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Lehmann CM, Miller NE, Nair VS, Costa KM, Schoenbaum G, Moussawi K. Generalized cue reactivity in dopamine neurons after opioids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.02.597025. [PMID: 38853878 PMCID: PMC11160774 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.597025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cue reactivity is the maladaptive neurobiological and behavioral response upon exposure to drug cues and is a major driver of relapse. The leading hypothesis is that dopamine release by addictive drugs represents a persistently positive reward prediction error that causes runaway enhancement of dopamine responses to drug cues, leading to their pathological overvaluation compared to non-drug reward alternatives. However, this hypothesis has not been directly tested. Here we developed Pavlovian and operant procedures to measure firing responses, within the same dopamine neurons, to drug versus natural reward cues, which we found to be similarly enhanced compared to cues predicting natural rewards in drug-naïve controls. This enhancement was associated with increased behavioral reactivity to the drug cue, suggesting that dopamine release is still critical to cue reactivity, albeit not as previously hypothesized. These results challenge the prevailing hypothesis of cue reactivity, warranting new models of dopaminergic function in drug addiction, and provide critical insights into the neurobiology of cue reactivity with potential implications for relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin M. Lehmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, 15219, USA
| | - Nora E. Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, 15219, USA
| | - Varun S. Nair
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, 15219, USA
| | - Kauê M. Costa
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, 35233, USA
| | - Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health; Baltimore, 21224, USA
| | - Khaled Moussawi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, 15219, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
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2
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Privara M, Bob P. Pornography Consumption and Cognitive-Affective Distress. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:641-646. [PMID: 37505898 PMCID: PMC10399954 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT According to recent studies, the growing consumption of Internet pornography mainly in male population becomes an increasing problem, which is closely linked to compulsive sexual behavior. Some findings also suggest that Internet pornography consumption might represent a defense mechanism against excessive stress, which enables to cope with stressful events, helps in mood regulation, and decreases depression and anxiety. Users of online pornography involved in these activities also reported that their self-exposition to pornographic material may create guilty feelings and internal conflict in themselves with respect to their own "involuntary" sexual behavior, which suggest that psychosocial stress and possibly traumatic experiences may play a significant role in Internet pornography addiction. Taken together, these findings show that stressful experiences, anxiety, and depression are strongly related to pornography consumption. In addition, conflicting emotional experiences as well as identity problems significantly increase vulnerability to addictive sexual behavior and pornography consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Privara
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, First Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Goldway N, Eldar E, Shoval G, Hartley CA. Computational Mechanisms of Addiction and Anxiety: A Developmental Perspective. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:739-750. [PMID: 36775050 PMCID: PMC10038924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A central goal of computational psychiatry is to identify systematic relationships between transdiagnostic dimensions of psychiatric symptomatology and the latent learning and decision-making computations that inform individuals' thoughts, feelings, and choices. Most psychiatric disorders emerge prior to adulthood, yet little work has extended these computational approaches to study the development of psychopathology. Here, we lay out a roadmap for future studies implementing this approach by developing empirically and theoretically informed hypotheses about how developmental changes in model-based control of action and Pavlovian learning processes may modulate vulnerability to anxiety and addiction. We highlight how insights from studies leveraging computational approaches to characterize the normative developmental trajectories of clinically relevant learning and decision-making processes may suggest promising avenues for future developmental computational psychiatry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Goldway
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Eran Eldar
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gal Shoval
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Child and Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Catherine A Hartley
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.
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4
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Chen K, Schlagenhauf F, Sebold M, Kuitunen-Paul S, Chen H, Huys QJM, Heinz A, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US, Garbusow M. The Association of Non-Drug-Related Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Effect in Nucleus Accumbens With Relapse in Alcohol Dependence: A Replication. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:558-565. [PMID: 38426251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm measures the effects of Pavlovian conditioned cues on instrumental behavior in the laboratory. A previous study conducted by our research group observed activity in the left nucleus accumbens (NAcc) elicited by a non-drug-related PIT task across patients with alcohol dependence (AD) and healthy control subjects, and the left NAcc PIT effect differentiated patients who subsequently relapsed from those who remained abstinent. In this study, we aimed to examine whether such effects were present in a larger sample collected at a later date. METHODS A total of 129 recently detoxified patients with AD (21 females) and 74 healthy, age- and gender-matched control subjects (12 females) performing a PIT task during functional magnetic resonance imaging were examined. After task assessments, patients were followed for 6 months. Forty-seven patients relapsed and 37 remained abstinent. RESULTS We found a significant behavioral non-drug-related PIT effect and PIT-related activity in the NAcc across all participants. Moreover, subsequent relapsers showed stronger behavioral and left NAcc PIT effects than abstainers. These findings are consistent with our previous findings. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral non-drug-related PIT and neural PIT correlates are associated with prospective relapse risk in AD. This study replicated previous findings and provides evidence for the clinical relevance of PIT mechanisms to treatment outcome in AD. The observed difference between prospective relapsers and abstainers in the NAcc PIT effect in our study is small overall. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms and the possible modulators of neural PIT in relapse in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Addiction Medicine and Psychotherapy, kbo Isar-Amper-Klinikum Region München, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Beck A, Ebrahimi C, Rosenthal A, Charlet K, Heinz A. The Dopamine System in Mediating Alcohol Effects in Humans. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 36705911 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain-imaging studies show that the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is determined by a complex interaction of different neurotransmitter systems and multiple psychological factors. In this context, the dopaminergic reinforcement system appears to be of fundamental importance. We focus on the excitatory and depressant effects of acute versus chronic alcohol intake and its impact on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, we describe alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission as associated with symptoms of alcohol dependence. We specifically focus on neuroadaptations to chronic alcohol consumption and their effect on central processing of alcohol-associated and reward-related stimuli. Altered reward processing, complex conditioning processes, impaired reinforcement learning, and increased salience attribution to alcohol-associated stimuli enable alcohol cues to drive alcohol seeking and consumption. Finally, we will discuss how the neurobiological and neurochemical mechanisms of alcohol-associated alterations in reward processing and learning can interact with stress, cognition, and emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beck
- Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Charlet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Marshall AT, Halbout B, Munson CN, Hutson C, Ostlund SB. Flexible control of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer based on expected reward value. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. ANIMAL LEARNING AND COGNITION 2023; 49:14-30. [PMID: 36795420 PMCID: PMC10561628 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm is widely used to assay the motivational influence of reward-predictive cues, reflected by their ability to invigorate instrumental behavior. Leading theories assume that a cue's motivational properties are tied to predicted reward value. We outline an alternative view that recognizes that reward-predictive cues may suppress rather than motivate instrumental behavior under certain conditions, an effect termed positive conditioned suppression. We posit that cues signaling imminent reward delivery tend to inhibit instrumental behavior, which is exploratory by nature, in order to facilitate efficient retrieval of the expected reward. According to this view, the motivation to engage in instrumental behavior during a cue should be inversely related to the value of the predicted reward, since there is more to lose by failing to secure a high-value reward than a low-value reward. We tested this hypothesis in rats using a PIT protocol known to induce positive conditioned suppression. In Experiment 1, cues signaling different reward magnitudes elicited distinct response patterns. Whereas the one-pellet cue increased instrumental behavior, cues signaling three or nine pellets suppressed instrumental behavior and elicited high levels of food-port activity. Experiment 2 found that reward-predictive cues suppressed instrumental behavior and increased food-port activity in a flexible manner that was disrupted by post-training reward devaluation. Further analyses suggest that these findings were not driven by overt competition between the instrumental and food-port responses. We discuss how the PIT task may provide a useful tool for studying cognitive control over cue-motivated behavior in rodents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Marshall
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California
| | - Briac Halbout
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience (ICAN), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), Center for Neural Circuit Mapping (CNCM), University of California Irvine School of Medicine
| | - Christy N Munson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience (ICAN), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), Center for Neural Circuit Mapping (CNCM), University of California Irvine School of Medicine
| | - Collin Hutson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience (ICAN), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), Center for Neural Circuit Mapping (CNCM), University of California Irvine School of Medicine
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience (ICAN), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), Center for Neural Circuit Mapping (CNCM), University of California Irvine School of Medicine
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7
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Ceccanti M, Blum K, Bowirrat A, Dennen CA, Braverman ER, Baron D, Mclaughlin T, Giordano J, Gupta A, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Barh D, Elman I, Thanos PK, Badgaiyan RD, Edwards D, Gold MS. Future Newborns with Opioid-Induced Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) Could Be Assessed with the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Test and Potentially Treated Using Precision Amino-Acid Enkephalinase Inhibition Therapy (KB220) as a Frontline Modality Instead of Potent Opioids. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122015. [PMID: 36556236 PMCID: PMC9782293 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this nonsystematic review and opinion, including articles primarily selected from PubMed, we examine the pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in order to craft a reasonable opinion to help forge a paradigm shift in the treatment and prevention of primarily opioid-induced NAS. Newborns of individuals who use illicit and licit substances during pregnancy are at risk for withdrawal, also known as NAS. In the US, the reported prevalence of NAS has increased from 4.0 per 1000 hospital births in 2010 to 7.3 per 1000 hospital births in 2017, which is an 82% increase. The management of NAS is varied and involves a combination of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy. The preferred first-line pharmacological treatment for NAS is opioid therapy, specifically morphine, and the goal is the short-term improvement in NAS symptomatology. Nonpharmacological therapies are individualized and typically focus on general care measures, the newborn-parent/caregiver relationship, the environment, and feeding. When used appropriately, nonpharmacologic therapies can help newborns with NAS avoid or reduce the amount of pharmacologic therapy required and the length of hospitalization. In addition, genetic polymorphisms of the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) and mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) genes appear to affect the length of stay and the need for pharmacotherapy in newborns with prenatal opioid exposure. Therefore, based on this extensive literature and additional research, this team of coauthors suggests that, in the future, in addition to the current nonpharmacological therapies, patients with opioid-induced NAS should undergo genetic assessment (i.e., the genetic addiction risk severity (GARS) test), which can subsequently be used to guide DNA-directed precision amino-acid enkephalinase inhibition (KB220) therapy as a frontline modality instead of potent opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ceccanti
- Società Italiana per il Trattamento dell’Alcolismo e le sue Complicanze (SITAC), ASL Roma1, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Mental Health & Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Reward Deficiency Clinics of America, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Transplicegen Therapeutics, Inc., LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Mental Health & Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | | | - John Giordano
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Ketamine Infusion Clinic of South Florida, Pompano Beach, FL 33062, USA
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Bernard W. Downs
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern University College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Drew Edwards
- Neurogenesis Project, Jacksonville, FL 32223, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Ge M, Balleine BW. The role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the motivational control of instrumental action. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:968593. [DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.968593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We review recent studies assessing the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in the motivational control of instrumental conditioning. This evidence suggests that the BNST and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) form a circuit that modulates the ventral tegmental area (VTA) input to the nucleus accumbens core (NAc core) to control the influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental performance. In support of these claims, we found that activity in the oval region of BNST was increased by instrumental conditioning, as indexed by phosphorylated ERK activity (Experiment 1), but that this increase was not due to exposure to the instrumental contingency or to the instrumental outcome per se (Experiment 2). Instead, BNST activity was most significantly incremented in a test conducted when the instrumental outcome was anticipated but not delivered, suggesting a role for BNST in the motivational effects of anticipated outcomes on instrumental performance. To test this claim, we examined the effect of NMDA-induced cell body lesions of the BNST on general Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (Experiment 3). These lesions had no effect on instrumental performance or on conditioned responding during Pavlovian conditioning to either an excitory conditioned stimulus (CS) or a neutral CS (CS0) but significantly attenuated the excitatory effect of the Pavlovian CS on instrumental performance. These data are consistent with the claim that the BNST mediates the general excitatory influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental performance and suggest BNST activity may be central to CeA-BNST modulation of a VTA-NAc core circuit in incentive motivation.
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9
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Webber HE, de Dios C, Kessler DA, Schmitz JM, Lane SD, Suchting R. Late positive potential as a candidate biomarker of motivational relevance in substance use: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104835. [PMID: 36031010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current meta-analysis was to assess the effect size of the Late Positive Potential (LPP) to drug and emotional cues in substance users compared to controls. The secondary objective was to test for moderation by: age, gender, years of use, use status, and substance type. Search was performed in August 2021 using PubMed. Inclusion criteria were: substance use disorder/dependence or validated self-report, LPP means, healthy control comparison, non-acute drug study, data available, peer-reviewed journal, English, and human participants. Selection bias was tested through modified Egger's regression and exploratory 3-parameter selection model tests. Results (k = 11) indicated LPP to drug cues was larger in substance use compared to control group, with a large effect size (Hedges' g=1.66, 95%CI [0.64,2.67], p = 0.005). There were no overall differences for emotional cues. Though threats of selection bias were not severe, inclusion of more studies with larger sample sizes in future meta-analyses will allow more robust tests of publication bias and more accurate measures of effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Webber
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Constanza de Dios
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Danielle A Kessler
- College of Medicine at Tower Health, Drexel University, 50 Innovation Way, Wyomissing, PA 19610, USA
| | - Joy M Schmitz
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Scott D Lane
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Robert Suchting
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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10
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Grinevich VP, Zakirov AN, Berseneva UV, Gerasimova EV, Gainetdinov RR, Budygin EA. Applying a Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry to Explore Dopamine Dynamics in Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091533. [PMID: 35563838 PMCID: PMC9100021 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in the development of technologies for the real-time monitoring of neurotransmitter dynamics has provided researchers with effective tools for the exploration of etiology and molecular mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. One of these powerful tools is fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), a technique which has progressively been used in animal models of diverse pathological conditions associated with alterations in dopamine transmission. Indeed, for several decades FSCV studies have provided substantial insights into our understanding of the role of abnormal dopaminergic transmission in pathogenetic mechanisms of drug and alcohol addiction, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, etc. Here we review the applications of FSCV to research neuropsychiatric disorders with particular attention to recent technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P. Grinevich
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Amir N. Zakirov
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Uliana V. Berseneva
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Elena V. Gerasimova
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine and St. Petersburg State University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Budygin
- Department of Neurobiology, Sirius University, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius, Sochi 353340, Russia; (V.P.G.); (A.N.Z.); (U.V.B.); (E.V.G.); (R.R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Chen K, Garbusow M, Sebold M, Kuitunen-Paul S, Smolka MN, Huys QJ, Zimmermann US, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A. Alcohol approach bias is associated with both behavioral and neural Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer effects in alcohol-dependent patients. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 37519476 PMCID: PMC10382691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even after qualified detoxification, alcohol-dependent (AD) patients may relapse to drinking alcohol despite their decision to abstain. Two mechanisms may play important roles. First, the impact of environmental cues on instrumental behavior (i.e., Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer [PIT] effect), which was found to be stronger in prospectively relapsing AD patients than in abstaining patients. Second, an automatic approach bias toward alcohol stimuli was observed in AD patients, and interventions targeting this bias reduced the relapse risk in some studies. Previous findings suggest a potential behavioral and neurobiological overlap between these two mechanisms. Methods In this study, we examined the association between alcohol approach bias and both behavioral and neural non-drug-related PIT effects in AD patients after detoxification. A total of 100 AD patients (17 females) performed a PIT task and an alcohol approach/avoidance task. Patients were followed for 6 months. Results A stronger alcohol approach bias was associated with both a more pronounced behavioral PIT effect and stronger PIT-related neural activity in the right nucleus accumbens. Moreover, the association between alcohol approach bias and behavioral PIT increased with the severity of alcohol dependence and trait impulsivity and was stronger in patients who relapsed during follow-up in the exploratory analysis. Conclusions These findings indicate partial behavioral and neurobiological overlap between alcohol approach bias and the PIT effect assessed with our tasks. The association was stronger in patients with more severe alcohol dependence.
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12
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Almeida‐Antunes N, Antón‐Toro L, Crego A, Rodrigues R, Sampaio A, López‐Caneda E. "It's a beer!": Brain functional hyperconnectivity during processing of alcohol-related images in young binge drinkers. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13152. [PMID: 35229944 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol attentional bias has been pointed as a major marker of alcohol misuse. Recent evidence has revealed that brain functional connectivity (FC) may be a valuable index of the brain networks' integrity in young binge drinkers (BDs). However, there is no study to date examining the FC networks linked to the processing of alcohol-related images in this population. The present study aimed to explore the FC signatures underlying alcohol attention bias in young BDs. Thus, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded in 54 college students (55.5% females; 27 non/low-drinkers and 27 BDs) while performing a visual alcohol cue-reactivity task. We evaluated whole-brain FC profiles during the processing of alcoholic and non-alcoholic cues, as well as their potential relationship with craving and severity of alcohol use. Results showed that, at the behavioural level, BDs rated alcohol-related images as more pleasant/attractive than non/low-drinkers. Furthermore, at the electrophysiological level, BDs exhibited increased beta-band FC-particularly in the fronto-parieto-occipital network-when processing alcoholic cues. Conversely, they displayed reduced theta-band FC relatively to non/low-drinkers for non-alcoholic images. These hyper-/hypo-connectivity patterns were associated with higher alcohol craving levels. Findings are congruent with previous neurofunctional studies reporting an attentional bias towards alcohol-related information in BDs. These results may have important clinical implications as this neural reactivity to alcoholic cues may contribute to the maintenance and/or escalation of the drinking pattern. Finally, the present study constitutes the first evidence showing that FC networks may be a sensitive indicator to alcohol attentional bias in BDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Almeida‐Antunes
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Luis Antón‐Toro
- Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience (UCM ‐ UPM) Center for Biomedical Technology (CBT) Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Crego
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Rui Rodrigues
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Eduardo López‐Caneda
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology University of Minho Braga Portugal
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13
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Soares-Cunha C, Domingues AV, Correia R, Coimbra B, Vieitas-Gaspar N, de Vasconcelos NAP, Pinto L, Sousa N, Rodrigues AJ. Distinct role of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110380. [PMID: 35172164 PMCID: PMC8864463 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key region in motivated behaviors. NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are divided into those expressing dopamine receptor D1 or D2. Classically, D1- and D2-MSNs have been described as having opposing roles in reinforcement, but recent evidence suggests a more complex role for D2-MSNs. Here, we show that optogenetic modulation of D2-MSN to ventral pallidum (VP) projections during different stages of motivated behavior has contrasting effects in motivation. Activation of D2-MSN-VP projections during a reward-predicting cue results in increased motivational drive, whereas activation at reward delivery decreases motivation; optical inhibition triggers the opposite behavioral effect. In addition, in a free-choice instrumental task, animals prefer the lever that originates one pellet in opposition to pellet plus D2-MSN-VP optogenetic activation and vice versa for optogenetic inhibition. In summary, D2-MSN-VP projections play different, and even opposing, roles in distinct phases of motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Ana Verónica Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Raquel Correia
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Natacha Vieitas-Gaspar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nivaldo A P de Vasconcelos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal; Physics Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center-Braga (2CA), Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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14
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Poisson CL, Engel L, Saunders BT. Dopamine Circuit Mechanisms of Addiction-Like Behaviors. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:752420. [PMID: 34858143 PMCID: PMC8631198 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.752420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a complex disease that impacts millions of people around the world. Clinically, addiction is formalized as substance use disorder (SUD), with three primary symptom categories: exaggerated substance use, social or lifestyle impairment, and risky substance use. Considerable efforts have been made to model features of these criteria in non-human animal research subjects, for insight into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Here we review evidence from rodent models of SUD-inspired criteria, focusing on the role of the striatal dopamine system. We identify distinct mesostriatal and nigrostriatal dopamine circuit functions in behavioral outcomes that are relevant to addictions and SUDs. This work suggests that striatal dopamine is essential for not only positive symptom features of SUDs, such as elevated intake and craving, but also for impairments in decision making that underlie compulsive behavior, reduced sociality, and risk taking. Understanding the functional heterogeneity of the dopamine system and related networks can offer insight into this complex symptomatology and may lead to more targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carli L. Poisson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Liv Engel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Benjamin T. Saunders
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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15
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Hynes TJ, Hrelja KM, Hathaway BA, Hounjet CD, Chernoff CS, Ebsary SA, Betts GD, Russell B, Ma L, Kaur S, Winstanley CA. Dopamine neurons gate the intersection of cocaine use, decision making, and impulsivity. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13022. [PMID: 33559379 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gambling and substance use disorders are highly comorbid. Both clinical populations are impulsive and exhibit risky decision-making. Drug-associated cues have long been known to facilitate habitual drug-seeking, and the salient audiovisual cues embedded within modern gambling products may likewise encourage problem gambling. The dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are exquisitely sensitive to drugs of abuse, uncertain rewards, and reward-paired cues and may therefore be the common neural substrate mediating synergistic features of both disorders. To test this hypothesis, we first gained specific inhibitory control over VTA dopamine neurons by transducing a floxed inhibitory DREADD (AAV5-hSyn-DIO-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry) in rats expressing Cre recombinase in tyrosine hydroxylase neurons. We then trained rats in our cued rat gambling task (crGT), inhibiting dopamine neurons throughout task acquisition and performance, before allowing them to self-administer cocaine in the same diurnal period as crGT sessions. The trajectories of addiction differ in women and men, and the dopamine system may differ functionally across the sexes; therefore, we used male and female rats here. We found that inhibition of VTA dopamine neurons decreased cue-induced risky choice and reduced motor impulsivity in males, but surprisingly, enhanced risky decision making in females. Inhibiting VTA dopamine neurons also prevented cocaine-induced changes in decision making in both sexes, but nevertheless drove all animals to consume more cocaine. These findings show that chronic dampening of dopamine signalling can have both protective and deleterious effects on addiction-relevant behaviours, depending on biological sex and dependent variable of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan J. Hynes
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Kelly M. Hrelja
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Brett A. Hathaway
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Celine D. Hounjet
- UBC School of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Chloe S. Chernoff
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Sophie A. Ebsary
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Graeme D. Betts
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Brittney Russell
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Lawrence Ma
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Catharine A. Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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16
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Ostlund SB, Marshall AT. Probing the role of reward expectancy in Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Reactivating a positive feedback loop VTA-BLA-NAc circuit associated with positive experience ameliorates the attenuated reward sensitivity induced by chronic stress. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100370. [PMID: 34381852 PMCID: PMC8334743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genetic predisposition and life events, particularly life stress, are thought to increase the risk for depression. Reward sensitivity appears to be attenuated in major depressive disorder (MDD), suggesting deficits in reward processing in these patients. We identified the VTA-BLA-NAc circuit as being activated by sex reward, and the VTA neurons that respond to sex reward are mostly dopaminergic. Acute or chronic reactivation of this circuit ameliorates the reward insensitivity induced by chronic restraint stress. Our histological and electrophysiological results show that the VTA neuron subpopulation responding to restraint stress, predominantly GABAergic neurons, inhibits the responsiveness of VTA dopaminergic neurons to reward stimuli, which is probably the mechanism by which stress modulates the reward processing neural circuits and subsequently disrupts reward-related behaviours. Furthermore, we found that the VTA-BLA-NAc circuit is a positive feedback loop. Blocking the projections from the BLA to the NAc associated with sex reward increases the excitability of VTA GABAergic neurons and decreases the excitability of VTA dopaminergic neurons, while activating this pathway decreases the excitability of VTA GABAergic neurons and increases the excitability of VTA dopaminergic neurons, which may be the cellular mechanism by which the VTA-BLA-NAc circuit associated with sex reward ameliorates the attenuated reward sensitivity induced by chronic stress.
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18
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Kibaly C, Alderete JA, Liu SH, Nasef HS, Law PY, Evans CJ, Cahill CM. Oxycodone in the Opioid Epidemic: High 'Liking', 'Wanting', and Abuse Liability. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:899-926. [PMID: 33245509 PMCID: PMC8155122 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that nearly a third of people who abuse drugs started with prescription opioid medicines. Approximately, 11.5 million Americans used prescription drugs recreationally in 2016, and in 2018, 46,802 Americans died as the result of an opioid overdose, including prescription opioids, heroin, and illicitly manufactured fentanyl (National Institutes on Drug Abuse (2020) Opioid Overdose Crisis. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis . Accessed 06 June 2020). Yet physicians will continue to prescribe oral opioids for moderate-to-severe pain in the absence of alternative therapeutics, underscoring the importance in understanding how drug choice can influence detrimental outcomes. One of the opioid prescription medications that led to this crisis is oxycodone, where misuse of this drug has been rampant. Being one of the most highly prescribed opioid medications for treating moderate-to-severe pain as reflected in the skyrocketed increase in retail sales of 866% between 1997 and 2007, oxycodone was initially suggested to be less addictive than morphine. The false-claimed non-addictive formulation of oxycodone, OxyContin, further contributed to the opioid crisis. Abuse was often carried out by crushing the pills for immediate burst release, typically by nasal insufflation, or by liquefying the pills for intravenous injection. Here, we review oxycodone pharmacology and abuse liability as well as present the hypothesis that oxycodone may exhibit a unique pharmacology that contributes to its high likability and abuse susceptibility. We will discuss various mechanisms that likely contribute to the high abuse rate of oxycodone including clinical drug likability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, differences in its actions within mesolimbic reward circuity compared to other opioids, and the possibility of differential molecular and cellular receptor interactions that contribute to its selective effects. We will also discuss marketing strategies and drug difference that likely contributes to the oxycodone opioid use disorders and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherkaouia Kibaly
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jacob A Alderete
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven H Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hazem S Nasef
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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19
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Mietlicki-Baase EG, Santollo J, Daniels D. Fluid intake, what's dopamine got to do with it? Physiol Behav 2021; 236:113418. [PMID: 33838203 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining fluid balance is critical for life. The central components that control fluid intake are only partly understood. This contribution to the collection of papers highlighting work by members of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior focuses on the role that dopamine has on fluid intake and describes the roles that various bioregulators can have on thirst and sodium appetite by influencing dopamine systems in the brain. The goal of the review is to highlight areas in need of more research and to propose a framework to guide that research. We hope that this framework will inspire researchers in the field to investigate these interesting questions in order to form a more complete understanding of how fluid intake is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Jessica Santollo
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Derek Daniels
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
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20
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Becker S, Schakib-Ekbatan K, Wroblewski D, Schweiker M. Perception of repeated pain relief with controllable and uncontrollable pain. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:1702-1711. [PMID: 33829599 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ultimate goal of pain research is to provide effective routes for pain relief. Nevertheless, the perception pain relief as a change in pain intensity and un-/pleasantness has only been rarely investigated. It has been demonstrated that pain relief has rewarding and reinforcing properties, but it remains unknown whether the perception of pain relief changes when pain reductions occur repeatedly. Further, it remains an open question whether the perception of pain relief depends on the controllability of the preceding pain. METHODS In this study, healthy volunteers (N = 38) received five cycles of painful heat stimulation and reduction of this stimulation to a non-painful warm stimulation once in a condition with control of the stimulation and once without control. Participants rated perceived intensity and un-/pleasantness on visual analogue scales during the heat stimulation and immediately after its reduction. RESULTS Results showed that perceived pain relief, estimated by the difference in ratings during ongoing heat stimulation and after its reduction, increased with repetitions. However, this increase levelled off after two to four repetitions. Further, perceived pain relief was larger in the condition without control compared to the condition with control. CONCLUSION The perception of pain relief can be modulated similar to the perception of pain by stimulus characteristics and psychological factors. Mechanistic knowledge about such modulating factors is important, because they can determine, e.g., the amount of requested pain killers in clinical settings and the efficacy of pain relief as a reinforcing stimulus. SIGNIFICANCE When in pain, pain relief can become an all-dominate goal. The perception of such pain relief can vary depending on external and internal characteristics and thus modulate, e.g., requests for pain killers in clinical settings. Here, we show that perceived intensity and pleasantness of pain relief changes with repetitions and whether the preceding pain is perceived as uncontrollable. Such mechanistic knowledge needs to be considered to maximize the effects of pain relief as a rewarding and reinforcing stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Becker
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Integrative Spinal Research Group, Department of Chiropractic Medicine, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Schakib-Ekbatan
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Heidelberg, Germany.,Building Science Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Resource Efficiency and Energy Strategies, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Wroblewski
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcel Schweiker
- Building Science Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Sebold M, Garbusow M, Cerci D, Chen K, Sommer C, Huys QJM, Nebe S, Rapp M, Veer IM, Zimmermann US, Smolka MN, Walter H, Heinz A, Friedel E. Association of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer: Clinical relevance for alcohol dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:566-578. [PMID: 33726538 PMCID: PMC8155738 DOI: 10.1177/0269881121991992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) quantifies the extent to which a stimulus that has been associated with reward or punishment alters operant behaviour. In alcohol dependence (AD), the PIT effect serves as a paradigmatic model of cue-induced relapse. Preclinical studies have suggested a critical role of the opioid system in modulating Pavlovian-instrumental interactions. The A118G polymorphism of the OPRM1 gene affects opioid receptor availability and function. Furthermore, this polymorphism interacts with cue-induced approach behaviour and is a potential biomarker for pharmacological treatment response in AD. In this study, we tested whether the OPRM1 polymorphism is associated with the PIT effect and relapse in AD. METHODS Using a PIT task, we examined three independent samples: young healthy subjects (N = 161), detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (N = 186) and age-matched healthy controls (N = 105). We used data from a larger study designed to assess the role of learning mechanisms in the development and maintenance of AD. Subjects were genotyped for the A118G (rs1799971) polymorphism of the OPRM1 gene. Relapse was assessed after three months. RESULTS In all three samples, participants with the minor OPRM1 G-Allele (G+ carriers) showed increased expression of the PIT effect in the absence of learning differences. Relapse was not associated with the OPRM1 polymorphism. Instead, G+ carriers displaying increased PIT effects were particularly prone to relapse. CONCLUSION These results support a role for the opioid system in incentive salience motivation. Furthermore, they inform a mechanistic model of aberrant salience processing and are in line with the pharmacological potential of opioid receptor targets in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie
Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health,
Berlin, Germany
- Department for Social and Preventive
Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie
Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health,
Berlin, Germany
| | - Deniz Cerci
- Klinik für Forensische Psychiatrie,
Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie
Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health,
Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Quentin JM Huys
- Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational
Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephan Nebe
- Department of Economics, University of
Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Rapp
- Department for Social and Preventive
Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie
Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health,
Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Technical University of Dresden,
Dresden, Germany
- Department of Addiction Medicine and
Psychotherapy, kbo Isar-Amper-Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie
Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health,
Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie
Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health,
Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Friedel
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie
Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health,
Berlin, Germany
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22
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Tsan L, Décarie-Spain L, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Western Diet Consumption During Development: Setting the Stage for Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:632312. [PMID: 33642988 PMCID: PMC7902933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary pattern in industrialized countries has changed substantially over the past century due to technological advances in agriculture, food processing, storage, marketing, and distribution practices. The availability of highly palatable, calorically dense foods that are shelf-stable has facilitated a food environment where overconsumption of foods that have a high percentage of calories derived from fat (particularly saturated fat) and sugar is extremely common in modern Westernized societies. In addition to being a predictor of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, consumption of a Western diet (WD) is related to poorer cognitive performance across the lifespan. In particular, WD consumption during critical early life stages of development has negative consequences on various cognitive abilities later in adulthood. This review highlights rodent model research identifying dietary, metabolic, and neurobiological mechanisms linking consumption of a WD during early life periods of development (gestation, lactation, juvenile and adolescence) with behavioral impairments in multiple cognitive domains, including anxiety-like behavior, learning and memory function, reward-motivated behavior, and social behavior. The literature supports a model in which early life WD consumption leads to long-lasting neurocognitive impairments that are largely dissociable from WD effects on obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tsan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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23
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Marshall AT, Munson CN, Maidment NT, Ostlund SB. Reward-predictive cues elicit excessive reward seeking in adolescent rats. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100838. [PMID: 32846387 PMCID: PMC7451619 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsive behavior during adolescence may stem from developmental imbalances between motivational and cognitive-control systems, producing greater urges to pursue reward and weakened capacities to inhibit such actions. Here, we developed a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) protocol to assay rats' ability to suppress cue-motivated reward seeking based on changes in reward expectancy. Traditionally, PIT studies focus on how reward-predictive cues motivate instrumental reward-seeking behavior (lever pressing). However, cues signaling imminent reward delivery also elicit countervailing focal-search responses (food-port entry). We first examined how reward expectancy (cue-reward probability) influences expression of these competing behaviors. Adult male rats increased rates of lever pressing when presented with cues signaling lower probabilities of reward but focused their activity at the food cup on trials with cues that signaled higher probabilities of reward. We then compared adolescent and adult male rats in their responsivity to cues signaling different reward probabilities. In contrast to adults, adolescent rats did not flexibly adjust patterns of responding based on the expected likelihood of reward delivery but increased their rate of lever pressing for both weak and strong cues. These findings indicate that control over cue-motivated behavior is fundamentally dysregulated during adolescence, providing a model for studying neurobiological mechanisms of adolescent impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Marshall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Christy N Munson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
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24
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Modrak CG, Giesler LP, Vonder Haar C. Traumatic brain injury substantially reduces the conditioned reinforcing effects of environmental cues in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147084. [PMID: 32871136 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury affects millions of people each year and is an established risk factor for addiction. Recent animal studies have causally demonstrated that injuries can increase drug self-administration across a variety of substances. One potential behavioral mediator for this finding is an increased responsivity to drug-associated cues. This endophenotype can be identified by profiling non-drug-related behaviors. The current study evaluated several paradigms (conditioned approach, conditioned reinforcement, extinction from variable interval responding, conditioned facilitation) to determine how rats with a frontal TBI differed in their response to Pavlovian conditioning in response to food-paired cues. Surprisingly, rats with a TBI demonstrated increased goal-tracking in a conditioned approach paradigm and exerted less effort for a conditioned reinforcer. Moreover, they had slightly facilitated extinction (as demonstrated by significantly larger interresponse times) in the face of reinforcer-associated cues. Despite these effects, TBI rats still demonstrated conditioned facilitation to an auditory stimulus. Together, these effects suggest a phenotype in the opposite direction of what might be anticipated. Cues still served a strong discriminative function and altered behavior; however, they did not function as strong conditioned reinforcers for TBI animals. One potential reason for this is that substantial changes to the dopamine system after TBI may reduce the conditioned reinforcing effects of cues, but sensitize the brain to potent drugs of abuse. More research will be needed to determine whether this is the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra G Modrak
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lauren P Giesler
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cole Vonder Haar
- Injury and Recovery Laboratory, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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25
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Wang KS, Zegel M, Molokotos E, Moran LV, Olson DP, Pizzagalli DA, Janes AC. The acute effects of nicotine on corticostriatal responses to distinct phases of reward processing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1207-1214. [PMID: 31931509 PMCID: PMC7235267 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine enhances the reinforcement of non-drug rewards by increasing nucleus accumbens (NAcc) reactivity to anticipatory cues. This anticipatory effect is selective as no clear evidence has emerged showing that nicotine acutely changes reward receipt reactivity. However, repeated rewarding experiences shift peak brain reactivity from hedonic reward outcome to the motivational anticipatory cue yielding more habitual cue-induced behavior. Given nicotine's influence on NAcc reactivity and connectivity, it is plausible that nicotine acutely induces this shift and alters NAcc functional connectivity during reward processing. To evaluate this currently untested hypothesis, a randomized crossover design was used in which healthy non-smokers were administered placebo and nicotine (2-mg lozenge). Brain activation to monetary reward anticipation and outcome was evaluated with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Relative to placebo, nicotine induced more NAcc reactivity to reward anticipation. Greater NAcc activation during anticipation was significantly associated with lower NAcc activation to outcome. During outcome, nicotine reduced NAcc functional connectivity with cortical regions including the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula. These regions showed the same negative relationship between reward anticipation and outcome as noted in the NAcc. The current findings significantly improve our understanding of how nicotine changes corticostriatal circuit function and communication during distinct phases of reward processing and critically show that these alterations happen acutely following a single dose. The implications of this work explain nicotinic modulation of general reward function, which offer insights into the initial drive to smoke and the subsequent difficulty in cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainan S. Wang
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Maya Zegel
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Elena Molokotos
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,0000 0001 0684 8852grid.264352.4Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lauren V. Moran
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - David P. Olson
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Amy C. Janes
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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26
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Brodnik ZD, Black EM, España RA. Accelerated development of cocaine-associated dopamine transients and cocaine use vulnerability following traumatic stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:472-481. [PMID: 31539899 PMCID: PMC6969179 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder and cocaine use disorder are highly co-morbid psychiatric conditions. The onset of post-traumatic stress disorder generally occurs prior to the development of cocaine use disorder, and thus it appears that the development of post-traumatic stress disorder drives cocaine use vulnerability. We recently characterized a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder with segregation of rats as susceptible and resilient based on anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and context avoidance. We paired this model with in vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry in freely moving rats to test for differences in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens core at baseline, in response to a single dose of cocaine, and in response to cocaine-paired cues. Further, we examined differences in the acquisition of cocaine self-administration across groups. Results indicate that susceptibility to traumatic stress is associated with alterations in phasic dopamine signaling architecture that increase the rate at which dopamine signals entrain to cocaine-associated cues and increase the magnitude of persistent cue-evoked dopamine signals following training. These changes in phasic dopamine signaling correspond with increases in the rate at which susceptible rats develop excessive cocaine-taking behavior. Together, our studies demonstrate that susceptibility to traumatic stress is associated with a cocaine use-vulnerable phenotype and suggests that differences in phasic dopamine signaling architecture may contribute to the process by which this vulnerability occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Brodnik
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA
| | - Emily M. Black
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA
| | - Rodrigo A. España
- 0000 0001 2181 3113grid.166341.7Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900W Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA
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27
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Budygin EA, Bass CE, Grinevich VP, Deal AL, Bonin KD, Weiner JL. Opposite Consequences of Tonic and Phasic Increases in Accumbal Dopamine on Alcohol-Seeking Behavior. iScience 2020; 23:100877. [PMID: 32062422 PMCID: PMC7031354 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many years of work on dopaminergic mechanisms of alcohol addiction, much of the evidence remains mostly correlative in nature. Fortunately, recent technological advances have provided the opportunity to explore the causal role of alterations in neurotransmission within circuits involved in addictive behaviors. Here, we address this critical gap in our knowledge by integrating an optogenetic approach and an operant alcohol self-administration paradigm to assess directly how accumbal dopamine (DA) release dynamics influences the appetitive (seeking) component of alcohol-drinking behavior. We show that appetitive reward-seeking behavior in rats trained to self-administer alcohol can be shaped causally by ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens (VTA-NAc) DA neurotransmission. Our findings reveal that phasic patterns of DA release within this circuit enhance a discrete measure of alcohol seeking, whereas tonic patterns of stimulation inhibit this behavior. Moreover, we provide mechanistic evidence that tonic-phasic interplay within the VTA-NAc DA circuit underlies these seemingly paradoxical effects. VTA-NAc DA transmission can bidirectionally modulate motivated behavior Optogenetic increases in phasic DA release in the NAc enhance alcohol seeking Optogenetic increases in tonic DA release in the NAc inhibit alcohol seeking Phasic DA release can be decreased by the concurrent tonic activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Budygin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Caroline E Bass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Valentina P Grinevich
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Alex L Deal
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Keith D Bonin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jeff L Weiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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28
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Bradley CA, Palmatier MI. Intravenous and oral caffeine self-administration in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 203:72-82. [PMID: 31404852 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is widely consumed for its psychoactive effects worldwide. No pre-clinical study has established reliable caffeine self-administration, but we found that caffeine can enhance the reinforcing effects of non-drug rewards. The goal of the present studies was to determine if this effect of caffeine could result in reliable caffeine self-administration. In 2 experiments rats could make an operant response for caffeine delivered in conjunction with an oral 'vehicle' including saccharin (0.2% w/v) as a primary reinforcer. In Experiment 1, intravenous (IV) caffeine infusions were delivered in conjunction with oral saccharin for meeting the schedule of reinforcement. In control conditions, oral saccharin alone or presentations of IV caffeine alone served as the reinforcer. In Experiment 2, access to caffeine was provided in an oral vehicle containing water, decaffeinated instant coffee (0.5% w/v), or decaffeinated coffee and saccharin (0.2%). The concentration of oral caffeine was then manipulated across testing sessions. Oral and IV caffeine robustly increased responding for saccharin in a manner that was repeatable, reliable, and systematically related to unit IV dose. However, the relationship between oral caffeine dose and operant behavior was less systematic; the rats appeared to titrate their caffeine intake by reducing the consummatory response (drinking) rather than the appetitive response (lever pressing). These studies establish reliable volitional caffeine self-administration in rats. The reinforcement enhancing effects of caffeine may help to explain widespread caffeine use by humans, who ingest caffeine in complex vehicles with reinforcing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A Bradley
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers Stout Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States
| | - Matthew I Palmatier
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers Stout Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States.
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29
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Collins AL, Aitken TJ, Huang IW, Shieh C, Greenfield VY, Monbouquette HG, Ostlund SB, Wassum KM. Nucleus Accumbens Cholinergic Interneurons Oppose Cue-Motivated Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:388-396. [PMID: 30955842 PMCID: PMC7003647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental reward-predictive stimuli provide a major source of motivation for adaptive reward pursuit behavior. This cue-motivated behavior is known to be mediated by the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core. The cholinergic interneurons in the NAc are tonically active and densely arborized and thus well suited to modulate NAc function. However, their causal contribution to adaptive behavior remains unknown. Here we investigated the function of NAc cholinergic interneurons in cue-motivated behavior. METHODS We used chemogenetics, optogenetics, pharmacology, and a translationally analogous Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer behavioral task designed to assess the motivating influence of a reward-predictive cue over reward-seeking actions in male and female rats. RESULTS The data show that NAc cholinergic interneuron activity critically opposes the motivating influence of appetitive cues. Chemogenetic inhibition of NAc cholinergic interneurons augmented cue-motivated behavior. Optical stimulation of acetylcholine release from NAc cholinergic interneurons prevented cues from invigorating reward-seeking behavior, an effect that was mediated by activation of β2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. CONCLUSIONS NAc cholinergic interneurons provide a critical regulatory influence over adaptive cue-motivated behavior and therefore are a potential therapeutic target for the maladaptive cue-motivated behavior that marks many psychiatric conditions, including addiction and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tara J Aitken
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - I-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine Shieh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Venuz Y Greenfield
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Harold G Monbouquette
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Kate M Wassum
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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30
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Addiction as Learned Behavior Patterns. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081086. [PMID: 31344831 PMCID: PMC6723628 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) have to cope with drug-related cues and contexts which can affect instrumental drug seeking, as shown with Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks among humans and animals. Our review addresses two potential mechanisms that may contribute to habitual or even compulsive drug seeking and taking. One mechanism is represented by Pavlovian and PIT effects on drug intake. The other is a shift from goal-directed to habitual drug intake, which can be accessed via model-based versus model-free decision-making in respective learning tasks. We discuss the impact of these learning mechanisms on drug consumption. First, we describe how Pavlovian and instrumental learning mechanisms interact in drug addiction. Secondly, we address the effects of acute and chronic stress exposure on behavioral and neural PIT effects in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Thirdly, we discuss how these learning mechanisms and their respective neurobiological correlates can contribute to losing versus regaining control over drug intake. Utilizing mobile technology (mobile applications on smartphones including games that measure learning mechanisms, activity bracelets), computational models, and real-world data may help to better identify patients with a high relapse risk and to offer targeted behavioral and pharmacotherapeutic interventions for vulnerable patients.
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31
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Rotolo RA, Dragacevic V, Kalaba P, Urban E, Zehl M, Roller A, Wackerlig J, Langer T, Pistis M, De Luca MA, Caria F, Schwartz R, Presby RE, Yang JH, Samels S, Correa M, Lubec G, Salamone JD. The Novel Atypical Dopamine Uptake Inhibitor (S)-CE-123 Partially Reverses the Effort-Related Effects of the Dopamine Depleting Agent Tetrabenazine and Increases Progressive Ratio Responding. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:682. [PMID: 31316379 PMCID: PMC6611521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies of effort-based choice behavior are being used to model effort-related motivational dysfunctions in humans. With these procedures, animals are offered a choice between high-effort instrumental actions leading to highly valued reinforcers vs. low effort/low reward options. Several previous studies have shown that dopamine (DA) uptake inhibitors, including GBR12909, lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, and PRX-14040, can reverse the effort-related effects of the vesicular monoamine transport blocker tetrabenazine, which inhibits DA storage. Because many drugs that block DA transport act as major stimulants that also release DA, and produce a number of undesirable side effects, there is a need to develop and characterize novel atypical DA transport inhibitors. (S)-CE-123 ((S)-5-((benzhydrylsulfinyl) methyl)thiazole) is a recently developed analog of modafinil with the biochemical characteristics of an atypical DA transport blocker. The present paper describes the enantioselective synthesis and initial chemical characterization of (S)-CE-123, as well as behavioral experiments involving effort-based choice and microdialysis studies of extracellular DA. Rats were assessed using the fixed ratio 5/chow feeding choice test. Tetrabenazine (1.0 mg/kg) shifted choice behavior, decreasing lever pressing and increasing chow intake. (S)-CE-123 was coadministered at doses ranging from 6.0 to 24.0 mg/kg, and the highest dose partially but significantly reversed the effects of tetrabenazine, although this dose had no effect on fixed ratio responding when administered alone. Additional experiments showed that (S)-CE-123 significantly increased lever pressing on a progressive ratio/chow feeding choice task and that the effective dose (24.0 mg/kg) increased extracellular DA in nucleus accumbens core. In summary, (S)-CE-123 has the behavioral and neurochemical profile of a compound that can block DA transport, reverse the effort-related effects of tetrabenazine, and increase selection of high-effort progressive ratio responding. This suggests that (S)-CE-123 or a similar compound could be useful as a treatment for effort-related motivational dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Rotolo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Vladimir Dragacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Zehl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- X-ray Structure Analysis Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Wackerlig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rebecca Schwartz
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Rose E Presby
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Jen-Hau Yang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Shanna Samels
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Merce Correa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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32
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Halbout B, Marshall AT, Azimi A, Liljeholm M, Mahler SV, Wassum KM, Ostlund SB. Mesolimbic dopamine projections mediate cue-motivated reward seeking but not reward retrieval in rats. eLife 2019; 8:43551. [PMID: 31107241 PMCID: PMC6548499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient foraging requires an ability to coordinate discrete reward-seeking and reward-retrieval behaviors. We used pathway-specific chemogenetic inhibition to investigate how rats’ mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine circuits contribute to the expression and modulation of reward seeking and retrieval. Inhibiting ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons disrupted the tendency for reward-paired cues to motivate reward seeking, but spared their ability to increase attempts to retrieve reward. Similar effects were produced by inhibiting dopamine inputs to nucleus accumbens, but not medial prefrontal cortex. Inhibiting dopamine neurons spared the suppressive effect of reward devaluation on reward seeking, an assay of goal-directed behavior. Attempts to retrieve reward persisted after devaluation, indicating they were habitually performed as part of a fixed action sequence. Our findings show that complete bouts of reward seeking and retrieval are behaviorally and neurally dissociable from bouts of reward seeking without retrieval. This dichotomy may prove useful for uncovering mechanisms of maladaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briac Halbout
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Andrew T Marshall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Ali Azimi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Mimi Liljeholm
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Kate M Wassum
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
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33
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Iordanova MD. Dopamine Signaling Is Critical for Supporting Cue-Driven Behavioral Control. Neuroscience 2019; 412:257-258. [PMID: 31103706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesolimbic dopamine has been implicated in reward learning. Fischbach-Weiss and Janak (this issue) use optogenetics to attenuate dopamine signaling and study its role in cue-driven motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela D Iordanova
- Department of Psychology/Centre for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
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34
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McLaurin KA, Cook AK, Li H, League AF, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Synaptic Connectivity in Medium Spiny Neurons of the Nucleus Accumbens: A Sex-Dependent Mechanism Underlying Apathy in the HIV-1 Transgenic Rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:285. [PMID: 30524255 PMCID: PMC6262032 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal-subcortical circuit dysfunction is commonly associated with apathy, a neuropsychiatric sequelae of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Behavioral and neurochemical indices of apathy in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain region involved in frontal-subcortical circuitry, are influenced by the factor of biological sex. Despite evidence of sex differences in HIV-1, the effect of biological sex on medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which are central integrators of frontal-subcortical input, has not been systematically evaluated. In the present study, a DiOlistic labeling technique was used to investigate the role of long-term HIV-1 viral protein exposure, the factor of biological sex, and their possible interaction, on synaptic dysfunction in MSNs of the NAc in the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat. HIV-1 Tg rats, independent of biological sex, displayed profound alterations in synaptic connectivity, evidenced by a prominent shift in the distribution of dendritic spines. Female HIV-1 Tg rats, but not male HIV-1 Tg rats, exhibited alterations in dendritic branching and neuronal arbor complexity relative to control animals, supporting an alteration in glutamate neurotransmission. Morphologically, HIV-1 Tg male, but not female HIV-1 Tg rats, displayed a population shift towards decreased dendritic spine volume, suggesting decreased synaptic area, relative to control animals. Synaptic dysfunction accurately identified presence of the HIV-1 transgene, dependent upon biological sex, with at least 80% accuracy (i.e., Male: 80%; Female: 90%). Collectively, these results support a primary alteration in circuit connectivity, the mechanism of which is dependent upon biological sex. Understanding the effect of biological sex on the underlying neural mechanism for HIV-1 associated apathy is vital for the development of sex-based therapeutics and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A McLaurin
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Anna K Cook
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Alexis F League
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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35
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Ostlund SB, Cui Y. Not worth the wait: cocaine alters reward processing in the nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2333-2334. [PMID: 29844476 PMCID: PMC6180040 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean B. Ostlund
- 0000 0001 0668 7243grid.266093.8Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Yijun Cui
- 0000 0001 0668 7243grid.266093.8Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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36
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Radke AK, Kocharian A, Covey DP, Lovinger DM, Cheer JF, Mateo Y, Holmes A. Contributions of nucleus accumbens dopamine to cognitive flexibility. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2023-2035. [PMID: 30218623 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a compelling evidence that midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons and their projections to the ventral striatum provide a mechanism for motivating reward-seeking behavior, and for utilizing information about unexpected reward prediction errors (RPEs) to guide behavior based on current, rather than historical, outcomes. When this mechanism is compromised in addictions, it may produce patterns of maladaptive behavior that remain obdurate in the face of contrary information and even adverse consequences. Nonetheless, DAergic contributions to performance on behavioral tasks that rely on the ability to flexibly update stimulus-reward relationships remains incompletly understood. In the current study, we used a discrimination and reversal paradigm to monitor subsecond DA release in mouse NAc core (NAc) using in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). We observed post-choice elevations in phasic NAc DA release; however, increased DA transients were only evident during early reversal when mice made responses at the newly rewarded stimulus. Based on this finding, we used in vivo optogenetic (eNpHR) photosilencing and (Channelrhodopsin2 [ChR2]) photostimulation to assess the effects of manipulating VTA-DAergic fibers in the NAc on reversal performance. Photosilencing the VTA → NAc DAergic pathway during early reversal increased errors, while photostimulation did not demonstrably affect behavior. Taken together, these data provide additional evidence of the importance of NAc DA release as a neural substrate supporting adjustments in learned behavior after a switch in expected stimulus-reward contingencies. These findings have possible implications for furthering understanding the role of DA in persistent, maladaptive decision-making characterizing addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Radke
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Psychology Department, Miami University, 90 N Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Adrina Kocharian
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dan P Covey
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Heterogeneous dopamine signals support distinct features of motivated actions: implications for learning and addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:416-424. [PMID: 30115763 PMCID: PMC6097772 DOI: 10.1101/lm.047019.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, investigations into effective neural and pharmacological therapies for many drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, have produced no FDA-approved approaches. This difficulty derives from the complexity of substance use disorders, which encompass a variety of behavioral, psychological, and neural circuit-based changes that occur as a result of repeated experience with the drug. Dopamine signaling has been demonstrated to play a key role in several aspects of drug abuse—from mediating its reinforcing properties and drug-seeking to triggering relapse—while also mediating a number of important aspects of normal (nondrug related) motivated behaviors and actions. Real-time recording methods such as in vivo voltammetry, electrophysiology, and calcium imaging demonstrate that the signaling properties of dopamine for motivationally relevant stimuli are highly dynamic and spatiotemporally circumscribed within afferent target regions. In this review, we identify the origins and functional consequences of heterogeneous dopamine release in the limbic system, and how these properties are persistently altered in the drug-experienced brain. We propose that these spatiotemporally parallel dopaminergic signals are simultaneously available to the animal, but that these circuits are impaired following prolonged drug experience by disrupting the location and content of dopamine signals in afferent target regions. These findings are discussed in the context of relapse and pathways to discovering new treatments for addiction disorders.
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Marshall AT, Ostlund SB. Repeated cocaine exposure dysregulates cognitive control over cue-evoked reward-seeking behavior during Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:399-409. [PMID: 30115761 PMCID: PMC6097769 DOI: 10.1101/lm.047621.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug-paired cues acquire powerful motivational properties, but only lead to active drug-seeking behavior if they are potent enough to overwhelm the cognitive control processes that serve to suppress such urges. Studies using the Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) task have shown that rats pretreated with cocaine or amphetamine exhibit heightened levels of cue-motivated food-seeking behavior, suggesting that exposure to these drugs sensitizes the incentive motivational system. However, the PIT testing protocol can also create conflict between two competing behavioral responses to the reward-paired cue: active reward seeking (e.g., lever pressing) and passive conditioned food-cup approach behavior. We therefore investigated whether repeated cocaine exposure alters the way in which rats use cue-based reward expectations to resolve such conflict. In-depth analysis of previously published and new research confirmed that when drug-naïve rats are given a cue that signals the timing of a delayed noncontingent reward, they adaptively transition from reward seeking to conditioned approach behavior, facilitating efficient collection of the predicted reward. In contrast, cocaine-exposed rats exhibit pronounced behavioral dysregulation, increasing, rather than suppressing, their reward-seeking behavior over time, disrupting their ability to passively collect reward. Such findings speak to the important and sometimes overlooked role that cognitive control plays in determining the motivational impact of cues associated with drug and nondrug rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Marshall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Kosheleff AR, Araki J, Hsueh J, Le A, Quizon K, Ostlund SB, Maidment NT, Murphy NP. Pattern of access determines influence of junk food diet on cue sensitivity and palatability. Appetite 2018; 123:135-145. [PMID: 29248689 PMCID: PMC5817006 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Like drug addiction, cues associated with palatable foods can trigger food-seeking, even when sated. However, whether susceptibility to the motivating influence of food-related cues is a predisposing factor in overeating or a consequence of poor diet is difficult to determine in humans. Using a rodent model, we explored whether a highly palatable 'junk food' diet impacts responses to reward-paired cues in a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer test, using sweetened condensed milk (SCM) as the reward. The hedonic impact of SCM consumption was also assessed by analyzing licking microstructure. METHODS To probe the effects of pattern and duration of junk food exposure, we provided rats with either regular chow ad libitum (controls) or chow plus access to junk food for either 2 or 24 h per day for 1, 3, or 6 weeks. We also examined how individual susceptibility to weight gain related to these measures. RESULTS Rats provided 24 h access to the junk food diet were insensitive to the motivational effects of a SCM-paired cue when tested sated even though their hedonic experience upon reward consumption was similar to controls. In contrast, rats provided restricted, 2 h access to junk food exhibited a cue generalization phenotype under sated conditions, lever-pressing with increased vigor in response to both a SCM-paired cue, and a cue not previously paired with reward. Hedonic response was also significantly higher in these animals relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the pattern of junk food exposure differentially alters the hedonic impact of palatable foods and susceptibility to the motivating influence of cues in the environment to promote food-seeking actions when sated, which may be consequential for understanding overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa R Kosheleff
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jingwen Araki
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Hsueh
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin Quizon
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, 3111 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility 837 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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40
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Kosheleff AR, Araki J, Tsan L, Chen G, Murphy NP, Maidment NT, Ostlund SB. Junk Food Exposure Disrupts Selection of Food-Seeking Actions in Rats. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:350. [PMID: 30166974 PMCID: PMC6106797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that repeated consumption of highly palatable, nutritionally poor "junk food" diets can produce deficits in cognition and behavioral control. We explored whether long-term junk-food diet exposure disrupts rats' ability to make adaptive choices about which foods to pursue based on (1) expected reward value (outcome devaluation test) and (2) cue-evoked reward expectations (Pavlovian-to-instrumental test). Rats were initially food restricted and trained on two distinct response-outcome contingencies (e.g., left press chocolate pellets, and right press sweetened condensed milk) and stimulus-outcome contingencies (e.g., white noise chocolate pellets, and clicker sweetened condensed milk). They were then given 6 weeks of unrestricted access to regular chow alone (controls) or chow and either 1 or 24 h access to junk food per day. Subsequent tests of decision making revealed that rats in both junk-food diet groups were impaired in selecting actions based on either expected food value or the presence of food-paired cues. These data demonstrate that chronic junk food consumption can disrupt the processes underlying adaptive control over food-seeking behavior. We suggest that the resulting dysregulation of food seeking may contribute to overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa R Kosheleff
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jingwen Araki
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Linda Tsan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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41
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Surgical Treatment for Refractory Drug Addiction. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Berridge KC, Robinson TE. Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 71:670-679. [PMID: 27977239 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rewards are both "liked" and "wanted," and those 2 words seem almost interchangeable. However, the brain circuitry that mediates the psychological process of "wanting" a particular reward is dissociable from circuitry that mediates the degree to which it is "liked." Incentive salience or "wanting," a form of motivation, is generated by large and robust neural systems that include mesolimbic dopamine. By comparison, "liking," or the actual pleasurable impact of reward consumption, is mediated by smaller and fragile neural systems, and is not dependent on dopamine. The incentive-sensitization theory posits the essence of drug addiction to be excessive amplification specifically of psychological "wanting," especially triggered by cues, without necessarily an amplification of "liking." This is because of long-lasting changes in dopamine-related motivation systems of susceptible individuals, called "neural sensitization." A quarter-century after its proposal, evidence has continued to grow in support the incentive-sensitization theory. Further, its scope is now expanding to include diverse behavioral addictions and other psychopathologies. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Saddoris MP, Sugam JA, Carelli RM. Prior Cocaine Experience Impairs Normal Phasic Dopamine Signals of Reward Value in Accumbens Shell. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:766-773. [PMID: 27604567 PMCID: PMC5240185 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine signals have repeatedly been linked to associative learning and motivational processes. However, there is considerably less agreement on a role for dopamine in reward processing, and therefore whether neuroplastic changes in dopamine function following chronic exposure to drugs of abuse such as cocaine may impair appropriate valuation of rewarding stimuli. To quantify this, we voltammetrically measured real-time dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core or shell while rats received unsignaled deliveries of either a small (1 pellet) or large (2 pellets) reward. In drug-naive controls, core dopamine signals did not discriminate between reward size at any point, while in the shell dopamine encoded magnitude differences only in a slower postpeak period. Despite this lack of discrimination between rewards by the peak DA response, controls easily discriminated between reward options in a subsequent choice task. In contrast, phasic dopamine reward signals were strongly altered by cocaine experience; core dopamine decreased peak response but increased discrimination between reward magnitudes while shell lost phasic responses to reward receipt altogether. Notably, animals with cocaine-associated alterations in dopamine signals for reward magnitude failed to subsequently discriminate between reward options. These findings suggest that cocaine self-administration alters the ability for dopamine signals to appropriately assign value to rewards and thus may in part contribute to later deficits in behaviors that depend on appropriate outcome valuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Saddoris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan A Sugam
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Regina M Carelli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ostlund SB, Liu AT, Wassum KM, Maidment NT. Modulation of cue-triggered reward seeking by cholinergic signaling in the dorsomedial striatum. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:358-364. [PMID: 27813263 PMCID: PMC5293608 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) has been strongly implicated in flexible, outcome-based decision making, including the outcome-specific Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer effect (PIT), which measures the tendency for a reward-predictive cue to preferentially motivate actions that have been associated with the predicted reward over actions associated with different rewards. Although the neurochemical underpinnings of this effect are not well understood, there is growing evidence that striatal acetylcholine signaling may play an important role. This study investigated this hypothesis by assessing the effects of intra-DMS infusions of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine or the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine on expression of specific PIT in rats. These treatments produced dissociable behavioral effects. Mecamylamine infusions enhanced rats' tendency to use specific cue-elicited outcome expectations to select whichever action was trained with the predicted outcome, relative to their performance when tested after vehicle infusions. In contrast, scopolamine infusions appeared to render instrumental performance insensitive to this motivational influence of reward-paired cues. These drug treatments had no detectable effect on conditioned food cup approach behavior, indicating that they selectively perturbed cue-guided action selection without producing more wide-ranging alterations in behavioral control. Our findings reveal an important role for DMS acetylcholine signaling in modulating the impact of cue-evoked reward expectations on instrumental action selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, 3111 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, UCI, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, UCI, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Angela T Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, 3111 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, UCI, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kate M Wassum
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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45
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Cartoni E, Balleine B, Baldassarre G. Appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental Transfer: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:829-848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Collins AL, Aitken TJ, Greenfield VY, Ostlund SB, Wassum KM. Nucleus Accumbens Acetylcholine Receptors Modulate Dopamine and Motivation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2830-2838. [PMID: 27240658 PMCID: PMC5061892 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental reward-predictive cues can motivate reward-seeking behaviors. Although this influence is normally adaptive, it can become maladaptive in disordered states, such as addiction. Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core (NAc) is known to mediate the motivational impact of reward-predictive cues, but little is known about how other neuromodulatory systems contribute to cue-motivated behavior. Here, we examined the role of the NAc cholinergic receptor system in cue-motivated behavior using a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer task designed to assess the motivating influence of a reward-predictive cue over an independently-trained instrumental action. Disruption of NAc muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity attenuated, whereas blockade of nicotinic receptors augmented cue-induced invigoration of reward seeking. We next examined a potential dopaminergic mechanism for this behavioral effect by combining fast-scan cyclic voltammetry with local pharmacological acetylcholine receptor manipulation. The data show evidence of opposing modulation of cue-evoked dopamine release, with muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists causing suppression and augmentation, respectively, consistent with the behavioral effects of these manipulations. In addition to demonstrating cholinergic modulation of naturally-evoked and behaviorally-relevant dopamine signaling, these data suggest that NAc cholinergic receptors may gate the expression of cue-motivated behavior through modulation of phasic dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara J Aitken
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, UCI, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kate M Wassum
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, UCLA, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA, Tel: 3108255443, Fax: 310 206 5895, E-mail:
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Park BY, Wilson G, Berger J, Christman M, Reina B, Bishop F, Klam WP, Doan AP. Is Internet Pornography Causing Sexual Dysfunctions? A Review with Clinical Reports. Behav Sci (Basel) 2016; 6:E17. [PMID: 27527226 PMCID: PMC5039517 DOI: 10.3390/bs6030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional factors that once explained men's sexual difficulties appear insufficient to account for the sharp rise in erectile dysfunction, delayed ejaculation, decreased sexual satisfaction, and diminished libido during partnered sex in men under 40. This review (1) considers data from multiple domains, e.g., clinical, biological (addiction/urology), psychological (sexual conditioning), sociological; and (2) presents a series of clinical reports, all with the aim of proposing a possible direction for future research of this phenomenon. Alterations to the brain's motivational system are explored as a possible etiology underlying pornography-related sexual dysfunctions. This review also considers evidence that Internet pornography's unique properties (limitless novelty, potential for easy escalation to more extreme material, video format, etc.) may be potent enough to condition sexual arousal to aspects of Internet pornography use that do not readily transition to real-life partners, such that sex with desired partners may not register as meeting expectations and arousal declines. Clinical reports suggest that terminating Internet pornography use is sometimes sufficient to reverse negative effects, underscoring the need for extensive investigation using methodologies that have subjects remove the variable of Internet pornography use. In the interim, a simple diagnostic protocol for assessing patients with porn-induced sexual dysfunction is put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Y Park
- Flight Surgeon, Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40, Norfolk, VA 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92592, USA.
| | - Gary Wilson
- The Reward Foundation, 5 Rose Street, Edinburgh EH2 2PR, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jonathan Berger
- Department of Urology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92592, USA.
| | - Matthew Christman
- Department of Urology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92592, USA.
| | - Bryn Reina
- Department of Mental Health, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92592, USA.
| | - Frank Bishop
- Department of Ophthalmology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92592, USA.
| | - Warren P Klam
- Department of Mental Health, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92592, USA.
| | - Andrew P Doan
- Department of Mental Health, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92592, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92592, USA.
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Fattore L, Diana M. Drug addiction: An affective-cognitive disorder in need of a cure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:341-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cocaine Self-Administration Experience Induces Pathological Phasic Accumbens Dopamine Signals and Abnormal Incentive Behaviors in Drug-Abstinent Rats. J Neurosci 2016; 36:235-50. [PMID: 26740664 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3468-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic exposure to drugs of abuse is linked to long-lasting alterations in the function of limbic system structures, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Although cocaine acts via dopaminergic mechanisms within the NAc, less is known about whether phasic dopamine (DA) signaling in the NAc is altered in animals with cocaine self-administration experience or if these animals learn and interact normally with stimuli in their environment. Here, separate groups of rats self-administered either intravenous cocaine or water to a receptacle (controls), followed by 30 d of enforced abstinence. Next, all rats learned an appetitive Pavlovian discrimination and voltammetric recordings of real-time DA release were taken in either the NAc core or shell of cocaine and control subjects. Cocaine experience differentially impaired DA signaling in the core and shell relative to controls. Although phasic DA signals in the shell were essentially abolished for all stimuli, in the core, DA did not distinguish between cues and was abnormally biased toward reward delivery. Further, cocaine rats were unable to learn higher-order associations and even altered simple conditioned approach behaviors, displaying enhanced preoccupation with cue-associated stimuli (sign-tracking; ST) but diminished time at the food cup awaiting reward delivery (goal-tracking). Critically, whereas control DA signaling correlated with ST behaviors, cocaine experience abolished this relationship. These findings show that cocaine has persistent, differential, and pathological effects on both DA signaling and DA-dependent behaviors and suggest that psychostimulant experience may remodel the very circuits that bias organisms toward repeated relapse. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Relapsing to drug abuse despite periods of abstinence and sincere attempts to quit is one of the most pernicious facets of addiction. Unfortunately, little is known about how the dopamine (DA) system functions after periods of drug abstinence, particularly its role in behavior in nondrug situations. Here, rats learned about food-paired stimuli after prolonged abstinence from cocaine self-administration. Using voltammetry, we found that real-time DA signals in cocaine-experienced rats were strikingly altered relative to controls. Further, cocaine-experienced animals found reward-predictive stimuli abnormally salient and spent more time interacting with cues. Therefore, cocaine induces neuroplastic changes in the DA system that biases animals toward salient stimuli (including reward-associated cues), putting addicts at increasing risk to relapse as addiction increases in severity.
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Garbusow M, Schad DJ, Sebold M, Friedel E, Bernhardt N, Koch SP, Steinacher B, Kathmann N, Geurts DEM, Sommer C, Müller DK, Nebe S, Paul S, Wittchen HU, Zimmermann US, Walter H, Smolka MN, Sterzer P, Rapp MA, Huys QJM, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A. Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer effects in the nucleus accumbens relate to relapse in alcohol dependence. Addict Biol 2016; 21:719-31. [PMID: 25828702 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In detoxified alcohol-dependent patients, alcohol-related stimuli can promote relapse. However, to date, the mechanisms by which contextual stimuli promote relapse have not been elucidated in detail. One hypothesis is that such contextual stimuli directly stimulate the motivation to drink via associated brain regions like the ventral striatum and thus promote alcohol seeking, intake and relapse. Pavlovian-to-Instrumental-Transfer (PIT) may be one of those behavioral phenomena contributing to relapse, capturing how Pavlovian conditioned (contextual) cues determine instrumental behavior (e.g. alcohol seeking and intake). We used a PIT paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of classically conditioned Pavlovian stimuli on instrumental choices in n = 31 detoxified patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence and n = 24 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Patients were followed up over a period of 3 months. We observed that (1) there was a significant behavioral PIT effect for all participants, which was significantly more pronounced in alcohol-dependent patients; (2) PIT was significantly associated with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in subsequent relapsers only; and (3) PIT-related NAcc activation was associated with, and predictive of, critical outcomes (amount of alcohol intake and relapse during a 3 months follow-up period) in alcohol-dependent patients. These observations show for the first time that PIT-related BOLD signals, as a measure of the influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental behavior, predict alcohol intake and relapse in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Daniel J. Schad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Eva Friedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Nadine Bernhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stefan P. Koch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Bruno Steinacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Geriatric Psychiatry; Vivantes Wenckebach-Klinikum; Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Germany
| | - Dirk E. M. Geurts
- Radboud University; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Christian Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Dirk K. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stephan Nebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Sören Paul
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
| | - Michael A. Rapp
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Area of Excellence Cognitive Sciences; University of Potsdam; Germany
| | - Quentin J. M. Huys
- Centre for Addiction Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry; University of Zürich; Switzerland
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University of Zurich and ETH Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
- Max Planck Fellow Group ‘Cognitive and Affective Control of Behavioral Adaptation’; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte; Germany
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