-glia interaction. Well-defined molecular targets in autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease models provide excellent starting points for in-depth investigation of disease pathophysiology using novel and innovative imaging methodology. Application of super-resolution microscopy in human brain samples and for testing clinical biomarkers is still in its infancy but opens new opportunities for translational research in neurology and neuroscience. In this review, we describe how super-resolving microscopy has improved our understanding of neuronal and brain function and dysfunction in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Werner
- Department of Biotechnology & Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology & Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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47
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Rauschenberger L, Knorr S, Pisani A, Hallett M, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Second hit hypothesis in dystonia: Dysfunctional cross talk between neuroplasticity and environment? Neurobiol Dis 2021; 159:105511. [PMID: 34537328 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the great mysteries in dystonia pathophysiology is the role of environmental factors in disease onset and development. Progress has been made in defining the genetic components of dystonic syndromes, still the mechanisms behind the discrepant relationship between dystonic genotype and phenotype remain largely unclear. Within this review, the preclinical and clinical evidence for environmental stressors as disease modifiers in dystonia pathogenesis are summarized and critically evaluated. The potential role of extragenetic factors is discussed in monogenic as well as adult-onset isolated dystonia. The available clinical evidence for a "second hit" is analyzed in light of the reduced penetrance of monogenic dystonic syndromes and put into context with evidence from animal and cellular models. The contradictory studies on adult-onset dystonia are discussed in detail and backed up by evidence from animal models. Taken together, there is clear evidence of a gene-environment interaction in dystonia, which should be considered in the continued quest to unravel dystonia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rauschenberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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48
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Morigaki R, Miyamoto R, Matsuda T, Miyake K, Yamamoto N, Takagi Y. Dystonia and Cerebellum: From Bench to Bedside. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:776. [PMID: 34440520 PMCID: PMC8401781 DOI: 10.3390/life11080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia pathogenesis remains unclear; however, findings from basic and clinical research suggest the importance of the interaction between the basal ganglia and cerebellum. After the discovery of disynaptic pathways between the two, much attention has been paid to the cerebellum. Basic research using various dystonia rodent models and clinical studies in dystonia patients continues to provide new pieces of knowledge regarding the role of the cerebellum in dystonia genesis. Herein, we review basic and clinical articles related to dystonia focusing on the cerebellum, and clarify the current understanding of the role of the cerebellum in dystonia pathogenesis. Given the recent evidence providing new hypotheses regarding dystonia pathogenesis, we discuss how the current evidence answers the unsolved clinical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan;
| | - Taku Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazuhisa Miyake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Nobuaki Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan;
| | - Yasushi Takagi
- Department of Advanced Brain Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
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49
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Diez-Fairen M, Alvarez Jerez P, Berghausen J, Bandres-Ciga S. The Genetic Landscape of Parkinsonism-Related Dystonias and Atypical Parkinsonism-Related Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158100. [PMID: 34360863 PMCID: PMC8347917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, genetic research has nominated promising pathways and biological insights contributing to the etiological landscape of parkinsonism-related dystonias and atypical parkinsonism-related syndromes. Several disease-causing mutations and genetic risk factors have been unraveled, providing a deeper molecular understanding of the complex genetic architecture underlying these conditions. These disorders are difficult to accurately diagnose and categorize, thus making genetics research challenging. On one hand, dystonia is an umbrella term linked to clinically heterogeneous forms of disease including dopa-responsive dystonia, myoclonus-dystonia, rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism and dystonia-parkinsonism, often viewed as a precursor to Parkinson’s disease. On the other hand, atypical parkinsonism disorders, such as progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy and corticobasal degeneration, are rare in nature and represent a wide range of diverse and overlapping phenotypic variabilities, with genetic research limited by sample size availability. The current review summarizes the plethora of available genetic information for these diseases, outlining limits and future directions.
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50
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Mencacci NE, Brockmann MM, Dai J, Pajusalu S, Atasu B, Campos J, Pino G, Gonzalez-Latapi P, Patzke C, Schwake M, Tucci A, Pittman A, Simon-Sanchez J, Carvill GL, Balint B, Wiethoff S, Warner TT, Papandreou A, Soo A, Rein R, Kadastik-Eerme L, Puusepp S, Reinson K, Tomberg T, Hanagasi H, Gasser T, Bhatia KP, Kurian MA, Lohmann E, Õunap K, Rosenmund C, Südhof TC, Wood NW, Krainc D, Acuna C. Biallelic variants in TSPOAP1, encoding the active-zone protein RIMBP1, cause autosomal recessive dystonia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140625. [PMID: 33539324 DOI: 10.1172/jci140625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a debilitating hyperkinetic movement disorder, which can be transmitted as a monogenic trait. Here, we describe homozygous frameshift, nonsense, and missense variants in TSPOAP1, which encodes the active-zone RIM-binding protein 1 (RIMBP1), as a genetic cause of autosomal recessive dystonia in 7 subjects from 3 unrelated families. Subjects carrying loss-of-function variants presented with juvenile-onset progressive generalized dystonia, associated with intellectual disability and cerebellar atrophy. Conversely, subjects carrying a pathogenic missense variant (p.Gly1808Ser) presented with isolated adult-onset focal dystonia. In mice, complete loss of RIMBP1, known to reduce neurotransmission, led to motor abnormalities reminiscent of dystonia, decreased Purkinje cell dendritic arborization, and reduced numbers of cerebellar synapses. In vitro analysis of the p.Gly1808Ser variant showed larger spike-evoked calcium transients and enhanced neurotransmission, suggesting that RIMBP1-linked dystonia can be caused by either reduced or enhanced rates of spike-evoked release in relevant neural networks. Our findings establish a direct link between dysfunction of the presynaptic active zone and dystonia and highlight the critical role played by well-balanced neurotransmission in motor control and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò E Mencacci
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa M Brockmann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinye Dai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Burcu Atasu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joaquin Campos
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | - Gabriela Pino
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | - Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher Patzke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Schwake
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Arianna Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Pittman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Simon-Sanchez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Klinik für Neurologie mit Institut für Translationale Neurologie, Albert Schweitzer Campus 1, Gebäude A1, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Papandreou
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Soo
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sanna Puusepp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karit Reinson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiiu Tomberg
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Behavioural Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thomas Gasser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Claudio Acuna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
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