1
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Mathiowetz AJ, Meymand ES, Deol KK, Parlakgül G, Lange M, Pang SP, Roberts MA, Torres EF, Jorgens DM, Zalpuri R, Kang M, Boone C, Zhang Y, Morgens DW, Tso E, Zhou Y, Talukdar S, Levine TP, Ku G, Arruda AP, Olzmann JA. CLCC1 promotes hepatic neutral lipid flux and nuclear pore complex assembly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597858. [PMID: 38895340 PMCID: PMC11185754 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Imbalances in lipid storage and secretion lead to the accumulation of hepatocyte lipid droplets (LDs) (i.e., hepatic steatosis). Our understanding of the mechanisms that govern the channeling of hepatocyte neutral lipids towards cytosolic LDs or secreted lipoproteins remains incomplete. Here, we performed a series of CRISPR-Cas9 screens under different metabolic states to uncover mechanisms of hepatic neutral lipid flux. Clustering of chemical-genetic interactions identified CLIC-like chloride channel 1 (CLCC1) as a critical regulator of neutral lipid storage and secretion. Loss of CLCC1 resulted in the buildup of large LDs in hepatoma cells and knockout in mice caused liver steatosis. Remarkably, the LDs are in the lumen of the ER and exhibit properties of lipoproteins, indicating a profound shift in neutral lipid flux. Finally, remote homology searches identified a domain in CLCC1 that is homologous to yeast Brl1p and Brr6p, factors that promote the fusion of the inner and outer nuclear envelopes during nuclear pore complex assembly. Loss of CLCC1 lead to extensive nuclear membrane herniations, consistent with impaired nuclear pore complex assembly. Thus, we identify CLCC1 as the human Brl1p/Brr6p homolog and propose that CLCC1-mediated membrane remodeling promotes hepatic neutral lipid flux and nuclear pore complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J. Mathiowetz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emily S. Meymand
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kirandeep K. Deol
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Güneş Parlakgül
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mike Lange
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephany P. Pang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Melissa A. Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emily F. Torres
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Danielle M. Jorgens
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Reena Zalpuri
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Misun Kang
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Casadora Boone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yaohuan Zhang
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David W. Morgens
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emily Tso
- Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Tim P. Levine
- University College London InsYtute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Gregory Ku
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ana Paula Arruda
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James A. Olzmann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of NutriYonal Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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2
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Yang C, Wang X, To KKW, Cui C, Luo M, Wu S, Huang L, Fu K, Pan C, Liu Z, Fan T, Yang C, Wang F, Fu L. Circulating tumor cells shielded with extracellular vesicle-derived CD45 evade T cell attack to enable metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:84. [PMID: 38575583 PMCID: PMC10995208 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are precursors of distant metastasis in a subset of cancer patients. A better understanding of CTCs heterogeneity and how these CTCs survive during hematogenous dissemination could lay the foundation for therapeutic prevention of cancer metastasis. It remains elusive how CTCs evade immune surveillance and elimination by immune cells. In this study, we unequivocally identified a subpopulation of CTCs shielded with extracellular vesicle (EVs)-derived CD45 (termed as CD45+ CTCs) that resisted T cell attack. A higher percentage of CD45+ CTCs was found to be closely correlated with higher incidence of metastasis and worse prognosis in cancer patients. Moreover, CD45+ tumor cells orchestrated an immunosuppressive milieu and CD45+ CTCs exhibited remarkably stronger metastatic potential than CD45- CTCs in vivo. Mechanistically, CD45 expressing on tumor surfaces was shown to form intercellular CD45-CD45 homophilic interactions with CD45 on T cells, thereby preventing CD45 exclusion from TCR-pMHC synapse and leading to diminished TCR signaling transduction and suppressed immune response. Together, these results pointed to an underappreciated capability of EVs-derived CD45-dressed CTCs in immune evasion and metastasis, providing a rationale for targeting EVs-derived CD45 internalization by CTCs to prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caimei Cui
- LABVIV Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Min Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Shaocong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Lamei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Kai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Can Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Teng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Caibo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China.
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China.
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3
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Kocyła AM, Czogalla A, Wessels I, Rink L, Krężel A. A combined biochemical and cellular approach reveals Zn 2+-dependent hetero- and homodimeric CD4 and Lck assemblies in T cells. Structure 2024; 32:292-303.e7. [PMID: 38157858 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The CD4 or CD8 co-receptors' interaction with the protein-tyrosine kinase Lck initiates the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade leading to T cell activation. A critical question is: to what extent are co-receptors and Lck coupled? Our contribution concerns Zn2+, indispensable for CD4- and CD8-Lck formation. We combined biochemical and cellular approaches to show that dynamic fluctuations of free Zn2+ in physiological ranges influence Zn(CD4)2 and Zn(CD4)(Lck) species formation and their ratio, although the same Zn(Cys)2(Cys)2 cores. Moreover, we demonstrated that the affinity of Zn2+ to CD4 and CD4-Lck species differs significantly. Increased intracellular free Zn2+ concentration in T cells causes higher CD4 partitioning in the plasma membrane. We additionally found that CD4 palmitoylation decreases the specificity of CD4-Lck formation in the reconstituted membrane model. Our findings help elucidate co-receptor-Lck coupling stoichiometry and demonstrate that intracellular free Zn2+ has a major role in the interplay between CD4 dimers and CD4-Lck assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kocyła
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Artur Krężel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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4
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Leckband D, Schwartz DK, Wu Y. Computational and experimental approaches to quantify protein binding interactions under confinement. Biophys J 2024; 123:424-434. [PMID: 38245831 PMCID: PMC10912910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Crowded environments and confinement alter the interactions of adhesion proteins confined to membranes or narrow, crowded gaps at adhesive contacts. Experimental approaches and theoretical frameworks were developed to quantify protein binding constants in these environments. However, recent predictions and the complexity of some protein interactions proved challenging to address with prior experimental or theoretical approaches. This perspective highlights new methods developed by these authors that address these challenges. Specifically, single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer and single-molecule tracking measurements were developed to directly image the binding/unbinding rates of membrane-tethered cadherins. Results identified predicted cis (lateral) interactions, which control cadherin clustering on membranes but were not detected in solution. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, based on a realistic model of cis cadherin interactions, were developed to extract binding/unbinding rate constants from heterogeneous single-molecule data. The extension of single-molecule fluorescence measurements to cis and trans (adhesive) cadherin interactions at membrane junctions identified unexpected cooperativity between cis and trans binding that appears to enhance intercellular binding kinetics. Comparisons of intercellular binding kinetics, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and single-molecule fluorescence data suggest a strategy to bridge protein binding kinetics across length scales. Although cadherin is the focus of these studies, the approaches can be extended to other intercellular adhesion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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5
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Lippert AH, Paluch C, Gaglioni M, Vuong MT, McColl J, Jenkins E, Fellermeyer M, Clarke J, Sharma S, Moreira da Silva S, Akkaya B, Anzilotti C, Morgan SH, Jessup CF, Körbel M, Gileadi U, Leitner J, Knox R, Chirifu M, Huo J, Yu S, Ashman N, Lui Y, Wilkinson I, Attfield KE, Fugger L, Robertson NJ, Lynch CJ, Murray L, Steinberger P, Santos AM, Lee SF, Cornall RJ, Klenerman D, Davis SJ. Antibody agonists trigger immune receptor signaling through local exclusion of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases. Immunity 2024; 57:256-270.e10. [PMID: 38354703 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies can block immune receptor engagement or trigger the receptor machinery to initiate signaling. We hypothesized that antibody agonists trigger signaling by sterically excluding large receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) such as CD45 from sites of receptor engagement. An agonist targeting the costimulatory receptor CD28 produced signals that depended on antibody immobilization and were sensitive to the sizes of the receptor, the RPTPs, and the antibody itself. Although both the agonist and a non-agonistic anti-CD28 antibody locally excluded CD45, the agonistic antibody was more effective. An anti-PD-1 antibody that bound membrane proximally excluded CD45, triggered Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 recruitment, and suppressed systemic lupus erythematosus and delayed-type hypersensitivity in experimental models. Paradoxically, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, anti-PD-1-blocking antibodies used clinically, also excluded CD45 and were agonistic in certain settings. Reducing these agonistic effects using antibody engineering improved PD-1 blockade. These findings establish a framework for developing new and improved therapies for autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Paluch
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MiroBio Ltd, Winchester House, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Meike Gaglioni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mai T Vuong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward Jenkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Fellermeyer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Clarke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sumana Sharma
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Billur Akkaya
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara H Morgan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire F Jessup
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Körbel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel Knox
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mami Chirifu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Yu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Ashman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuan Lui
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kathrine E Attfield
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Lynne Murray
- MiroBio Ltd, Winchester House, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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6
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Patel A, Andre V, Eguiguren SB, Barton MI, Burton J, Denham EM, Pettmann J, Mørch AM, Kutuzov MA, Siller-Farfán JA, Dustin ML, van der Merwe PA, Dushek O. Using CombiCells, a platform for titration and combinatorial display of cell surface ligands, to study T-cell antigen sensitivity modulation by accessory receptors. EMBO J 2024; 43:132-150. [PMID: 38177315 PMCID: PMC10897201 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding cellular decisions due to receptor-ligand interactions at cell-cell interfaces has been hampered by the difficulty of independently varying the surface density of multiple different ligands. Here, we express the synthetic binder protein SpyCatcher, designed to form spontaneous covalent bonds with interactors carrying a Spytag, on the cell surface. Using this, we show that addition of different concentrations and combinations of native Spytag-fused ligands allows for the combinatorial display of ligands on cells within minutes. We use this combinatorial display of cell surface ligands-called CombiCells-to assess T cell antigen sensitivity and the impact of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition receptors. We find that the T cell receptor (TCR) displayed greater sensitivity to peptides on major-histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) than synthetic chimeric antigen receptor (CARs) and bi-specific T cell engager (BiTEs) display to their target antigen, CD19. While TCR sensitivity was greatly enhanced by CD2/CD58 interactions, CAR sensitivity was primarily but more modestly enhanced by LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. Lastly, we show that PD-1/PD-L1 engagement inhibited T cell activation triggered solely by TCR/pMHC interactions, as well as the amplified activation induced by CD2 and CD28 co-stimulation. The ability to easily produce cells with different concentrations and combinations of ligands should accelerate the study of receptor-ligand interactions at cell-cell interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Patel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Violaine Andre
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Michael I Barton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jake Burton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Eleanor M Denham
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- EnaraBio Ltd, The Bellhouse Building, Oxford Science Park, Sanders Road, Oxford, OX44GD, UK
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Mørch
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Mikhail A Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Michael L Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | | | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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7
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Moghimianavval H, Mohapatra S, Liu AP. A Mammalian-Based Synthetic Biology Toolbox to Engineer Membrane-Membrane Interfaces. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2774:43-58. [PMID: 38441757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3718-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Intercellular membrane-membrane interfaces are compartments with specialized functions and unique biophysical properties that are essential in numerous cellular processes including cell signaling, development, and immunity. Using synthetic biology to engineer or to create novel cellular functions in the intercellular regions has led to an increasing need for a platform that allows generation of functionalized intercellular membrane-membrane interfaces. Here, we present a synthetic biology platform to engineer functional membrane-membrane interfaces using a pair of dimerizing proteins in both cell-free and cellular environments. We envisage this platform to be a helpful tool for synthetic biologists who wish to engineer novel intercellular signaling and communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonisilpa Mohapatra
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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8
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Lin AJ, Sihorwala AZ, Belardi B. Engineering Tissue-Scale Properties with Synthetic Cells: Forging One from Many. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1889-1907. [PMID: 37417657 PMCID: PMC11017731 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In metazoans, living cells achieve capabilities beyond individual cell functionality by assembling into multicellular tissue structures. These higher-order structures represent dynamic, heterogeneous, and responsive systems that have evolved to regenerate and coordinate their actions over large distances. Recent advances in constructing micrometer-sized vesicles, or synthetic cells, now point to a future where construction of synthetic tissue can be pursued, a boon to pressing material needs in biomedical implants, drug delivery systems, adhesives, filters, and storage devices, among others. To fully realize the potential of synthetic tissue, inspiration has been and will continue to be drawn from new molecular findings on its natural counterpart. In this review, we describe advances in introducing tissue-scale features into synthetic cell assemblies. Beyond mere complexation, synthetic cells have been fashioned with a variety of natural and engineered molecular components that serve as initial steps toward morphological control and patterning, intercellular communication, replication, and responsiveness in synthetic tissue. Particular attention has been paid to the dynamics, spatial constraints, and mechanical strengths of interactions that drive the synthesis of this next-generation material, describing how multiple synthetic cells can act as one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ahmed Z Sihorwala
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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9
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Moghimianavval H, Patel C, Mohapatra S, Hwang SW, Kayikcioglu T, Bashirzadeh Y, Liu AP, Ha T. Engineering Functional Membrane-Membrane Interfaces by InterSpy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2202104. [PMID: 35618485 PMCID: PMC9789529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering synthetic interfaces between membranes has potential applications in designing non-native cellular communication pathways and creating synthetic tissues. Here, InterSpy is introduced as a synthetic biology tool consisting of a heterodimeric protein engineered to form and maintain membrane-membrane interfaces between apposing synthetic as well as cell membranes through the SpyTag/SpyCatcher interaction. The inclusion of split fluorescent protein fragments in InterSpy allows tracking of the formation of a membrane-membrane interface and reconstitution of functional fluorescent protein in the space between apposing membranes. First, InterSpy is demonstrated by testing split protein designs using a mammalian cell-free expression (CFE) system. By utilizing co-translational helix insertion, cell-free synthesized InterSpy fragments are incorporated into the membrane of liposomes and supported lipid bilayers with the desired topology. Functional reconstitution of split fluorescent protein between the membranes is strictly dependent on SpyTag/SpyCatcher. Finally, InterSpy is demonstrated in mammalian cells by detecting fluorescence reconstitution of split protein at the membrane-membrane interface between two cells each expressing a component of InterSpy. InterSpy demonstrates the power of CFE systems in the functional reconstitution of synthetic membrane interfaces via proximity-inducing proteins. This technology may also prove useful where cell-cell contacts and communication are recreated in a controlled manner using minimal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Moghimianavval
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Chintan Patel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sonisilpa Mohapatra
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sung-Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Tunc Kayikcioglu
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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10
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Li L, Ji J, Song F, Hu J. Intercellular Receptor-ligand Binding: Effect of Protein-membrane Interaction. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167787. [PMID: 35952805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insights into the intercellular receptor-ligand binding is of great importance for understanding numerous physiological and pathological processes, and stimulating new strategies in drug design and discovery. In contrast to the in vitro protein interaction in solution, the anchored receptor and ligand molecules interact with membrane in situ, which affects the intercellular receptor-ligand binding. Here, we review theoretical, simulation and experimental works regarding the regulatory effects of protein-membrane interactions on intercellular receptor-ligand binding mainly from the following aspects: membrane fluctuations, membrane curvature, glycocalyx, and lipid raft. In addition, we discuss biomedical significances and possible research directions to advance the field and highlight the importance of understanding of coupling effects of these factors in pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China.
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11
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Pandey PR, Rózycki B, Weikl TR. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Immune Receptors and Ligands. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:51-59. [PMID: 37106175 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of immune receptor and ligand proteins in their native membrane environment allow to determine the orientational and structural variability of the proteins and protein complexes. The simulations complement the static, "membrane-free" structural information obtained from cryo-EM structures of transmembrane proteins in detergent micelles or from crystal structures of extracellular protein domains. Here we describe how to set up and perform simulations of transmembrane receptors, ligands, and receptor-ligand complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi R Pandey
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartosz Rózycki
- Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Thomas R Weikl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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12
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McAffee DB, O’Dair MK, Lin JJ, Low-Nam ST, Wilhelm KB, Kim S, Morita S, Groves JT. Discrete LAT condensates encode antigen information from single pMHC:TCR binding events. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7446. [PMID: 36460640 PMCID: PMC9718779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT assembly into a two-dimensional protein condensate is a prominent feature of antigen discrimination by T cells. Here, we use single-molecule imaging techniques to resolve the spatial position and temporal duration of each pMHC:TCR molecular binding event while simultaneously monitoring LAT condensation at the membrane. An individual binding event is sufficient to trigger a LAT condensate, which is self-limiting, and neither its size nor lifetime is correlated with the duration of the originating pMHC:TCR binding event. Only the probability of the LAT condensate forming is related to the pMHC:TCR binding dwell time. LAT condenses abruptly, but after an extended delay from the originating binding event. A LAT mutation that facilitates phosphorylation at the PLC-γ1 recruitment site shortens the delay time to LAT condensation and alters T cell antigen specificity. These results identify a function for the LAT protein condensation phase transition in setting antigen discrimination thresholds in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren B. McAffee
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Mark K. O’Dair
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jenny J. Lin
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Shalini T. Low-Nam
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Kiera B. Wilhelm
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sungi Kim
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Shumpei Morita
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jay T. Groves
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA ,grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921 Singapore
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13
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Kwak M, Southard KM, Kim WR, Lin A, Kim NH, Gopalappa R, Lee HJ, An M, Choi SH, Jung Y, Noh K, Farlow J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK, Kang MK, Kutys ML, Seo D, Kim HH, Kim YH, Cheon J, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW. Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1739-1753. [PMID: 36456828 PMCID: PMC10665132 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) create spatially, chemically and mechanically discrete microdomains at cellular interfaces. Here, using a mechanogenetic platform that generates artificial AJs with controlled protein localization, clustering and mechanical loading, we find that AJs also organize proteolytic hotspots for γ-secretase with a spatially regulated substrate selectivity that is critical in the processing of Notch and other transmembrane proteins. Membrane microdomains outside of AJs exclusively organize Notch ligand-receptor engagement (LRE microdomains) to initiate receptor activation. Conversely, membrane microdomains within AJs exclusively serve to coordinate regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP microdomains). They do so by concentrating γ-secretase and primed receptors while excluding full-length Notch. AJs induce these functionally distinct microdomains by means of lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein segregation. By excluding full-length Notch from RIP microdomains, AJs prevent inappropriate enzyme-substrate interactions and suppress spurious Notch activation. Ligand-induced ectodomain shedding eliminates size-dependent segregation, releasing Notch to translocate into AJs for processing by γ-secretase. This mechanism directs radial differentiation of ventricular zone-neural progenitor cells in vivo and more broadly regulates the proteolysis of other large cell-surface receptors such as amyloid precursor protein. These findings suggest an unprecedented role of AJs in creating size-selective spatial switches that choreograph γ-secretase processing of multiple transmembrane proteins regulating development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaden M Southard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Woon Ryoung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nam Hyeong Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramu Gopalappa
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minji An
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Choi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmin Jung
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Noh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Farlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min K Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L Kutys
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daeha Seo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Young-Wook Jun
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Abstract
As the targets of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells expand to a variety of cancers, autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and fibrosis, there is an increasing demand for identifying new antigens and designing new CARs that can be effectively activated. However, the rational selection of antigens and the design of CARs are limited by a lack of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism by which CARs are activated by antigens. Here, we present data supporting a "size exclusion" model explaining how antigen signals are transmitted across the plasma membrane to activate the intracellular domains of CARs. In this model, antigen engagement with CAR results in a narrow intermembrane space that physically excludes CD45, a bulky phosphatase, out of the CAR zone, thus favoring CAR phosphorylation by kinases, which further triggers downstream pathways leading to T cell activation. Aligned with this model, increasing the size of CAR extracellular domains diminished CAR-T activation both in vitro and in a mouse lymphoma model; membrane-proximal epitopes activated CAR-Ts better than membrane-distal epitopes. Moreover, increasing the size of CD45 by antibody conjugation enhanced the activation of CARs that recognize membrane-distal epitopes. Consistently, CAR-Ts expressing CD45RABC, the larger isoform, were activated to a higher level than those expressing a smaller isoform CD45RO. Together, our work revealed that CAR-T activation depends on the size difference between the CAR-antigen pair and CD45; the size of CAR, antigen, and CD45 can thus be targets for tuning CAR-T activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Liqun Tu
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Jian Cao
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christian S. Hinrichs
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,Corresponding author: Xiaolei Su,
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15
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Vázquez-Ulloa E, Lin KL, Lizano M, Sahlgren C. Reversible and bidirectional signaling of notch ligands. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:377-398. [PMID: 36048510 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2022.2113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is a direct cell-cell communication system involved in a wide variety of biological processes, and its disruption is observed in several pathologies. The pathway is comprised of a ligand-expressing (sender) cell and a receptor-expressing (receiver) cell. The canonical ligands are members of the Delta/Serrate/Lag-1 (DSL) family of proteins. Their binding to a Notch receptor in a neighboring cell induces a conformational change in the receptor, which will undergo regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), liberating the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). The NICD is translocated to the nucleus and promotes gene transcription. It has been demonstrated that the ligands can also undergo RIP and nuclear translocation, suggesting a function for the ligands in the sender cell and possible bidirectionality of the Notch pathway. Although the complete mechanism of ligand processing is not entirely understood, and its dependence on Notch receptors has not been ruled out. Also, ligands have autonomous functions beyond Notch activation. Here we review the concepts of reverse and bidirectional signalization of DSL proteins and discuss the characteristics that make them more than just ligands of the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenaé Vázquez-Ulloa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering/Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kai-Lan Lin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering/Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering/Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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16
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Kaurin D, Bal PK, Arroyo M. Peeling dynamics of fluid membranes bridged by molecular bonds: moving or breaking. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, INTERFACE 2022; 19:20220183. [PMID: 35765808 PMCID: PMC9240675 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biological adhesion is a critical mechanical function of complex organisms. At the scale of cell–cell contacts, adhesion is remarkably tunable to enable both cohesion and malleability during development, homeostasis and disease. It is physically supported by transient and laterally mobile molecular bonds embedded in fluid membranes. Thus, unlike specific adhesion at solid–solid or solid–fluid interfaces, peeling at fluid–fluid interfaces can proceed by breaking bonds, by moving bonds or by a combination of both. How the additional degree of freedom provided by bond mobility changes the mechanics of peeling is not understood. To address this, we develop a theoretical model coupling diffusion, reactions and mechanics. Mobility and reaction rates determine distinct peeling regimes. In a diffusion-dominated Stefan-like regime, bond motion establishes self-stabilizing dynamics that increase the effective fracture energy. In a reaction-dominated regime, peeling proceeds by travelling fronts where marginal diffusion and unbinding control peeling speed. In a mixed reaction–diffusion regime, strengthening by bond motion competes with weakening by bond breaking in a force-dependent manner, defining the strength of the adhesion patch. In turn, patch strength depends on molecular properties such as bond stiffness, force sensitivity or crowding. We thus establish the physical rules enabling tunable cohesion in cellular tissues and in engineered biomimetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Kaurin
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pradeep K Bal
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marino Arroyo
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,CIMNE, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Into the Tissues: Extracellular Matrix and Its Artificial Substitutes: Cell Signalling Mechanisms. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050914. [PMID: 35269536 PMCID: PMC8909573 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of orderly structures, such as tissues and organs is made possible by cell adhesion, i.e., the process by which cells attach to neighbouring cells and a supporting substance in the form of the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is a three-dimensional structure composed of collagens, elastin, and various proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It is a storehouse for multiple signalling factors. Cells are informed of their correct connection to the matrix via receptors. Tissue disruption often prevents the natural reconstitution of the matrix. The use of appropriate implants is then required. This review is a compilation of crucial information on the structural and functional features of the extracellular matrix and the complex mechanisms of cell–cell connectivity. The possibilities of regenerating damaged tissues using an artificial matrix substitute are described, detailing the host response to the implant. An important issue is the surface properties of such an implant and the possibilities of their modification.
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18
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The interplay between membrane topology and mechanical forces in regulating T cell receptor activity. Commun Biol 2022; 5:40. [PMID: 35017678 PMCID: PMC8752658 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critically important for host defense against infections. T cell activation is specific because signal initiation requires T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of foreign antigen peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Recent advances reveal that the TCR acts as a mechanoreceptor, but it remains unclear how pMHC/TCR engagement generates mechanical forces that are converted to intracellular signals. Here we propose a TCR Bending Mechanosignal (TBM) model, in which local bending of the T cell membrane on the nanometer scale allows sustained contact of relatively small pMHC/TCR complexes interspersed among large surface receptors and adhesion molecules on the opposing surfaces of T cells and APCs. Localized T cell membrane bending is suggested to increase accessibility of TCR signaling domains to phosphorylation, facilitate selective recognition of agonists that form catch bonds, and reduce noise signals associated with slip bonds. Al-Aghbar et al propose a TCR bending mechanosignal model that demonstrates how local mechanical membrane bending may influence T cell receptor binding events and thus T-cell activation.
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19
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Moinpour M, Fracassi A, Brea RJ, Salvador-Castell M, Pandey S, Edwards MM, Seifert S, Joseph S, Sinha SK, Devaraj NK. Controlling Protein Enrichment in Lipid Sponge Phase Droplets using SNAP-tag Bioconjugation. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100624. [PMID: 34936727 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
All cells use organized lipid compartments to facilitate specific biological functions. Membrane-bound organelles create defined spatial environments that favor unique chemical reactions while isolating incompatible biological processes. Despite the fundamental role of cellular organelles, there is a scarcity of methods for preparing functional artificial lipid-based compartments. Here, we demonstrate a robust bioconjugation system for sequestering proteins into zwitterionic lipid sponge phase droplets. Incorporation of benzylguanine (BG)-modified phospholipids that form stable covalent linkages with an O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (SNAP-tag) fusion protein enables programmable control of protein capture. We show that this methodology can be used to anchor hydrophilic proteins at the lipid-aqueous interface, concentrating them within an accessible but protected chemical environment. SNAP-tag technology enables the integration of proteins that regulate complex biological functions in lipid sponge phase droplets, and should facilitate the development of advanced lipid-based artificial organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahta Moinpour
- UCSD: University of California San Diego, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- UCSD: University of California San Diego, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Roberto J Brea
- University of A Coruna: Universidade da Coruna, Chemistry, SPAIN
| | | | - Sudip Pandey
- UCSD: University of California San Diego, Physics, UNITED STATES
| | - Madison M Edwards
- UCSD: University of California San Diego, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Soenke Seifert
- Argonne National Laboratory, Xray science division, UNITED STATES
| | - Simpson Joseph
- UCSD: University of California San Diego, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Sunil K Sinha
- UCSD: University of California San Diego, Physics, UNITED STATES
| | - Neal Krishna Devaraj
- University of California, San Diego, Chemistry and Biochemistry, 9500 Gilman Drive, Urey Hall 4120, 92093, La Jolla, UNITED STATES
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20
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Li L, Gao J, Shao Y, Song F, Hu J. Tuning cell adhesion on supported lipid bilayers via nanoscale geometry. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10376-10382. [PMID: 34747961 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell-supported lipid bilayer (SLB) adhesion system has been widely used as the model system to study the receptor-ligand interactions that occur at the membrane interface. The ligand-functionalized SLBs are deposited either directly on solids or on polymer cushions. An important question that arises is whether the geometry of the SLB affects the binding of cell adhesion receptors to the ligands. By using a mesoscopic mechanical model and Monte Carlo simulations, we have investigated the adhesion of a fluid membrane to a corrugated or egg-carton shaped SLB. We find that the nanoscale geometry of the SLB strongly affects the receptor-ligand binding. This effect results from the fact that the adhering membrane bends according to the SLB geometry in order for the adhesion receptors to bind ligands. The membrane bending couples with spatial distribution of the receptor-ligand complexes and membrane thermal undulations. Our results demonstrate that cell adhesion to SLBs can be controlled by tuning the nanoscale geometry of the SLB, and may have profound implications for future development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yingfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Li L, Kamal MA, Stumpf BH, Thibaudau F, Sengupta K, Smith AS. Biomechanics as driver of aggregation of tethers in adherent membranes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10101-10107. [PMID: 34723306 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00921d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is an important cellular process and is mediated by adhesion proteins residing on the cell membrane. Sometimes, two types of linker proteins are involved in adhesion, and they can segregate to form domains through a poorly understood size-exclusion process. We present an experimental and theoretical study of adhesion via linkers of two different sizes, realised in a mimetic model-system, based on giant unilamellar vesicles interacting with supported lipid bilayers. Here, adhesion is mediated by DNA linkers with two different lengths, but with the same binding enthalpy. We study the organisation of these linkers into domains as a function of relative fraction of long and short DNA constructs. Experimentally, we find that, irrespective of the composition, the adhesion domains are uniform with coexisting DNA bridge types, despite their relative difference in length of 9 nm. However, simulations suggest formation of nanodomains of the minority fraction at short length scales, which is below the optical resolution of the microscope. The nano-aggregation is more significant for long bridges, which are also more stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- PULS Group, Institut for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Mohammad Arif Kamal
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Bernd Henning Stumpf
- PULS Group, Institut for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany.
| | - Franck Thibaudau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Institut for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany.
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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22
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Trapping or slowing the diffusion of T cell receptors at close contacts initiates T cell signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024250118. [PMID: 34526387 PMCID: PMC8488633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024250118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation is initiated by T cell receptor (TCR) phosphorylation. This requires the local depletion of large receptor-type phosphatases from "close contacts" formed when T cells interact with surfaces presenting agonistic TCR ligands, but exactly how the ligands potentiate signaling is unclear. It has been proposed that TCR ligands could enhance receptor phosphorylation and signaling just by holding TCRs in phosphatase-depleted close contacts, but this has not been directly tested. We devised simple methods to move the TCR in and out of close contacts formed by T cells interacting with supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and to slow the receptor's diffusion in the contacts, using a series of anti-CD3ε Fab- and ligand-based adducts of the receptor. TCRs engaging a Fab extended with the large extracellular region of CD45 were excluded from contacts and produced no signaling. Conversely, allowing the extended Fab to become tethered to the SLB trapped the TCR in the close contacts, leading to very strong signaling. Importantly, attaching untethered anti-CD3ε Fab or peptide/MHC ligands, each of which were largely inactive in solution but both of which reduced TCR diffusion in close contacts approximately fivefold, also initiated signaling during cell/SLB contact. Our findings indicate that holding TCRs in close contacts or simply slowing their diffusion in phosphatase-depleted regions of the cell surface suffices to initiate signaling, effects we could reproduce in single-particle stochastic simulations. Our study shows that the TCR is preconfigured for signaling in a way that allows it to be triggered by ligands acting simply as receptor "traps."
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23
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Bashirzadeh Y, Redford SA, Lorpaiboon C, Groaz A, Moghimianavval H, Litschel T, Schwille P, Hocky GM, Dinner AR, Liu AP. Actin crosslinker competition and sorting drive emergent GUV size-dependent actin network architecture. Commun Biol 2021. [PMID: 34584211 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.03.322354v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins that make up the actin cytoskeleton can self-assemble into a variety of structures. In vitro experiments and coarse-grained simulations have shown that the actin crosslinking proteins α-actinin and fascin segregate into distinct domains in single actin bundles with a molecular size-dependent competition-based mechanism. Here, by encapsulating actin, α-actinin, and fascin in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we show that physical confinement can cause these proteins to form much more complex structures, including rings and asters at GUV peripheries and centers; the prevalence of different structures depends on GUV size. Strikingly, we found that α-actinin and fascin self-sort into separate domains in the aster structures with actin bundles whose apparent stiffness depends on the ratio of the relative concentrations of α-actinin and fascin. The observed boundary-imposed effect on protein sorting may be a general mechanism for creating emergent structures in biopolymer networks with multiple crosslinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Steven A Redford
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- The graduate program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Groaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Thomas Litschel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Glen M Hocky
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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24
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Bashirzadeh Y, Redford SA, Lorpaiboon C, Groaz A, Moghimianavval H, Litschel T, Schwille P, Hocky GM, Dinner AR, Liu AP. Actin crosslinker competition and sorting drive emergent GUV size-dependent actin network architecture. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1136. [PMID: 34584211 PMCID: PMC8478941 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins that make up the actin cytoskeleton can self-assemble into a variety of structures. In vitro experiments and coarse-grained simulations have shown that the actin crosslinking proteins α-actinin and fascin segregate into distinct domains in single actin bundles with a molecular size-dependent competition-based mechanism. Here, by encapsulating actin, α-actinin, and fascin in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we show that physical confinement can cause these proteins to form much more complex structures, including rings and asters at GUV peripheries and centers; the prevalence of different structures depends on GUV size. Strikingly, we found that α-actinin and fascin self-sort into separate domains in the aster structures with actin bundles whose apparent stiffness depends on the ratio of the relative concentrations of α-actinin and fascin. The observed boundary-imposed effect on protein sorting may be a general mechanism for creating emergent structures in biopolymer networks with multiple crosslinkers. By encapsulating proteins in giant unilamellar vesicles, Bashirzadeh et al find that actin crosslinkers, α-actinin and fascin, can self-assemble with actin into complex structures that depend on the degree of confinement. Further analysis and modeling show that α-actinin and fascin sort to separate domains of these structures. These insights may be generalizable to other biopolymer networks containing crosslinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Steven A Redford
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The graduate program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Groaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Thomas Litschel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Glen M Hocky
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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25
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Jamecna D, Antonny B. Intrinsically disordered protein regions at membrane contact sites. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159020. [PMID: 34352388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS) are regions of close apposition between membrane-bound organelles. Proteins that occupy MCS display various domain organisation. Among them, lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) frequently contain both structured domains as well as regions of intrinsic disorder. In this review, we discuss the various roles of intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) in LTPs as well as in other proteins that are associated with organelle contact sites. We distinguish the following functions: (i) to act as flexible tethers between two membranes; (ii) to act as entropic barriers to prevent protein crowding and regulate membrane tethering geometry; (iii) to define the action range of catalytic domains. These functions are added to other functions of IDPRs in membrane environments, such as mediating protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. We suggest that the overall efficiency and fidelity of contact sites might require fine coordination between all these IDPR activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Jamecna
- Université Côte d'Azur et CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France; Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Antonny
- Université Côte d'Azur et CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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26
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Jung Y, Wen L, Altman A, Ley K. CD45 pre-exclusion from the tips of T cell microvilli prior to antigen recognition. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3872. [PMID: 34162836 PMCID: PMC8222282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a major gatekeeper for restraining T cell activation. Its exclusion from the immunological synapse (IS) is crucial for T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction. Here, we use expansion super-resolution microscopy to reveal that CD45 is mostly pre-excluded from the tips of microvilli (MV) on primary T cells prior to antigen encounter. This pre-exclusion is diminished by depleting cholesterol or by engineering the transmembrane domain of CD45 to increase its membrane integration length, but is independent of the CD45 extracellular domain. We further show that brief MV-mediated contacts can induce Ca2+ influx in mouse antigen-specific T cells engaged by antigen-pulsed antigen presenting cells (APC). We propose that the scarcity of CD45 phosphatase activity at the tips of MV enables or facilitates TCR triggering from brief T cell-APC contacts before formation of a stable IS, and that these MV-mediated contacts represent the earliest step in the initiation of a T cell adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Jung
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Lai Wen
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amnon Altman
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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de la Mora E, Dezi M, Di Cicco A, Bigay J, Gautier R, Manzi J, Polidori J, Castaño-Díez D, Mesmin B, Antonny B, Lévy D. Nanoscale architecture of a VAP-A-OSBP tethering complex at membrane contact sites. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3459. [PMID: 34103503 PMCID: PMC8187361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS) are subcellular regions where two organelles appose their membranes to exchange small molecules, including lipids. Structural information on how proteins form MCS is scarce. We designed an in vitro MCS with two membranes and a pair of tethering proteins suitable for cryo-tomography analysis. It includes VAP-A, an ER transmembrane protein interacting with a myriad of cytosolic proteins, and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), a lipid transfer protein that transports cholesterol from the ER to the trans Golgi network. We show that VAP-A is a highly flexible protein, allowing formation of MCS of variable intermembrane distance. The tethering part of OSBP contains a central, dimeric, and helical T-shape region. We propose that the molecular flexibility of VAP-A enables the recruitment of partners of different sizes within MCS of adjustable thickness, whereas the T geometry of the OSBP dimer facilitates the movement of the two lipid-transfer domains between membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio de la Mora
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Dezi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Aurélie Di Cicco
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Bigay
- CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Romain Gautier
- CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - John Manzi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Joël Polidori
- CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Bruno Mesmin
- CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Bruno Antonny
- CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.
| | - Daniel Lévy
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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28
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Kern N, Dong R, Douglas SM, Vale RD, Morrissey MA. Tight nanoscale clustering of Fcγ receptors using DNA origami promotes phagocytosis. eLife 2021; 10:68311. [PMID: 34080973 PMCID: PMC8175083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages destroy pathogens and diseased cells through Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-driven phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. Phagocytosis requires activation of multiple FcγRs, but the mechanism controlling the threshold for response is unclear. We developed a DNA origami-based engulfment system that allows precise nanoscale control of the number and spacing of ligands. When the number of ligands remains constant, reducing ligand spacing from 17.5 nm to 7 nm potently enhances engulfment, primarily by increasing efficiency of the engulfment-initiation process. Tighter ligand clustering increases receptor phosphorylation, as well as proximal downstream signals. Increasing the number of signaling domains recruited to a single ligand-receptor complex was not sufficient to recapitulate this effect, indicating that clustering of multiple receptors is required. Our results suggest that macrophages use information about local ligand densities to make critical engulfment decisions, which has implications for the mechanism of antibody-mediated phagocytosis and the design of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Kern
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Shawn M Douglas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, United States
| | - Meghan A Morrissey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
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29
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Różycki B, Weikl TR. Cooperative Stabilization of Close-Contact Zones Leads to Sensitivity and Selectivity in T-Cell Recognition. Cells 2021; 10:1023. [PMID: 33926103 PMCID: PMC8145674 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are sensitive to 1 to 10 foreign-peptide-MHC complexes among a vast majority of self-peptide-MHC complexes, and discriminate selectively between peptide-MHC complexes that differ not much in their binding affinity to T-cell receptors (TCRs). Quantitative models that aim to explain this sensitivity and selectivity largely focus on single TCR/peptide-MHC complexes, but T cell adhesion involves a multitude of different complexes. In this article, we demonstrate in a three-dimensional computational model of T-cell adhesion that the cooperative stabilization of close-contact zones is sensitive to one to three foreign-peptide-MHC complexes and occurs at a rather sharp threshold affinity of these complexes, which implies selectivity. In these close-contact zones with lateral extensions of hundred to several hundred nanometers, few TCR/foreign-peptide-MHC complexes and many TCR/self-peptide-MHC complexes are segregated from LFA-1/ICAM-1 complexes that form at larger membrane separations. Previous high-resolution microscopy experiments indicate that the sensitivity and selectivity in the formation of closed-contact zones reported here are relevant for T-cell recognition, because the stabilization of close-contact zones by foreign, agonist peptide-MHC complexes precedes T-cell signaling and activation in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Thomas R. Weikl
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institut of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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30
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Li L, Stumpf BH, Smith AS. Molecular Biomechanics Controls Protein Mixing and Segregation in Adherent Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3699. [PMID: 33918167 PMCID: PMC8037219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells interact with their environment by forming complex structures involving a multitude of proteins within assemblies in the plasma membrane. Despite the omnipresence of these assemblies, a number of questions about the correlations between the organisation of domains and the biomechanical properties of the involved proteins, namely their length, flexibility and affinity, as well as about the coupling to the elastic, fluctuating membrane, remain open. Here we address these issues by developing an effective Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation to model membrane adhesion. We apply this model to a typical experiment in which a cell binds to a functionalized solid supported bilayer and use two ligand-receptor pairs to study these couplings. We find that differences in affinity and length of proteins forming adhesive contacts result in several characteristic features in the calculated phase diagrams. One such feature is mixed states occurring even with proteins with length differences of 10 nm. Another feature are stable nanodomains with segregated proteins appearing on time scales of cell experiments, and for biologically relevant parameters. Furthermore, we show that macroscopic ring-like patterns can spontaneously form as a consequence of emergent protein fluxes. The capacity to form domains is captured by an order parameter that is founded on the virial coefficients for the membrane mediated interactions between bonds, which allow us to collapse all the data. These findings show that taking into account the role of the membrane allows us to recover a number of experimentally observed patterns. This is an important perspective in the context of explicit biological systems, which can now be studied in significant detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (B.H.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bernd Henning Stumpf
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (B.H.S.)
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (B.H.S.)
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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31
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Lujan P, Angulo-Capel J, Chabanon M, Campelo F. Interorganelle communication and membrane shaping in the early secretory pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:95-102. [PMID: 33711785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules in the secretory pathway use membrane trafficking for reaching their final intracellular destination or for secretion outside the cell. This highly dynamic and multipartite process involves different organelles that communicate to one another while maintaining their identity, shape, and function. Recent studies unraveled new mechanisms of interorganelle communication that help organize the early secretory pathway. We highlight how the spatial proximity between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites and early Golgi elements provides novel means of ER-Golgi communication for ER export. We also review recent findings on how membrane contact sites between the ER and the trans-Golgi membranes can sustain anterograde traffic out of the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lujan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Angulo-Capel
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Morgan Chabanon
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Campelo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain.
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Sreenivasan VKA, Graus MS, Pillai RR, Yang Z, Goyette J, Gaus K. Influence of FRET and fluorescent protein maturation on the quantification of binding affinity with dual-channel fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6137-6153. [PMID: 33282480 PMCID: PMC7687962 DOI: 10.1364/boe.401056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions at the plasma membrane mediate transmembrane signaling. Dual-channel fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (dc-FCCS) is a method with which these interactions can be quantified in a cellular context. However, factors such as incomplete maturation of fluorescent proteins, spectral crosstalk, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) affect quantification. Some of these can be corrected or accounted for during data analysis and/or interpretation. Here, we experimentally and analytically demonstrate that it is difficult to correct the error caused due to FRET when applying dc-FCCS to measure binding affinity or bound molecular concentrations. Additionally, the presence of dark fluorescent proteins due to incomplete maturation introduces further errors, which too cannot be corrected in the presence of FRET. Based on simulations, we find that modalities such as pulse-interleaved excitation FCCS do not eliminate FRET-induced errors. Finally, we demonstrate that the detrimental effect of FRET can be eliminated with careful experimental design when applying dc-FCCS to quantify protein-protein interactions at the plasma membrane of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K A Sreenivasan
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew S Graus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Rashmi R Pillai
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Zhengmin Yang
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Armstrong M, Vahey MD, Hunt TP, Fletcher DA. Forming and loading giant unilamellar vesicles with acoustic jetting. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:064105. [PMID: 33269034 PMCID: PMC7679179 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are a useful platform for reconstituting and studying membrane-bound biological systems, offering reduced complexity compared to living cells. Several techniques exist to form GUVs and populate them with biomolecules of interest. However, a persistent challenge is the ability to efficiently and reliably load solutions of biological macromolecules, organelle-like membranes, and/or micrometer-scale particles with controlled stoichiometry in the encapsulated volume of GUVs. Here, we demonstrate the use of acoustic streaming from high-intensity focused ultrasound to make and load GUVs from bulk solutions, without the need for nozzles that can become clogged or otherwise alter the solution composition. In this method, a compact acoustic lens is focused on a planar lipid bilayer formed between two aqueous solutions. The actuation of a planar piezoelectric material coupled to the lens accelerates a small volume of liquid, deforming the bilayer and forming a GUV containing the solution on the transducer side of the bilayer. As demonstrated here, acoustic jetting offers an alternative method for the generation of GUVs for biological and biophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Armstrong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael D. Vahey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Thomas P. Hunt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Belardi B, Son S, Felce JH, Dustin ML, Fletcher DA. Cell-cell interfaces as specialized compartments directing cell function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:750-764. [PMID: 33093672 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interfaces are found throughout multicellular organisms, from transient interactions between motile immune cells to long-lived cell-cell contacts in epithelia. Studies of immune cell interactions, epithelial cell barriers, neuronal contacts and sites of cell-cell fusion have identified a core set of features shared by cell-cell interfaces that critically control their function. Data from diverse cell types also show that cells actively and passively regulate the localization, strength, duration and cytoskeletal coupling of receptor interactions governing cell-cell signalling and physical connections between cells, indicating that cell-cell interfaces have a unique membrane organization that emerges from local molecular and cellular mechanics. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that support the emerging view of cell-cell interfaces as specialized compartments that biophysically constrain the arrangement and activity of their protein, lipid and glycan components. We also review how these biophysical features of cell-cell interfaces allow cells to respond with high selectivity and sensitivity to multiple inputs, serving as the basis for wide-ranging cellular functions. Finally, we consider how the unique properties of cell-cell interfaces present opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Belardi
- Department of Bioengineering & Biophysics Program, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering & Biophysics Program, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering & Biophysics Program, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Division of Biological Systems & Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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35
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Finegan TM, Bergstralh DT. Neuronal immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules in epithelial morphogenesis: insights from Drosophila. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190553. [PMID: 32829687 PMCID: PMC7482216 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we address the function of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) in epithelia. Work in the Drosophila model system in particular has revealed novel roles for calcium-independent adhesion molecules in the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues. We review the molecular composition of lateral junctions with a focus on their IgCAM components and reconsider the functional roles of epithelial lateral junctions. The epithelial IgCAMs discussed in this review have well-defined roles in the nervous system, particularly in the process of axon guidance, suggesting functional overlap and conservation in mechanism between that process and epithelial remodelling. We expand on the hypothesis that epithelial occluding junctions and synaptic junctions are compositionally equivalent and present a novel hypothesis that the mechanism of epithelial cell (re)integration and synaptic junction formation are shared. We highlight the importance of considering non-cadherin-based adhesion in our understanding of the mechanics of epithelial tissues and raise questions to direct future work. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Thompson CJ, Su Z, Vu VH, Wu Y, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin clusters stabilized by a combination of specific and nonspecific cis-interactions. eLife 2020; 9:e59035. [PMID: 32876051 PMCID: PMC7505656 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a combined experimental and computational approach for the quantitative characterization of lateral interactions between membrane-associated proteins. In particular, weak, lateral (cis) interactions between E-cadherin extracellular domains tethered to supported lipid bilayers, were studied using a combination of dynamic single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations. Cadherins are intercellular adhesion proteins that assemble into clusters at cell-cell contacts through cis- and trans- (adhesive) interactions. A detailed and quantitative understanding of cis-clustering has been hindered by a lack of experimental approaches capable of detecting and quantifying lateral interactions between proteins on membranes. Here single-molecule intermolecular FRET measurements of wild-type E-cadherin and cis-interaction mutants combined with simulations demonstrate that both nonspecific and specific cis-interactions contribute to lateral clustering on lipid bilayers. Moreover, the intermolecular binding and dissociation rate constants are quantitatively and independently determined, demonstrating an approach that is generalizable for other interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Zhaoqian Su
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Vinh H Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
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Otani T, Furuse M. Tight Junction Structure and Function Revisited. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:805-817. [PMID: 32891490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions critical for building the epithelial barrier and maintaining epithelial polarity. The claudin family of membrane proteins play central roles in TJ structure and function. However, recent findings have uncovered claudin-independent aspects of TJ structure and function, and additional players including junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), membrane lipids, phase separation of the zonula occludens (ZO) family of scaffolding proteins, and mechanical force have been shown to play important roles in TJ structure and function. In this review, we discuss how these new findings have the potential to transform our understanding of TJ structure and function, and how the intricate network of TJ proteins and membrane lipids dynamically interact to drive TJ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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Interplay between Anakonda, Gliotactin, and M6 for Tricellular Junction Assembly and Anchoring of Septate Junctions in Drosophila Epithelium. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4245-4253.e4. [PMID: 32857971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In epithelia, tricellular junctions (TCJs) serve as pivotal sites for barrier function and integration of both biochemical and mechanical signals [1-3]. In Drosophila, TCJs are composed of the transmembrane protein Sidekick at the adherens junction (AJ) level, which plays a role in cell-cell contact rearrangement [4-6]. At the septate junction (SJ) level, TCJs are formed by Gliotactin (Gli) [7], Anakonda (Aka) [8, 9], and the Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) M6 [10, 11]. Despite previous data on TCJ organization [12-14], TCJ assembly, composition, and links to adjacent bicellular junctions (BCJs) remain poorly understood. Here, we have characterized the making of TCJs within the plane of adherens junctions (tricellular adherens junction [tAJ]) and the plane of septate junctions (tricellular septate junction [tSJ]) and report that their assembly is independent of each other. Aka and M6, whose localizations are interdependent, act upstream to localize Gli. In turn, Gli stabilizes Aka at tSJ. Moreover, tSJ components are not only essential at vertex, as we found that loss of tSJ integrity induces micron-length bicellular SJ (bSJ) deformations. This phenotype is associated with the disappearance of SJ components at tricellular contacts, indicating that bSJs are no longer connected to tSJs. Reciprocally, SJ components are required to restrict the localization of Aka and Gli at vertex. We propose that tSJs function as pillars to anchor bSJs to ensure the maintenance of tissue integrity in Drosophila proliferative epithelia.
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Morrissey MA, Kern N, Vale RD. CD47 Ligation Repositions the Inhibitory Receptor SIRPA to Suppress Integrin Activation and Phagocytosis. Immunity 2020; 53:290-302.e6. [PMID: 32768386 PMCID: PMC7453839 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CD47 acts as a "don't eat me" signal that protects cells from phagocytosis by binding and activating its receptor SIPRA on macrophages. CD47 suppresses multiple different pro-engulfment "eat me" signals, including immunoglobulin G (IgG), complement, and calreticulin, on distinct target cells. This complexity has limited understanding of how the "don't eat me" signal is transduced biochemically. Here, we utilized a reconstituted system with a defined set of signals to interrogate the mechanism of SIRPA activation and its downstream targets. CD47 ligation altered SIRPA localization, positioning SIRPA for activation at the phagocytic synapse. At the phagocytic synapse, SIRPA inhibited integrin activation to limit macrophage spreading across the surface of the engulfment target. Chemical reactivation of integrin bypassed CD47-mediated inhibition and rescued engulfment, similar to the effect of a CD47 function-blocking antibody. Thus, the CD47-SIRPA axis suppresses phagocytosis by inhibiting inside-out activation of integrin signaling in the macrophage, with implications to cancer immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Morrissey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nadja Kern
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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40
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Direct imaging of liquid domains in membranes by cryo-electron tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19713-19719. [PMID: 32759217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002245117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Images of micrometer-scale domains in lipid bilayers have provided the gold standard of model-free evidence to understand the domains' shapes, sizes, and distributions. Corresponding techniques to directly and quantitatively assess smaller (nanoscale and submicron) liquid domains have been limited. Researchers commonly seek to correlate activities of membrane proteins with attributes of the domains in which they reside; doing so hinges on identification and characterization of membrane domains. Although some features of membrane domains can be probed by indirect methods, these methods are often constrained by the limitation that data must be analyzed in the context of models that require multiple assumptions or parameters. Here, we address this challenge by developing and testing two methods of identifying submicron domains in biomimetic membranes. Both methods leverage cryo-electron tomograms of ternary membranes under vitrified, hydrated conditions. The first method is optimized for probe-free applications: Domains are directly distinguished from the surrounding membrane by their thickness. This technique quantitatively and accurately measures area fractions of domains, in excellent agreement with known phase diagrams. The second method is optimized for applications in which a single label is deployed for imaging membranes by both high-resolution cryo-electron tomography and diffraction-limited optical microscopy. For this method, we test a panel of probes, find that a trimeric mCherry label performs best, and specify criteria for developing future high-performance, dual-use probes. These developments have led to direct and quantitative imaging of submicron membrane domains in vitrified, hydrated vesicles.
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41
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Löwe M, Kalacheva M, Boersma AJ, Kedrov A. The more the merrier: effects of macromolecular crowding on the structure and dynamics of biological membranes. FEBS J 2020; 287:5039-5067. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Löwe
- Synthetic Membrane Systems Institute of Biochemistry Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | | | - Alexej Kedrov
- Synthetic Membrane Systems Institute of Biochemistry Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany
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42
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Lattice Models for Protein Organization throughout Thylakoid Membrane Stacks. Biophys J 2020; 118:2680-2693. [PMID: 32413311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in photosynthetic membranes can organize into patterned arrays that span the membrane's lateral size. Attractions between proteins in different layers of a membrane stack can play a key role in this ordering, as was suggested by microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy and demonstrated by computer simulations of a coarse-grained model. The architecture of thylakoid membranes, however, also provides opportunities for interlayer interactions that instead disfavor the high protein densities of ordered arrangements. Here, we explore the interplay between these opposing driving forces and, in particular, the phase transitions that emerge in the periodic geometry of stacked thylakoid membrane disks. We propose a lattice model that roughly accounts for proteins' attraction within a layer and across the stromal gap, steric repulsion across the lumenal gap, and regulation of protein density by exchange with the stroma lamellae. Mean-field analysis and computer simulation reveal rich phase behavior for this simple model, featuring a broken-symmetry striped phase that is disrupted at both high and low extremes of chemical potential. The resulting sensitivity of microscopic protein arrangement to the thylakoid's mesoscale vertical structure raises intriguing possibilities for regulation of photosynthetic function.
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Chloroplast Sec14-like 1 (CPSFL1) is essential for normal chloroplast development and affects carotenoid accumulation in Chlamydomonas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12452-12463. [PMID: 32404426 PMCID: PMC7275715 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916948117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential molecules in oxygenic photoautotrophs, and they fulfill essential requirements for human and animal nutrition. How carotenoid accumulation is regulated in the chloroplast, a cyanobacterium-derived organelle, remains poorly understood, despite significant advancements in identifying enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. This study identifies a role of chloroplast Sec14-like 1 (CPSFL1), a CRAL-TRIO protein of eukaryotic origin, in modulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in the chloroplast. The CPSFL1 protein represents an isoprenoid- and carotenoid-binding protein that associates with membranes through interactions with the phospholipid phosphatidic acid. These findings have implications for understanding carotenoid biosynthesis and optimizing algal carotenoid nutritional quality. Plastid isoprenoid-derived carotenoids serve essential roles in chloroplast development and photosynthesis. Although nearly all enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants have been identified, the complement of auxiliary proteins that regulate synthesis, transport, sequestration, and degradation of these molecules and their isoprenoid precursors have not been fully described. To identify such proteins that are necessary for the optimal functioning of oxygenic photosynthesis, we screened a large collection of nonphotosynthetic (acetate-requiring) DNA insertional mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and isolated cpsfl1. The cpsfl1 mutant is extremely light-sensitive and susceptible to photoinhibition and photobleaching. The CPSFL1 gene encodes a CRAL-TRIO hydrophobic ligand-binding (Sec14) domain protein. Proteins containing this domain are limited to eukaryotes, but some may have been retargeted to function in organelles of endosymbiotic origin. The cpsfl1 mutant showed decreased accumulation of plastidial isoprenoid-derived pigments, especially carotenoids, and whole-cell focused ion-beam scanning-electron microscopy revealed a deficiency of carotenoid-rich chloroplast structures (e.g., eyespot and plastoglobules). The low carotenoid content resulted from impaired biosynthesis at a step prior to phytoene, the committed precursor to carotenoids. The CPSFL1 protein bound phytoene and β-carotene when expressed in Escherichia coli and phosphatidic acid in vitro. We suggest that CPSFL1 is involved in the regulation of phytoene synthesis and carotenoid transport and thereby modulates carotenoid accumulation in the chloroplast.
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Yin F, Li M, Mao X, Li F, Xiang X, Li Q, Wang L, Zuo X, Fan C, Zhu Y. DNA Framework-Based Topological Cell Sorters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10406-10410. [PMID: 32187784 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition in cell biological process is characterized with specific locks-and-keys interactions between ligands and receptors, which are ubiquitously distributed on cell membrane with topological clustering. Few topologically-engineered ligand systems enable the exploration of the binding strength between ligand-receptor topological organization. Herein, we generate topologically controlled ligands by developing a family of tetrahedral DNA frameworks (TDFs), so the multiple ligands are stoichiometrically and topologically arranged. This topological control of multiple ligands changes the nature of the molecular recognition by inducing the receptor clustering, so the binding strength is significantly improved (ca. 10-fold). The precise engineering of topological complexes formed by the TDFs are readily translated into effective binding control for cell patterning and binding strength control of cells for cell sorting. This work paves the way for the development of versatile design of topological ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Yin
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiuhai Mao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xuelin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
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45
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Yin F, Li M, Mao X, Li F, Xiang X, Li Q, Wang L, Zuo X, Fan C, Zhu Y. DNA Framework‐Based Topological Cell Sorters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Yin
- Division of Physical Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Xiuhai Mao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Xuelin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Physical Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Division of Physical Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 China
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Kulenkampff K, Lippert AH, McColl J, Santos AM, Ponjavic A, Jenkins E, Humphrey J, Winkel A, Franze K, Lee SF, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. The Costs of Close Contacts: Visualizing the Energy Landscape of Cell Contacts at the Nanoscale. Biophys J 2020; 118:1261-1269. [PMID: 32075748 PMCID: PMC7091464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell contacts often underpin signaling between cells. For immunology, the binding of a T cell receptor to an antigen-presenting pMHC initiates downstream signaling and an immune response. Although this contact is mediated by proteins on both cells creating interfaces with gap sizes typically around 14 nm, many, often contradictory observations have been made regarding the influence of the contact on parameters such as the binding kinetics, spatial distribution, and diffusion of signaling proteins within the contact. Understanding the basic physical constraints on probes inside this crowded environment will help inform studies on binding kinetics and dynamics of signaling of relevant proteins in the synapse. By tracking quantum dots of different dimensions for extended periods of time, we have shown that it is possible to obtain the probability of a molecule entering the contact, the change in its diffusion upon entry, and the impact of spatial heterogeneity of adhesion protein density in the contact. By analyzing the contacts formed by a T cell interacting with adhesion proteins anchored to a supported lipid bilayer, we find that probes are excluded from contact entry in a size-dependent manner for gap-to-probe differences of 4.1 nm. We also observed probes being trapped inside the contact and a decrease in diffusion of up to 85% in dense adhesion protein contacts. This approach provides new, to our knowledge, insights into the nature of cell-cell contacts, revealing that cell contacts are highly heterogeneous because of topography- and protein-density-related processes. These effects are likely to profoundly influence signaling between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Kulenkampff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna H Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Jenkins
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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47
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Hui E. Understanding T cell signaling using membrane reconstitution. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:44-56. [PMID: 31402497 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells are central players of our immune system, as their functions range from killing tumorous and virus-infected cells to orchestrating the entire immune response. In order for T cells to divide and execute their functions, they must be activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through a cell-cell junction. Extracellular interactions between receptors on T cells and their ligands on APCs trigger signaling cascades comprised of protein-protein interactions, enzymatic reactions, and spatial reorganization events, to either stimulate or repress T cell activation. Plasma membrane is the major platform for T cell signaling. Recruitment of cytosolic proteins to membrane-bound receptors is a common critical step in many signaling pathways. Membranes decrease the dimensionality of protein-protein interactions to enable weak yet biologically important interactions. Membrane resident proteins can phase separate into micro-islands that promote signaling by enriching or excluding signal regulators. Moreover, some membrane lipids can either mediate or regulate cell signaling by interacting with signaling proteins. While it is critical to investigate T cell signaling in a cellular environment, the large number of signaling pathways involved and potential crosstalk have made it difficult to obtain precise, quantitative information on T cell signaling. Reconstitution of purified proteins to model membranes provides a complementary avenue for T cell signaling research. Here, I review recent progress in studying T cell signaling using membrane reconstitution approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Hui
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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48
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Griffié J, Peters R, Owen DM. An agent-based model of molecular aggregation at the cell membrane. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226825. [PMID: 32032349 PMCID: PMC7006917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular clustering at the plasma membrane has long been identified as a key process and is associated with regulating signalling pathways across cell types. Recent advances in microscopy, in particular the rise of super-resolution, have allowed the experimental observation of nanoscale molecular clusters in the plasma membrane. However, modelling approaches capable of recapitulating these observations are in their infancy, partly because of the extremely complex array of biophysical factors which influence molecular distributions and dynamics in the plasma membrane. We propose here a highly abstracted approach: an agent-based model dedicated to the study of molecular aggregation at the plasma membrane. We show that when molecules are modelled as though they can act (diffuse) in a manner which is influenced by their molecular neighbourhood, many of the distributions observed in cells can be recapitulated, even though such sensing and response is not possible for real membrane molecules. As such, agent-based offers a unique platform which may lead to a new understanding of how molecular clustering in extremely complex molecular environments can be abstracted, simulated and interpreted using simple rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Griffié
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JG); (DO)
| | - Ruby Peters
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan M. Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JG); (DO)
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49
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Núñez MF, Wisser K, Veatch SL. Synergistic factors control kinase-phosphatase organization in B-cells engaged with supported bilayers. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:667-682. [PMID: 31877064 PMCID: PMC7202075 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cells become activated by ligands with varying valency and mode of presentation to the B-cell receptor (BCR). We previously demonstrated that clustering the immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype of BCR with an artificial soluble cross-linker stabilized an ordered phase-like domain that enriched kinases and depleted phosphatases to promote receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. BCR is also activated by ligands presented at surfaces, and here we activate B-cells via supported bilayers of phosphatidylcholine lipids, a natural ligand for the IgM BCR expressed in the CH27 cells used. Using superresolution fluorescence localization microscopy, along with a quantitative cross-correlation analysis, we find that BRCs engaged with bilayers sort minimal peptide markers of liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases, indicating that ordered-domain stabilization is a general feature of BCR clustering. The phosphatase CD45 is more strongly excluded from bilayer-engaged BRCs than a transmembrane peptide, indicating that mechanisms other than domain partitioning contribute to its organization. Experimental observations are assembled into a minimal model of receptor activation that incorporates both ordered domains and direct phosphatase exclusion mechanisms to produce a more sensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Wisser
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Sarah L Veatch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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50
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Finegan TM, Hervieux N, Nestor-Bergmann A, Fletcher AG, Blanchard GB, Sanson B. The tricellular vertex-specific adhesion molecule Sidekick facilitates polarised cell intercalation during Drosophila axis extension. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000522. [PMID: 31805038 PMCID: PMC6894751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In epithelia, tricellular vertices are emerging as important sites for the regulation of epithelial integrity and function. Compared to bicellular contacts, however, much less is known. In particular, resident proteins at tricellular vertices were identified only at occluding junctions, with none known at adherens junctions (AJs). In a previous study, we discovered that in Drosophila embryos, the adhesion molecule Sidekick (Sdk), well-known in invertebrates and vertebrates for its role in the visual system, localises at tricellular vertices at the level of AJs. Here, we survey a wide range of Drosophila epithelia and establish that Sdk is a resident protein at tricellular AJs (tAJs), the first of its kind. Clonal analysis showed that two cells, rather than three cells, contributing Sdk are sufficient for tAJ localisation. Super-resolution imaging using structured illumination reveals that Sdk proteins form string-like structures at vertices. Postulating that Sdk may have a role in epithelia where AJs are actively remodelled, we analysed the phenotype of sdk null mutant embryos during Drosophila axis extension using quantitative methods. We find that apical cell shapes are abnormal in sdk mutants, suggesting a defect in tissue remodelling during convergence and extension. Moreover, adhesion at apical vertices is compromised in rearranging cells, with apical tears in the cortex forming and persisting throughout axis extension, especially at the centres of rosettes. Finally, we show that polarised cell intercalation is decreased in sdk mutants. Mathematical modelling of the cell behaviours supports the notion that the T1 transitions of polarised cell intercalation are delayed in sdk mutants, in particular in rosettes. We propose that this delay, in combination with a change in the mechanical properties of the converging and extending tissue, causes the abnormal apical cell shapes in sdk mutant embryos. This study identifies the adhesion molecule Sidekick as a resident protein of tricellular vertices between cells, at the level of adherens junctions. A combination of quantitative methods and modelling provides evidence that Sidekick facilitates polarised cell intercalation during Drosophila axis extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Finegan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Hervieux
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Nestor-Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guy B. Blanchard
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Sanson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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