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Kenakin T. Know your molecule: pharmacological characterization of drug candidates to enhance efficacy and reduce late-stage attrition. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024:10.1038/s41573-024-00958-9. [PMID: 38890494 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in chemical, computational and biological sciences, the rate of attrition of drug candidates in clinical development is still high. A key point in the small-molecule discovery process that could provide opportunities to help address this challenge is the pharmacological characterization of hit and lead compounds, culminating in the selection of a drug candidate. Deeper characterization is increasingly important, because the 'quality' of drug efficacy, at least for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is now understood to be much more than activation of commonly evaluated pathways such as cAMP signalling, with many more 'efficacies' of ligands that could be harnessed therapeutically. Such characterization is being enabled by novel assays to characterize the complex behaviour of GPCRs, such as biased signalling and allosteric modulation, as well as advances in structural biology, such as cryo-electron microscopy. This article discusses key factors in the assessments of the pharmacology of hit and lead compounds in the context of GPCRs as a target class, highlighting opportunities to identify drug candidates with the potential to address limitations of current therapies and to improve the probability of them succeeding in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Dupont AC, Arlicot N, Vercouillie J, Serrière S, Maia S, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Santiago-Ribeiro MJ. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 Positron-Emission-Tomography Radioligands as a Tool for Central Nervous System Drug Development: Between Progress and Setbacks. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1127. [PMID: 37631042 PMCID: PMC10458693 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) is a class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been implicated in various neuronal processes and, consequently, in several neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Over the past few decades, mGluR5 has become a major focus for pharmaceutical companies, as an attractive target for drug development, particularly through the therapeutic potential of its modulators. In particular, allosteric binding sites have been targeted for better specificity and efficacy. In this context, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) appears as a useful tool for making decisions along a drug candidate's development process, saving time and money. Thus, PET provides quantitative information about a potential drug candidate and its target at the molecular level. However, in this area, particular attention has to be given to the interpretation of the PET signal and its conclusions. Indeed, the complex pharmacology of both mGluR5 and radioligands, allosterism, the influence of endogenous glutamate and the choice of pharmacokinetic model are all factors that may influence the PET signal. This review focuses on mGluR5 PET radioligands used at several stages of central nervous system drug development, highlighting advances and setbacks related to the complex pharmacology of these radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Dupont
- Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours University, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours University, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France
- CIC 1415, Tours University, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France
| | | | - Sophie Serrière
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours University, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Serge Maia
- Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours University, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours University, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France
- Excellence Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Maria-Joao Santiago-Ribeiro
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours University, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
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3
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Di Menna L, Orlando R, D'Errico G, Ginerete RP, Machaczka A, Bonaccorso CM, Arena A, Spatuzza M, Celli R, Alborghetti M, Ciocca E, Zuena AR, Scioli MR, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F, Catania MV. Blunted type-5 metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in two mouse models of monogenic autism. Neuropharmacology 2023:109642. [PMID: 37392820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the mGlu5 receptors in the pathophysiology of several forms of monogenic autism has been supported by numerous studies following the seminal observation that mGlu5 receptor-dependent long-term depression was enhanced in the hippocampus of mice modeling the fragile-X syndrome (FXS). Surprisingly, there are no studies examining the canonical signal transduction pathway activated by mGlu5 receptors (i.e. polyphosphoinositide - PI - hydrolysis) in mouse models of autism. We have developed a method for in vivo assessment of PI hydrolysis based on systemic injection of lithium chloride followed by treatment with the selective mGlu5 receptor PAM, VU0360172, and measurement of endogenous inositolmonophosphate (InsP) in brain tissue. Here, we report that mGlu5 receptor-mediated PI hydrolysis was blunted in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and corpus striatum of Ube3am-/p+ mice modeling Angelman syndrome (AS), and in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of fmr1 knockout mice modeling FXS. In vivo mGlu5 receptor-mediated stimulation of Akt on threonine 308 was also blunted in the hippocampus of FXS mice. These changes were associated with a significant increase in cortical and striatal Homer1 levels and striatal mGlu5 receptor and Gαq levels in AS mice, and with a reduction in cortical mGlu5 receptor and hippocampal Gαq levels, and an increase in cortical phospholipase-Cβ and hippocampal Homer1 levels in FXS mice. This is the first evidence that the canonical transduction pathway activated by mGlu5 receptors is down-regulated in brain regions of mice modeling monogenic autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Agata Machaczka
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Marika Alborghetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ciocca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bruno
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Catania
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, The National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Catania, Italy.
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4
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Celli R, Striano P, Citraro R, Di Menna L, Cannella M, Imbriglio T, Koko M, Consortium EEC, De Sarro G, Monn JA, Battaglia G, van Luijtelaar G, Nicoletti F, Russo E, Leo A. mGlu3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as a Target for the Treatment of Absence Epilepsy: Preclinical and Human Genetics Data. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:105-118. [PMID: 35579153 PMCID: PMC10193767 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220509160511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that different metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtypes are potential drug targets for treating absence epilepsy. However, no information is available on mGlu3 receptors. OBJECTIVE To examine whether (i) changes of mGlu3 receptor expression/signaling are found in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus of WAG/Rij rats developing spontaneous absence seizures; (ii) selective activation of mGlu3 receptors with LY2794193 affects the number and duration of spikewave discharges (SWDs) in WAG/Rij rats; and (iii) a genetic variant of GRM3 (encoding the mGlu3 receptor) is associated with absence epilepsy. METHODS Animals: immunoblot analysis of mGlu3 receptors, GAT-1, GLAST, and GLT-1; realtime PCR analysis of mGlu3 mRNA levels; assessment of mGlu3 receptor signaling; EEG analysis of SWDs; assessment of depressive-like behavior. Humans: search for GRM3 and GRM5 missense variants in 196 patients with absence epilepsy or other Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE)/ Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE) and 125,748 controls. RESULTS mGlu3 protein levels and mGlu3-mediated inhibition of cAMP formation were reduced in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex of pre-symptomatic (25-27 days old) and symptomatic (6-7 months old) WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched controls. Treatment with LY2794193 (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced absence seizures and depressive-like behavior in WAG/Rij rats. LY2794193 also enhanced GAT1, GLAST, and GLT-1 protein levels in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. GRM3 and GRM5 gene variants did not differ between epileptic patients and controls. CONCLUSION We suggest that mGlu3 receptors modulate the activity of the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuit underlying SWDs and that selective mGlu3 receptor agonists are promising candidate drugs for absence epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- I.R.C.C.S. “G. Gaslini” Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, FAS@UMG Research Center, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mahmoud Koko
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, FAS@UMG Research Center, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, FAS@UMG Research Center, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, FAS@UMG Research Center, Catanzaro, Italy
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5
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Glorie D, Verhaeghe J, Miranda A, De Lombaerde S, Stroobants S, Staelens S. Quantification of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Availability With Both [ 11C]ABP688 and [ 18F]FPEB Positron Emission Tomography in the Sapap3 Knockout Mouse Model for Obsessive-Compulsive-like Behavior. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:607-615. [PMID: 34856382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study provides a first direct comparison between positron emission tomography radioligands targeting the allosteric site of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5): [11C]ABP688 and [18F]FPEB. A blocking paradigm was set up to substantiate the common binding site of both radioligands. Second, both radioligands were applied in Sapap3 knockout (KO) mice showing compulsive-like behavior characterized by a lower in vivo mGluR5 availability. METHODS First, wild-type mice (n = 7) received four position emission tomography/computed tomography scans: a [11C]ABP688 scan, a [18F]FPEB scan, and two blocking scans using cold FPEB and cold ABP688, respectively. A second experiment compared both radioligands in wild-type (n = 7) and KO (n = 10) mice. The simplified reference tissue model was used to calculate the nondisplaceable binding potential representing the in vivo availability of mGluR5 in the brain. RESULTS Using cold FPEB as a blocking compound for [11C]ABP688 micro-positron emission tomography and vice versa, we observed averaged global reductions in mGluR5 availability of circa 98% for [11C]ABP688 and 82%-96% for [18F]FPEB. For KOs, the [11C]ABP688 nondisplaceable binding potential was on average 25% lower compared with wild-type control mice (p < .0001-.001), while this was about 17% for [18F]FPEB (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS The current findings substantiate a common binding site and suggest a strong relationship between mGluR5 availability levels measured with both radioligands. In Sapap3 KO mice, a reduced mGluR5 availability could therefore be demonstrated with both radioligands. With [11C]ABP688, higher significance levels were achieved in more brain regions. These findings suggest [11C]ABP688 as a preferable radiotracer to quantify mGluR5 availability, as exemplified here in a model for compulsive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Glorie
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stef De Lombaerde
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Independent Consultant/Contractor 3900 Ford Road, Unit 18O Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Wenchao Qu
- Departments of Psychiatry and Chemistry Stony Brook University New York NY USA
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7
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Takamura Y, Kakuta H. In Vivo Receptor Visualization and Evaluation of Receptor Occupancy with Positron Emission Tomography. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5226-5251. [PMID: 33905258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for noninvasive in vivo visualization of disease-related receptors, for evaluation of receptor occupancy to determine an appropriate drug dosage, and for proof-of-concept of drug candidates in translational research. For these purposes, the specificity of the PET tracer for the target receptor is critical. Here, we review work in this area, focusing on the chemical structures of reported PET tracers, their Ki/Kd values, and the physical properties relevant to target receptor selectivity. Among these physical properties, such as cLogP, cLogD, molecular weight, topological polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donors, and pKa, we focus especially on LogD and LogP as important physical properties that can be easily compared across a range of studies. We discuss the success of PET tracers in evaluating receptor occupancy and consider likely future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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8
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Bennett KA, Sergeev E, MacSweeney CP, Bakker G, Cooper AE. Understanding Exposure-Receptor Occupancy Relationships for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Negative Allosteric Modulators across a Range of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:157-168. [PMID: 33541889 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) is a recognized central nervous system therapeutic target for which several negative allosteric modulator (NAM) drug candidates have or are continuing to be investigated for various disease indications in clinical development. Direct measurement of target receptor occupancy (RO) is extremely useful to help design and interpret efficacy and safety in nonclinical and clinical studies. In the mGlu5 field, this has been successfully achieved by monitoring displacement of radiolabeled ligands, specifically binding to the mGlu5 receptor, in the presence of an mGlu5 NAM using in vivo and ex vivo binding in rodents and positron emission tomography imaging in cynomolgus monkeys and humans. The aim of this study was to measure the RO of the mGlu5 NAM HTL0014242 in rodents and cynomolgus monkeys and to compare its plasma and brain exposure-RO relationships with those of clinically tested mGlu5 NAMs dipraglurant, mavoglurant, and basimglurant. Potential sources of variability that may contribute to these relationships were explored. Distinct plasma exposure-response relationships were found for each mGlu5 NAM, with >100-fold difference in plasma exposure for a given level of RO. However, a unified exposure-response relationship was observed when both unbound brain concentration and mGlu5 affinity were considered. This relationship showed <10-fold overall difference, was fitted with a Hill slope that was not significantly different from 1, and appeared consistent with a simple Emax model. This is the first time this type of comparison has been conducted, demonstrating a unified brain exposure-RO relationship across several species and mGlu5 NAMs with diverse properties. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite the long history of mGlu5 as a therapeutic target and progression of multiple compounds to the clinic, no formal comparison of exposure-receptor occupancy relationships has been conducted. The data from this study indicate for the first time that a consistent, unified relationship can be observed between exposure and mGlu5 receptor occupancy when unbound brain concentration and receptor affinity are taken into account across a range of species for a diverse set of mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators, including a new drug candidate, HTL0014242.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Geor Bakker
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
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9
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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Doller D, Bespalov A, Miller R, Pietraszek M, Kalinichev M. A case study of foliglurax, the first clinical mGluR4 PAM for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease: translational gaps or a failing industry innovation model? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1323-1338. [PMID: 33074728 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1839047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 40% of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients that take mostly dopamine receptor agonists for motor fluctuations, experience the return of symptoms between regular doses. This is a phenomenon known as 'OFF periods.' Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) are a promising non-dopaminergic mechanism with potential to address the unmet need of patients suffering from OFF periods. Foliglurax is the first mGluR4 PAM that has advanced into clinical testing in PD patients. AREAS COVERED We summarize the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and preclinical pharmacology of foliglurax. Translational PET imaging studies, clinical efficacy data, and a competitive landscape analysis of available therapies are presented to the readers. In this Perspective article, foliglurax is used as a case study to illustrate the inherent R&D challenges that companies face when developing drugs. These challenges include the delivery of drugs acting through novel mechanisms, long-term scientific investment, and commercial success and shorter-term positive financial returns. EXPERT OPINION Failure to meet the primary and secondary endpoints in a Phase 2 study led Lundbeck to discontinue the development of foliglurax. Understanding the evidence supporting compound progression into Phase 2 will enable the proper assessment of the therapeutic potential of mGluR4 PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton Bespalov
- Partnership for Assessment and Accreditation of Scientific Practice , Heidelberg, Germany.,Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University , St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Rob Miller
- Ventral Stream Consulting LLC ., IL, USA
| | - Malgorzata Pietraszek
- Partnership for Assessment and Accreditation of Scientific Practice , Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Varlow C, Murrell E, Holland JP, Kassenbrock A, Shannon W, Liang SH, Vasdev N, Stephenson NA. Revisiting the Radiosynthesis of [ 18F]FPEB and Preliminary PET Imaging in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040982. [PMID: 32098347 PMCID: PMC7070414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[18F]FPEB is a positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical used for imaging the abundance and distribution of mGluR5 in the central nervous system (CNS). Efficient radiolabeling of the aromatic ring of [18F]FPEB has been an ongoing challenge. Herein, five metal-free precursors for the radiofluorination of [18F]FPEB were compared, namely, a chloro-, nitro-, sulfonium salt, and two spirocyclic iodonium ylide (SCIDY) precursors bearing a cyclopentyl (SPI5) and a new adamantyl (SPIAd) auxiliary. The chloro- and nitro-precursors resulted in a low radiochemical yield (<10% RCY), whereas both SCIDY precursors and the sulfonium salt precursor produced [18F]FPEB in the highest RCYs of 25% and 36%, respectively. Preliminary PET/CT imaging studies with [18F]FPEB were conducted in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) using B6C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/J (APP/PS1) mice, and data were compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) B6C3F1/J control mice. In APP/PS1 mice, whole brain distribution at 5 min post-injection showed a slightly higher uptake (SUV = 4.8 ± 0.4) than in age-matched controls (SUV = 4.0 ± 0.2). Further studies to explore mGluR5 as an early biomarker for AD are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (C.V.); (E.M.); (W.S.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Emily Murrell
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (C.V.); (E.M.); (W.S.)
| | - Jason P. Holland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.P.H.); (A.K.); (S.H.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Kassenbrock
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.P.H.); (A.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Whitney Shannon
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (C.V.); (E.M.); (W.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.P.H.); (A.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (C.V.); (E.M.); (W.S.)
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.P.H.); (A.K.); (S.H.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T-1R8, Canada
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (N.A.S.); Tel.: +416-535-8501 (ext. 30988) (N.V.); +1-876-927-1910 (N.A.S.)
| | - Nickeisha A. Stephenson
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (C.V.); (E.M.); (W.S.)
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.P.H.); (A.K.); (S.H.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of West Indies at Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
- Correspondence: (N.V.); (N.A.S.); Tel.: +416-535-8501 (ext. 30988) (N.V.); +1-876-927-1910 (N.A.S.)
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12
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Gregory KJ, Bridges TM, Gogliotti RG, Stauffer SR, Noetzel MJ, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Niswender CM. In Vitro to in Vivo Translation of Allosteric Modulator Concentration-Effect Relationships: Implications for Drug Discovery. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:442-452. [PMID: 32259076 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs represents an increasingly explored approach in drug development. Due to complex pharmacology, however, the relationship(s) between modulator properties determined in vitro with in vivo concentration-effect phenomena is frequently unclear. We investigated key pharmacological properties of a set of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and their relevance to in vivo concentration-response relationships. These studies identified a significant relationship between in vitro PAM cooperativity (αβ), as well as the maximal response obtained from a simple in vitro PAM concentration-response experiment, with in vivo efficacy for reversal of amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. This correlation did not exist with PAM potency or affinity. Data across PAMs were then converged to calculate an in vivo concentration of glutamate putatively relevant to the mGlu5 PAM mechanism of action. This work demonstrates the ability to merge in vitro pharmacology profiles with relevant behavioral outcomes and also provides a novel method to estimate neurotransmitter concentrations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rocco G Gogliotti
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Meredith J Noetzel
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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13
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A Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Approach for Determining Antibody-Receptor Occupancy In Vivo. iScience 2019; 15:439-451. [PMID: 31121469 PMCID: PMC6529791 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating receptor occupancy (RO) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a crucial step in characterizing the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs. However, the in vivo assessment of RO, particularly within peripheral tissues, is greatly limited by current technologies. In the present study, we developed a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based system that leverages the large signal:noise ratio and stringent energy donor-acceptor distance dependency to measure antibody RO in a highly selective and temporal fashion. This versatile and minimally invasive system enables longitudinal monitoring of the in vivo antibody-receptor engagement over several days. As a proof of principle, we quantified cetuximab-epidermal growth factor receptor binding kinetics using this system and assessed cetuximab RO in a tumor xenograft model. Incomplete ROs were observed, even at a supratherapeutic dose of 50 mg/kg, indicating that fractional target accessibility is achieved. The BRET-based imaging approach enables quantification of antibody in vivo RO and provides critical information required to optimize therapeutic mAb efficacy. Nano-BRET was used to longitudinally quantify cetuximab-binding kinetics to EGFR Incomplete EGFR occupancy in solid tumors was observed even at supratherapeutic doses A kinetic disassociation exists between plasma antibody and bound targets in tumors
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14
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Xu Y, Li Z. Imaging metabotropic glutamate receptor system: Application of positron emission tomography technology in drug development. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1892-1922. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Independent Consultant and Contractor, Radiopharmaceutical Development, Validation and Bio-Application; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Zizhong Li
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, SOFIE Biosciences; Somerset New Jersey
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15
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Charvin D, Di Paolo T, Bezard E, Gregoire L, Takano A, Duvey G, Pioli E, Halldin C, Medori R, Conquet F. An mGlu4-Positive Allosteric Modulator Alleviates Parkinsonism in Primates. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1619-1631. [PMID: 30216534 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa remains the gold-standard treatment for PD. However, it becomes less effective as the disease progresses and produces debilitating side effects, such as motor fluctuations and l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. Modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 represents a promising antiparkinsonian approach in combination with l-dopa, but it has not been demonstrated in primates. OBJECTIVE We studied whether a novel positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 4, PXT002331 (foliglurax), could reduce parkinsonism in primate models. METHODS We assessed the therapeutic potential of PXT002331 in three models of MPTP-induced parkinsonism in macaques. These models represent three different stages of disease evolution: early stage and advanced stage with and without l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. RESULTS As an adjunct to l-dopa, PXT002331 induced a robust and dose-dependent reversal of parkinsonian motor symptoms in macaques, including bradykinesia, tremor, posture, and mobility. Moreover, PXT002331 strongly decreased dyskinesia severity, thus having therapeutic efficacy on both parkinsonian motor impairment and l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. PXT002331 brain penetration was also assessed using PET imaging in macaques, and pharmacodynamic analyses support target engagement in the therapeutic effects of PXT002331. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a demonstration that a positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 can alleviate the motor symptoms of PD and the motor complications induced by l-dopa in primates. PXT002331 is the first compound of its class to enter phase IIa clinical trials. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Charvin
- Prexton Therapeutics SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Therese Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit CHU de Québec, CHUL Pavillon and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Gregoire
- Neuroscience Research Unit CHU de Québec, CHUL Pavillon and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Duvey
- Prexton Therapeutics SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elsa Pioli
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rossella Medori
- Prexton Therapeutics SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Conquet
- Prexton Therapeutics SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Zuena AR, Iacovelli L, Orlando R, Di Menna L, Casolini P, Alemà GS, Di Cicco G, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F. In Vivo Non-radioactive Assessment of mGlu5 Receptor-Activated Polyphosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Response to Systemic Administration of a Positive Allosteric Modulator. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:804. [PMID: 30108503 PMCID: PMC6079191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
mGlu5 receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis is classically measured by determining the amount of radioactivity incorporated in inositolmonophosphate (InsP) after labeling of membrane phospholipids with radioactive inositol. Although this method is historically linked to the study of mGlu receptors, it is inappropriate for the assessment of mGlu5 receptor signaling in vivo. Using a new ELISA kit we showed that systemic treatment with the selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGlu5 receptors VU0360172 enhanced InsP formation in different brain regions of CD1 or C57Black mice. The action of VU0360172 was sensitive to the mGlu5 receptor, negative allosteric modulator (NAM), MTEP, and was abolished in mice lacking mGlu5 receptors. In addition, we could demonstrate that endogenous activation of mGlu5 receptors largely accounted for the basal PI hydrolysis particularly in the prefrontal cortex. This method offers opportunity for investigation of mGlu5 receptor signaling in physiology and pathology, and could be used for the functional screening of mGlu5 receptor PAMs in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Casolini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Di Cicco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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17
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Varnäs K, Juréus A, Finnema SJ, Johnström P, Raboisson P, Amini N, Takano A, Stepanov V, Halldin C, Farde L. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 radioligand [ 11C]AZD9272 identifies unique binding sites in primate brain. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:455-463. [PMID: 29608920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is a target for drug development and for imaging studies of the glutamate system in neurological and psychiatric disorders. [11C]AZD9272 is a selective mGluR5 PET radioligand that is structurally different from hitherto applied mGluR5 radioligands. In the present investigation we compared the binding patterns of radiolabeled AZD9272 and other mGluR5 radioligands in the non-human primate (NHP) brain. PET studies were undertaken using [11C]AZD9272 and the commonly applied mGluR5 radioligand [11C]ABP688. Autoradiography studies were performed in vitro using [3H]AZD9272 and the standard mGluR5 radioligands [3H]M-MTEP and [3H]ABP688 in NHP tissue. Competition binding studies were undertaken in vivo and in vitro using different mGluR5 selective compounds as inhibitors. In comparison to other mGluR5 radioligands radiolabeled AZD9272 displayed a distinct regional distribution pattern with high binding in ventral striatum, midbrain, thalamus and cerebellum. While the binding of [11C]AZD9272 was almost completely inhibited by the structurally unique mGluR5 compound fenobam (2.0 mg/kg; 98% occupancy), it was only partially inhibited (46% and 20%, respectively) by the mGluR5 selective compounds ABP688 and MTEP, at a dose (2.0 mg/kg) expected to saturate the mGluR5. Autoradiography studies using [3H]AZD9272 confirmed a distinct pharmacologic profile characterized by preferential sensitivity to fenobam. The distinctive binding in ventral striato-pallido-thalamic circuits and shared pharmacologic profile with the pro-psychotic compound fenobam warrants further examination of [11C]AZD9272 for potential application in psychiatric neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Varnäs
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | | | - Nahid Amini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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18
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O'Brien DE, Shaw DM, Cho HP, Cross AJ, Wesolowski SS, Felts AS, Bergare J, Elmore CS, Lindsley CW, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Differential Pharmacology and Binding of mGlu 2 Receptor Allosteric Modulators. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:526-540. [PMID: 29545267 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical rodent models of several brain disorders, leading to industry and academic drug discovery efforts. Although the pharmacology and binding sites of some mGlu2 allosteric modulators have been characterized previously, questions remain about the nature of the allosteric mechanism of cooperativity with glutamate and whether structurally diverse allosteric modulators bind in an identical manner to specific allosteric sites. To further investigate the in vitro pharmacology of mGlu2 allosteric modulators, we developed and characterized a novel mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) radioligand in parallel with functional studies of a structurally diverse set of mGlu2 PAMs and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs). Using an operational model of allosterism to analyze the functional data, we found that PAMs affect both the affinity and efficacy of glutamate at mGlu2, whereas NAMs predominantly affect the efficacy of glutamate in our assay system. More importantly, we found that binding of a novel mGlu2 PAM radioligand was inhibited by multiple structurally diverse PAMs and NAMs, indicating that they may bind to the mGlu2 allosteric site labeled with the novel mGlu2 PAM radioligand; however, further studies suggested that these allosteric modulators do not all interact with the radioligand in an identical manner. Together, these findings provide new insights into the binding sites and modes of efficacy of different structurally and functionally distinct mGlu2 allosteric modulators and suggest that different ligands either interact with distinct sites or adapt different binding poses to shared allosteric site(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Douglas M Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Hyekyung P Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Alan J Cross
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Steven S Wesolowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Andrew S Felts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Jonas Bergare
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (D.E.O., D.M.S., H.P.C., A.S.F., C.W.L, C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt Brain Institute (P.J.C.), and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center (C.M.N., P.J.C.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.J.C., S.S.W.); and AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (J.B., C.S.E.)
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19
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Felts AS, Rodriguez AL, Blobaum AL, Morrison RD, Bates BS, Thompson Gray A, Rook JM, Tantawy MN, Byers FW, Chang S, Venable DF, Luscombe VB, Tamagnan GD, Niswender CM, Daniels JS, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA. Discovery of N-(5-Fluoropyridin-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-(pyrimidin-5-yloxy)picolinamide (VU0424238): A Novel Negative Allosteric Modulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 Selected for Clinical Evaluation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5072-5085. [PMID: 28530802 PMCID: PMC5484149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Preclinical evidence in support of
the potential utility of mGlu5 NAMs for the treatment of
a variety of psychiatric and neurodegenerative
disorders is extensive, and multiple such molecules have entered clinical
trials. Despite some promising results from clinical studies, no small
molecule mGlu5 NAM has yet to reach market. Here we present
the discovery and evaluation of N-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-(pyrimidin-5-yloxy)picolinamide
(27, VU0424238), a compound selected for clinical evaluation.
Compound 27 is more than 900-fold selective for mGlu5 versus the other mGlu receptors, and binding studies established
a Ki value of 4.4 nM at a known allosteric
binding site. Compound 27 had a clearance of 19.3 and
15.5 mL/min/kg in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. Imaging
studies using a known mGlu5 PET ligand demonstrated 50%
receptor occupancy at an oral dose of 0.8 mg/kg in rats and an intravenous
dose of 0.06 mg/kg in baboons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed N Tantawy
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Gilles D Tamagnan
- Molecular NeuroImaging, a Division of inviCRO , New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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20
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Leach K, Gregory KJ. Molecular insights into allosteric modulation of Class C G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Ade KK, Wan Y, Hamann HC, O’Hare JK, Guo W, Quian A, Kumar S, Bhagat S, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, Conn PJ, Dzirasa K, Huber KM, Calakos N. Increased Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Signaling Underlies Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-like Behavioral and Striatal Circuit Abnormalities in Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:522-33. [PMID: 27436084 PMCID: PMC5536332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is hampered by a lack of mechanistic understanding about this prevalent neuropsychiatric condition. Although circuit changes such as elevated frontostriatal activity are linked to OCD, the underlying molecular signaling that drives OCD-related behaviors remains largely unknown. Here, we examine the significance of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5s) for behavioral and circuit abnormalities relevant to OCD. METHODS Sapap3 knockout (KO) mice treated acutely with an mGluR5 antagonist were evaluated for OCD-relevant phenotypes of self-grooming, anxiety-like behaviors, and increased striatal activity. The role of mGluR5 in the striatal circuit abnormalities of Sapap3 KO mice was further explored using two-photon calcium imaging to monitor striatal output from the direct and indirect pathways. A contribution of constitutive signaling to increased striatal mGluR5 activity in Sapap3 KO mice was investigated using pharmacologic and biochemical approaches. Finally, sufficiency of mGluR5 to drive OCD-like behavior in wild-type mice was tested by potentiating mGluR5 with a positive allosteric modulator. RESULTS Excessive mGluR5 signaling underlies OCD-like behaviors and striatal circuit abnormalities in Sapap3 KO mice. Accordingly, enhancing mGluR5 activity acutely recapitulates these behavioral phenotypes in wild-type mice. In Sapap3 KO mice, elevated mGluR5 signaling is associated with constitutively active receptors and increased and imbalanced striatal output that is acutely corrected by antagonizing striatal mGluR5. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a causal role for increased mGluR5 signaling in driving striatal output abnormalities and behaviors with relevance to OCD and show the tractability of acute mGluR5 inhibition to remedy circuit and behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Calakos
- Departments of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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22
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Jenkins BG, Zhu A, Poutiainen P, Choi JK, Kil KE, Zhang Z, Kuruppu D, Aytan N, Dedeoglu A, Brownell AL. Functional modulation of G-protein coupled receptors during Parkinson disease-like neurodegeneration. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:462-73. [PMID: 26581500 PMCID: PMC4896842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled dopamine and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) can modulate neurotransmission during Parkinson's disease (PD)-like neurodegeneration. PET imaging studies in a unilateral dopamine denervation model (6-OHDA) showed a significant inverse correlation of presynaptic mGlu4 and postsynaptic mGlu5 expression in the striatum and rapidly declining mGlu4 and enhanced mGlu5 expression in the hippocampus during progressive degeneration over time. Immunohistochemical studies verified the decreased mGlu4 expression in the hippocampus on the lesion side but did not show difference in mGlu5 expression between lesion and control side. Pharmacological MRI studies showed enhanced hemodynamic response in several brain areas on the lesion side compared to the control side after challenge with mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator or mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator. However, mGlu4 response was biphasic having short enhancement followed by negative response on both sides of brain. Studies in mGlu4 expressing cells demonstrated that glutamate induces cooperative increase in binding of mGlu4 ligands - especially at high glutamate levels consistent with in vivo concentration. This suggests that mGlu allosteric modulators as drug candidates will be highly sensitive to changes in glutamate concentration and hence metabolic state. These experiments demonstrate the importance of the longitudinal imaging studies to investigate temporal changes in receptor functions to obtain individual response for experimental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Jenkins
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aijun Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Pekka Poutiainen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Darshini Kuruppu
- Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nurgul Aytan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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23
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O'Brien DE, Conn PJ. Neurobiological Insights from mGlu Receptor Allosteric Modulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyv133. [PMID: 26647381 PMCID: PMC4886670 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors offers a promising pharmacological approach to normalize neural circuit dysfunction associated with various psychiatric and neurological disorders. As mGlu receptor allosteric modulators progress through discovery and clinical development, both technical advances and novel tool compounds are providing opportunities to better understand mGlu receptor pharmacology and neurobiology. Recent advances in structural biology are elucidating the structural determinants of mGlu receptor-negative allosteric modulation and supplying the means to resolve active, allosteric modulator-bound mGlu receptors. The discovery and characterization of allosteric modulators with novel pharmacological profiles is uncovering the biological significance of their intrinsic agonist activity, biased mGlu receptor modulation, and novel mGlu receptor heterodimers. The development and exploitation of optogenetic and optopharmacological tools is permitting a refined spatial and temporal understanding of both mGlu receptor functions and their allosteric modulation in intact brain circuits. Together, these lines of research promise to provide a more refined understanding of mGlu receptors and their allosteric modulation that will inform the development of mGlu receptor allosteric modulators as neurotherapeutics in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Drs O'Brien and Conn)
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Drs O'Brien and Conn).
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24
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Gould RW, Amato RJ, Bubser M, Joffe ME, Nedelcovych MT, Thompson AD, Nickols HH, Yuh JP, Zhan X, Felts AS, Rodriguez AL, Morrison RD, Byers FW, Rook JM, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Emmitte KA, Lindsley CW, Jones CK. Partial mGlu₅ Negative Allosteric Modulators Attenuate Cocaine-Mediated Behaviors and Lack Psychotomimetic-Like Effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1166-78. [PMID: 26315507 PMCID: PMC4748441 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse remains a public health concern for which pharmacotherapies are largely ineffective. Comorbidities between cocaine abuse, depression, and anxiety support the development of novel treatments targeting multiple symptom clusters. Selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) targeting the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) subtype are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders and have shown promise in preclinical models of substance abuse. However, complete blockade or inverse agonist activity by some full mGlu5 NAM chemotypes demonstrated adverse effects, including psychosis in humans and psychotomimetic-like effects in animals, suggesting a narrow therapeutic window. Development of partial mGlu5 NAMs, characterized by their submaximal but saturable levels of blockade, may represent a novel approach to broaden the therapeutic window. To understand potential therapeutic vs adverse effects in preclinical behavioral assays, we examined the partial mGlu5 NAMs, M-5MPEP and Br-5MPEPy, in comparison with the full mGlu5 NAM MTEP across models of addiction and psychotomimetic-like activity. M-5MPEP, Br-5MPEPy, and MTEP dose-dependently decreased cocaine self-administration and attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine. M-5MPEP and Br-5MPEPy also demonstrated antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activity. Dose-dependent effects of partial and full mGlu5 NAMs in these assays corresponded with increasing in vivo mGlu5 occupancy, demonstrating an orderly occupancy-to-efficacy relationship. PCP-induced hyperlocomotion was potentiated by MTEP, but not by M-5MPEP and Br-5MPEPy. Further, MTEP, but not M-5MPEP, potentiated the discriminative-stimulus effects of PCP. The present data suggest that partial mGlu5 NAM activity is sufficient to produce therapeutic effects similar to full mGlu5 NAMs, but with a broader therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Russell J Amato
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Max E Joffe
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael T Nedelcovych
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Analisa D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hilary H Nickols
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Johannes P Yuh
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew S Felts
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Frank W Byers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John S Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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25
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 – a promising target in drug development and neuroimaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1151-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Wierońska JM, Zorn SH, Doller D, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for new antipsychotic drugs: Historical perspective and critical comparative assessment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:10-27. [PMID: 26549541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present, discuss and clarify our current understanding regarding the prediction of possible antipsychotic effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. The number of preclinical trials clearly indicates, that this group of compounds constitutes an excellent alternative to presently used antipsychotic therapy, being effective not only to positive, but also negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Although the results of clinical trials that were performed for the group of mGlu2/3 agonists were not so enthusiastic as in animal studies, they still showed that mGlu ligands do not induced variety of side effects typical for presently used antipsychotics, and were generally well tolerated. The lack of satisfactory effectiveness towards schizophrenia symptoms of mGlu2/3 activators in humans could be a result of variety of uncontrolled factors and unidentified biomarkers different for each schizophrenia patient, that should be taken into consideration in the future set of clinical trials. The subject is still open for further research, and the novel classes of mGlu5 or mGlu2/3 agonists/PAMs were recently introduced, including the large group of compounds from the third group of mGlu receptors, especially of mGlu4 subtype. Finally, more precise treatment based on simultaneous administration of minimal doses of the ligands for two or more receptors, seems to be promising in the context of symptoms-specific schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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27
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Gunn RN, Slifstein M, Searle GE, Price JC. Quantitative imaging of protein targets in the human brain with PET. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:R363-411. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/22/r363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Nickols HH, Yuh JP, Gregory KJ, Morrison RD, Bates BS, Stauffer SR, Emmitte KA, Bubser M, Peng W, Nedelcovych MT, Thompson A, Lv X, Xiang Z, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Jones CK, Conn PJ. VU0477573: Partial Negative Allosteric Modulator of the Subtype 5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor with In Vivo Efficacy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:123-36. [PMID: 26503377 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) have potential applications in the treatment of fragile X syndrome, levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, addiction, and anxiety; however, clinical and preclinical studies raise concerns that complete blockade of mGlu5 and inverse agonist activity of current mGlu5 NAMs contribute to adverse effects that limit the therapeutic use of these compounds. We report the discovery and characterization of a novel mGlu5 NAM, N,N-diethyl-5-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)picolinamide (VU0477573) that binds to the same allosteric site as the prototypical mGlu5 NAM MPEP but displays weak negative cooperativity. Because of this weak cooperativity, VU0477573 acts as a "partial NAM" so that full occupancy of the MPEP site does not completely inhibit maximal effects of mGlu5 agonists on intracellular calcium mobilization, inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation, or inhibition of synaptic transmission at the hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse. Unlike previous mGlu5 NAMs, VU0477573 displays no inverse agonist activity assessed using measures of effects on basal [(3)H]inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation. VU0477573 acts as a full NAM when measuring effects on mGlu5-mediated extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 phosphorylation, which may indicate functional bias. VU0477573 exhibits an excellent pharmacokinetic profile and good brain penetration in rodents and provides dose-dependent full mGlu5 occupancy in the central nervous system (CNS) with systemic administration. Interestingly, VU0477573 shows robust efficacy, comparable to the mGlu5 NAM MTEP, in models of anxiolytic activity at doses that provide full CNS occupancy of mGlu5 and demonstrate an excellent CNS occupancy-efficacy relationship. VU0477573 provides an exciting new tool to investigate the efficacy of partial NAMs in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Highfield Nickols
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Joannes P Yuh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Brittney S Bates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Weimin Peng
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Michael T Nedelcovych
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Analisa Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Xiaohui Lv
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology (H.H.N., J.P.Y.), Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (H.H.N., R.D.M., B.S.B., K.A.E., M.B., W.P., M.T.N., A.T., X.L., Z.X., J.S.D., C.M.N., C.W.L., C.K.J., P.J.C.), Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (S.R.S., K.A.E., C.W.L.) Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.)
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Garcia-Barrantes PM, Cho HP, Niswender CM, Byers FW, Locuson CW, Blobaum AL, Xiang Z, Rook JM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Development of Novel, CNS Penetrant Positive Allosteric Modulators for the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 1 (mGlu1), Based on an N-(3-Chloro-4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-methylfuran-2-carboxamide Scaffold, That Potentiate Wild Type and Mutant mGlu1 Receptors Found in Schizophrenics. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7959-71. [PMID: 26426481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of selective mGlu1 activation is vastly unexplored relative to the other group I mGlu receptor, mGlu5; therefore, our lab has focused considerable effort toward developing mGlu1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) suitable as in vivo proof of concept tool compounds. Optimization of a series of mGlu1 PAMs based on an N-(3-chloro-4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-methylfuran-2-carboxamide scaffold provided 17e, a potent (mGlu1 EC50 = 31.8 nM) and highly CNS penetrant (brain to plasma ratio (Kp) of 1.02) mGlu1 PAM tool compound, that potentiated not only wild-type human mGlu1 but also mutant mGlu1 receptors derived from deleterious GRM1 mutations found in schizophrenic patients. Moreover, both electrophysiological and in vivo studies indicate the mGlu1 ago-PAMs/PAMs do not possess the same epileptiform adverse effect liability as mGlu5 ago-PAMs/PAMs and maintain temporal activity suggesting a broader therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
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30
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Calderwood S, Collier TL, Gouverneur V, Liang SH, Vasdev N. Synthesis of 18F-Arenes from Spirocyclic Iodonium(III) Ylides via Continuous-Flow Microfluidics. J Fluor Chem 2015; 178:249-253. [PMID: 27512233 PMCID: PMC4976495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spirocyclic hypervalent iodine(III) ylides have proven to be synthetically versatile precursors for efficient radiolabelling of a diverse range of non-activated (hetero)arenes, highly functionalised small molecules, building blocks and radiopharmaceuticals from [18F]fluoride ion. Herein, we report the implementation of these reactions onto a continuous-flow microfluidic platform, thereby offering an alterative and automated synthetic procedure of a radiopharmaceutical, 3-[18F]fluoro-5-[(pyridin-3-yl)ethynyl]benzonitrile ([18F]FPEB) and a routinely used building block for click-radiochemistry, 4-[18F]fluorobenzyl azide. This new protocol was applied to the synthesis of [18F]FPEB (radiochemical conversion (RCC) = 68 ± 5%) and 4-[18F]fluorobenzyl azide (RCC=68 ± 5%; isolated radiochemical yield = 24±0%). We anticipate that the high throughput microfluidic platform will accelerate the discovery and applications of 18F-labelled building blocks and labelled compounds prepared by iodonium ylide precursors as well as the production of radiotracers for preclinical imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Calderwood
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas Lee Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, USA
- Advion BioSystems, 10 Brown Road, Suite 101, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, USA
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31
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Partridge JG. Utilizing GCaMP transgenic mice to monitor endogenous Gq/11-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:42. [PMID: 25805995 PMCID: PMC4353298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of GCaMPs are engineered proteins that contain Ca2+ binding motifs within a circularly permutated variant of the Aequorea Victoria green fluorescent protein (cp-GFP). The rapidly advancing field of utilizing GCaMP reporter constructs represents a major step forward in our ability to monitor intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. With the use of these genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors, investigators have studied activation of endogenous Gq types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and subsequent rises in intracellular calcium. Escalations in intracellular Ca2+ from GPCR activation can be faithfully monitored in space and time as an increase in fluorescent emission from these proteins. Further, transgenic mice are now commercially available that express GCaMPs in a Cre recombinase dependent fashion. These GCaMP reporter mice can be bred to distinct Cre recombinase driver mice to direct expression of this sensor in unique populations of cells. Concerning the central nervous system (CNS), sources of calcium influx, including those arising from Gq activation can be observed in targeted cell types like neurons or astrocytes. This powerful genetic method allows simultaneous monitoring of the activity of dozens of cells upon activation of endogenous Gq-coupled GPCRs. Therefore, in combination with pharmacological tools, this strategy of monitoring GPCR activation is amenable to analysis of orthosteric and allosteric ligands of Gq-coupled receptors in their endogenous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Partridge
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine , Washington, DC, USA ; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine , Washington, DC, USA
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32
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Stephenson NA, Holland JP, Kassenbrock A, Yokell DL, Livni E, Liang SH, Vasdev N. Iodonium ylide-mediated radiofluorination of 18F-FPEB and validation for human use. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:489-92. [PMID: 25655630 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.151332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Translation of new methodologies for labeling nonactivated aromatic molecules with (18)F remains a challenge. Here, we report a one-step, regioselective, metal-free (18)F-labeling method that uses a hypervalent iodonium(III) ylide precursor, to prepare the radiopharmaceutical (18)F-3-fluoro-5-[(pyridin-3-yl)ethynyl]benzonitrile ((18)F-FPEB). METHODS Automated radiosynthesis of (18)F-FPEB was achieved by reaction of the ylide precursor (4 mg) with (18)F-Et4NF in dimethylformamide at 80°C for 5 min and formulated for injection within 1 h. RESULTS (18)F-FPEB was synthesized in 20% ± 5% (n = 3) uncorrected radiochemical yields relative to (18)F-fluoride, with specific activities of 666 ± 51.8 GBq (18 ± 1.4 Ci)/μmol at the end of synthesis and was validated for human use. CONCLUSION Radiofluorination of iodonium (III) ylides proved to be an efficient radiosynthetic strategy for synthesis of (18)F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickeisha A Stephenson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason P Holland
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alina Kassenbrock
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Daniel L Yokell
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Eli Livni
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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33
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Rook JM, Tantawy MN, Ansari MS, Felts AS, Stauffer SR, Emmitte KA, Kessler RM, Niswender CM, Daniels JS, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ. Relationship between in vivo receptor occupancy and efficacy of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 allosteric modulators with different in vitro binding profiles. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:755-65. [PMID: 25241804 PMCID: PMC4289965 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) have exciting potential as therapeutic agents for multiple brain disorders. Translational studies with mGlu5 modulators have relied on mGlu5 allosteric site positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands to assess receptor occupancy in the brain. However, recent structural and modeling studies suggest that closely related mGlu5 allosteric modulators can bind to overlapping but not identical sites, which could complicate interpretation of in vivo occupancy data, even when PET ligands and drug leads are developed from the same chemical scaffold. We now report that systemic administration of the novel mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator VU0092273 displaced the structurally related mGlu5 PET ligand, [(18)F]FPEB, with measures of in vivo occupancy that closely aligned with its in vivo efficacy. In contrast, a close analog of VU0092273 and [(18)F]FPEB, VU0360172, provided robust efficacy in rodent models in the absence of detectable occupancy. Furthermore, a structurally unrelated mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator, VU0409106, displayed measures of in vivo occupancy that correlated well with behavioral effects, despite the fact that VU0409106 is structurally unrelated to [(18)F]FPEB. Interestingly, all three compounds inhibit radioligand binding to the prototypical MPEP/FPEB allosteric site in vitro. However, VU0092273 and VU0409106 bind to this site in a fully competitive manner, whereas the interaction of VU0360172 is noncompetitive. Thus, while close structural similarity between PET ligands and drug leads does not circumvent issues associated with differential binding to a given target, detailed molecular pharmacology analysis accurately predicts utility of ligand pairs for in vivo occupancy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammed N Tantawy
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad S Ansari
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew S Felts
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert M Kessler
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215D Light Hall, 2215-B Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA, Tel: +1 615 936 2478, Fax: +1 615 343 3088, E-mail:
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34
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 activation is required for long-term depression in medial prefrontal cortex and fear extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1196-201. [PMID: 25583490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416196112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have revealed that genetic variations in metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3) affect performance on cognitive tasks dependent upon the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and may be linked to psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction. We have performed a series of studies aimed at understanding how mGlu3 influences PFC function and cognitive behaviors. In the present study, we found that activation of mGlu3 can induce long-term depression in the mouse medial PFC (mPFC) in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo administration of a selective mGlu3 negative allosteric modulator impaired learning in the mPFC-dependent fear extinction task. The results of these studies implicate mGlu3 as a major regulator of PFC function and cognition. Additionally, potentiators of mGlu3 may be useful in alleviating prefrontal impairments associated with several CNS disorders.
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