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Subramaniyan M, Reifman J. Can electroencephalography reveal network connectivity alterations in insomnia disorder? Sleep 2024; 47:zsae111. [PMID: 38746993 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Subramaniyan
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
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2
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Zhu F, Hu S, Mei L. Production and quality evaluation of a novel γ-aminobutyric acid-enriched yogurt. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1404743. [PMID: 38784135 PMCID: PMC11112111 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1404743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter inhibitor that has beneficial effects on various health conditions such as hypertension, cognitive dysfunction, and anxiety. In this study, we investigated a novel yogurt naturally enriched with GABA using a Levilactobacillus brevis strain isolated in our laboratory; the specific optimum yogurt production conditions for this strain were determined. Methods We isolated an L. brevis strain and used it to produce yogurt naturally enriched with GABA. We explored the optimal conditions to enhance GABA yield, including fermentation temperature, inoculation amount, L-monosodium glutamate (L-MSG) concentration, fermentation time, and sucrose content. We also performed mixed fermentation with Streptococcus thermophilus and evaluated the quality of the yogurt. Results Following optimization (43°C, 8% inoculation amount, 1.5 g/L L-MSG, and 8% sucrose for 40 h of fermentation), the GABA yield of the yogurt increased by 2.2 times, reaching 75.3 mg/100 g. Mixed fermentation with S. thermophilus demonstrated favorable results, achieving a GABA yield akin to that found in some commercially available functional foods. Moreover, the viable microbe count in the GABA-enriched yogurt exceeded 1 × 108 cfu/mL, which is higher than that of commercial standards. The yogurt also exhibited a suitable water-holding capacity, viscosity, 3-week storage time, and favorable sensory test results. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of naturally enriched GABA yogurt as a competitive commercial yogurt with beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- Department of Food Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Country School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lehe Mei
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua, China
- College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Zhao FY, Spencer SJ, Kennedy GA, Zheng Z, Conduit R, Zhang WJ, Xu P, Yue LP, Wang YM, Xu Y, Fu QQ, Ho YS. Acupuncture for primary insomnia: Effectiveness, safety, mechanisms and recommendations for clinical practice. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 74:101892. [PMID: 38232645 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Primary insomnia (PI) is an increasing concern in modern society. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia is the first-line recommendation, yet limited availability and cost impede its widespread use. While hypnotics are frequently used, balancing their benefits against the risk of adverse events poses challenges. This review summarizes the clinical and preclinical evidence of acupuncture as a treatment for PI, discussing its potential mechanisms and role in reliving insomnia. Clinical trials show that acupuncture improves subjective sleep quality, fatigue, cognitive impairments, and emotional symptoms with minimal adverse events. It also positively impacts objective sleep processes, including prolonging total sleep time, improving sleep efficiency, reducing sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset, and enhancing sleep architecture/structure, including increasing N3% and REM%, and decreasing N1%. However, methodological shortcomings in some trials diminish the overall quality of evidence. Animal studies suggest that acupuncture restores circadian rhythms in sleep-deprived rodents and improves their performance in behavioral tests, possibly mediated by various clinical variables and pathways. These may involve neurotransmitters, brain-derived neurotrophic factors, inflammatory cytokines, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, gut microbiota, and other cellular events. While the existing findings support acupuncture as a promising therapeutic strategy for PI, additional high-quality trials are required to validate its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yi Zhao
- Department of Nursing, School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Gerard A Kennedy
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Zhen Zheng
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Russell Conduit
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Peijie Xu
- School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Li-Ping Yue
- Department of Nursing, School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nursing, School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Qiang-Qiang Fu
- Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Huang P, Cong L, Lu Z, Wang S, Hang Y, Huang Z, Zhou R. Postoperative Sleep Quality of Insomnia Patients After TIVA Anesthesia: A Prospective Study. J Perianesth Nurs 2024; 39:73-78. [PMID: 37855763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to observe the postoperative sleep quality of insomnia patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic oncology surgery after total intravenous anesthesia. DESIGN Prospective study. METHODS We conducted a prospective, observational study in our hospital. All patients underwent propofol-remifentanil anesthesia without other sedative medications before or during the operation. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores of the baseline value, night-1 (the first night after surgery), night-3, night-5, and night-30 were observed. FINDINGS Sixty-nine female insomnia patients were allocated based on the results of the PSQI and the diagnostic criteria of insomnia. The PSQI global scores were respectively 6 (5-8), 5 (4-6), 5 (3-6), and 6 (5-7) on night-1, night-3, night-5, and night-30, significantly lower than the baseline 7 (6-8) (P < 0.05). The 5 components (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency and daytime dysfunction) had significant changes at different postoperative time points (P < 0.05). The daytime dysfunction could also be improved 1 month after the surgery (P < 0.05). In contrast, the variations of sleep disturbance and use of sleep medication had no statistical differences. CONCLUSIONS The sleep quality of female patients with insomnia was improved on the first night after surgery in the sides of sleep latency and daytime dysfunction, and the improvement could also be obtained 1 month after propofol-remifentanil general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lu Cong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhixing Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shanjuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yannan Hang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhenling Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Renlong Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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5
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Aquino G, Benz F, Dressle RJ, Gemignani A, Alfì G, Palagini L, Spiegelhalder K, Riemann D, Feige B. Towards the neurobiology of insomnia: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 73:101878. [PMID: 38056381 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia disorder signifies a major public health concern. The development of neuroimaging techniques has permitted to investigate brain mechanisms at a structural and functional level. The present systematic review aims at shedding light on functional, structural, and metabolic substrates of insomnia disorder by integrating the available published neuroimaging data. The databases PubMed, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched for case-control studies comparing neuroimaging data from insomnia patients and healthy controls. 85 articles were judged as eligible. For every observed finding of each study, the effect size was calculated from standardised mean differences, statistic parameters and figures, showing a marked heterogeneity that precluded a comprehensive quantitative analysis. From a qualitative point of view, considering the findings of significant group differences in the reported regions across the articles, this review highlights the major involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, insula, precuneus and middle frontal gyrus, thus supporting some central themes in the debate on the neurobiology of and offering interesting insights into the psychophysiology of sleep in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Aquino
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine - University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fee Benz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raphael J Dressle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine - University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaspare Alfì
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine - University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Palagini
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Martinovic J, Samardzic J, Zaric Kontic M, Ivkovic S, Dacic S, Major T, Radosavljevic M, Svob Strac D. Prolonged Zaleplon Treatment Increases the Expression of Proteins Involved in GABAergic and Glutamatergic Signaling in the Rat Hippocampus. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1707. [PMID: 38137155 PMCID: PMC10741523 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaleplon is a positive allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor approved for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Previous publications on zaleplon have not addressed the proteins involved in its mechanism of action but have mostly referred to behavioral or pharmacological studies. Since both GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling have been shown to regulate wakefulness and sleep, we examined the effects of prolonged zaleplon treatment (0.625 mg/kg for 5 days) on these systems in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses showed that the upregulated components of GABAergic signaling (glutamate decarboxylase, vesicular GABA transporter, GABA, and α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor) were accompanied by increased protein levels in the glutamatergic system (vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and NR1, NR2A, and NR2B subunits of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor). Our results, showing that zaleplon enhances GABA neurotransmission in the hippocampus, were not surprising. However, we found that treatment also increased glutamatergic signaling. This could be the result of the downregulation of adenosine A1 receptors, important modulators of the glutamatergic system. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of the zaleplon-induced increase in hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission and the possible involvement of the adenosine system in zaleplon's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Martinovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522-090, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.Z.K.); (S.I.)
| | - Janko Samardzic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Marina Zaric Kontic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522-090, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.Z.K.); (S.I.)
| | - Sanja Ivkovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522-090, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.Z.K.); (S.I.)
| | - Sanja Dacic
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Tamara Major
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milica Radosavljevic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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7
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Marinkovic K, White DR, Alderson Myers A, Parker KS, Arienzo D, Mason GF. Cortical GABA Levels Are Reduced in Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1666. [PMID: 38137114 PMCID: PMC10741691 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After recovering from the acute COVID-19 illness, a substantial proportion of people continue experiencing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), also termed "long COVID". Their quality of life is adversely impacted by persistent cognitive dysfunction and affective distress, but the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study recruited a group of mostly young, previously healthy adults (24.4 ± 5.2 years of age) who experienced PASC for almost 6 months following a mild acute COVID-19 illness. Confirming prior evidence, they reported noticeable memory and attention deficits, brain fog, depression/anxiety, fatigue, and other symptoms potentially suggestive of excitation/inhibition imbalance. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to examine the neurochemical aspects of cell signaling with an emphasis on GABA levels in the occipital cortex. The PASC participants were compared to a control (CNT) group matched in demographics, intelligence, and an array of other variables. Controlling for tissue composition, biological sex, and alcohol intake, the PASC group had lower GABA+/water than CNT, which correlated with depression and poor sleep quality. The mediation analysis revealed that the impact of PASC on depression was partly mediated by lower GABA+/water, indicative of cortical hyperexcitability as an underlying mechanism. In addition, N-acetylaspartate (NAA) tended to be lower in the PASC group, possibly suggesting compromised neuronal integrity. Persistent neuroinflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of PASC-related neurocognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Marinkovic
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA (A.A.M.); (D.A.)
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David R. White
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA (A.A.M.); (D.A.)
| | - Austin Alderson Myers
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA (A.A.M.); (D.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katie S. Parker
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA (A.A.M.); (D.A.)
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA (A.A.M.); (D.A.)
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Graeme F. Mason
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Psychiatry, and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
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Aquino G, Schiel JE. Neuroimaging in insomnia: Review and reconsiderations. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e14030. [PMID: 37730282 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, neuroimaging has become a substantial component of insomnia research. While theoretical underpinnings of different studies vary just like methodological choices and the experimental design, it is suggested that major features of insomnia disorder rely on the impaired function, structure, metabolism and connectivity of brain areas involved in sleep generation, emotion regulation, self-processing/-awareness and attentional orientation. However, neuroimaging research on insomnia often suffers from small sample sizes, heterogeneous methodology and a lack of replicability. With respect to these issues, the field needs to address the questions: (1a) how sufficiently large sample sizes can be accumulated within a reasonable economic framework; (1b) how effect sizes in insomnia-related paradigms can be amplified; (2a) how a higher degree of standardisation and transparency in methodology can be provided; and (2b) how an adequate amount of flexibility/complexity in study design can be maintained. On condition that methodological consistency and a certain degree of adaptability are given, pooled data/large cohort analyses can be considered to be one way to answer these questions. Regarding experimental single-centre trials, it might be helpful to focus on insomnia-related transdiagnostic concepts. In doing so, expectable effect sizes (in between-subjects designs) can be increased by: (a) comparing groups that are truly distinct regarding the variables examined in a concept-specific paradigm; and (b) facilitated, intensified and precise elicitation of a target symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Aquino
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine - University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Julian E Schiel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Zhao H, Park B, Kim MJ, Hwang SH, Kim TJ, Kim SU, Kwon I, Hwang JS. The Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Intake on UVB- Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:640-647. [PMID: 37524442 PMCID: PMC10616514 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, the largest organ in the body, undergoes age-related changes influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The primary external factor is photoaging which causes hyperpigmentation, uneven skin surface, deep wrinkles, and markedly enlarged capillaries. In the human dermis, it decreases fibroblast function, resulting in a lack of collagen structure and also decreases keratinocyte function, which compromises the strength of the protective barrier. In this study, we found that treatment with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had no toxicity to skin fibroblasts and GABA enhanced their migration ability, which can accelerate skin wound healing. UVB radiation was found to significantly induce the production of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), but treatment with GABA resulted in the inhibition of MMP-1 production. We also investigated the enhancement of filaggrin and aquaporin 3 in keratinocytes after treatment with GABA, showing that GABA can effectively improve skin moisturization. In vivo experiments showed that oral administration of GABA significantly improved skin wrinkles and epidermal thickness. After the intake of GABA, there was a significant decrease observed in the increase of skin thickness measured by calipers and erythema. Additionally, the decrease in skin moisture and elasticity in hairless mice exposed to UVB radiation was also significantly restored. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of GABA as functional food material for improving skin aging and moisturizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairu Zhao
- Department of Genetic & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Youngin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Park
- Department of Genetic & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Youngin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Research and Development, EVERSPRING Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13207, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Hwang
- Research and Development, EVERSPRING Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13207, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Kim
- Research and Development, EVERSPRING Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13207, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Un Kim
- Research and Development, EVERSPRING Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13207, Republic of Korea
| | - Iksun Kwon
- Department of Genetic & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Youngin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Youngin 17104, Republic of Korea
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10
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Fan M, Deng F, Tang R, Cai Y, Zhang X, Li H, Xiang T, Pan J. Serum Zonula Occludens-1 and Claudin-5 Levels in Patients with Insomnia Disorder: A Pilot Study. Nat Sci Sleep 2023; 15:873-884. [PMID: 37928369 PMCID: PMC10625320 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s424756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This research aimed to investigate serum Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Claudin-5 (CLDN5) levels to show whether or not their eventual changes in patients with insomnia disorder could have etiopathogenetic importance. There was no research investigating serum ZO-1 and CLDN5 concentrations in insomnia disorder. Patients and Methods This study included 60 insomnia disorder patients and 45 normal controls. None of the patients received drugs for insomnia. The patients completed Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Polysomnography (PSG) to score the insomnia disorder symptoms. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum ZO-1 and claudin-5 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Serum ZO-1 level was significantly higher without a significant difference between age, sex, and body mass index, whereas the difference in serum claudin-5 level between the two groups was not statistically significant. In addition, ZO-1 levels were positively correlated with ISI and PSQI and negatively with N1 and N1_perc. We also demonstrated a positive correlation between the levels of CLDN5 and HAMA, and a negative correlation with total sleep time (TST), N1 and N1_perc. Conclusion Our findings suggest an association between these intestinal and brain endothelial permeability markers and insomnia disorders. However, these remain modest and preliminary and need more extensive studies, including long-term follow-up populations and involving gut microbes, to further validate and explore the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyi Deng
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixian Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyang Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wu F, Lu Q, Kong Y, Zhang Z. A Comprehensive Overview of the Role of Visual Cortex Malfunction in Depressive Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1426-1438. [PMID: 36995569 PMCID: PMC10062279 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly heterogeneous mental disorder, and its complex etiology and unclear mechanism are great obstacles to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Studies have shown that abnormal functions of the visual cortex have been reported in MDD patients, and the actions of several antidepressants coincide with improvements in the structure and synaptic functions of the visual cortex. In this review, we critically evaluate current evidence showing the involvement of the malfunctioning visual cortex in the pathophysiology and therapeutic process of depression. In addition, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of visual cortex dysfunction that may underlie the pathogenesis of MDD. Although the precise roles of visual cortex abnormalities in MDD remain uncertain, this undervalued brain region may become a novel area for the treatment of depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qingbo Lu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Department of Mental Health and Public Health, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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12
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Sharmin D, Mian MY, Marcotte M, Prevot TD, Sibille E, Witkin JM, Cook JM. Synthesis and Receptor Binding Studies of α5 GABA AR Selective Novel Imidazodiazepines Targeted for Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders. Molecules 2023; 28:4771. [PMID: 37375326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA mediates inhibitory actions through various GABAA receptor subtypes, including 19 subunits in human GABAAR. Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission is associated with several psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Selective targeting of α2/3 GABAARs can treat mood and anxiety, while α5 GABAA-Rs can treat anxiety, depression, and cognitive performance. GL-II-73 and MP-III-022, α5-positive allosteric modulators have shown promising results in animal models of chronic stress, aging, and cognitive disorders, including MDD, schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer's disease. Described in this article is how small changes in the structure of imidazodiazepine substituents can greatly impact the subtype selectivity of benzodiazepine GABAAR. To investigate alternate and potentially more effective therapeutic compounds, modifications were made to the structure of imidazodiazepine 1 to synthesize different amide analogs. The novel ligands were screened at the NIMH PDSP against a panel of 47 receptors, ion channels, including hERG, and transporters to identify on- and off-target interactions. Any ligands with significant inhibition in primary binding were subjected to secondary binding assays to determine their Ki values. The newly synthesized imidazodiazepines were found to have variable affinities for the benzodiazepine site and negligible or no binding to any off-target profile receptors that could cause other physiological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Michael Marcotte
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Thomas D Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension, St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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13
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Zhang H, Sun H, Li J, Fan Y, Jülich ST, Lei X. Subtypes of insomnia revealed by the heterogeneity of neuroanatomical patterns: a structural MRI study. Biol Psychol 2023; 180:108591. [PMID: 37230291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The current conflicting neuroimaging findings of insomnia disorder (ID) may be attributed to heterogeneity in ID. The present study aims to clarify the high heterogeneity in ID and examine the objective neurobiological subtypes of ID by using a novel machine learning method based on gray matter volumes (GMVs). We recruited 56 patients with ID and 73 healthy controls (HCs). The T1-weighted anatomical images were obtained for each participant. We investigated whether the ID has higher interindividual heterogeneity in GMVs. Then, we used a heterogeneous machine learning algorithm by discriminative analysis (HYDRA) to identify subtypes of ID with features of brain regional GMVs. We found that patients with ID have higher interindividual variability than HCs. HYDRA identified two distinct and reliable neuroanatomical subtypes of ID. Two subtypes showed significantly different aberrance in GMVs compared with HCs. Specifically, subtype 1 exhibited widespread decreased GMVs in some brain regions, including the right inferior temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left precuneus, right middle cingulate, and right supplementary motor area. Subtype 2 only demonstrated increased GMVs in the right superior temporal gyrus. Additionally, the GMVs of altered brain regions in subtype 1 were significantly correlated with daytime functioning, but in subtype 2, they were significantly correlated with sleep disturbance. These results explain conflicting neuroimaging findings and propose a potential objective neurobiological classification contributing to ID's precise clinical diagnosis and treatment. DATA AND CODE AVAILABILITY: The source and means of obtaining the data used in the study have been described fully in the Methods and Materials section. The codes and data in this study are available upon a reasonable request to the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Zhang
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Haonan Sun
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuhan Fan
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Simon Theodor Jülich
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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14
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Jiang Y, Zou M, Wang Y, Wang Y. Nucleus accumbens in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder: A brief review. Brain Res Bull 2023; 196:68-75. [PMID: 36889362 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent mental disorder characterized by anhedonia, loss of motivation, avolition, behavioral despair and cognitive abnormalities. Despite substantial advancements in the pathophysiology of MDD in recent years, the pathogenesis of this disorder is not fully understood. Meanwhile,the treatment of MDD with currently available antidepressants is inadequate, highlighting the urgent need for clarifying the pathophysiology of MDD and developing novel therapeutics. Extensive studies have demonstrated the involvement of nuclei such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIP), nucleus accumbens (NAc), hypothalamus, etc., in MDD. NAc,a region critical for reward and motivation,dysregulation of its activity seems to be a hallmark of this mood disorder. In this paper, we present a review of NAc related circuits, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying MDD and share an analysis of the gaps in current research and possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Jiang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Manshu Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Yeqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, China.
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15
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Potential of Capric Acid in Neurological Disorders: An Overview. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:697-712. [PMID: 36342577 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To solve the restrictions of a classical ketogenic diet, a modified medium-chain triglyceride diet was introduced which required only around 60% of dietary energy. Capric acid (CA), a small molecule, is one of the main components because its metabolic profile offers itself as an alternate source of energy to the brain in the form of ketone bodies. This is possible with the combined capability of CA to cross the blood-brain barrier and achieve a concentration of 50% concentration in the brain more than any other fatty acid in plasma. Natural sources of CA include vegetable oils such as palm oil and coconut oil, mammalian milk and some seeds. Several studies have shown that CA has varied action on targets that include AMPA receptors, PPAR-γ, inflammatory/oxidative stress pathways and gut dysbiosis. Based on these lines of evidence, CA has proved to be effective in the amelioration of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, affective disorders and Alzheimer's disease. But these studies still warrant more pre-clinical and clinical studies that would further prove its efficacy. Hence, to understand the potential of CA in brain disease and associated comorbid conditions, an advance and rigorous molecular mechanistic study, apart from the reported in-vitro/in-vivo studies, is urgently required for the development of this compound through clinical setups.
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16
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Zhao J, Kong Q, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Qu W, Huang H, Luo X. Differences in Gray Matter Volume in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Patients with and without Sleep Disturbance. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020294. [PMID: 36831837 PMCID: PMC9953873 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increased interest in the relationship between cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and circadian rhythm disruption, particularly sleep disturbance. However, the neural mechanism of sleep disturbance in CSVD patients remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to explore the gray matter alterations in CSVD patients with and without sleep disturbance. 59 patients with CSVD and 40 healthy controls (HC) were recruited for the present study. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. CSVD patients were categorized into either the good sleepers group (CSVD-GS, n = 23) or the poor sleepers group (CSVD-PS, n = 36) based on PSQI score. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was used to assess differences in gray matter volume (GMV) between groups. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between sleep quality, GMV, and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). We observed GMV differences between the three groups in the bilateral caudate, right thalamus, bilateral calcarine cortex, left precentral gyrus, right orbitofrontal cortex, left cingulate gyrus, and right sub-gyral temporal lobe. Additionally, the CSVD-PS group exhibited decreased GMV in the bilateral calcarine cortex yet increased GMV in the right caudate compared to the CSVD-GS group. In fully adjusted models, GMV of the right caudate and bilateral calcarine cortex was associated with sleep quality in CSVD patients. The present study revealed structural brain alterations in CSVD patients with sleep disturbance. These findings may provide novel insights into the neural mechanisms of sleep disturbance in CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiang Luo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-83663337
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17
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Poluektov MG, Akarachkova ES, Dovgan EV, Kotova OV, Demidova TY, Klimenko AA, Kokorin VA, Ostroumova OD, Ostroumova TM. [Management of patients with insomnia and polymorbidity: expert consensus]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:49-57. [PMID: 37275998 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312305249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are becoming increasingly important due to the high comorbidity with other diseases and a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder both in the general population and in patients with multimorbid pathology. Its prevalence in the general population is 6-15%, while in patients with somatic diseases it increases up to 20-40% and can reach 90% in patients with comorbid mental disorders. Another problem is the development of drug-induced insomnia. Insomnia has negative impact on the prognosis of comorbid diseases, including an increased risk of death, more severe disease, and a worse quality of life. The presence of sleep disorders makes it difficult to effectively treat the underlying disease, so it is extremely important to identify and correct these disorders in the early stages, therefore recommendations for the diagnosis of insomnia in polymorbid patients are proposed. Modern methods of treating acute and chronic insomnia and features of insomnia treatment in polymorbid patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Poluektov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - E S Akarachkova
- International society «Stress under control», Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Dovgan
- Smolensk Regional Clinical Hospital, Smolensk, Russia
| | - O V Kotova
- International society «Stress under control», Moscow, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Yu Demidova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Klimenko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Kokorin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O D Ostroumova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - T M Ostroumova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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18
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Xiang T, Liao J, Cai Y, Fan M, Li C, Zhang X, Li H, Chen Y, Pan J. Impairment of GABA inhibition in insomnia disorders: Evidence from the peripheral blood system. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1134434. [PMID: 36846238 PMCID: PMC9947704 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the change characteristics and related factors of various indexes of GABAergic system in peripheral blood of patients with insomnia disorder. METHODS In this study, a total of 30 patients who met the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder and 30 normal controls were included. All subjects had a structured clinical interview with the Brief International Neuropsychiatric Disorder Interview, and PSQI was used to evaluate the sleep status of the subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and RT-PCR was used to detect GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunit mRNA. All data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the mRNA levels of GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunits in the insomnia disorder group were significantly lower, but there was no significant difference in the serum GABA levels between the two groups. And in the insomnia disorder group, there was no significant correlation between the GABA levels and the mRNA expression levels of α1 and α2 subunits of GABAA receptors. Although no significant correlation was found between PSQI and serum levels of these two subunit mRNAs, its component factors sleep quality and sleep time were negatively correlated with GABAA receptor α1 subunit mRNA levels, and daytime function was inversely correlated with GABAA receptor α2 subunit mRNA levels. CONCLUSION The inhibitory function of serum GABA in patients with insomnia may be impaired, and the decreased expression levels of GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunit mRNA may become a reliable indicator of insomnia disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiwu Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yixian Cai
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei Fan
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Congrui Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongyao Li
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiyang Pan
- Sleep Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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19
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Dilibe A, Nriagu BN, Idowu AB, Eletta RY, Ohikhuai EE. Sleep Deprivation Is Associated With Increased Risk for Hypertensive Heart Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e33005. [PMID: 36712752 PMCID: PMC9879308 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature documenting the in-hospital cardiovascular outcomes of sleep deprivation (SD) patients is scarce. We aimed to compare inpatient cardiovascular outcomes in patients with sleep deprivation and those without sleep deprivation. METHOD We queried the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2019 to conduct a retrospective observational study. Using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes, we identified patients with sleep deprivation (SD) diagnosis and compared them to their counterparts without sleep deprivation (NSD). The cardiovascular outcomes of interest were hypertensive heart disease (HHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), and ST-segment and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI and NSTEMI, respectively). We used multivariable regression analysis to unearth the relationship between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular disease. RESULTS There were 28,484,087 patients admitted during the study period, among which 2.1% (6,08,059) with a mean age of 59 (sd=19) years had a sleep deprivation diagnosis unrelated to medical or psychiatric illness. Of these, 75.7% were Caucasians, 11.5% were Blacks, and 8% were Hispanics. Individuals with sleep deprivation had a higher odds ratio (OR) of HHD, i.e., OR=1.3 (1.29-1.31), p<0.0001. The odds of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was 0.9 (0.9-1.92), p=0.45; heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was 0.98 (0.97-1.01), p=0.31; and the odds of the SD population for AF was 0.9 (0.89-1.03), p=0.11. CONCLUSION Sleep deprivation seems to be more prevalent in the Caucasian population. Individuals with sleep deprivation have a higher risk of hypertensive heart disease but similar outcomes to the general population in terms of AF, HFrEF, and HFpEF.
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20
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Bernardo A, Lee P, Marcotte M, Mian MY, Rezvanian S, Sharmin D, Kovačević A, Savić MM, Cook JM, Sibille E, Prevot TD. Symptomatic and neurotrophic effects of GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulation in a mouse model of chronic stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1608-1619. [PMID: 35701547 PMCID: PMC9283409 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk factor for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and in rodents, it recapitulates human behavioral, cellular and molecular changes. In MDD and after chronic stress, neuronal dysfunctions and deficits in GABAergic signaling are observed and responsible for symptom severity. GABA signals predominantly through GABAA receptors (GABAA-R) composed of various subunit types that relate to downstream outcomes. Activity at α2-GABAA-Rs contributes to anxiolytic properties, α5-GABAA-Rs to cognitive functions, and α1-GABAA-Rs to sedation. Therefore, a therapy aiming at increasing α2- and α5-GABAA-Rs activity, but devoid of α1-GABAA-R activity, has potential to address several symptomologies of depression while avoiding side-effects. This study investigated the activity profiles and behavioral efficacy of two enantiomers of each other (GL-II-73 and GL-I-54), separately and as a racemic mixture (GL-RM), and potential disease-modifying effects on neuronal morphology. Results confirm GL-I-54 and GL-II-73 exert positive allosteric modulation at the α2-, α3-, α5-GABAA-Rs and α5-containing GABAA-Rs, respectively, and separately reduces immobility in the forced swim test and improves stress-induced spatial working memory deficits. Using unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS), we show that acute and chronic administration of GL-RM provide pro-cognitive effects, with mild efficacy on mood symptoms, although at lower doses avoiding sedation. Morphology studies showed reversal of spine density loss caused by UCMS after chronic GL-RM treatment at apical and basal dendrites of the PFC and CA1. Together, these results support using a racemic mixture with combined α2-, α3-, α5-GABAA-R profile to reverse chronic stress-induced mood symptoms, cognitive deficits, and with anti-stress neurotrophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bernardo
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip Lee
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Marcotte
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Sepideh Rezvanian
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Aleksandra Kovačević
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav M. Savić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James M. Cook
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Thomas D. Prevot
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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21
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Regional specificity and clinical correlates of cortical GABA alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1055-1062. [PMID: 34675380 PMCID: PMC8938424 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism is implicated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may be altered in prefrontal-limbic brain regions involved in arousal regulation. This study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to test the hypothesis that PTSD and trauma-exposed non-PTSD comparison (TENC) adults have significantly different GABA than healthy comparison (HC) subjects in two brain areas implicated in arousal (medial prefrontal cortex, insula) but not in a control brain area (posterior temporal cortex). We also examined whether GABA alterations correlated with hyperarousal and dissociation symptoms. One hundred and fourteen participants (39 PTSD, 34 TENC, 41 HC) underwent 3T MRS of the medial prefrontal, right insular, and right posterior temporal cortices, and the GABA plus macromolecule signal (GABA+) was normalized to creatine (Cr). The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale measured hyperarousal symptoms, including sleep disruption. The Dissociative Experiences Scale assessed dissociation symptoms. PTSD and TENC participants had significantly lower mPFC GABA+/Cr than HC participants, and this deficit was significantly correlated with greater dissociation. Compared with HC, PTSD patients but not TENC had significantly lower insula GABA+/Cr. Total hyperarousal symptoms and sleep disruption were not significantly associated with GABA+/Cr alterations in either region. Our findings point to lower GABA in cortical areas implicated in arousal regulation in PTSD and suggest that GABA alterations are associated with symptoms of trauma-related psychopathology but not always a biomarker of diagnosis. These findings also add to evidence that dissociation has distinct neural correlates within PTSD, including high excitability of medial prefrontal cortex.
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22
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Hwang Y, Lee KH, Kim N, Lee J, Lee HY, Jeon JE, Lee YJ, Kim SJ. Cognitive Appraisal of Sleep and Brain Activation in Response to Sleep-Related Sounds in Healthy Adults. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:1407-1416. [PMID: 35996417 PMCID: PMC9391942 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s359242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sounds play important roles in promoting and disrupting sleep. How our brain processes sleep-related sounds and individual differences in processing sleep-related sounds must be determined to understand the role of sound in sleep. We investigated neural responses to sleep-related sounds and their associations with cognitive appraisals of sleep. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Forty-four healthy adults heard sleep-related and neutral sounds during functional magnetic resonance imaging using a 3T scanner. They also completed the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS) questionnaire, which was used to assess cognitive appraisals of sleep. We conducted a voxel-wise whole-brain analysis to compare brain activation in response to sleep-related and neutral sounds. We also examined the association between the DBAS score and brain activity in response to sleep-related sounds (vs neutral sounds) using region of interest (ROI) and whole-brain correlation analyses. The ROIs included the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula (AI), and amygdala. RESULTS The whole-brain analysis revealed increased activation in the temporal regions and decreased activation in the ACC in response to sleep-related sounds compared to neutral sounds. The ROI and whole-brain correlation analyses showed that higher DBAS scores, indicating a negative appraisal of sleep, were significantly correlated with increased activation of the ACC, right medial prefrontal cortex, and brainstem in response to sleep-related sounds. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the temporal cortex and ACC, which are implicated in affective sound processing, may play important roles in the processing of sleep-related sounds. The positive association between the neural responses to sleep-related sounds and DBAS scores suggest that negative and dysfunctional appraisals of sleep may be an important factor in individual differences in the processing of sleep-related sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjee Hwang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nambeom Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Synthetic approaches for BF2-containing adducts of outstanding biological potential. A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Abnormal functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex subregions mediates the association between anhedonia and sleep quality in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:400-407. [PMID: 34606812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a crucial region in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the relationship between functional alterations of the ACC subregions, anhedonia and sleep quality remains unclear in MDD patients. METHODS The resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of ACC subregions was measured in 41 first-episode medication-naïve MDD patients and 63 healthy controls who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Between-group differences were examined using two-sample t-test. Furthermore, correlation and mediation analyses were carried out to investigate the relationships between the aberrant rsFC of ACC subregions, anhedonia and sleep quality in the patients and controls. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, the MDD patients exhibited increased rsFC of ACC subregions to areas of the anterior default mode network (DMN) and showed decreased rsFC of the right subgenual ACC to left precuneus (PCUN), which belongs to the posterior DMN. In MDD group, the sleep quality and consummatory anhedonia are correlated with some rsFC, which involves the angular gyrus (ANG) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG). More importantly, the rsFC between the right perigenual ACC and left SPG mediates the association between anhedonia and sleep quality in MDD. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design and the subjective questionaries for assessment. CONCLUSION These findings confirm the functional alterations of the ACC subregions and reveal the mediating role of ACC subregions in sleep and reward dysfunction in MDD.
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25
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Chen Z, Feng Y, Li S, Hua K, Fu S, Chen F, Chen H, Pan L, Wu C, Jiang G. Altered functional connectivity strength in chronic insomnia associated with gut microbiota composition and sleep efficiency. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1050403. [PMID: 36483137 PMCID: PMC9722753 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence on the link between gut microbiota (GM) and resting-state brain activity in patients with chronic insomnia (CI). This study aimed to explore the alterations in brain functional connectivity strength (FCS) in CI and the potential associations among altered FCS, GM composition, and neuropsychological performance indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty CI patients and 34 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Each participant underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) for the evaluation of brain FCS and was administered sleep-, mood-, and cognitive-related questionnaires for the evaluation of neuropsychological performance. Stool samples of CI patients were collected and subjected to 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to assess the relative abundance (RA) of GM. Redundancy analysis or canonical correspondence analysis (RDA or CCA, respectively) was used to investigate the relationships between GM composition and neuropsychological performance indicators. Spearman correlation was further performed to analyze the associations among alterations in FCS, GM composition, and neuropsychological performance indicators. RESULTS The CI group showed a reduction in FCS in the left superior parietal gyrus (SPG) compared to the HC group. The correlation analysis showed that the FCS in the left SPG was correlated with sleep efficiency and some specific bacterial genera. The results of CCA and RDA showed that 38.21% (RDA) and 24.62% (CCA) of the GM composition variation could be interpreted by neuropsychological performance indicators. Furthermore, we found complex relationships between Alloprevotella, specific members of the family Lachnospiraceae, Faecalicoccus, and the FCS alteration, and neuropsychological performance indicators. CONCLUSION The brain FCS alteration of patients with CI was related to their GM composition and neuropsychological performance indicators, and there was also an association to some extent between the latter two, suggesting a specific interaction pattern among the three aspects: brain FCS alteration, GM composition, and neuropsychological performance indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shumei Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kelei Hua
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shishun Fu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Caojun Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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GABA A Receptor-Mediated Sleep-Promoting Effect of Saaz-Saphir Hops Mixture Containing Xanthohumol and Humulone. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237108. [PMID: 34885687 PMCID: PMC8659287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hops contain flavonoids that have sedative and sleep-promoting activities such as α-acid, β-acid, and xanthohumol. In this study, the sleep-enhancing activity of a Saaz–Saphir hops mixture was measured. In the caffeine-induced insomnia model, the administration of a Saaz–Saphir mixture increased the sleep time compared to Saaz or Saphir administration alone, which was attributed to the increase in NREM sleep time by the δ-wave increase. Oral administration of the Saaz–Saphir mixture for 3 weeks increased the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) content in the brain and increased the expression of the GABAA receptor. As the GABA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline showed a decrease in sleep activity, it was confirmed that the GABAA receptor was involved in the Saaz–Saphir mixture activity. In addition, the GABAA receptor antagonist also reduced the sleep activity induced by xanthohumol and humulone contained in the Saaz–Saphir mixture. Therefore, xanthohumol and humulone contained in the Saaz–Saphir mixture showed sleep-promoting activity mediated by the GABAA receptors. The mixture of the Saaz and Saphir hop varieties may thus help mitigate sleep disturbances compared to other hop varieties.
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27
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Porwal A, Yadav YC, Pathak K, Yadav R. An Update on Assessment, Therapeutic Management, and Patents on Insomnia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6068952. [PMID: 34708126 PMCID: PMC8545506 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6068952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Insomnia is an ordinary situation related to noticeable disability in function and quality of life, mental and actual sickness, and mishappenings. It represents more than 5.5 million appointments to family doctors every year. Nonetheless, the ratio of insomniacs who are treated keeps on being low, demonstrating the requirement for proceeding with advancement and dispersal of effective treatments. Accordingly, it becomes significant to provide a compelling treatment for clinical practice. It indicates a need for the determination of various critical viewpoints for the evaluation of insomnia along with various accessible alternatives for treatment. These alternatives incorporate both nonpharmacological therapy, specifically cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, and a number of pharmacological treatments like orexin antagonists, "z-drugs," benzodiazepines, selective histamine H1 antagonists, nonselective antihistamines, melatonin receptor agonists, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. Besides in individuals whose insomnia is due to restless leg syndrome, depression/mood disorder, or/and circadian disturbance, there is insignificant proof favouring the effectiveness of different prescriptions for the treatment of insomnia though they are widely used. Other pharmacological agents producing sedation should be prescribed with care for insomnia therapy because of greater risk of next-day sleepiness along with known adverse effects and toxicities. This review is also aimed at providing an update on various patents on dosage forms containing drugs for insomnia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Porwal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Chand Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakant Yadav
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130 Uttar Pradesh, India
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28
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Lin YS, Wang CC, Chen CY. GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Shared Genes and Biological Pathways between Major Depressive Disorder and Insomnia. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101506. [PMID: 34680902 PMCID: PMC8536096 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders worldwide. Among the symptoms of MDD, sleep disturbance such as insomnia is prominent, and the first reason patients may seek professional help. However, the underlying pathophysiology of this comorbidity is still elusive. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have begun to unveil the genetic background of several psychiatric disorders, including MDD and insomnia. Identifying the shared genomic risk loci between comorbid psychiatric disorders could be a valuable strategy to understanding their comorbidity. This study seeks to identify the shared genes and biological pathways between MDD and insomnia based on their shared genetic variants. First, we performed a meta-analysis based on the GWAS summary statistics of MDD and insomnia obtained from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and UK Biobank, respectively. Next, we associated shared genetic variants to genes using two gene mapping strategies: (a) positional mapping based on genomic proximity and (b) expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping based on gene expression linkage across multiple tissues. As a result, a total of 719 shared genes were identified. Over half (51%) of them are protein-coding genes. Functional enrichment analysis shows that the most enriched biological pathways are related to epigenetic modification, sensory perception, and immunologic signatures. We also identified druggable targets using a network approach. Together, these results may provide insights into understanding the genetic predisposition and underlying biological pathways of comorbid MDD and insomnia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sian Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (Y.-S.L.); (C.-C.W.)
| | - Chia-Chun Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (Y.-S.L.); (C.-C.W.)
| | - Cho-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (Y.-S.L.); (C.-C.W.)
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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29
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Shao Y, Zou G, Tabarak S, Chen J, Gao X, Yao P, Liu J, Li Y, Xiong N, Pan W, Ma M, Zhou S, Xu J, Ma Y, Deng J, Sun Q, Bao Y, Sun W, Shi J, Zou Q, Gao JH, Sun H. Spindle-related brain activation in patients with insomnia disorder: An EEG-fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:659-670. [PMID: 34499294 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep spindles have been implicated in sleep protection, depression and anxiety. However, spindle-related brain imaging mechanism underpinning the deficient sleep protection and emotional regulation in insomnia disorder (ID) remains elusive. The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between spindle-related brain activations and sleep quality, symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with ID. Participants (n = 46, 28 females, 18-60 years) were recruited through advertisements including 16 with ID, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and 30 matched controls. Group differences in spindle-related brain activations were analyzed using multimodality data acquired with simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging during sleep. Compared with controls, patients with ID showed significantly decreased bilateral spindle-related brain activations in the cingulate gyrus (familywise error corrected p ˂ 0.05, cluster size 4401 mm3). Activations in the cingulate gyrus were negatively correlated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores (r = -0.404, p = 0.005) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores (r = -0.364, p = 0.013), in the pooled sample. These findings underscore the key role of spindle-related brain activations in the cingulate gyrus in subjective sleep quality and emotional regulation in ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Guangyuan Zou
- Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Serik Tabarak
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Gao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuezhen Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Behavioral Neurology and Sleep Center, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nana Xiong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Sleep Medicine Center, Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengying Ma
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yundong Ma
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Deng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Qiqing Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Bao
- National Institute On Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute On Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qihong Zou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China. .,Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering, Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongqiang Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.
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30
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Zhu Y, Zhao X, Yin H, Zhang M. Functional connectivity density abnormalities and anxiety in primary insomnia patients. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:114-121. [PMID: 32043233 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary insomnia (PI) is strongly associated with emotional dysregulation. However, the neurobiological pathology of the association between PI and emotional dysregulation is limited. Previous studies have indicated an impact of PI on the emotional regulatory system, but the specificity of this finding remains to be confirmed. A sample of 27 primary insomnia patients (PIs) and 32 matched healthy controls (HCs) was recruited for this study. The functional connectivity density (FCD) was used to assess the spontaneous functional brain organization in PIs. Then, we identified whether the local (lFCD) and global FCD (gFCD) abnormalities can be the potential biomarker for emotion level in PIs. Our findings suggested that PIs exhibited higher levels of anxiety and depression, and the levels of anxiety and depression is associated with the insomnia severity. We also found that PIs showed both lower lFCD and gFCD in several regions (i.e. thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula). Furthermore, the lower gFCD values of left ACC and right insula were associated with their anxiety level in PIs, which demonstrated their potential biomarker for anxiety in PIs. Our results demonstrated that the relationship between the insomnia severity and the anxiety level could be partially mediated by gFCD of the ACC and insula. The current study improved our understanding of the anxiety in PIs and provided helpful information for future therapeutic development for PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi-Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xumeng Zhao
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yin
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi-Province, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhu F, Liu X, Chen W, Zhu H, Zhu H, Li J, Guo Z. Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep are associated with regional homogeneity of left inferior occidental gyrus in primary insomnia patients: a preliminary resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Sleep Med 2021; 81:188-193. [PMID: 33714848 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural mechanisms of sleep beliefs and attitudes in primary insomnia (PI) patients at resting state remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of regional homogeneity (ReHo) in PI using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). METHODS Thirty-two PI patients and 34 normal controls (NC) underwent rsfMRI using a 3 T scanner at Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province. Participants were assessed with the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale (DBAS-16) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical analyses were performed to determine the regions in which ReHo differed between the two groups. Correlation analyses were performed between the ReHo index of each of these regions and DBAS-16 in PI patients. RESULTS PI patients showed increased ReHo values in the right superior frontal gyrus, and decreased ReHo values in the left cerebellar gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) and left amygdala compared with those of NC. ReHo values in the left IOG were negatively correlated with total DBAS-16 scores, and scores for "consequences of insomnia" and"worry/helplessness about sleep"in PI patients. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ReHo alterations in the left IOG may play an important role in the dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep in PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou and Mental Health Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Yunling Wang
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou and Mental Health Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Feiyan Zhu
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou and Mental Health Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- Department of Radiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou and Mental Health Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Haokai Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou and Mental Health Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310012, China.
| | - Zhongwei Guo
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou and Mental Health Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310012, China.
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32
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Associations between fecal short-chain fatty acids and sleep continuity in older adults with insomnia symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4052. [PMID: 33603001 PMCID: PMC7893161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insomnia is a disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep and poor sleep continuity and is associated with increased risks for physical and cognitive decline. Insomnia with short sleep duration is considered the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder. Evidence suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main byproducts of fiber fermentation in the gut, may affect sleep via gut–brain communications. This study explores associations between SCFAs and sleep continuity and compares SCFA concentrations in short vs. normal sleep insomnia phenotypes in older adults. Fifty-nine participants with insomnia symptoms (≥ 65 years), completed 2 weeks of objective sleep monitoring (actigraphy), and were divided into short and normal sleep duration phenotypes via cluster analysis. Sleep measures included total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE), and wake after sleep onset (WASO). Stool samples were collected and fecal SCFA concentrations were determined by gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GCMS). Higher concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and propionate, and total SCFAs, were associated with lower SE and longer SOL after controlling for Body Mass Index (BMI). Concentrations were higher in the short sleep duration phenotype. Age, BMI, TST, and SOL explained 40.7% of the variance in total SCFAs. Findings contribute to understanding pathways along the gut–brain axis and may lead to the use of SCFAs as biomarkers of insomnia phenotypes.
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33
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Li S, Wang BA, Li C, Feng Y, Li M, Wang T, Nie L, Li C, Hua W, Lin C, Liu M, Ma X, Fang J, Jiang G. Progressive gray matter hypertrophy with severity stages of insomnia disorder and its relevance for mood symptoms. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:6312-6322. [PMID: 33533988 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-07701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the gray matter (GM) alterations in patients with insomnia disorder (ID) at different severity stages and the relationship between GM alterations and sleep, mood, and cognitive measures. METHODS One hundred one ID patients and 63 healthy controls (HC) were included. Each patient underwent structural MRI and completed sleep-, mood-, and cognitive-related questionnaires. The ID patients were further grouped into subthreshold insomnia (SI) group and clinical insomnia (CI) group. We investigated changes in GM volumes in ID patients via diffeomorphic anatomical registration through exponentiated lie algebra voxel-based morphometry (DARTEL-VBM). We first compared voxel-wise differences in GM volumes between the HC group and the ID group. Analysis of variance was performed on individual GM maps in the SI, CI, and HC groups to further investigate the effects of different stages of ID severity on GM volumes. Multiple regression was used to model the relationship between altered GM volumes in SI and CI groups and clinical measures. RESULTS GM hypertrophies in the left anterior and middle cingulate gyrus, right middle and inferior temporal gyrus, and right cerebellum Crus II were detected in ID. Increased GM volume in the right middle temporal gyrus was detected in the SI group, whereas all three regions in the CI group. Regression analysis showed that mood- and cognitive-related measures had a positive correlation with GM volumes, while sleep-related measures had a negative correlation with GM volumes in the CI group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of the progressively increased GM volumes in ID suggest that a hypertrophic cortical morphological mechanism may underlie the altered neuroanatomy induced by insomnia. KEY POINTS • Insomnia-induced GM hypertrophies in the cingulate gyrus, temporal gyrus, and cerebellum Crus II. • The middle temporal gyrus was early detectable in the SI group. • The increased GM volumes in the CI group were correlated with clinical measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin A Wang
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cheng Li
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyue Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linghui Nie
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Hua
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chulan Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengchen Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Ma
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Fang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
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Altered GABA-mediated information processing and cognitive dysfunctions in depression and other brain disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:151-167. [PMID: 32346158 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunctions, including impaired attention, learning, memory, planning and problem solving, occur in depressive episodes, often persist during remission, predict relapse, worsen with recurrent episodes, and are not treated by current antidepressants or other medications. Cognitive symptoms are also present in other psychiatric disorders, are a hallmark of aging, and define several late-life disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. This pervasive occurrence suggests either a non-specific outcome of a diseased brain, or a shared underlying pathology contributing to this symptom dimension. Recent findings suggest a role for altered GABAergic inhibition in cognitive symptoms. Cellular, molecular and biochemical studies in human subjects report changes affecting the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) system, specifically somatostatin-expressing (SST+) GABAergic interneurons, across brain disorders and during aging. SST+ neurons gate excitatory input onto pyramidal neurons within cortical microcircuits. Experimentally reducing the function of these neurons affects excitatory signal-to-noise ratio, reduces synchronized cellular and neural activity, and leads to cognitive dysfunctions. Conversely, augmenting SST+ cell post-synaptic α5-GABA-A receptor activity has pro-cognitive efficacy in stress and aging models. Together, this suggests that reduced signaling of the SST+ neuron/α5-GABA-A receptor pathway contributes to cognitive dysfunctions, and that it represents a novel therapeutic target for remediating mood and cognitive symptoms in depression, other psychiatric disorders and during aging.
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Chen G, Chen ZM, Fan XY, Jin YL, Li X, Wu SR, Ge WW, Lv CH, Wang YK, Chen JG. Gut-Brain-Skin Axis in Psoriasis: A Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 11:25-38. [PMID: 33206326 PMCID: PMC7859123 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psoriasis is a common skin disease, with chronic inflammation and a complex etiology. It has long been recognized that chronic skin conditions and mental health disorders are often co-morbid. Thus, the concept of the gut–brain–skin axis emphasized in mental health disorders may also regulate the health of skin. Results The gut microbiota has been found to be the bridge between the immune system and nervous system. By leveraging clinical cases and animal models of psoriasis, an important communication pathway has been identified along the gut–brain–skin axis that is associated with the modulation of neurotransmitters from the microbiota. Furthermore, mammalian neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), can be produced and/or consumed by several types of bacteria. Other studies suggest that manipulating these neurotransmitters by bacteria may have an effect on host physiology, and the levels of neurotransmitter can be altered by microbiota-based interventions. Conclusions Nonetheless, it is unknown whether or not the manipulation of neurotransmitter levels by bacteria can affect the occurrence and development of psoriasis. Notably, preliminary experiments found that oral consumption of probiotics improves the clinical symptoms in patients with psoriasis, perhaps correlated with the gut microbiome-mediated crosstalk between the immune system and the nervous system by secreting neurotransmitters in psoriasis. In this review, the communication along the gut–brain–skin axis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, China.,Department of Dermatology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No 2 Shuinan east road, Tiantai Country, Taizhou, China
| | - Zai-Ming Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No 2 Shuinan east road, Tiantai Country, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, China
| | - Yue-Lei Jin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, China.,Department of Medicine, Jiamusi University, No 148 Xuefu road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, China
| | - Shi-Ren Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No 2 Shuinan east road, Tiantai Country, Taizhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Ge
- Department of Dermatology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No 2 Shuinan east road, Tiantai Country, Taizhou, China
| | - Cao-Hua Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, No 2 Shuinan east road, Tiantai Country, Taizhou, China
| | - Yao-Kun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Jiamusi University, No 148 Xuefu road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jin-Guang Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, China.
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Shao Z, Xu Y, Chen L, Wang S, Zhang M, Liu S, Wen X, Yu D, Yuan K. Dysfunction of the NAc-mPFC circuit in insomnia disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102474. [PMID: 33395968 PMCID: PMC7606871 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia disorder (ID) is a prevalent sleep disorder, which seriously affects people's daily life and was found to be associated with increased frequency of sleep stage shifts. Previous findings had revealed the critical role of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in sleep-wake transition. However, the neuroimaging studies of the NAc in patients with ID have been rare. We hypothesized that structural and functional abnormalities of the NAc would be implicated in ID. METHODS Twenty-six ID patients and 36 matched healthy controls (HC) were included in the current study. The volumes and corresponding resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the bilateral NAc were compared between the two groups. The abnormal RSFC in ID were then correlated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS Compared with HC, ID patients showed significantly increased volume of right NAc. Several brain regions showed increased RSFC with the NAc in ID patients, such as medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), caudate and putamen. Meanwhile, the occipital gyrus and temporal gyrus showed decreased RSFC with the NAc. Additionally, the increased RSFC strength between bilateral NAc and left mPFC was significant correlated with PSQI scores in ID patients. CONCLUSION Dysfunctions of the NAc-mPFC circuit were found in ID patients, which were associated with sleep quality measured by PSQI. The two patterns of increase and decrease of RSFC in ID patients observed in our study may reflect the state of hyperarousal and potential impairment of cognitive function in the patients, respectively. It is hoped that our study focusing on NAc-mPFC circuits could provide new insights for the neural mechanisms of ID and potential novel therapeutic targets for treatment of ID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Shao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Longmao Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shicong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Wen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahua Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Benson KL, Bottary R, Schoerning L, Baer L, Gonenc A, Eric Jensen J, Winkelman JW. 1H MRS Measurement of Cortical GABA and Glutamate in Primary Insomnia and Major Depressive Disorder: Relationship to Sleep Quality and Depression Severity. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:624-631. [PMID: 32663996 PMCID: PMC10662933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Primary Insomnia (PI) have been linked to deficiencies in cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) thus suggesting a shared neurobiological link between these two conditions. The extent to which comorbid insomnia contributes to GABAergic or glutamatergic deficiencies in MDD remains unclear. METHODS We used single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) at 4 Tesla to examine GABA+ and Glu relative to creatine (Cr) in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and in the parieto-occipital cortex (POC) of 51 non-medicated adults with MDD, 24 adults with Primary Insomnia (PI), and 25 age- and sex-matched good sleeper controls (HC). Measures of depression severity and subjective and objective sleep quality were compared with 1H MRS metabolite measures. RESULTS MDD subjects exhibited a 15% decrease in Glu/Cr in the dACC compared to HC. Within the MDD group, there was a trend inverse correlation between dACC Glu/Cr and anhedonia ratings. We observed no significant association between measures of sleep quality with dACC Glu/Cr in those with MDD. LIMITATIONS The protocol and data interpretation would have been enhanced by the recruitment of MDD subjects with a broader range of affect severity and a more comprehensive assessment of clinical features. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the role of cortical glutamatergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of MDD. Insomnia severity did not further contribute to the relative deficiency of glutamatergic measures in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Benson
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Bottary
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Laura Schoerning
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lee Baer
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atilla Gonenc
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Eric Jensen
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John W Winkelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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38
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Schiel JE, Holub F, Petri R, Leerssen J, Tamm S, Tahmasian M, Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K. Affect and Arousal in Insomnia: Through a Lens of Neuroimaging Studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22:44. [PMID: 32661938 PMCID: PMC7359160 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previous research has struggled with identifying clear-cut, objective counterparts to subjective distress in insomnia. Approaching this discrepancy with a focus on hyperarousal and dysfunctional affective processes, studies examining brain structures and neural networks involved in affect and arousal are reviewed and conclusions for an updated understanding of insomnia are drawn. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies found that amygdala reactivity, morphometry and adaptation in insomnia are altered, indicating that processing of negative stimuli is intensified and more lasting. Also, patients with insomnia show aberrant connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) and the salience network (SN), which is associated with subjective sleep disturbances, hyperarousal, maladaptive emotion regulation and disturbed integration of emotional states. The limbic circuit is assumed to play a crucial role in enhanced recall of negative experiences. There is reason to consider insomnia as a disorder of affect and arousal. Dysregulation of the limbic circuit might perpetuate impaired connectivity in the DMN and the SN. However, the interplay between the networks is yet to be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E Schiel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Holub
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roxana Petri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeanne Leerssen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Tamm
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Masoud Tahmasian
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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39
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Perlis ML, Vargas I, Ellis JG, Grandner MA, Morales KH, Gencarelli A, Khader W, Kloss JD, Gooneratne NS, Thase ME. The Natural History of Insomnia: the incidence of acute insomnia and subsequent progression to chronic insomnia or recovery in good sleeper subjects. Sleep 2020; 43:zsz299. [PMID: 31848629 PMCID: PMC7294401 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The primary aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence per annum of acute insomnia and to what extent those that develop acute insomnia recover good sleep or develop chronic insomnia. Unlike prior studies, a dense-sampling approach was used here (i.e. daily diaries) and this allowed for a more precise detection of acute insomnia and the follow-on states (the transitions to either recovery or chronic insomnia). METHODS Good sleeper subjects (n = 1,248; 67% female) that were at least 35 years old participated in this prospective study on the natural history of insomnia. Subjects were recruited nationwide and completed online assessments for 1 year. The online measures consisted primarily of daily sleep diaries, as well as weekly/bi-weekly and monthly measures of sleep, stress, and psychological and physical health. RESULTS The 1-year incidence rate of acute insomnia was 27.0% (n = 337). The incidence rate of chronic insomnia was 1.8% (n = 23). Of those that developed acute insomnia, 72.4% (n = 244) went on to recover good sleep. 19.3% (n = 65) of the acute insomnia sample continued to experience persistent poor sleep, but did not meet criteria for chronic insomnia. CONCLUSIONS The incidence rate of acute insomnia (3 or more nights a week for between 2 and 12 weeks) is remarkably high. This said, most incident cases resolve within a few days to weeks. Incident chronic insomnia only occurs in about 2 in 100 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ivan Vargas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Jason G Ellis
- Northumbria Center for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Knashawn H Morales
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Amy Gencarelli
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Waliuddin Khader
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | | | | | - Michael E Thase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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40
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Guo L, Zhu Z, Wang G, Cui S, Shen M, Song Z, Wang JH. microRNA-15b contributes to depression-like behavior in mice by affecting synaptic protein levels and function in the nucleus accumbens. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6831-6848. [PMID: 32209659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a prevalent affective disorder characterized by recurrent low mood. It presumably results from stress-induced deteriorations of molecular networks and synaptic functions in brain reward circuits of genetically-susceptible individuals through epigenetic processes. Epigenetic regulator microRNA-15b inhibits neuronal progenitor proliferation and is up-regulated in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice that demonstrate depression-like behavior, indicating the contribution of microRNA-15 to major depression. Using a mouse model of major depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), here we examined the effects of microRNA-15b on synapses and synaptic proteins in the nucleus accumbens of these mice. The application of a microRNA-15b antagomir into the nucleus accumbens significantly reduced the incidence of CUMS-induced depression and reversed the attenuations of excitatory synapse and syntaxin-binding protein 3 (STXBP3A)/vesicle-associated protein 1 (VAMP1) expression. In contrast, the injection of a microRNA-15b analog into the nucleus accumbens induced depression-like behavior as well as attenuated excitatory synapses and STXBP3A/VAMP1 expression similar to the down-regulation of these processes induced by the CUMS. We conclude that microRNA-15b-5p may play a critical role in chronic stress-induced depression by decreasing synaptic proteins, innervations, and activities in the nucleus accumbens. We propose that the treatment of anti-microRNA-15b-5p may convert stress-induced depression into resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoming Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong 266021, China
| | - Guangyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong 266021, China
| | - Shan Cui
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong 266021, China
| | - Zhenhua Song
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong 266021, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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41
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Sahbaz C, Elbay A, Ozcelik M, Ozdemir H. Insomnia Might Influence the Thickness of Choroid, Retinal Nerve Fiber and Inner Plexiform Layer. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030178. [PMID: 32204463 PMCID: PMC7139633 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep may play a fundamental role in retinal regulation and the degree of retinal variables. However, no clinical study has investigated optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters in patients with primary insomnia. All participants were evaluated with the insomnia severity index (ISI) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GC), inner plexiform layer (IPL), macula and choroidal (CH) thickness were compared between 52 drug-naïve patients with primary insomnia and 45 age-gender-BMI-smoke status matched healthy controls (HC). The patients with primary insomnia differed from the HC regarding RNFL-Global (p = 0.024) and RNFL-Nasal inferior (p = 0.010); IPL-Temporal (p < 0.001), IPL-Nasal (p < 0.001); CH-Global (p < 0.001), CH-Temporal (p = 0.004), CH-Nasal (p < 0.001), and CH-Fovea (p = 0.019). ISI correlated with RNFL-Global and RNFL-Nasal inferior. The regression analysis revealed that ISI was the significant predictor for the thickness of RNFL- Nasal inferior (p = 0.020), RNFL-Global (p = 0.031), and CH-Nasal (p = 0.035) in patients with primary insomnia. Sleep disorders are seen commonly in patients with psychiatric, including ocular diseases. Adjusting the effect of insomnia can help to clarify the consistency in findings of OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sahbaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmet Elbay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (A.E.); (H.O.)
| | - Mine Ozcelik
- School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey;
| | - Hakan Ozdemir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (A.E.); (H.O.)
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Wassing R, Schalkwijk F, Lakbila-Kamal O, Ramautar JR, Stoffers D, Mutsaerts HJMM, Talamini LM, Van Someren EJW. Haunted by the past: old emotions remain salient in insomnia disorder. Brain 2020; 142:1783-1796. [PMID: 31135050 PMCID: PMC6536850 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that sleep supports persistent changes in the neuronal representation of emotional experiences such that they are remembered better and less distressful when recalled than when they were first experienced. It is conceivable that sleep fragmentation by arousals, a key characteristic of insomnia disorder, could hamper the downregulation of distress. In this study, we sought further support for the idea that insomnia disorder may involve a lasting deficiency to downregulate emotional distress. We used functional MRI in insomnia disorder (n = 27) and normal sleepers (n = 30) to identify how brain activation differs between novel and relived self-conscious emotions. We evaluated whether brain activity elicited by reliving emotional memories from the distant past resembles the activity elicited by novel emotional experiences more in insomnia disorder than in normal sleepers. Limbic areas were activated during novel shameful experiences as compared to neutral experiences in both normal sleepers and insomnia disorder. In normal sleepers, reliving of shameful experiences from the past did not elicit a limbic response. In contrast, participants with insomnia disorder recruited overlapping parts of the limbic circuit, in particular the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, during both new and relived shameful experiences. The differential activity patterns with new and old emotions in normal sleepers suggest that reactivation of the long-term memory trace does not recruit the limbic circuit. The overlap of activations in insomnia disorder is in line with the hypothesis that the disorder involves a deficiency to dissociate the limbic circuit from the emotional memory trace. Moreover, the findings provide further support for a role of the anterior cingulate cortex in insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Wassing
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS), Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frans Schalkwijk
- Department of Education, Program Group Forensic Child and Youth Care, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oti Lakbila-Kamal
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Ramautar
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henri J M M Mutsaerts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia M Talamini
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
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43
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Park S, Kang I, Edden RAE, Namgung E, Kim J, Kim J. Shorter sleep duration is associated with lower GABA levels in the anterior cingulate cortex. Sleep Med 2020; 71:1-7. [PMID: 32447224 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx), which are major inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, respectively, are frequently associated with insomnia. Previous reports also suggested the involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in insomnia and shorter sleep duration. In the current study, we investigated whether the GABA and Glx levels were altered in the ACC/mPFC in subclinical insomnia while focusing on the sleep duration. METHODS We examined levels of GABA and Glx in the ACC/mPFC of the brain with magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 166 individuals with subjective sleep complaints but without a diagnosis of insomnia. Participants were divided into two groups according to sleep duration (≥6 h/night: n = 79 vs. < 6 h/night: n = 74), which was measured using a wrist-worn actigraphy. Working memory function and overall subjective sleep quality were assessed with a computerized neuropsychological test and self-report questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS GABA levels in the ACC/mPFC were lower in the shorter sleep duration group relative to the longer sleep duration group (t = -2.21, p = 0.03). Glx levels did not differ between the two groups (t = -0.20, p = 0.84). Lower GABA levels were associated with lower spatial working memory performance in the shorter sleep duration group (β = -0.21, p = 0.03), but not the longer sleep duration group (β = 0.04, p = 0.72). CONCLUSION Shorter sleep duration was associated with lower GABA levels in the ACC/mPFC. These findings may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of impaired working memory function related to insomnia and sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwon Park
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilhyang Kang
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eun Namgung
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsol Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungyoon Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Howlett RDM, Lustig KA, MacDonald KJ, Cote KA. Hyperarousal Is Associated with Socioemotional Processing in Individuals with Insomnia Symptoms and Good Sleepers. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020112. [PMID: 32093215 PMCID: PMC7071480 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite complaints of difficulties in waking socioemotional functioning by individuals with insomnia, only a few studies have investigated emotion processing performance in this group. Additionally, the role of sleep in socioemotional processing has not been investigated extensively nor using quantitative measures of sleep. Individuals with insomnia symptoms (n = 14) and healthy good sleepers (n = 15) completed two nights of at-home polysomnography, followed by an afternoon of in-lab performance testing on tasks measuring the processing of emotional facial expressions. The insomnia group self-reported less total sleep time, but no other group differences in sleep or task performance were observed. Greater beta EEG power throughout the night was associated with higher intensity ratings of happy, fearful and sad faces for individuals with insomnia, yet blunted sensitivity and lower accuracy for good sleepers. Thus, the presence of hyperarousal differentially impacted socioemotional processing of faces in individuals with insomnia symptoms and good sleepers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kimberly A. Cote
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-688-5550 (ext. 4806); Fax: +1-905-688-6922
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Vargas I, Nguyen AM, Muench A, Bastien CH, Ellis JG, Perlis ML. Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Has Time and/or Hyperarousal Got to Do with It? Brain Sci 2020; 10:E71. [PMID: 32013124 PMCID: PMC7071368 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly one-third of the population reports new onset or acute insomnia in a given year. Similarly, it is estimated that approximately 10% of the population endorses sleep initiation and maintenance problems consistent with diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia. For decades, acute and chronic insomnia have been considered variations of the same condition or disorder, only really differentiated in terms of chronicity of symptoms (days/weeks versus months). Whether or not acute and chronic insomnia are part of the same phenomena is an important question, one that has yet to be empirically evaluated. The goal of the present theoretical review was to summarize the definitions of acute and chronic insomnia and discuss the role that hyperarousal may have in explaining how the pathophysiology of acute and chronic insomnia is likely different (i.e., what biopsychological factors precipitate and/or perpetuate acute insomnia, chronic insomnia, or both?).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vargas
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Anna M. Nguyen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Alexandria Muench
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (M.L.P.)
| | | | - Jason G. Ellis
- Northumbria Center for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE7 7XA, UK;
| | - Michael L. Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (M.L.P.)
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46
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorescent GAT-ligands based on meso-substituted BODIPY dyes. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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47
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Behavioural characterisation of chronic unpredictable stress based on ethologically relevant paradigms in rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17403. [PMID: 31758000 PMCID: PMC6874551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) paradigm is extensively used in preclinical research. However, CUS exhibits translational inconsistencies, some of them resulting from the use of adult rodents, despite the evidence that vulnerability for many psychiatric disorders accumulates during early life. Here, we assessed the validity of the CUS model by including ethologically-relevant paradigms in juvenile rats. Thus, socially-isolated (SI) rats were submitted to CUS and compared with SI (experiment 1) and group-housed controls (experiment 1 and 2). We found that lower body-weight gain and hyperlocomotion, instead of sucrose consumption and preference, were the best parameters to monitor the progression of CUS, which also affected gene expression and neurotransmitter contents associated with that CUS-related phenotype. The behavioural characterisation after CUS placed locomotion and exploratory activity as the best stress predictors. By employing the exploratory factor analysis, we reduced each behavioural paradigm to few latent variables which clustered into two general domains that strongly predicted the CUS condition: (1) hyper-responsivity to novelty and mild threats, and (2) anxiety/depressive-like response. Altogether, the analyses of observable and latent variables indicate that early-life stress impairs the arousal-inhibition system leading to augmented and persistent responses towards novel, rewarding, and mildly-threatening stimuli, accompanied by lower body-weight gain.
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Bagherzadeh-Azbari S, Khazaie H, Zarei M, Spiegelhalder K, Walter M, Leerssen J, Van Someren EJW, Sepehry AA, Tahmasian M. Neuroimaging insights into the link between depression and Insomnia: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2019; 258:133-143. [PMID: 31401541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia is a common symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and genome-wide association studies pointed to their strong genetic association. Although the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in MDD is noticeable and evidence supports their strong bidirectional association, the number of available neuroimaging findings on patients of MDD with insomnia symptoms is limited. However, such neuroimaging studies could verily improve our understanding of their shared pathophysiology and advance corresponding theories. METHODS Based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline, we have conducted a literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases and systematically explored 640 studies using various neuroimaging modalities in MDD patients with different degrees of insomnia symptoms. RESULTS Despite inconsistencies, current findings from eight studies suggested structural and functional disturbances in several brain regions including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex and insula. The aberrant functional connectivity within and between the main hubs of the salience and default mode networks could potentially yield new insights into the link between MDD and insomnia, which needs further assessment. LIMITATIONS The number of studies reviewed herein is limited. The applied methods for assessing structural and functional neural mechanisms of insomnia and depression were variable. CONCLUSION Neuroimaging methods demonstrated the overlapping underlying neural mechanisms between MDD and insomnia. Future studies may facilitate better understanding of their pathophysiology to allow development of specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Bagherzadeh-Azbari
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zarei
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jeanne Leerssen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universtiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universtiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amir A Sepehry
- Clinical and Counselling Psychology Program, Adler University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masoud Tahmasian
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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Ma K, Zhang H, Wang S, Wang H, Wang Y, Liu J, Song X, Dong Z, Han X, Zhang Y, Li H, Rahaman A, Wang S, Baloch Z. The molecular mechanism underlying GABAergic dysfunction in nucleus accumbens of depression-like behaviours in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7021-7028. [PMID: 31430030 PMCID: PMC6787457 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most frequent psychiatric disorder in the world. Recent evidence has shown that stress‐induced GABAergic dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) contributed to the pathophysiology of depression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathological changes remain unclear. In this study, mice were constantly treated with the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) till showing depression‐like behaviours expression. GABA synthesis, release and uptake in the NAc tissue were assessed by analysing the expression level of genes and proteins of Gad‐1, VGAT and GAT‐3 by qRT‐PCR and Western blotting. The miRNA/mRNA network regulating GABA was constructed based on the bioinformatics prediction software and further validated by dual‐luciferase reporter assay in vitro and qRT‐PCR in vivo, respectively. Our results showed that the expression level of GAT‐3, Gad‐1 and VGAT mRNA and protein significantly decreased in the NAc tissue from CUMS‐induced depression‐like mice than that of control mice. However, miRNA‐144‐3p, miRNA‐879‐5p, miR‐15b‐5p and miRNA‐582‐5p that directly down‐regulated the expression of Gad‐1, VGAT and GAT‐3 were increased. In the mRNA/miRNA regulatory GABA network, Gad‐1 and VGAT were directly regulated by binding seed sequence of miR‐144‐3p, and miR‐15b‐5p, miR‐879‐5p could be served negative post‐regulators by binding to the different sites of VGAT 3′‐UTR. Chronic stress causes the impaired GABA synthesis, release and uptake by up‐regulating miRNAs and down‐regulating mRNAs and proteins, which may reveal the molecular mechanisms for the decreased GABA concentrations in the NAc tissue of CUMS‐induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongxiu Zhang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Virology, Jinan, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huaxin Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Juhai Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaobin Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenfei Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaochun Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Honglei Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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50
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An Updated Review on Pharmaceutical Properties of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152678. [PMID: 31344785 PMCID: PMC6696076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is widely present in microorganisms, plants, and vertebrates. So far, Gaba is well known as a main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Its physiological roles are related to the modulation of synaptic transmission, the promotion of neuronal development and relaxation, and the prevention of sleeplessness and depression. Besides, various pharmaceutical properties of Gaba on non-neuronal peripheral tissues and organs were also reported due to anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, anti-allergy, hepato-protection, reno-protection, and intestinal protection. Therefore, Gaba may be considered as potential alternative therapeutics for prevention and treatment of various diseases. Accordingly, this updated review was mainly focused to describe the pharmaceutical properties of Gaba as well as emphasize its important role regarding human health.
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