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Zhang X, Hou K, Long Y, Song K. Bioinspired Intelligent Ferrofluid: Old Magnetic Material with New Optical Properties. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:11559-11566. [PMID: 39240172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Fine-tuning of microstructures enables the modulation of optical properties at multiple scales from metasurfaces to geometric optics. However, a dynamic system with a significant deformation range and topology transformation remains challenging. Owing to its magnetic controllability, ferrofluid has proven to be fertile ground for a wide range of engineering and technological applications. Here, we demonstrate a series of intelligent optical surfaces based on ferrofluid, through which multiple optical functions inspired by nature can be realized. The tunability is based on the topological transition of the ferrofluid between the flat state and cone array upon magnetic actuation. In the visible band, a tunable visual appearance is realized. In the mid-infrared band, active manipulation of reflection is realized based on the gradient-index (GRIN) effect. This system also features low latency response and straightforward manufacturability, and it may open opportunities for novel technologies such as smart windows, color displays, infrared camouflage, and other infrared-related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yue Long
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou City, Shandong Province 256606, P. R. China
| | - Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou City, Shandong Province 256606, P. R. China
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2
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Sengupta R, Khand H, Sarusi G. THz Metamaterial Sensitivity Enhancement by Reduction of Substrate's Fabry-Pérot Oscillations Using Back Plates as an Optical De-Coupler. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:45107-45118. [PMID: 39143036 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a new method for the enhancement of sensitivity in Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy on metamaterial (MM) in terms of its resonance frequency shift (ΔF), by attaching the dielectric back plate to the MM's silicon (Si) wafer. The dielectric back plates are designed to minimize the Fresnel reflections at the backside of the substrate, identical to a broadband antireflective (AR) plate tailored for THz. Utilizing broadband AR technology, we demonstrate the concept of decoupling MM resonance from the substrate's Fabry-Pérot (FP) oscillations. This is done by effectively coupling the THz light out of the high-permittivity substrate, resulting in the improved quality factor of the MM resonance and overall plasmonic enhancement on the metasurface. The back plate acts as a surface plasmonic enhancer to the THz MM by increasing the field intensity on the front metasurface, leading to enhancement of dielectric response (MM's ΔF). This makes the MM resonance ultrasensitive to the minor changes of particle size/concentration under test spread on the metasurface, contributing to enhanced resonance ΔF. The plate also makes the Si substrate optically lossless, enabling the full effect of MM resonance shift and increasing the resonance ΔF by 8-fold compared with MM's fabricated on conventional Si substrates. This research is backed-up with system-level CST simulations and experimental THz impedance spectroscopy of the MM. This method and chip structure is CMOS compatible having potential applications for any resonant MM fabricated on a substrate aimed to maximize dielectric sensitivity for biosensing and nanoparticle THz spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrarup Sengupta
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Heena Khand
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Gabby Sarusi
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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3
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Asgari Sabet R, Ishraq A, Saltik A, Bütün M, Tokel O. Laser nanofabrication inside silicon with spatial beam modulation and anisotropic seeding. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5786. [PMID: 39013851 PMCID: PMC11252398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanofabrication in silicon, arguably the most important material for modern technology, has been limited exclusively to its surface. Existing lithography methods cannot penetrate the wafer surface without altering it, whereas emerging laser-based subsurface or in-chip fabrication remains at greater than 1 μm resolution. In addition, available methods do not allow positioning or modulation with sub-micron precision deep inside the wafer. The fundamental difficulty of breaking these dimensional barriers is two-fold, i.e., complex nonlinear effects inside the wafer and the inherent diffraction limit for laser light. Here, we overcome these challenges by exploiting spatially-modulated laser beams and anisotropic feedback from preformed subsurface structures, to establish controlled nanofabrication capability inside silicon. We demonstrate buried nanostructures of feature sizes down to 100 ± 20 nm, with subwavelength and multi-dimensional control; thereby improving the state-of-the-art by an order-of-magnitude. In order to showcase the emerging capabilities, we fabricate nanophotonics elements deep inside Si, exemplified by nanogratings with record diffraction efficiency and spectral control. The reported advance is an important step towards 3D nanophotonics systems, micro/nanofluidics, and 3D electronic-photonic integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Asgari Sabet
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aqiq Ishraq
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alperen Saltik
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bütün
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Tokel
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
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4
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Huang Z, Wu W, Herrmann E, Ma K, Chase ZA, Searles TA, Jungfleisch MB, Wang X. MEMS-actuated terahertz metamaterials driven by phase-transition materials. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2024; 17:13. [PMID: 38797804 PMCID: PMC11128424 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The non-ionizing and penetrative characteristics of terahertz (THz) radiation have recently led to its adoption across a variety of applications. To effectively utilize THz radiation, modulators with precise control are imperative. While most recent THz modulators manipulate the amplitude, frequency, or phase of incident THz radiation, considerably less progress has been made toward THz polarization modulation. Conventional methods for polarization control suffer from high driving voltages, restricted modulation depth, and narrow band capabilities, which hinder device performance and broader applications. Consequently, an ideal THz modulator that offers high modulation depth along with ease of processing and operation is required. In this paper, we propose and realize a THz metamaterial comprised of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuated by the phase-transition material vanadium dioxide (VO2). Simulation and experimental results of the three-dimensional metamaterials show that by leveraging the unique phase-transition attributes of VO2, our THz polarization modulator offers notable advancements over existing designs, including broad operation spectrum, high modulation depth, ease of fabrication, ease of operation condition, and continuous modulation capabilities. These enhanced features make the system a viable candidate for a range of THz applications, including telecommunications, imaging, and radar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Weipeng Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Eric Herrmann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Zizwe A Chase
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - M Benjamin Jungfleisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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5
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Yin P, Li B, Hong J, Jing H, Li B, Liu H, Chen X, Lu Y, Shao J. Design Criteria for Architected Materials with Programmable Mechanical Properties Within Theoretical Limit Ranges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307279. [PMID: 38084485 PMCID: PMC10916576 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Architected materials comprising periodic arrangements of cells have attracted considerable interest in various fields because of their unconventional properties and versatile functionality. Although some better properties may be exhibited when this homogeneous layout is broken, most such studies rely on a fixed material geometry, which limits the design space for material properties. Here, combining heterogeneous and homogeneous assembly of cells to generate tunable geometries, a hierarchically architected material (HAM) capable of significantly enhancing mechanical properties is proposed. Guided by the theoretical model and 745 752 simulation cases, generic design criteria are introduced, including dual screening for unique mechanical properties and careful assembly of specific spatial layouts, to identify the geometry of materials with extreme properties. Such criteria facilitate the potential for unprecedented properties such as Young's modulus at the theoretical limit and tunable positive and negative Poisson's ratios in an ultra-large range. Therefore, this study opens a new paradigm for materials with extreme mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing SystemXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Baotong Li
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing SystemXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Jun Hong
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing SystemXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Hui Jing
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing SystemXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Bang Li
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing SystemXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing SystemXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong KongSAR999077China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049China
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6
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Chen J, Song G, Cong S, Zhao Z. Resonant-Cavity-Enhanced Electrochromic Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300179. [PMID: 36929668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in optoelectronics, electrochromic materials and devices have received tremendous attentions from both industry and academia for their strong potentials in wearable and portable electronics, displays/billboards, adaptive camouflage, tunable optics, and intelligent devices, etc. However, conventional electrochromic materials and devices typically present some serious limitations such as undesirable dull colors, and long switching time, hindering their deeper development. Optical resonators have been proven to be the most powerful platform for providing strong optical confinement and controllable lightmatter interactions. They generate locally enhanced electromagnetic near-fields that can convert small refractive index changes in electrochromic materials into high-contrast color variations, enabling multicolor or even panchromatic tuning of electrochromic materials. Here, resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices, an advanced and emerging trend in electrochromics, are reviewed. In this review, w e will focus on the progress in multicolor electrochromic materials and devices based on different types of optical resonators and their advanced and emerging applications, including multichromatic displays, adaptive visible camouflage, visualized energy storage, and applications of multispectral tunability. Among these topics, principles of optical resonators, related materials/devices and multicolor electrochromic properties are comprehensively discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ge Song
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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7
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Li Y, Jin H, Zhou W, Wang Z, Lin Z, Mirkin CA, Espinosa HD. Ultrastrong colloidal crystal metamaterials engineered with DNA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj8103. [PMID: 37774024 PMCID: PMC10541499 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Lattice-based constructs, often made by additive manufacturing, are attractive for many applications. Typically, such constructs are made from microscale or larger elements; however, smaller nanoscale components can lead to more unusual properties, including greater strength, lighter weight, and unprecedented resiliencies. Here, solid and hollow nanoparticles (nanoframes and nanocages; frame size: ~15 nanometers) were assembled into colloidal crystals using DNA, and their mechanical strengths were studied. Nanosolid, nanocage, and nanoframe lattices with identical crystal symmetries exhibit markedly different specific stiffnesses and strengths. Unexpectedly, the nanoframe lattice is approximately six times stronger than the nanosolid lattice. Nanomechanical experiments, electron microscopy, and finite element analysis show that this property results from the buckling, densification, and size-dependent strain hardening of nanoframe lattices. Last, these unusual open architectures show that lattices with structural elements as small as 15 nanometers can retain a high degree of strength, and as such, they represent target components for making and exploring a variety of miniaturized devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hanxun Jin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhaowen Lin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Horacio D. Espinosa
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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8
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Wang N, Wen H, Alvarado Zacarias JC, Antonio-Lopez JE, Zhang Y, Cruz Delgado D, Sillard P, Schülzgen A, Saleh BEA, Amezcua-Correa R, Li G. Laser 2: A two-domain photon-phonon laser. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7841. [PMID: 37390201 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The laser is one of the greatest inventions in history. Because of its ubiquitous applications and profound societal impact, the concept of the laser has been extended to other physical domains including phonon lasers and atom lasers. Quite often, a laser in one physical domain is pumped by energy in another. However, all lasers demonstrated so far have only lased in one physical domain. We have experimentally demonstrated simultaneous photon and phonon lasing in a two-mode silica fiber ring cavity via forward intermodal stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) mediated by long-lived flexural acoustic waves. This two-domain laser may find potential applications in optical/acoustic tweezers, optomechanical sensing, microwave generation, and quantum information processing. Furthermore, we believe that this demonstration will usher in other multidomain lasers and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - He Wen
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | | | - Yuanhang Zhang
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Daniel Cruz Delgado
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Pierre Sillard
- Prysmian Group, Parc des Industried Artois Flandres, Douvrin 62138, France
| | - Axel Schülzgen
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Bahaa E A Saleh
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Rodrigo Amezcua-Correa
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Guifang Li
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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9
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Nguyen DD, Lee S, Kim I. Recent Advances in Metaphotonic Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:631. [PMID: 37366996 PMCID: PMC10296124 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Metaphotonic devices, which enable light manipulation at a subwavelength scale and enhance light-matter interactions, have been emerging as a critical pillar in biosensing. Researchers have been attracted to metaphotonic biosensors, as they solve the limitations of the existing bioanalytical techniques, including the sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limit. Here, we briefly introduce types of metasurfaces utilized in various metaphotonic biomolecular sensing domains such as refractometry, surface-enhanced fluorescence, vibrational spectroscopy, and chiral sensing. Further, we list the prevalent working mechanisms of those metaphotonic bio-detection schemes. Furthermore, we summarize the recent progress in chip integration for metaphotonic biosensing to enable innovative point-of-care devices in healthcare. Finally, we discuss the impediments in metaphotonic biosensing, such as its cost effectiveness and treatment for intricate biospecimens, and present a prospect for potential directions for materializing these device strategies, significantly influencing clinical diagnostics in health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Du Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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10
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Papas D, Ou JY, Plum E, Zheludev NI. Microwatt Volatile Optical Bistability via Nanomechanical Nonlinearity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300042. [PMID: 37186378 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metastable optically controlled devices (optical flip-flops) are needed in data storage, signal processing, and displays. Although nonvolatile memory relying on phase transitions in chalcogenide glasses has been widely used for optical data storage, beyond that, weak optical nonlinearities have hindered the development of low-power bistable devices. This work reports a new type of volatile optical bistability in a hybrid nano-optomechanical device, comprising a pair of anchored nanowires decorated with plasmonic metamolecules. The nonlinearity and bistability reside in the mechanical properties of the acoustically driven nanowires and are transduced to the optical response by reconfiguring the plasmonic metamolecules. The device can be switched between bistable optical states with microwatts of optical power and its volatile memory can be erased by removing the acoustic signal. The demonstration of hybrid nano-optomechanical bistability opens new opportunities to develop low-power optical bistable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papas
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, SPMS, TPI, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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11
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Afridi A, Gieseler J, Meyer N, Quidant R. Ultrathin Tunable Optomechanical Metalens. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2496-2501. [PMID: 36951636 PMCID: PMC10103287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable metasurfaces offer great promises to enhance photonics technology by combining integration with improved functionalities. Recently, reconfigurability in otherwise static metasurfaces has been achieved by modifying the electric permittivity of the meta-atoms themselves or their immediate surrounding. Yet, it remains challenging to achieve significant and fast tunability without increasing bulkiness. Here, we demonstrate an ultrathin tunable metalens whose focal distance can be changed through optomechanical control with moderate continuous wave intensities. We achieve fast focal length changes of more than 5% with response time of the order of 10 μs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Afridi
- ICFO
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanophotonic
Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gieseler
- ICFO
Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Meyer
- Nanophotonic
Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romain Quidant
- Nanophotonic
Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Gigahertz optoacoustic vibration in Sub-5 nm tip-supported nano-optomechanical metasurface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:485. [PMID: 36717581 PMCID: PMC9886940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The gigahertz acoustic vibration of nano-optomechanical systems plays an indispensable role in all-optical manipulation of light, quantum control of mechanical modes, on-chip data processing, and optomechanical sensing. However, the high optical, thermal, and mechanical energy losses severely limit the development of nano-optomechanical metasurfaces. Here, we demonstrated a high-quality 5 GHz optoacoustic vibration and ultrafast optomechanical all-optical manipulation in a sub-5 nm tip-supported nano-optomechanical metasurface (TSNOMS). The physical rationale is that the design of the semi-suspended metasurface supported by nanotips of <5 nm enhances the optical energy input into the metasurface and closes the mechanical and thermal output loss channels, result in dramatically improvement of the optomechanical conversion efficiency and oscillation quality of the metasurface. The design strategy of a multichannel-loss-mitigating semi-suspended metasurface can be generalized to performance improvements of on-chip processed nano-optomechanical systems. Applications include all-optical operation of nanomechanical systems, reconfigurable nanophotonic devices, optomechanical sensing, and nonlinear and self-adaptive photonic functionalities.
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13
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Jakšić Z, Obradov M, Jakšić O. Bio-Inspired Nanomembranes as Building Blocks for Nanophotonics, Plasmonics and Metamaterials. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:222. [PMID: 36546922 PMCID: PMC9775387 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomembranes are the most widespread building block of life, as they encompass cell and organelle walls. Their synthetic counterparts can be described as freestanding or free-floating structures thinner than 100 nm, down to monatomic/monomolecular thickness and with giant lateral aspect ratios. The structural confinement to quasi-2D sheets causes a multitude of unexpected and often counterintuitive properties. This has resulted in synthetic nanomembranes transiting from a mere scientific curiosity to a position where novel applications are emerging at an ever-accelerating pace. Among wide fields where their use has proven itself most fruitful are nano-optics and nanophotonics. However, the authors are unaware of a review covering the nanomembrane use in these important fields. Here, we present an attempt to survey the state of the art of nanomembranes in nanophotonics, including photonic crystals, plasmonics, metasurfaces, and nanoantennas, with an accent on some advancements that appeared within the last few years. Unlimited by the Nature toolbox, we can utilize a practically infinite number of available materials and methods and reach numerous properties not met in biological membranes. Thus, nanomembranes in nano-optics can be described as real metastructures, exceeding the known materials and opening pathways to a wide variety of novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Jakšić
- Center of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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14
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Wang P, Krasavin AV, Liu L, Jiang Y, Li Z, Guo X, Tong L, Zayats AV. Molecular Plasmonics with Metamaterials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15031-15081. [PMID: 36194441 PMCID: PMC9562285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest in fundamental research and found numerous technological applications. Plasmonic metamaterials, which offer rich opportunities to control the light intensity, field polarization, and local density of electromagnetic states on subwavelength scales, provide a versatile platform to enhance and tune light-molecule interactions. A variety of applications, including spontaneous emission enhancement, optical modulation, optical sensing, and photoactuated nanochemistry, have been reported by exploiting molecular interactions with plasmonic metamaterials. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the developments of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials. After a brief introduction to the optical properties of plasmonic metamaterials and relevant fabrication approaches, we discuss light-molecule interactions in plasmonic metamaterials in both weak and strong coupling regimes. We then highlight the exploitation of molecules in metamaterials for applications ranging from emission control and optical modulation to optical sensing. The role of hot carriers generated in metamaterials for nanochemistry is also discussed. Perspectives on the future development of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials conclude the review. The use of molecules in combination with designer metamaterials provides a rich playground both to actively control metamaterials using molecular interactions and, in turn, to use metamaterials to control molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Department
of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K.
- Jiaxing
Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China
- Intelligent
Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Alexey V. Krasavin
- Department
of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K.
| | - Lufang Liu
- State Key
Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Department
of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K.
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Jiaxing
Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China
- Intelligent
Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key
Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Jiaxing
Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China
- Intelligent
Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key
Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Anatoly V. Zayats
- Department
of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K.
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15
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Nano-electromechanical spatial light modulator enabled by asymmetric resonant dielectric metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5811. [PMID: 36192401 PMCID: PMC9530114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial light modulators (SLMs) play essential roles in various free-space optical technologies, offering spatio-temporal control of amplitude, phase, or polarization of light. Beyond conventional SLMs based on liquid crystals or microelectromechanical systems, active metasurfaces are considered as promising SLM platforms because they could simultaneously provide high-speed and small pixel size. However, the active metasurfaces reported so far have achieved either limited phase modulation or low efficiency. Here, we propose nano-electromechanically tunable asymmetric dielectric metasurfaces as a platform for reflective SLMs. Exploiting the strong asymmetric radiation of perturbed high-order Mie resonances, the metasurfaces experimentally achieve a phase-shift close to 290∘, over 50% reflectivity, and a wavelength-scale pixel size. Electrical control of diffraction patterns is also achieved by displacing the Mie resonators using nano-electro-mechanical forces. This work paves the ways for future exploration of the asymmetric metasurfaces and for their application to the next-generation SLMs. This work experimentally demonstrates nano-electromechanically tunable asymmetric dielectric metasurfaces. The metasurfaces enable large phase tuning, high reflection, a wavelength-scale pixel size, and electrical control of diffraction patterns.
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16
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Zahertar S, Torun H, Sun C, Markwell C, Dong Y, Yang X, Fu Y. Flexible Platform of Acoustofluidics and Metamaterials with Decoupled Resonant Frequencies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4344. [PMID: 35746129 PMCID: PMC9228408 DOI: 10.3390/s22124344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The key challenge for a lab-on-chip (LOC) device is the seamless integration of key elements of biosensing and actuation (e.g., biosampling or microfluidics), which are conventionally realised using different technologies. In this paper, we report a convenient and efficient LOC platform fabricated using an electrode patterned flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) pressed onto a piezoelectric film coated substrate, which can implement multiple functions of both acoustofluidics using surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and sensing functions using electromagnetic metamaterials, based on the same electrode on the FPCB. We explored the actuation capability of the integrated structure by pumping a sessile droplet using SAWs in the radio frequency range. We then investigated the hybrid sensing capability (including both physical and chemical ones) of the structure employing the concept of electromagnetic split-ring resonators (SRRs) in the microwave frequency range. The originality of this sensing work is based on the premise that the proposed structure contains three completely decoupled resonant frequencies for sensing applications and each resonance has been used as a separate physical or a chemical sensor. This feature compliments the acoustofluidic capability and is well-aligned with the goals set for a successful LOC device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Zahertar
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (S.Z.); (C.M.)
- Zepler Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (S.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Chao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Christopher Markwell
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (S.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Yinhua Dong
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin 4th Centre Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin 300140, China;
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK;
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (S.Z.); (C.M.)
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17
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Li J, MacDonald KF, Zheludev NI. Optical Control of Nanomechanical Brownian Motion Eigenfrequencies in Metamaterials. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4301-4306. [PMID: 35609218 PMCID: PMC9185736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical photonic metamaterials provide a wealth of active switching, nonlinear, and enhanced light-matter interaction functionalities by coupling optically and mechanically resonant subsystems. Thermal (Brownian) motion of the nanostructural components of such metamaterials leads to fluctuations in optical properties, which may manifest as noise, but which also present opportunity to characterize performance and thereby optimize design at the level of individual nanomechanical elements. We show that nanomechanical motion in an all-dielectric metamaterial ensemble of silicon-on-silicon-nitride nanowires can be controlled by light at sub-μW/μm2 intensities. Induced changes in nanowire temperature of just a few Kelvin and nonthermal optical forces generated within the structure change the few-MHz Eigenfrequencies and/or picometric displacement amplitudes of motion, and thereby metamaterial transmission. The tuning mechanism can provide active control of frequency response in photonic metadevices and may serve as a basis for bolometric, mass, and micro/nanostructural stress sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Li
- Optoelectronics
Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin F. MacDonald
- Optoelectronics
Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay I. Zheludev
- Optoelectronics
Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Disruptive Photonic Technologies and The Photonics Institute,
SPMS, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371, Singapore
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18
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Sengupta R, Khand H, Sarusi G. Terahertz Impedance Spectroscopy of Biological Nanoparticles by a Resonant Metamaterial Chip for Breathalyzer-Based COVID-19 Prompt Tests. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5803-5812. [PMID: 37552719 PMCID: PMC9004291 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a tested, sensitive, and prompt COVID-19 breath screening method that takes less than 1 min. The method is nonbiological and is based on the detection of a shift in the resonance frequency of a nanoengineered inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant metamaterial chip, caused by viruses and mainly related exhaled particles, when performing terahertz spectroscopy. The chip consists of thousands of microantennas arranged in an array and enclosed in a plastic breathalyzer-like disposable capsule kit. After an appreciable agreement between numerical simulations (COMSOL and CST) and experimental results was reached using our metamaterial design, low-scale clinical trials were conducted with asymptomatic and symptomatic coronavirus patients and healthy individuals. It is shown that coronavirus-positive individuals are effectively screened upon observation of a shift in the transmission resonance frequency of about 1.5-9 GHz, which is diagnostically different from the resonance shift of healthy individuals who display a 0-1.5 GHz shift. The initial results of screening coronavirus patients yielded 88% agreement with the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results (performed concurrently with the breath test) with an outcome of a positive predicted value of 87% and a negative predicted value of 88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrarup Sengupta
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Heena Khand
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Gabby Sarusi
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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19
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Marvi F, Jafari K. A label-free biomarkers detection platform relied on a bilayer long-wave infrared metamaterials BioNEMS sensor. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:265502. [PMID: 35299159 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5ee1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach based on optical Biological-Nano-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (BioNEMS) sensor is presented in this paper to provide highly sensitive and precise detection of biomolecules. The proposed BioNEMS sensor is relied on a bi-layer metamaterials structure, tuned by its wavelength. The presented biosensor consists of a BioNEMS membrane coated by Complementary Split Ring Resonators and an array of Split Ring Resonators cells on the substrate. While the immobilized bioreceptors adsorb the biomarkers (i.e. mRNA or protein), it causes a bending of the suspended membrane. This is due to the differential surface stress which is induced on the Nano-Electro-Mechanical-Systems structure. As a consequence, the coupling strength of two complementary metamaterial layers and thus the electromagnetic response of the biosensor are changed. Furthermore, the proposed device is designed and analyzed by numerical and analytical approaches in order to obtain its functional characteristics as follows: detection sensitivity of 21 967 nm/RIU, figure of merit of 327.8 RIU-1", mechanical sensitivity of 2.6μm/Nm-1" and resonant frequency of 4.92 kHz. According to the obtained results, the functional characteristics of the proposed label-free biosensor show its high potential for highly sensitive and accurate molecule detections, disease diagnosis as well as drug delivery tests for Lab-On-Chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Marvi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kian Jafari
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Okogbaa FC, Ahmed QZ, Khan FA, Abbas WB, Che F, Zaidi SAR, Alade T. Design and Application of Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) for Beyond 5G Wireless Networks: A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072436. [PMID: 35408051 PMCID: PMC9003338 DOI: 10.3390/s22072436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The existing sub-6 GHz band is insufficient to support the bandwidth requirement of emerging data-rate-hungry applications and Internet of Things devices, requiring ultrareliable low latency communication (URLLC), thus making the migration to millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands inevitable. A notable disadvantage of a mmWave band is the significant losses suffered at higher frequencies that may not be overcome by novel optimization algorithms at the transmitter and receiver and thus result in a performance degradation. To address this, Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) is a new technology capable of transforming the wireless channel from a highly probabilistic to a highly deterministic channel and as a result, overcome the significant losses experienced in the mmWave band. This paper aims to survey the design and applications of an IRS, a 2-dimensional (2D) passive metasurface with the ability to control the wireless propagation channel and thus achieve better spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) to aid the fifth and beyond generation to deliver the required data rate to support current and emerging technologies. It is imperative that the future wireless technology evolves toward an intelligent software paradigm, and the IRS is expected to be a key enabler in achieving this task. This work provides a detailed survey of the IRS technology, limitations in the current research, and the related research opportunities and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Chimzi Okogbaa
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (F.C.O.); (W.B.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Qasim Zeeshan Ahmed
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (F.C.O.); (W.B.A.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.A.); (T.A.); Tel.: +44-(0)-1484473973 (Q.Z.A.)
| | - Fahd Ahmed Khan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Waqas Bin Abbas
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (F.C.O.); (W.B.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Fuhu Che
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (F.C.O.); (W.B.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Syed Ali Raza Zaidi
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Temitope Alade
- Computer Science at the Department of Computing and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.A.); (T.A.); Tel.: +44-(0)-1484473973 (Q.Z.A.)
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21
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Yang J, Gurung S, Bej S, Ni P, Howard Lee HW. Active optical metasurfaces: comprehensive review on physics, mechanisms, and prospective applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:036101. [PMID: 35244609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac2aaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces with subwavelength thickness hold considerable promise for future advances in fundamental optics and novel optical applications due to their unprecedented ability to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of transmitted, reflected, and diffracted light. Introducing active functionalities to optical metasurfaces is an essential step to the development of next-generation flat optical components and devices. During the last few years, many attempts have been made to develop tunable optical metasurfaces with dynamic control of optical properties (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spatial/spectral/temporal responses) and early-stage device functions (e.g., beam steering, tunable focusing, tunable color filters/absorber, dynamic hologram, etc) based on a variety of novel active materials and tunable mechanisms. These recently-developed active metasurfaces show significant promise for practical applications, but significant challenges still remain. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recently-reported tunable metasurfaces is provided which focuses on the ten major tunable metasurface mechanisms. For each type of mechanism, the performance metrics on the reported tunable metasurface are outlined, and the capabilities/limitations of each mechanism and its potential for various photonic applications are compared and summarized. This review concludes with discussion of several prospective applications, emerging technologies, and research directions based on the use of tunable optical metasurfaces. We anticipate significant new advances when the tunable mechanisms are further developed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Sudip Gurung
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Bej
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Peinan Ni
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Ho Wai Howard Lee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
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22
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Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wang W, Chen D, Wei X, Li J, Huang Y, Wen G. Research on the reflection-type ELC-based optomechanical metamaterial. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5498-5511. [PMID: 35209511 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new kind of optomechanical metamaterial based on a planar ELC-type absorbing structure fabricated on the low-loss flexible substrate. The nonlinear coupling mechanism and nonlinear response phenomenon of the proposed optomechanical metamaterial driven by electromagnetic induced force are analyzed theoretically. The mechanical deformation/displacement and the mechanical resonance frequency shift of the metamaterial unit deposed on the flexible substrate are also numerically and experimentally demonstrated to reveal the coupling phenomenon of electromagnetic field and mechanical field. These results will help researchers to further understand the multi-physics interactions of optomechanical metamaterials and will promote the developments of new type of metasurface for high-efficiency dynamic electromagnetic wave controlling and formatting.
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23
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Abstract
In recent years, tunable metamaterials have attracted intensive research interest due to their outstanding characteristics, which are dependent on the geometrical dimensions rather than the material composition of the nanostructure. Among tuning approaches, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) is a well-known technology that mechanically reconfigures the metamaterial unit cells. In this study, the development of MEMS-based metamaterial is reviewed and analyzed based on several types of actuators, including electrothermal, electrostatic, electromagnetic, and stretching actuation mechanisms. The moveable displacement and driving power are the key factors in evaluating the performance of actuators. Therefore, a comparison of actuating methods is offered as a basic guideline for selecting micro-actuators integrated with metamaterial. Additionally, by exploiting electro-mechanical inputs, MEMS-based metamaterials make possible the manipulation of incident electromagnetic waves, including amplitude, frequency, phase, and the polarization state, which enables many implementations of potential applications in optics. In particular, two typical applications of MEMS-based tunable metamaterials are reviewed, i.e., logic operation and sensing. These integrations of MEMS with metamaterial provide a novel route for the enhancement of conventional optical devices and exhibit great potentials in innovative applications, such as intelligent optical networks, invisibility cloaks, photonic signal processing, and so on.
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24
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Meng Y, Chen Y, Lu L, Ding Y, Cusano A, Fan JA, Hu Q, Wang K, Xie Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Gong M, Xiao Q, Sun S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Ni X. Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 34811345 PMCID: PMC8608813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Longhui Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qiaomu Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhoutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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25
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Xu HX, Wang M, Hu G, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang C, Zeng Y, Li J, Zhang S, Huang W. Adaptable Invisibility Management Using Kirigami-Inspired Transformable Metamaterials. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9806789. [PMID: 34604760 PMCID: PMC8449819 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9806789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many real-world applications, including adaptive radar scanning and smart stealth, require reconfigurable multifunctional devices to simultaneously manipulate multiple degrees of freedom of electromagnetic (EM) waves in an on-demand manner. Recently, kirigami technique, affording versatile and unconventional structural transformation, has been introduced to endow metamaterials with the capability of controlling EM waves in a reconfigurable manner. Here, we report for a kirigami-inspired sparse meta-architecture, with structural density of 1.5% in terms of the occupation space, for adaptive invisibility based on independent operations of frequency, bandwidth, and amplitude. Based on the general principle of dipolar management via structural reconstruction of kirigami-inspired meta-architectures, we demonstrate reconfigurable invisibility management with abundant EM functions and a wide tuning range using three enantiomers (A, B, and C) of different geometries characterized by the folding angle β. Our strategy circumvents issues of limited abilities, narrow tuning range, extreme condition, and high cost raised by available reconfigurable metamaterials, providing a new avenue toward multifunctional smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Mingzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Yixuan Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Jiafang Li
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), Beijing 100081, China.,School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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26
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Shi J, Mofatteh H, Mirabolghasemi A, Desharnais G, Akbarzadeh A. Programmable Multistable Perforated Shellular. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102423. [PMID: 34467581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing bistable metamaterials has recently offered a new design paradigm for deployable structures and reusable dampers. While most bistable mechanisms possess inclined/curved struts, a new 3D multistable shellular metamaterial is developed by introducing delicate perforations on the surface of Schwarz's Primitive shellular, integrating the unique properties of shellular materials such as high surface area, stiffness, and energy absorption with the multistability concept. Denoting the fundamental snapping part by motif, certain shellular motifs with elliptical perforations exhibit mechanical bistability. To bring the concept of multistability to a single motif, multistable shellular motifs are developed by introducing multilayer staggered perforations that form hinges and facilitate local instability. Adopting an n-layer staggered perforation (n hinges) design leads to a maximum 2n-1 stable states within one shellular motif during loading and unloading. Three-directional multistable shellulars are attained by extending the perforation design in three orthogonal directions. Harnessing snap-through and snap-back behaviors and self-contact, the introduced multistable perforated shellulars exhibit strong rigidity both in loading and unloading, and enhanced energy dissipation. The introduced design strategy opens up new horizons for creating multidirectional multistable metamaterials with load bearing capabilities for applications in soft robotics, shape-morphing architectures, and reusable and deployable energy absorbers/dampers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Shi
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Hossein Mofatteh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Armin Mirabolghasemi
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | | | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
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27
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Liu T, Ou JY, Plum E, MacDonald KF, Zheludev NI. Visualization of Subatomic Movements in Nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7746-7752. [PMID: 34469159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy, scanning probe, and optical super-resolution imaging techniques with nanometric resolution are now routinely available but cannot capture the characteristically fast (MHz-GHz frequency) movements of micro-/nano-objects. Meanwhile, optical interferometric techniques can detect high-frequency picometric displacements but only with diffraction-limited lateral resolution. Here, we introduce a motion visualization technique, based on the spectrally resolved detection of secondary electron emission from moving objects, that combines picometric displacement sensitivity with the nanometric spatial (positional/imaging) resolution of electron microscopy. The sensitivity of the technique is quantitatively validated against the thermodynamically defined amplitude of a nanocantilever's Brownian motion. It is further demonstrated in visualizing externally driven modes of cantilever, nanomechanical photonic metamaterial, and MEMS device structures. With a noise floor reaching ∼1 pm/Hz1/2, it can provide for the study of oscillatory movements with subatomic amplitudes, presenting new opportunities for the interrogation of motion in functional structures across the materials, bio- and nanosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Liu
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Kevin F MacDonald
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637378, Singapore
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28
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Ajia IA, Ou JY, Dinsdale NJ, Singh HJ, Chen-Sverre T, Liu T, Zheludev NI, Muskens OL. Gigahertz Nano-Optomechanical Resonances in a Dielectric SiC-Membrane Metasurface Array. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4563-4569. [PMID: 34015218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optically and vibrationally resonant nanophotonic devices are of particular importance for their ability to enhance optomechanical interactions, with applications in nanometrology, sensing, nano-optical control of light, and optomechanics. Here, the optically resonant excitation and detection of gigahertz vibrational modes are demonstrated in a nanoscale metasurface array fabricated on a suspended SiC membrane. With the design of the main optical and vibrational modes to be those of the individual metamolecules, resonant excitation and detection are achieved by making use of direct mechanisms for optomechanical coupling. Ultrafast optical pump-probe studies reveal a multimodal gigahertz vibrational response corresponding to the mechanical modes of the suspended nanoresonators. Wavelength and polarization dependent studies reveal that the excitation and detection of vibrations takes place through the metasurface optical modes. The dielectric metasurface pushes the modulation speed of optomechanical structures closer to their theoretical limits and presents a potential for compact and easily fabricable optical components for photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris A Ajia
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Dinsdale
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - H Johnson Singh
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Chen-Sverre
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637378, Singapore
| | - Otto L Muskens
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
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29
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Rubio-Marcos F, Del Campo A, Ordoñez-Pimentel J, Venet M, Rojas-Hernandez RE, Páez-Margarit D, Ochoa DA, Fernández JF, García JE. Photocontrolled Strain in Polycrystalline Ferroelectrics via Domain Engineering Strategy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20858-20864. [PMID: 33881295 PMCID: PMC8480775 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of photonic concepts to achieve nanoactuation based on light triggering requires complex architectures to obtain the desired effect. In this context, the recent discovery of reversible optical control of the domain configuration in ferroelectrics offers a light-ferroic interplay that can be easily controlled. To date, however, the optical control of ferroelectric domains has been explored in single crystals, although polycrystals are technologically more desirable because they can be manufactured in a scalable and reproducible fashion. Here we report experimental evidence for a large photostrain response in polycrystalline BaTiO3 that is comparable to their electrostrain values. Domains engineering is performed through grain size control, thereby evidencing that charged domain walls appear to be the functional interfaces for the light-driven domain switching. The findings shed light on the design of high-performance photoactuators based on ferroelectric ceramics, providing a feasible alternative to conventional voltage-driven nanoactuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rubio-Marcos
- Department
of Electroceramics, Instituto de Cerámica
y Vidrio, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Adolfo Del Campo
- Department
of Electroceramics, Instituto de Cerámica
y Vidrio, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jonathan Ordoñez-Pimentel
- Department
of Physics, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Department
of Physics, Universidade Federal de Sao
Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Michel Venet
- Department
of Physics, Universidade Federal de Sao
Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - David Páez-Margarit
- Department
of Physics, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Diego A. Ochoa
- Department
of Physics, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - José F. Fernández
- Department
of Electroceramics, Instituto de Cerámica
y Vidrio, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jose E. García
- Department
of Physics, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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30
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Yu Y, Zhou J, Cai Q, Chu Z, Deng J, Lu W, Li Z, Chen X. Dynamically tunable ultra-narrowband perfect absorbers for the visible-to-infrared range based on a microcavity integrated graphene pair. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2236-2239. [PMID: 33929463 DOI: 10.1364/ol.423674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically tunable ultra-narrowband perfect absorbers are important to next-generation active photonic devices. A composite structure of a graphene pair and a microcavity with Bragg mirrors are proposed for this purpose. Based on the electrically controllable doping of graphene and critical coupling of the incident light, the microcavity-graphene composite structure achieves peak absorptance higher than 99.5%, a relative peak width ($\Delta \lambda /{\lambda _0}$) smaller than 1.1%, and a modulation depth larger than 92.0% throughout the visible-to-mid-infrared range, surpassing other structures in comprehensive performance. By changing the number of the dielectric pairs in the Bragg mirrors, the device can become an amplitude or a spectral modulator. The results are based on the optical constants from experiment data, including the surface conductivity of graphene with relatively low mobility, so they are more useful in practical situations.
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31
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Liu T, Ou JY, MacDonald KF, Zheludev NI. Detection of sub-atomic movement in nanostructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2213-2216. [PMID: 36133771 PMCID: PMC9419005 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale objects move fast and oscillate billions of times per second. Such movements occur naturally in the form of thermal (Brownian) motion while stimulated movements underpin the functionality of nano-mechanical sensors and active nano-(electro/opto) mechanical devices. Here we introduce a methodology for detecting such movements, based on the spectral analysis of secondary electron emission from moving nanostructures, that is sensitive to displacements of sub-atomic amplitude. We demonstrate the detection of nanowire Brownian oscillations of ∼10 pm amplitude and hyperspectral mapping of stimulated oscillations of setae on the body of a common flea. The technique opens a range of opportunities for the study of dynamic processes in materials science, nanotechnology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Liu
- Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Kevin F MacDonald
- Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies & the Photonics Institute, Nanyanag Technological University 637371 Singapore
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32
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Kwon H, Zheng T, Faraon A. Nano-electromechanical Tuning of Dual-Mode Resonant Dielectric Metasurfaces for Dynamic Amplitude and Phase Modulation. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2817-2823. [PMID: 33544608 PMCID: PMC8890003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Planar all-dielectric photonic crystals or metasurfaces host various resonant eigenmodes including leaky guided mode resonances (GMR) and bound states in the continuum (BIC). Engineering these resonant modes can provide new opportunities for diverse applications. Particularly, electrical control of the resonances will boost development of the applications by making them tunable. Here, we experimentally demonstrate nano-electromechanical tuning of both the GMR and the quasi-BIC modes in the telecom wavelength range. With electrostatic forces induced by a few volts, the devices achieve spectral shifts over 5 nm, absolute intensity modulation over 40%, and modulation speed exceeding 10 kHz. We also show that the interference between two resonances enables the enhancement of the phase response when two modes are overlapped in spectrum. A phase shift of 144° is experimentally observed with a bias of 4 V. Our work suggests a direct route toward optical modulators through the engineering of GMRs and quasi-BIC resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyounghan Kwon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Tianzhe Zheng
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Andrei Faraon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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33
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Naeem T, Khaliq HS, Zubair M, Tauqeer T, Mehmood MQ. Engineering tunability through electro-optic effects to manifest a multifunctional metadevice. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13220-13228. [PMID: 35423853 PMCID: PMC8697489 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00901j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast modulation of the refractive index exhibits either linear or nonlinear electro-optic (EO) effect, which is extensively utilized in tunable photonic circuits. Silicon, a mature material for on-chip devices, lacks a strong electro-optic (EO) Pockels effect. Utilization of the Pockels effect alters the intrinsic property (refractive index) of the material that manifests tunability and offers expanded functionalities. Driven by the limited space constraints in data storage, sensing, and imaging applications, we propose an electrically tunable meta-device whose resonance wavelength and focal length can be tuned by varying applied electric fields in the visible range. The fundamental unit of a metalens is the barium titanate (BTO) diffractive optical element placed on indium titanium oxide (which serves as an electrode) with SiO2 as the substrate. The metalens' tunability is characterized by point spread function (PSF), full-width half-maximum (FWHM), and imaging bandwidth that demonstrates the tuning of resonance wavelength and focal length. Moreover, polarization-insensitive meta-holograms are realized at a wavelength of 633 nm without utilizing propagation and Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase. The proposed study can find exciting applications in machine vision, broadband microscopy, and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor Naeem
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Saad Khaliq
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Tauseef Tauqeer
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
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34
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Zhang W, Zhang B, Fang X, Cheng K, Chen W, Wang Z, Hong D, Zhang M. Microfluid-based soft metasurface for tunable optical activity in THz wave. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8786-8795. [PMID: 33820320 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are usually planar structures and do not possess intrinsic chirality and therefore hardly generate optical activity. Here we realized a tunable optical activity in a terahertz wave through a microfluid-based soft metasurface. The meta-atom is a chiral structured microchannel made of soft polydimethylsiloxane and injected with the liquid metal Galinstan. A microfluid pressure system is bonded to the metasurface to reconfigure all meta-atoms simultaneously. By pumping glycerol liquid into the pressure system, the metasurface is deformed from a planar structure to a three dimensional one, which manifests intrinsic chirality for optical activity realization. By controlling the injected glycerol volume, a polarization rotation from 0°to 14° at 0.19 THz is demonstrated. The soft metasurface with tunable optical activity can be flexibly applied in various applications such as polarization microscopy, bio-detection and material analysis, etc.
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35
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Abstract
Kirigami, with facile and automated fashion of three-dimensional (3D) transformations, offers an unconventional approach for realizing cutting-edge optical nano-electromechanical systems. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip and electromechanically reconfigurable nano-kirigami with optical functionalities. The nano-electromechanical system is built on an Au/SiO2/Si substrate and operated via attractive electrostatic forces between the top gold nanostructure and bottom silicon substrate. Large-range nano-kirigami like 3D deformations are clearly observed and reversibly engineered, with scalable pitch size down to 0.975 μm. Broadband nonresonant and narrowband resonant optical reconfigurations are achieved at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, respectively, with a high modulation contrast up to 494%. On-chip modulation of optical helicity is further demonstrated in submicron nano-kirigami at near-infrared wavelengths. Such small-size and high-contrast reconfigurable optical nano-kirigami provides advanced methodologies and platforms for versatile on-chip manipulation of light at nanoscale.
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36
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Wang Y, Desroches GJ, Macfarlane RJ. Ordered polymer composite materials: challenges and opportunities. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:426-443. [PMID: 33367442 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07547g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites containing nanoscale fillers are an important class of materials due to their ability to access a wide variety of properties as a function of their composition. In order to take full advantage of these properties, it is critical to control the distribution of nanofillers within the parent polymer matrix, as this structural organization affects how the two constituent components interact with one another. In particular, new methods for generating ordered arrays of nanofillers represent a key underexplored research area, as emergent properties arising from nanoscale ordering can be used to introduce novel functionality currently inaccessible in random composites. The knowledge gained from developing such methods will provide important insight into the thermodynamics and kinetics associated with nanomaterial and polymer assembly. These insights will not only benefit researchers working on new composite materials, but will also deepen our understanding of soft matter systems in general. In this review, we summarize contemporary research efforts in manipulating nanofiller organization in polymer nanocomposites and highlight future challenges and opportunities for constructing ordered nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Griffen J Desroches
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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37
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Zhou C, Xie Z, Zhang B, Lei T, Li Z, Du L, Yuan X. Reconfigurable dielectric metasurface for active wavefront modulation based on a phase-change material metamolecule design. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:38241-38251. [PMID: 33379640 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, the promising artificial micro-nano structures with the ability to manipulate the wavefront of light, have been widely studied and reported in recent years. However, dynamic control of the wavefront using dielectric metasurfaces remains a great challenge. Here, unlike the previously reported reconfigurable metasurfaces that offer only binary functions or limited switchable states, we propose and numerically demonstrate an active dielectric metasurface with the metamolecule unit-cell design that enables full-range phase or amplitude tuning in the telecommunications band using the phase-change material Ge2Sb2Se4Te1 (GSST). Selective control of the phase transition of each GSST nanopillar in the metamolecule allows multi-level modulation of the phase and amplitude of the light to be achieved. The functionalities of the structure are validated through the generation of optical vortices, phase-only hologram, and pure amplitude modulation. Benefiting from its dynamic wavefront control capability, the proposed metasurface offers major potential for use in future applications including complex beam steering, optical communications, 3D holograms, and displays.
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38
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Lee KJ, Beyreuther E, Jalil SA, Kim SJ, Eng LM, Guo C, André P. Optical-field driven charge-transfer modulations near composite nanostructures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6150. [PMID: 33262344 PMCID: PMC7708636 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical activation of material properties illustrates the potentials held by tuning light-matter interactions with impacts ranging from basic science to technological applications. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that composite nanostructures providing nonlocal environments can be engineered to optically trigger photoinduced charge-transfer-dynamic modulations in the solid state. The nanostructures explored herein lead to out-of-phase behavior between charge separation and recombination dynamics, along with linear charge-transfer-dynamic variations with the optical-field intensity. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, up to 270% increase in charge separation rate is obtained in organic semiconductor thin films. We provide evidence that composite nanostructures allow for surface photovoltages to be created, which kinetics vary with the composite architecture and last beyond optical pulse temporal characteristics. Furthermore, by generalizing Marcus theory framework, we explain why charge-transfer-dynamic modulations can only be unveiled when optic-field effects are enhanced by nonlocal image-dipole interactions. Our demonstration, that composite nanostructures can be designed to take advantage of optical fields for tuneable charge-transfer-dynamic remote actuators, opens the path for their use in practical applications ranging from photochemistry to optoelectronics. Controlling and modulating charge transfer dynamics in composite nanostructures, though promising for optoelectronic applications, remains a challenge. Here, the authors report optical control of charge separation and recombination processes in organic semiconductor-based composite nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Jin Lee
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA. .,Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. .,CNRS-Ewha International Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Elke Beyreuther
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sohail A Jalil
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics, and Physics, Changchun, China
| | | | - Lukas M Eng
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chunlei Guo
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Pascal André
- CNRS-Ewha International Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615, Villeurbanne, France. .,RIKEN, Wako, Japan.
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39
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Yue J, Ling F, Yao J. Dynamically controllable terahertz metamaterial based on annealed and unannealed BiFeO 3 thin film on Si. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:9855-9860. [PMID: 33175825 DOI: 10.1364/ao.406144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically and experimentally study a terahertz metamaterial based on a hybrid metamaterial/BFO/Si structure, where the BFO thin films are annealed and unannealed, respectively. Due to the interaction or hybridization of two resonators, an obvious plasma-induced transparency effect can be obtained in the transmission spectra. With increasing the external optical pumping power, the transparency peak modulation depth of the annealed hybrid sample is about 45% while the unannealed hybrid sample is almost zero. The annealing treatment has a significant effect on the modulation through investigating the photoconductivity of the BFO thin films. The photogenerated carriers suppress the resonances of the two bright modes, thus the transparency peak of the metamaterial is disappeared. This work is a further step forward in practical applications of BFO-based terahertz functional devices and a path for exploration of multiferroic material BiFeO3 in the terahertz range.
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40
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Poblet M, Li Y, Cortés E, Maier SA, Grinblat G, Bragas AV. Direct Detection of Optical Forces of Magnetic Nature in Dielectric Nanoantennas. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7627-7634. [PMID: 32936659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical forces on nanostructures are usually characterized by their interaction with the electric field component of the light wave, given that most materials present negligible magnetic response at optical frequencies. This is not the case however of a high-refractive-index dielectric nanoantenna, which has been recently shown to efficiently support both electric and magnetic optical modes. In this work, we use a photoinduced force microscopy configuration to measure optically induced forces produced by a germanium nanoantenna on a surrounding silicon near-field probe. We reveal the spatial distribution, character, and magnitude of the generated forces when exciting the nanoantenna at its anapole state condition. We retrieve optical force maps showing values of up to 20 pN, which are found to be mainly magnetic in nature, according to our numerical simulations. The results of this investigation open new pathways for the study, detection, and generation of magnetic light forces at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poblet
- Departamento de Fı́sica, FCEN, IFIBA CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yi Li
- School of Microelectronics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Communications, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Grinblat
- Departamento de Fı́sica, FCEN, IFIBA CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea V Bragas
- Departamento de Fı́sica, FCEN, IFIBA CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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41
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Stanciu SG, Latterini L, Charitidis CA. Editorial: Recent Trends in Optical and Mechanical Characterization of Nanomaterials. Front Chem 2020; 8:564014. [PMID: 33134272 PMCID: PMC7567032 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.564014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Stanciu
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Costas A. Charitidis
- RNANO Lab—Research Unit of Advanced, Composite, Nano Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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42
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43
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Characterisation and Manipulation of Polarisation Response in Plasmonic and Magneto-Plasmonic Nanostructures and Metamaterials. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12081365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical properties of metal nanostructures, governed by the so-called localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, have invoked intensive investigations in recent times owing to their fundamental nature and potential applications. LSPR scattering from metal nanostructures is expected to show the symmetry of the oscillation mode and the particle shape. Therefore, information on the polarisation properties of the LSPR scattering is crucial for identifying different oscillation modes within one particle and to distinguish differently shaped particles within one sample. On the contrary, the polarisation state of light itself can be arbitrarily manipulated by the inverse designed sample, known as metamaterials. Apart from polarisation state, external stimulus, e.g., magnetic field also controls the LSPR scattering from plasmonic nanostructures, giving rise to a new field of magneto-plasmonics. In this review, we pay special attention to polarisation and its effect in three contrasting aspects. First, tailoring between LSPR scattering and symmetry of plasmonic nanostructures, secondly, manipulating polarisation state through metamaterials and lastly, polarisation modulation in magneto-plasmonics. Finally, we will review recent progress in applications of plasmonic and magneto-plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials in various fields.
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44
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Tsoukalas K, Vosoughi Lahijani B, Stobbe S. Impact of Transduction Scaling Laws on Nanoelectromechanical Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:223902. [PMID: 32567909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.223902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the electromechanical transduction in nanoelectromechanical actuators and show that the differences in scaling laws for electrical and mechanical effects lead to an overall nontrivial miniaturization behavior. In particular, the previously neglected fringing fields considerably increase electrical forces and improve the stability of nanoscale actuators. This shows that electrostatics does not pose any limitations to the miniaturization of electromechanical systems; in fact, in several respects, nanosystems outperform their microscale counterparts. As a specific example, we consider in-plane actuation of ultrathin slabs and show that devices consisting of a few layers of graphene are feasible, implying that electromechanical resonators operating beyond 40 GHz are possible with currently available technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tsoukalas
- Department of Photonics Engineering, DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Babak Vosoughi Lahijani
- Department of Photonics Engineering, DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Stobbe
- Department of Photonics Engineering, DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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45
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Chen S, Chen J, Zhang X, Li ZY, Li J. Kirigami/origami: unfolding the new regime of advanced 3D microfabrication/nanofabrication with "folding". LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:75. [PMID: 32377337 PMCID: PMC7193558 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Advanced kirigami/origami provides an automated technique for modulating the mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties of existing materials, with remarkable flexibility, diversity, functionality, generality, and reconfigurability. In this paper, we review the latest progress in kirigami/origami on the microscale/nanoscale as a new platform for advanced 3D microfabrication/nanofabrication. Various stimuli of kirigami/origami, including capillary forces, residual stress, mechanical stress, responsive forces, and focussed-ion-beam irradiation-induced stress, are introduced in the microscale/nanoscale region. These stimuli enable direct 2D-to-3D transformations through folding, bending, and twisting of microstructures/nanostructures, with which the occupied spatial volume can vary by several orders of magnitude compared to the 2D precursors. As an instant and direct method, ion-beam irradiation-based tree-type and close-loop nano-kirigami is highlighted in particular. The progress in microscale/nanoscale kirigami/origami for reshaping the emerging 2D materials, as well as the potential for biological, optical and reconfigurable applications, is briefly discussed. With the unprecedented physical characteristics and applicable functionalities generated by kirigami/origami, a wide range of applications in the fields of optics, physics, biology, chemistry and engineering can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- 1Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- 2College of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- 1Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- 2College of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafang Li
- 1Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
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46
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Cazier N, Sadeghi P, Chien MH, Shawrav MM, Schmid S. Spectrally broadband electro-optic modulation with nanoelectromechanical string resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:12294-12301. [PMID: 32403727 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a shutter-based electro-optical modulator made of two parallel nanoelectromechanical silicon nitride string resonators. These strings are covered with electrically connected gold electrodes and actuated either by Lorentz or electrostatic forces. The in-plane string vibrations modulate the width of the gap between the strings. The gold electrodes on both sides of the gap act as a mobile mirror that modulate the laser light that is focused in the middle of this gap. These electro-optical modulators can achieve an optical modulation depth of almost 100% for a driving voltage lower than 1 mV at a frequency of 314 kHz. The frequency range is determined by the string resonance frequency, which can take values of the order of a few hundred kilohertz to several megahertz. The strings are driven in the strongly nonlinear regime, which allows a frequency tuning of several kilohertz without significant effect on the optical modulation depth.
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47
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Manipulating disordered plasmonic systems by external cavity with transition from broadband absorption to reconfigurable reflection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1538. [PMID: 32210243 PMCID: PMC7093388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered biostructures are ubiquitous in nature, usually generating white or black colours due to their broadband optical response and robustness to perturbations. Through judicious design, disordered nanostructures have been realised in artificial systems, with unique properties for light localisation, photon transportation and energy harvesting. On the other hand, the tunability of disordered systems with a broadband response has been scarcely explored. Here, we achieve the controlled manipulation of disordered plasmonic systems, realising the transition from broadband absorption to tunable reflection through deterministic control of the coupling to an external cavity. Starting from a generalised model, we realise disordered systems composed of plasmonic nanoclusters that either operate as a broadband absorber or with a reconfigurable reflection band throughout the visible. Not limited to its significance for the further understanding of the physics of disorder, our disordered plasmonic system provides a novel platform for various practical application such as structural colour patterning. The tunability of disordered systems with a broadband response has not been explored. Here, the authors achieve the controlled manipulation of disordered plasmonic systems, realising a transition from broadband absorption to tunable reflection through control of the coupling to an external cavity.
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48
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Lee D, Gwak J, Badloe T, Palomba S, Rho J. Metasurfaces-based imaging and applications: from miniaturized optical components to functional imaging platforms. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:605-625. [PMID: 36133253 PMCID: PMC9419029 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00751b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the imaging applications of metasurfaces. These optical elements provide a unique platform to control light; not only do they have a reduced size and complexity compared to conventional imaging systems but they also enable novel imaging modalities, such as functional-imaging techniques. This review highlights the development of metalenses, from their basic principles, to the achievement of achromatic and tunable lenses, and metasurfaces implemented in functional optical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Gwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Stefano Palomba
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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49
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Tran MC, Pham VH, Ho TH, Nguyen TT, Do HT, Bui XK, Bui ST, Le DT, Pham TL, Vu DL. Broadband microwave coding metamaterial absorbers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1810. [PMID: 32020003 PMCID: PMC7000747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a broadband metamaterial microwave absorber is designed, simulated and measured. Differently from the traditional method which is only based on unit cell boundary conditions, we carried out full-wave finite integration simulations using full-sized configurations. Starting from an elementary unit cell structure, four kinds of coding metamaterial blocks, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4 and 6 × 6 blocks were optimized and then used as building blocks (meta-block) for the construction of numerous 12 × 12 topologies with a realistic size scale. We found the broadband absorption response in the frequency range 16 GHz to 33 GHz, in good agreement with the equivalent medium theory prediction and experimental observation. Considering various applications of metamaterials or metamaterial absorbers in the electromagnetic wave processing, including the radars or satellite communications, requires the frequency in the range up to 40 GHz. Our study could be useful to guide experimental work. Furthermore, compared to the straightforward approach that represents the metamaterials configurations as 12 × 12 matrices of random binary bits (0 and 1), our new approach achieves significant gains in the broadband absorption. Our method also may be applied to the full-sized structures with arbitrary dimensions, and thus provide a useful tool in the design of metamaterials with specific desired frequency ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Cuong Tran
- Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Van Hai Pham
- Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Tuan Hung Ho
- Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Tung Do
- Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Khuyen Bui
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Son Tung Bui
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dac Tuyen Le
- Department of Physics, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, 18 Pho Vien, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - The Linh Pham
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Lam Vu
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
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50
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Lee CW, Choi HJ, Jeong H. Tunable metasurfaces for visible and SWIR applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:3. [PMID: 31956942 PMCID: PMC6970092 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Demand on optical or photonic applications in the visible or short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectra, such as vision, virtual or augmented displays, imaging, spectroscopy, remote sensing (LIDAR), chemical reaction sensing, microscopy, and photonic integrated circuits, has envisaged new type of subwavelength-featured materials and devices for controlling electromagnetic waves. The study on metasurfaces, of which the thickness is either comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of the considered incoming electromagnetic wave, has been grown rapidly to embrace the needs of developing sub 100-micron active photonic pixelated devices and their arrayed form. Meta-atoms in metasurfaces are now actively controlled under external stimuli to lead to a large phase shift upon the incident light, which has provided a huge potential for arrayed two-dimensional active optics. This short review summarizes actively tunable or reconfigurable metasurfaces for the visible or SWIR spectra, to account for the physical operating principles and the current issues to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Lee
- Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Department of Applied Optics, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158, Korea.
| | - Hee Jin Choi
- Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Department of Applied Optics, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158, Korea
| | - Heejeong Jeong
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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