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Murray L, Frederick BB, Janes AC. Data-driven connectivity profiles relate to smoking cessation outcomes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1007-1013. [PMID: 38280945 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
At a group level, nicotine dependence is linked to differences in resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) within and between three large-scale brain networks: the salience network (SN), default mode network (DMN), and frontoparietal network (FPN). Yet, individuals may display distinct patterns of rs-FC that impact treatment outcomes. This study used a data-driven approach, Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME), to characterize shared and person-specific rs-FC features linked with clinically-relevant treatment outcomes. 49 nicotine-dependent adults completed a resting-state fMRI scan prior to a two-week smoking cessation attempt. We used GIMME to identify group, subgroup, and individual-level networks of SN, DMN, and FPN connectivity. Regression models assessed whether within- and between-network connectivity of individual rs-FC models was associated with baseline cue-induced craving, and craving and use of regular cigarettes (i.e., "slips") during cessation. As a group, participants displayed shared patterns of connectivity within all three networks, and connectivity between the SN-FPN and DMN-SN. However, there was substantial heterogeneity across individuals. Individuals with greater within-network SN connectivity experienced more slips during treatment, while individuals with greater DMN-FPN connectivity experienced fewer slips. Individuals with more anticorrelated DMN-SN connectivity reported lower craving during treatment, while SN-FPN connectivity was linked to higher craving. In conclusion, in nicotine-dependent adults, GIMME identified substantial heterogeneity within and between the large-scale brain networks. Individuals with greater SN connectivity may be at increased risk for relapse during treatment, while a greater positive DMN-FPN and negative DMN-SN connectivity may be protective for individuals during smoking cessation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Murray
- Cognitive and Pharmacological Neuroimaging Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Blaise B Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amy C Janes
- Cognitive and Pharmacological Neuroimaging Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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2
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Sangchooli A, Zare-Bidoky M, Fathi Jouzdani A, Schacht J, Bjork JM, Claus ED, Prisciandaro JJ, Wilson SJ, Wüstenberg T, Potvin S, Ahmadi P, Bach P, Baldacchino A, Beck A, Brady KT, Brewer JA, Childress AR, Courtney KE, Ebrahimi M, Filbey FM, Garavan H, Ghahremani DG, Goldstein RZ, Goudriaan AE, Grodin EN, Hanlon CA, Haugg A, Heilig M, Heinz A, Holczer A, Van Holst RJ, Joseph JE, Juliano AC, Kaufman MJ, Kiefer F, Khojasteh Zonoozi A, Kuplicki RT, Leyton M, London ED, Mackey S, McClernon FJ, Mellick WH, Morley K, Noori HR, Oghabian MA, Oliver JA, Owens M, Paulus MP, Perini I, Rafei P, Ray LA, Sinha R, Smolka MN, Soleimani G, Spanagel R, Steele VR, Tapert SF, Vollstädt-Klein S, Wetherill RR, Witkiewitz K, Yuan K, Zhang X, Verdejo-Garcia A, Potenza MN, Janes AC, Kober H, Zilverstand A, Ekhtiari H. Parameter Space and Potential for Biomarker Development in 25 Years of fMRI Drug Cue Reactivity: A Systematic Review. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:414-425. [PMID: 38324323 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Importance In the last 25 years, functional magnetic resonance imaging drug cue reactivity (FDCR) studies have characterized some core aspects in the neurobiology of drug addiction. However, no FDCR-derived biomarkers have been approved for treatment development or clinical adoption. Traversing this translational gap requires a systematic assessment of the FDCR literature evidence, its heterogeneity, and an evaluation of possible clinical uses of FDCR-derived biomarkers. Objective To summarize the state of the field of FDCR, assess their potential for biomarker development, and outline a clear process for biomarker qualification to guide future research and validation efforts. Evidence Review The PubMed and Medline databases were searched for every original FDCR investigation published from database inception until December 2022. Collected data covered study design, participant characteristics, FDCR task design, and whether each study provided evidence that might potentially help develop susceptibility, diagnostic, response, prognostic, predictive, or severity biomarkers for 1 or more addictive disorders. Findings There were 415 FDCR studies published between 1998 and 2022. Most focused on nicotine (122 [29.6%]), alcohol (120 [29.2%]), or cocaine (46 [11.1%]), and most used visual cues (354 [85.3%]). Together, these studies recruited 19 311 participants, including 13 812 individuals with past or current substance use disorders. Most studies could potentially support biomarker development, including diagnostic (143 [32.7%]), treatment response (141 [32.3%]), severity (84 [19.2%]), prognostic (30 [6.9%]), predictive (25 [5.7%]), monitoring (12 [2.7%]), and susceptibility (2 [0.5%]) biomarkers. A total of 155 interventional studies used FDCR, mostly to investigate pharmacological (67 [43.2%]) or cognitive/behavioral (51 [32.9%]) interventions; 141 studies used FDCR as a response measure, of which 125 (88.7%) reported significant interventional FDCR alterations; and 25 studies used FDCR as an intervention outcome predictor, with 24 (96%) finding significant associations between FDCR markers and treatment outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Based on this systematic review and the proposed biomarker development framework, there is a pathway for the development and regulatory qualification of FDCR-based biomarkers of addiction and recovery. Further validation could support the use of FDCR-derived measures, potentially accelerating treatment development and improving diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive clinical judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshiya Sangchooli
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mehran Zare-Bidoky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fathi Jouzdani
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joseph Schacht
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Eric D Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - James J Prisciandaro
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Field of Focus IV, Core Facility for Neuroscience of Self-Regulation (CNSR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pooria Ahmadi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alex Baldacchino
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - Anne Beck
- Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Judson A Brewer
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Mohsen Ebrahimi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Anneke E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- BrainsWay Inc, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amelie Haugg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrienn Holczer
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ruth J Van Holst
- Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jane E Joseph
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | | | - Marc J Kaufman
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arash Khojasteh Zonoozi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William H Mellick
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Kirsten Morley
- Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hamid R Noori
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Mohammad Ali Oghabian
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jason A Oliver
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Max Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | | | - Irene Perini
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Parnian Rafei
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Soleimani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Amy C Janes
- Cognitive and Pharmacological Neuroimaging Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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Lee PH, Tervo-Clemmens B, Liu RT, Gersten MB, Jung JY, Janes AC, Gilman J. Use of Tobacco Products and Suicide Attempts Among Elementary School-Aged Children. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e240376. [PMID: 38407905 PMCID: PMC10897745 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance The use of tobacco products, including e-cigarettes and vaping, has rapidly increased among children. However, despite consistent associations found between smoking cigarettes and suicidal behaviors among adolescents and adults, there are limited data on associations between emerging tobacco products and suicidal behaviors, especially among preadolescent children. Objective To examine whether the use of tobacco products is associated with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation (SI), and suicide attempts (SAs) among preadolescent children. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study, conducted from September 1, 2022, to September 5, 2023, included participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, a population-based cohort of 11 868 US children enrolled at 9 and 10 years of age. The cross-sectional investigation focused on 3-year periods starting from the baseline to year 2 of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed from October 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Children's use of tobacco products was assessed based on youth reports, including lifetime experiences of various nicotine-related products, supplemented with hair toxicologic tests. Main outcomes were children's lifetime experiences of NSSI, SI, and SAs, assessed using the K-SADS-5 (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for the DSM-5). Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to examine the associations of the use of tobacco products with NSSI, SI, and SAs among the study participants. Sociodemographic, familial, and children's behavioral, temperamental, and clinical outcomes were adjusted in the analyses. Results Of 8988 unrelated study participants (median age, 9.8 years [range, 8.9-11.0 years]; 4301 girls [47.9%]), 101 children (1.1%) and 151 children (1.7%) acknowledged lifetime use of tobacco products at baseline and at 18-month follow-up, respectively. After accounting for various suicide risk factors and potential confounders, children reporting use of tobacco products were at a 3 to 5 times increased risk of SAs (baseline: n = 153 [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 4.67; 95% CI, 2.35-9.28; false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P < .001]; year 1: n = 227 [adjusted OR, 4.25; 95% CI, 2.33-7.74; FDR-corrected P < .001]; and year 2: n = 321 [adjusted OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.58-5.13; FDR-corrected P = .001]). Of all facets of impulsivity measures that were significant correlates of use of tobacco products, negative urgency was the only independent risk factor for SAs (adjusted OR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.31-1.78]; FDR-corrected P < .001). In contrast, children's alcohol, cannabis, and prescription drug use were not associated with SAs. Conclusions and Relevance This study of US children suggests that the increased risk of SAs, consistently reported for adolescents and adults who smoke cigarettes, extends to a range of emerging tobacco products and manifests among elementary school-aged children. Further investigations are imperative to clarify the underlying mechanisms and to implement effective preventive policies for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil H Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Brenden Tervo-Clemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Richard T Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Maia B Gersten
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jae-Yoon Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Amy C Janes
- Cognitive and Pharmacological Neuroimaging Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jodi Gilman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Quam A, Biernacki K, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Janes AC. Childhood Trauma, Emotional Awareness, and Neural Correlates of Long-Term Nicotine Smoking. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2351132. [PMID: 38206627 PMCID: PMC10784870 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.51132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Temporal dynamic measures provide insight into the neurobiological properties of nicotine use. It is critical to determine whether brain-based measures are associated with substance use risk factors, such as childhood trauma-related emotion dysregulation. Objective To assess temporal dynamic differences based on smoking status and examine the associations between childhood trauma, alexithymia, nicotine smoking, and default mode network (DMN) states. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Baltimore, Maryland, area at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Participants included individuals aged 18 to 65 years who smoked nicotine long term and matched controls with no co-occurring substance use or psychiatric disorders. Participants were enrolled from August 8, 2013, to August 9, 2022. Analysis was conducted from August 2022 to July 2023. Exposure Long-term nicotine smoking. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was temporal dynamic differences based on smoking status. Coactivation pattern analysis was conducted based on 16-minute resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; total time in, persistence of, and frequency of transitions into states were evaluated. The associations between childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), alexithymia (20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and DMN temporal dynamics were assessed. Results The sample included 204 participants (102 individuals who smoked nicotine and 102 control individuals) with a mean (SD) age of 37.53 (10.64) years (109 [53.4%] male). Compared with controls, individuals who smoked nicotine spent more time in the frontoinsular DMN (FI-DMN) state (mean difference, 25.63 seconds; 95% CI, 8.05-43.20 seconds; η2p = 0.04; P = .004 after Bonferroni correction). In those who smoked nicotine, greater alexithymia was associated with less time spent in the FI-DMN state (r, -0.26; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.07; P = .007). In a moderated mediation analysis, alexithymia mediated the association between childhood trauma and time spent in the FI-DMN state only in individuals who smoked nicotine (c' = -0.24; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.03; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Compared with controls, individuals who smoked nicotine spent more time in the FI-DMN state. Among those who smoked nicotine, childhood trauma-related alexithymia was associated with less time spent in the FI-DMN state, indicating that considering trauma-related factors may reveal alternative neurobiological underpinnings of substance use. These data may aid in reconciling contradictory findings in prior literature regarding the role of FI-DMN regions in substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Quam
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn Biernacki
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy C. Janes
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wanger TJ, de Moura FB, Ashare R, Loughead J, Lukas S, Lerman C, Janes AC. Brain and cortisol responses to smoking cues are linked in tobacco-smoking individuals. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13338. [PMID: 38017638 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Cues associated with smoking can induce relapse, which is likely driven by cue-induced neurobiological and physiological mechanisms. For instance, greater relapse vulnerability is associated with increases in cue-induced insula activation and heightened cortisol concentrations. Determining if there is a link between such cue-induced responses is critical given the need for biomarkers that can be easily measured in clinical settings and used to drive targeted treatment. Further, comprehensively characterising biological reactions to cues promises to aid in the development of therapies that address this specific relapse risk factor. To determine whether brain and cortisol responses to smoking cues are linked, this study recruited 27 nicotine-dependent tobacco-smoking individuals and acquired whole-brain functional activation during a cue reactivity task; salivary cortisol was measured before and after scanning. The results showed that increases in blood-oxygen-level-dependent activation in the right anterior insula and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) when viewing smoking versus neutral cues were positively correlated with a post-scan rise in salivary cortisol concentrations. These brain regions have been previously implicated in substance use disorders for their role in salience, interoception and executive processes. These findings show that those who have a rise in cortisol following smoking cue exposure also have a related rise in cue-induced brain reactivity, in brain regions previously linked with heightened relapse vulnerability. This is clinically relevant as measuring cue-induced cortisol responses is a more accessible proxy for assessing the engagement of cue-induced neurobiological processes associated with the maintenance of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wanger
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando B de Moura
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Ashare
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - James Loughead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amy C Janes
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Korponay C, Janes AC, Frederick BB. Brain-wide functional connectivity artifactually inflates throughout fMRI scans: a problem and solution. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.08.556939. [PMID: 37745340 PMCID: PMC10515781 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is a mainstay of neuroimaging assessment of neuronal activity and functional connectivity in vivo. Thus, a chief priority is maximizing this signal's reliability and validity. To this end, the fMRI community has invested considerable effort into optimizing both experimental designs and physiological denoising procedures to improve the accuracy, across-scan reproducibility, and subject discriminability of BOLD-derived metrics like functional connectivity. Despite these advances, we discover that a substantial and ubiquitous defect remains in fMRI datasets: functional connectivity throughout the brain artifactually inflates during the course of fMRI scans - by an average of more than 70% in 15 minutes of scan time - at spatially heterogeneous rates, producing both spatial and temporal distortion of brain connectivity maps. We provide evidence that this inflation is driven by a previously unrecognized time-dependent increase of non-neuronal, systemic low-frequency oscillation (sLFO) blood flow signal during fMRI scanning. This signal is not removed by standard denoising procedures such as independent component analysis (ICA). However, we demonstrate that a specialized sLFO denoising procedure - Regressor Interpolation at Progressive Time Delays (RIPTiDe) - can be added to standard denoising pipelines to significantly attenuate functional connectivity inflation. We confirm the presence of sLFO-driven functional connectivity inflation in multiple independent fMRI datasets - including the Human Connectome Project - as well as across resting-state, task, and sleep-state conditions, and demonstrate its potential to produce false positive findings. Collectively, we present evidence for a previously unknown physiological phenomenon that spatiotemporally distorts estimates of brain connectivity in human fMRI datasets, and present a solution for mitigating this artifact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- McLean Hospital Brain Imaging Center, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Amy C. Janes
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Blaise B. Frederick
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- McLean Hospital Brain Imaging Center, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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Biernacki K, Molokotos E, Han C, Dillon DG, Leventhal AM, Janes AC. Enhanced decision-making in nicotine dependent individuals who abstain: A computational analysis using Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modeling. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 250:110890. [PMID: 37480798 PMCID: PMC10530296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variability in decision-making capacity and reward responsiveness may underlie differences in the ability to abstain from smoking. Computational modeling of choice behavior, as with the Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Model (HDDM), can help dissociate reward responsiveness from underlying components of decision-making. Here we used the HDDM to identify which decision-making or reward-related parameters, extracted from data acquired in a reward processing task, contributed to the ability of people who smoke that are not seeking treatment to abstain from cigarettes during a laboratory task. METHODS 80 adults who smoke cigarettes completed the Probabilistic Reward Task (PRT) - a signal detection task with a differential reinforcement schedule - following smoking as usual, and the Relapse Analogue Task (RAT) - a task in which participants could earn money for delaying smoking up to 50min - after a period of overnight abstinence. Two cohorts were defined by the RAT; those who waited either 0-min (n=36) or the full 50-min (n=44) before smoking. RESULTS PRT signal detection metrics indicated all subjects learned the task contingencies, with no differences in response bias or discriminability between the two groups. However, HDDM analyses indicated faster drift rates in 50-min vs. 0-min waiters. CONCLUSIONS Relative to those who did not abstain, computational modeling indicated that people who abstained from smoking for 50min showed faster evidence accumulation during reward-based decision-making. These results highlight the importance of decision-making mechanisms to smoking abstinence, and suggest that focusing on the evidence accumulation process may yield new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Biernacki
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224, United States.
| | - Elena Molokotos
- Suffolk University, Boston, MA02116, United States; CBTeam, Lexington, MA02421, United States
| | - Chungmin Han
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224, United States
| | - Daniel G Dillon
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA02478, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, United States
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States
| | - Amy C Janes
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224, United States
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8
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Wanger TJ, Janes AC, Frederick BB. Spatial variation of changes in test-retest reliability of functional connectivity after global signal regression: The effect of considering hemodynamic delay. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:668-678. [PMID: 36214198 PMCID: PMC9842913 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Global signal regression (GSR) is a controversial analysis method, since its removal of signal has been observed to reduce the reliability of functional connectivity estimates. Here, we used test-retest reliability to characterize potential differences in spatial patterns between conventional, static GSR (sGSR) and a novel dynamic form of GSR (dGSR). In contrast with sGSR, dGSR models the global signal at a time delay to correct for blood arrival time. Thus, dGSR accounts for greater variation in global signal, removes blood-flow-related nuisance signal, and leaves higher quality neuronal signal remaining. We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to estimate the reliability of functional connectivity in 462 healthy controls from the Human Connectome Project. We tested across two factors: denoising method used (control, sGSR, and dGSR), and interacquisition interval (between days, or within session while varying phase encoding direction). Reliability was estimated regionally to identify topographic patterns for each condition. sGSR and dGSR provided global reductions in reliability compared with the non-GSR control. Test-retest reliability was highest in the frontoparietal and default mode regions, and lowest in sensorimotor cortex for all conditions. dGSR provides more effective denoising in regions where both strategies greatly reduce reliability. Both GSR methods substantially reduced test-retest reliability, which was most evident in brain regions that had low reliability prior to denoising. These findings suggest that reliability of interregional correlation is likely inflated by the global signal, which is thought to primarily reflect dynamic blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Wanger
- McLean Imaging CenterMcLean HospitalBelmontMassachusettsUSA,Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amy C. Janes
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Blaise B. Frederick
- McLean Imaging CenterMcLean HospitalBelmontMassachusettsUSA,Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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9
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Ekhtiari H, Zare-Bidoky M, Sangchooli A, Janes AC, Kaufman MJ, Oliver JA, Prisciandaro JJ, Wüstenberg T, Anton RF, Bach P, Baldacchino A, Beck A, Bjork JM, Brewer J, Childress AR, Claus ED, Courtney KE, Ebrahimi M, Filbey FM, Ghahremani DG, Azbari PG, Goldstein RZ, Goudriaan AE, Grodin EN, Hamilton JP, Hanlon CA, Hassani-Abharian P, Heinz A, Joseph JE, Kiefer F, Zonoozi AK, Kober H, Kuplicki R, Li Q, London ED, McClernon J, Noori HR, Owens MM, Paulus MP, Perini I, Potenza M, Potvin S, Ray L, Schacht JP, Seo D, Sinha R, Smolka MN, Spanagel R, Steele VR, Stein EA, Steins-Loeber S, Tapert SF, Verdejo-Garcia A, Vollstädt-Klein S, Wetherill RR, Wilson SJ, Witkiewitz K, Yuan K, Zhang X, Zilverstand A. A methodological checklist for fMRI drug cue reactivity studies: development and expert consensus. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:567-595. [PMID: 35121856 PMCID: PMC9063851 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cue reactivity is one of the most frequently used paradigms in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of substance use disorders (SUDs). Although there have been promising results elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms of SUDs and SUD treatments, the interpretability and reproducibility of these studies is limited by incomplete reporting of participants' characteristics, task design, craving assessment, scanning preparation and analysis decisions in fMRI drug cue reactivity (FDCR) experiments. This hampers clinical translation, not least because systematic review and meta-analysis of published work are difficult. This consensus paper and Delphi study aims to outline the important methodological aspects of FDCR research, present structured recommendations for more comprehensive methods reporting and review the FDCR literature to assess the reporting of items that are deemed important. Forty-five FDCR scientists from around the world participated in this study. First, an initial checklist of items deemed important in FDCR studies was developed by several members of the Enhanced NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analyses (ENIGMA) Addiction working group on the basis of a systematic review. Using a modified Delphi consensus method, all experts were asked to comment on, revise or add items to the initial checklist, and then to rate the importance of each item in subsequent rounds. The reporting status of the items in the final checklist was investigated in 108 recently published FDCR studies identified through a systematic review. By the final round, 38 items reached the consensus threshold and were classified under seven major categories: 'Participants' Characteristics', 'General fMRI Information', 'General Task Information', 'Cue Information', 'Craving Assessment Inside Scanner', 'Craving Assessment Outside Scanner' and 'Pre- and Post-Scanning Considerations'. The review of the 108 FDCR papers revealed significant gaps in the reporting of the items considered important by the experts. For instance, whereas items in the 'General fMRI Information' category were reported in 90.5% of the reviewed papers, items in the 'Pre- and Post-Scanning Considerations' category were reported by only 44.7% of reviewed FDCR studies. Considering the notable and sometimes unexpected gaps in the reporting of items deemed to be important by experts in any FDCR study, the protocols could benefit from the adoption of reporting standards. This checklist, a living document to be updated as the field and its methods advance, can help improve experimental design, reporting and the widespread understanding of the FDCR protocols. This checklist can also provide a sample for developing consensus statements for protocols in other areas of task-based fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ekhtiari
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Mehran Zare-Bidoky
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Shahid-Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,These authors contributed equally: Mehran Zare-Bidoky, Arshiya Sangchooli
| | - Arshiya Sangchooli
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,These authors contributed equally: Mehran Zare-Bidoky, Arshiya Sangchooli
| | - Amy C. Janes
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jason A. Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - James J. Prisciandaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Torsten Wüstenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond F. Anton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alex Baldacchino
- Division of Population Studies and Behavioural Sciences, St Andrews University Medical School, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University, Campus Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - James M. Bjork
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Judson Brewer
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric D. Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kelly E. Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohsen Ebrahimi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francesca M. Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dara G. Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peyman Ghobadi Azbari
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. Paul Hamilton
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Colleen A. Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane E. Joseph
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arash Khojasteh Zonoozi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hamid R. Noori
- International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT)/Institute of Neuroscience (ION), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Max M. Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Irene Perini
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marc Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Child Study Center and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lara Ray
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vaughn R. Steele
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Susan F. Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Reagan R. Wetherill
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China.,Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale and School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Ward HB, Beermann A, Nawaz U, Halko MA, Janes AC, Moran LV, Brady RO. Evidence for Schizophrenia-Specific Pathophysiology of Nicotine Dependence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:804055. [PMID: 35153877 PMCID: PMC8829345 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.804055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is the top preventable cause of early mortality in schizophrenia. Over 60% of people with schizophrenia smoke, three times the general prevalence. The biological basis of this increased risk is not understood, and existing interventions do not target schizophrenia-specific pathology. We therefore used a connectome-wide analysis to identify schizophrenia-specific circuits of nicotine addiction. We reanalyzed data from two studies: In Cohort 1, 35 smokers (18 schizophrenia, 17 control) underwent resting-state fMRI and clinical characterization. A multivariate pattern analysis of whole-connectome data was used to identify the strongest links between cigarette use and functional connectivity. In Cohort 2, 12 schizophrenia participants and 12 controls were enrolled in a randomized, controlled crossover study of nicotine patch with resting-state fMRI. We correlated change in network functional connectivity with nicotine dose. In Cohort 1, the strongest (p < 0.001) correlate between connectivity and cigarette use was driven by individual variation in default mode network (DMN) topography. In individuals with greater daily cigarette consumption, we observed a pathological expansion of the DMN territory into the identified parieto-occipital region, while in individuals with lower daily cigarette consumption, this region was external to the DMN. This effect was entirely driven by schizophrenia participants. Given the relationship between DMN topography and nicotine use we observed in Cohort 1, we sought to directly test the impact of nicotine on this network using an independent second cohort. In Cohort 2, nicotine reduced DMN connectivity in a dose-dependent manner (R = -0.50; 95% CI -0.75 to -0.12, p < 0.05). In the placebo condition, schizophrenia subjects had hyperconnectivity compared to controls (p < 0.05). Nicotine administration normalized DMN hyperconnectivity in schizophrenia. We here provide direct evidence that the biological basis of nicotine dependence is different in schizophrenia and in non-schizophrenia populations. Our results suggest the high prevalence of nicotine use in schizophrenia may be an attempt to correct a network deficit known to interfere with cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Burrell Ward
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adam Beermann
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Uzma Nawaz
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark A Halko
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Amy C Janes
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Lauren V Moran
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Roscoe O Brady
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
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11
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Murray L, Maurer JM, Peechatka AL, Frederick BB, Kaiser RH, Janes AC. Sex differences in functional network dynamics observed using coactivation pattern analysis. Cogn Neurosci 2021; 12:120-130. [PMID: 33734028 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2021.1880383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the organization of large-scale resting-state brain networks have been identified using traditional static measures, which average functional connectivity over extended time periods. In contrast, emerging dynamic measures have the potential to define sex differences in network changes over time, providing additional understanding of neurobiological sex differences. To meet this goal, we used a Coactivation Pattern Analysis (CAP) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 181 males and 181 females from the Human Connectome Project. Significant main effects of sex were observed across two independent imaging sessions. Relative to males, females spent more total time in two transient network states (TNSs) spatially overlapping with the dorsal attention network and occipital/sensory-motor network. Greater time spent in these TNSs was related to females making more frequent transitions into these TNSs compared to males. In contrast, males spent more total time in TNSs spatially overlapping with the salience network, which was related to males staying for longer periods once entering these TNSs compared to females. State-to-state transitions also significantly differed between sexes: females transitioned more frequently from default mode network (DMN) states to the dorsal attention network state, whereas males transitioned more frequently from DMN states to salience network states. Results show that males and females spend differing amounts of time at rest in two distinct attention-related networks and show sex-specific transition patterns from DMN states into these attention-related networks. This work lays the groundwork for future investigations into the cognitive and behavioral implications of these sex-specific network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Murray
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Michael Maurer
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alyssa L Peechatka
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blaise B Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roselinde H Kaiser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Wang KS, Zegel M, Molokotos E, Moran LV, Olson DP, Pizzagalli DA, Janes AC. The acute effects of nicotine on corticostriatal responses to distinct phases of reward processing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1207-1214. [PMID: 31931509 PMCID: PMC7235267 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine enhances the reinforcement of non-drug rewards by increasing nucleus accumbens (NAcc) reactivity to anticipatory cues. This anticipatory effect is selective as no clear evidence has emerged showing that nicotine acutely changes reward receipt reactivity. However, repeated rewarding experiences shift peak brain reactivity from hedonic reward outcome to the motivational anticipatory cue yielding more habitual cue-induced behavior. Given nicotine's influence on NAcc reactivity and connectivity, it is plausible that nicotine acutely induces this shift and alters NAcc functional connectivity during reward processing. To evaluate this currently untested hypothesis, a randomized crossover design was used in which healthy non-smokers were administered placebo and nicotine (2-mg lozenge). Brain activation to monetary reward anticipation and outcome was evaluated with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Relative to placebo, nicotine induced more NAcc reactivity to reward anticipation. Greater NAcc activation during anticipation was significantly associated with lower NAcc activation to outcome. During outcome, nicotine reduced NAcc functional connectivity with cortical regions including the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula. These regions showed the same negative relationship between reward anticipation and outcome as noted in the NAcc. The current findings significantly improve our understanding of how nicotine changes corticostriatal circuit function and communication during distinct phases of reward processing and critically show that these alterations happen acutely following a single dose. The implications of this work explain nicotinic modulation of general reward function, which offer insights into the initial drive to smoke and the subsequent difficulty in cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainan S. Wang
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Maya Zegel
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Elena Molokotos
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,0000 0001 0684 8852grid.264352.4Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lauren V. Moran
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - David P. Olson
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Amy C. Janes
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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13
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Molokotos E, Peechatka AL, Wang KS, Pizzagalli DA, Janes AC. Caudate reactivity to smoking cues is associated with increased responding to monetary reward in nicotine-dependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 209:107951. [PMID: 32145666 PMCID: PMC7127934 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Quitting smoking is challenging in part because environmental smoking cues can trigger the desire to smoke. Neurobiological responses to smoking cues are often observed in reward-related brain regions such as the caudate and nucleus accumbens (NAc). While reward plays a well-established role in the formation of cue reactivity, whether general reward responsiveness contributes to individual differences in cue-reactivity among chronic smokers is unclear; establishing such link could provide insight into the mechanisms maintaining cue reactivity. The current study explored this relationship by assessing smoking cue reactivity during functional magnetic imaging followed by an out-of-scanner probabilistic reward task (PRT) in 24 nicotine-dependent smokers (14 women). In addition, owing to sex differences in cue reactivity and reward function, this same relationship was examined as a function of sex. Following recent smoking, greater reward responsiveness on the PRT was associated with enhanced left caudate reactivity to smoking cues. No relationship was found in any other striatal subregion. The positive relationship between reward responsiveness and caudate smoking cue reactivity was significant only in male smokers, fitting with the idea that males and females respond to the reinforcing elements of smoking cues differently. These findings are clinically relevant as they show that, following recent smoking, nicotine-dependent individuals who are more cue reactive are also more likely to be responsive to non-drug rewards, which may be useful for making individualized treatment decisions that involve behavioral reward contingencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Molokotos
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Kainan S. Wang
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy C. Janes
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Janes
- Functional Integration of Addiction Research Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Background: Smoking is highly prevalent in people with opioid use disorder (OUD) and is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in this population. However, little is known about the differences between those with OUD who do and do not smoke cigarettes. Objectives: Our aim was to investigate differences between treatment-seeking adults with OUD who did and did not smoke. Methods: Participants (N = 568; 30% female) completed a battery of self-report questionnaires including measures of current smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked per day as well as measures of clinical characteristics (e.g. craving, anxiety). Results: Of the total sample, 77% were current smokers. Multivariable logistic regression identified heroin use (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.38, 3.53) and younger age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95, 0.997) as strong correlates of smoking status; other characteristics were not significant. Older age and opioid craving were associated with more cigarettes smoked per day. Notably, these patterns differed for males and females; opioid craving (B = 0.62, SEB = 0.24) was associated with the number of cigarettes smoked among men, and anxiety (B = 0.39, SEB = 0.19) was associated with the number of cigarettes smoked among women. Conclusion: Adults with OUD who used heroin in the past month were more likely to be current smokers. No sex differences were observed in likelihood of smoking; however, the predictors of smoking status and severity differed between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kathryn McHugh
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy C Janes
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,McLean Hospital, McLean Neuroimaging Center, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret L Griffin
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nadine Taghian
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shelly F Greenfield
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger D Weiss
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Copersino ML, Patel R, Price JS, Visser KF, Vitaliano G, Plitman E, Lukas SE, Weiss RD, Janes AC, Chakravarty MM. Interactive effects of age and recent substance use on striatal shape morphology at substance use disorder treatment entry. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107728. [PMID: 31740207 PMCID: PMC6980652 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Striatal neuroadaptations are regarded to play an important role in the progression from voluntary to compulsive use of addictive substances and provide a promising target for the identification of neuroimaging biomarkers. Recent advances in surface-based computational analysis enable morphological assessment linking variations in global and local striatal shape to duration and magnitude of substance use with a degree of sensitivity that exceeds standard volumetric analysis. METHODS This study used a new segmentation methodology coupled with local surface-based indices of surface area and displacement to provide a comprehensive structural characterization of the striatum in 34 patients entering treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) and 49 controls, and to examine the influence of recent substance use on abnormal age-related striatal deformation in SUD patients. RESULTS Patients showed a small reduction in striatal volume and no difference in surface area or shape in comparison to controls. Between-group differences in shape were likely neutralized by the bidirectional influence of recent substance use on striatal shape in SUD patients. Specifically, there was an interaction between age and substance such that among older patients more drug use was associated with greater inward striatal contraction but more alcohol use was associated with greater outward expansion. CONCLUSIONS This study builds on previous work and advances our understanding of the nature of striatal neuroadaptations as a potential biomarker of disease progression in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L. Copersino
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author: Marc L. Copersino, Ph.D., McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mail Stop #103, Belmont, MA 02478, Phone: (617) 855-2853, Fax: (617) 855-4055,
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jenessa S. Price
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Dept of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Gordana Vitaliano
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eric Plitman
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Scott E. Lukas
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger D. Weiss
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy C. Janes
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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Janes AC, Peechatka AL, Frederick BB, Kaiser RH. Dynamic functioning of transient resting-state coactivation networks in the Human Connectome Project. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:373-387. [PMID: 31639271 PMCID: PMC7268046 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting‐state analyses evaluating large‐scale brain networks have largely focused on static correlations in brain activity over extended time periods, however emerging approaches capture time‐varying or dynamic patterns of transient functional networks. In light of these new approaches, there is a need to classify common transient network states (TNS) in terms of their spatial and dynamic properties. To fill this gap, two independent resting state scans collected in 462 healthy adults from the Human Connectome Project were evaluated using coactivation pattern analysis to identify (eight) TNS that recurred across participants and over time. These TNS spatially overlapped with prototypical resting state networks, but also diverged in notable ways. In particular, analyses revealed three TNS that shared cortical midline overlap with the default mode network (DMN), but these “complex” DMN states also encompassed distinct regions that fall beyond the prototypical DMN, suggesting that the DMN defined using static methods may represent the average of distinct complex‐DMN states. Of note, dwell time was higher in “complex” DMN states, challenging the idea that the prototypical DMN, as a single unit, is the dominant resting‐state network as typically defined by static resting state methods. In comparing the two resting state scans, we also found high reliability in the spatial organization and dynamic activities of network states involving DMN or sensorimotor regions. Future work will determine whether these TNS defined by coactivation patterns are in other samples, and are linked to fundamental cognitive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Janes
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Alyssa L Peechatka
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Blaise B Frederick
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Roselinde H Kaiser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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18
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Janes AC, Krantz NL, Nickerson LD, Frederick BB, Lukas SE. Craving and Cue Reactivity in Nicotine-Dependent Tobacco Smokers Is Associated With Different Insula Networks. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2019; 5:76-83. [PMID: 31706906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insula has a well-established role in nicotine dependence and is a node of the salience network, which integrates internal and external information to guide behavior. Recent findings reveal that internal and external processing occurs in the ventral anterior insula (vAI) and dorsal anterior insula (dAI), respectively. Whether vAI/dAI network connectivity differentially reflects internally generated craving and externally triggered smoking cue reactivity was tested. METHODS Thirty-six male and female nicotine-dependent individuals smoked 1 hour before functional magnetic resonance imaging. Baseline craving was measured, followed by resting-state and smoking cue reactivity scans and then another assessment of craving. Craving and cue reactivity interactions were measured by focusing on specific nodes of the salience network: the vAI/dAI and anterior cingulate cortex. RESULTS Resting-state vAI/dAI networks overlapped with the prototypical salience network, yet they possessed distinct patterns, linking the vAI with nodes of the internally focused default mode network and the dAI with nodes of the external, goal-related frontoparietal network. Internally generated baseline craving was associated with enhanced vAI connectivity, whereas rostral anterior cingulate cortex reactivity to external smoking cues was associated with greater dAI connectivity. We also found that cue reactivity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex was associated with a rise in subjective cue-induced craving, whereas baseline subjective craving did not influence brain cue reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These data show that brain reactivity to smoking cues is associated with a subsequent increase in craving. In addition, separate insula networks have a role in an individual's vulnerability to internally related craving and externally triggered cue reactivity, which could guide the development of new, neurobiologically targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Nathan L Krantz
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa D Nickerson
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Blaise B Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott E Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Janes AC, Datko M, Roy A, Barton B, Druker S, Neal C, Ohashi K, Benoit H, van Lutterveld R, Brewer JA. Quitting starts in the brain: a randomized controlled trial of app-based mindfulness shows decreases in neural responses to smoking cues that predict reductions in smoking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1631-1638. [PMID: 31039580 PMCID: PMC6785102 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for smoking yield suboptimal outcomes, partly because of an inability to reduce cue-induced smoking. Mindfulness training (MT) has shown preliminary efficacy for smoking cessation, yet its neurobiological target remains unknown. Our prior work with nonsmokers indicates that MT reduces posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) activity. In individuals who smoke, the PCC, consistently a main hub of the "default mode network," activates in response to smoking cues. In this randomized controlled trial, we tested the effects of app-delivered MT on PCC reactivity to smoking cues and whether individual differences in MT-mediated PCC changes predicted smoking outcomes. Smoking cue-induced PCC reactivity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 1 month after receiving smartphone app-based MT (n = 33) vs. an active control (National Cancer Institute's QuitGuide, n = 34). Whether individual differences in treatment-related changes in PCC activity predicted smoking behavior was assessed. The MT group demonstrated a significant correlation between a reduction in PCC reactivity to smoking cues and a decline in cigarette consumption (r = 0.39, p = 0.02). No association was found in the control group (r = 0.08, p = 0.65). No effects of group alone were found in PCC or cigarette reduction. Post hoc analysis revealed this association is sex specific (women, r = 0.49, p = 0.03; men: r = -0.08, p = 0.79). This initial report indicates that MT specifically reduces smoking cue-induced PCC activity in a subject-specific manner, and the reduction in PCC activity predicts a concurrent decline in smoking. These findings link the hypothesized behavioral effects of MT for smoking to neural mechanisms particularly in women. This lays the groundwork for identifying individuals who may benefit from targeted digital therapeutic treatments such as smartphone-based MT, yielding improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Janes
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Michael Datko
- 0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth St. #2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA ,0000 0000 9419 3149grid.239475.eCenter for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, 1035 Cambridge St. #21, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA
| | - Alexandra Roy
- 0000 0004 1936 9094grid.40263.33Mindfulness Center, Brown University School of Public Health and Warren Alpert School of Medicine, 121S Main St, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Bruce Barton
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Susan Druker
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Carolyn Neal
- 0000 0004 0447 0018grid.266900.bUniversity of Oklahoma-Tulsa School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135 USA
| | - Kyoko Ohashi
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Hanif Benoit
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Remko van Lutterveld
- 0000 0004 1936 9094grid.40263.33Mindfulness Center, Brown University School of Public Health and Warren Alpert School of Medicine, 121S Main St, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Judson A. Brewer
- 0000 0004 1936 9094grid.40263.33Mindfulness Center, Brown University School of Public Health and Warren Alpert School of Medicine, 121S Main St, Providence, RI 02903 USA
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20
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McCarthy JM, Dumais KM, Zegel M, Pizzagalli DA, Olson DP, Moran LV, Janes AC. Sex differences in tobacco smokers: Executive control network and frontostriatal connectivity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 195:59-65. [PMID: 30592997 PMCID: PMC6625360 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women experience greater difficulty quitting smoking than men, which may be explained by sex differences in brain circuitry underlying cognitive control. Prior work has linked reduced interhemispheric executive control network (ECN) coupling with poor executive function, shorter time to relapse, and greater substance use. Lower structural connectivity between a key ECN hub, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the dorsal striatum (DS) also contributes to less efficient cognitive control recruitment, and reduced intrahemispheric connectivity between these regions has been associated with smoking relapse. Therefore, sex differences were probed by evaluating interhemispheric ECN and intrahemispheric DLPFC-DS connectivity. To assess the potential sex by nicotine interaction, a pilot sample of non-smokers was evaluated following acute nicotine and placebo administration. METHODS Thirty-five smokers (19 women) completed one resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Seventeen non-smokers (8 women) were scanned twice using a repeated measures design where they received 2 and 0 mg nicotine. RESULTS In smokers, women had less interhemispheric ECN and DLPFC-DS coupling than men. In non-smokers, there was a drug x sex interaction where women, relative to men, had weaker ECN coupling following nicotine but not placebo administration. CONCLUSIONS The current work indicates that nicotine-dependent women, versus men, have weaker connectivity in brain networks critically implicated in cognitive control. How these connectivity differences contribute to the behavioral aspects of smoking requires more testing. However, building on the literature, it is likely these deficits in functional connectivity contribute to the lower abstinence rates noted in women relative to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M McCarthy
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Kelly M Dumais
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Maya Zegel
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David P Olson
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lauren V Moran
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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21
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Peechatka AL, Molokotos EK, Zegel M, Lukas SE, Janes AC. A Preliminary Examination of Nicotine-Free Electronic Cigarette Use During Cessation From Combustible Cigarettes. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:559. [PMID: 31440175 PMCID: PMC6694177 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of smoking cessation strategies, smoking cue-induced craving remains a relatively untreated relapse risk factor. Utilizing nicotine-free electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to extinguish the motivational influence of smoking cues may be a viable approach to address cue reactivity. In this pilot study, 26 daily tobacco smokers used nicotine-free e-cigarettes while being maintained on daily transdermal sustained-release nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to mitigate pharmacological withdrawal. Sensitivity to cue-induced craving, measured by the rise in craving after a visual cue exposure task, was assessed at a baseline visit after smoking as usual and again after 2 weeks of nicotine-free e-cigarette and NRT use. Participants' pattern and amount of tobacco cigarette smoking were evaluated on both visits and 1 month posttreatment. Cue-induced craving significantly decreased after the 2-week intervention, yet withdrawal scores increased during this time. One month after study completion, participants continued to report significantly lower overall cigarette craving and conventional tobacco cigarette use. Including the 34.8% that were totally abstinent, 65.2% reported smoking fewer than 10 cigarettes per week (compared to 87.2 per week at baseline for the entire group). A linear regression revealed that greater baseline cue-induced craving predicted better outcomes, whereas more withdrawal at the e-cigarette visit was related to more smoking at 1 month. This proof-of-concept pilot study suggests that the addition of ad libitum nicotine-free e-cigarettes to an existing strategy of transdermal NRT may attenuate cue-induced craving for tobacco smoking. A larger sample that is powered for detecting additional factors and longer-term outcomes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Peechatka
- Functional Integration of Addiction Research Laboratory (FIARL), McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elena K Molokotos
- Functional Integration of Addiction Research Laboratory (FIARL), McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maya Zegel
- Functional Integration of Addiction Research Laboratory (FIARL), McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Scott E Lukas
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory (BPRL), McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Amy C Janes
- Functional Integration of Addiction Research Laboratory (FIARL), McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Janes AC, Zegel M, Ohashi K, Betts J, Molokotos E, Olson D, Moran L, Pizzagalli DA. Nicotine normalizes cortico-striatal connectivity in non-smoking individuals with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2445-2451. [PMID: 29795403 PMCID: PMC6180119 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence and major depressive disorder (MDD) are highly comorbid, yet causal links between these prevalent disorders are unclear. One possible mechanism is that nicotine ameliorates MDD-related neurobiological dysfunction in specific networks. For instance, cortico-striatal circuitry is enhanced by nicotine, and such paths are disrupted in individuals with MDD. Specifically, MDD has been associated with reduced connectivity between the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) but enhanced connectivity between the dorsal striatum (DS) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Determining whether nicotine normalizes these circuits in non-smokers with MDD may elucidate mechanisms underlying links between disorders. This was tested by administering placebo and a 2-mg dose of nicotine to unmedicated non-smokers with and without MDD prior to collecting resting-state functional magnetic imaging data using a cross-over design. On placebo, individuals with MDD showed significantly reduced NAc-rACC and a trend for enhanced DS-DLPFC functional connectivity relative to healthy controls. In MDD, acute nicotine administration normalized both pathways to the level of healthy controls, while having no impact on healthy controls. Nicotine's effects on NAc-rACC connectivity was influenced by anhedonia, consistent with the role of this network in reward and nicotine's ability to enhance reward deficiencies in MDD. These results indicate that nicotine normalizes dysfunctional cortico-striatal communication in unmedicated non-smokers with MDD. Nicotine's influence on these circuitries highlights a possible mechanism whereby individuals with MDD are more vulnerable to develop nicotine dependence. Findings suggest that nicotinic agents may have therapeutic effects on disrupted cortico-striatal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Janes
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Maya Zegel
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Kyoko Ohashi
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jennifer Betts
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Elena Molokotos
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - David Olson
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lauren Moran
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- 0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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23
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Abstract
Focusing on sex differences is necessary to fully understand basic neurobiological processes such as the engagement of large-scale brain networks involved in attention. Prior work suggests that women show enhanced attention during tasks of reward/punishment relative to men. Yet, sex differences in the engagement of neural networks sub serving internal and external focus has been unexplored in regard to reward and punishment. Using data from a large sample (n = 190) of healthy participants from the Human Connectome Project, we investigated sex differences in default mode network (DMN), dorsal attention network (DAN), and frontal parietal network (FPN) activation during exposure to reward and punishment. To determine if sex differences are specific to valenced stimuli, we analyzed network activation during working memory. Results indicate that, relative to men, women have increased suppression of the DMN and greater activation of the DAN during exposure to reward and punishment. Given the relative roles of these networks in internal (DMN) and external (DAN) attention, this pattern of activation suggests that women have enhanced external attention to reward and punishment. In contrast, there were no sex differences in network activation during working memory, indicating that this sex difference is specific to the processing of reward and punishment. These findings suggest a neurobiological explanation for prior work showing women have greater sensitivity to reward/punishment and are more prone to psychiatric disorders characterized by enhanced attention to such stimuli. Furthermore, given the large sample from the Human Connectome Project, the current findings provide general implications for the study of sex as a biological variable in investigation of reward processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Dumais
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sergey Chernyak
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa D. Nickerson
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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24
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Moran LV, Stoeckel LE, Wang K, Caine CE, Villafuerte R, Calderon V, Baker JT, Ongur D, Janes AC, Pizzagalli DA, Eden Evins A. Nicotine Increases Activation to Anticipatory Valence Cues in Anterior Insula and Striatum. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:851-858. [PMID: 29059451 PMCID: PMC5991218 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Smoking is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the neurobiology of the rewarding effects of nicotine promises to aid treatment development for nicotine dependence. Through its actions on mesolimbic dopaminergic systems, nicotine engenders enhanced responses to drug-related cues signaling rewards, a mechanism hypothesized to underlie the development and maintenance of nicotine addiction. Methods We evaluated the effects of acute nicotine on neural responses to anticipatory cues signaling (nondrug) monetary reward or loss among 11 nonsmokers who had no prior history of tobacco smoking. In a double-blind, crossover design, participants completed study procedures while wearing nicotine or placebo patches at least 1 week apart. In each drug condition, participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the monetary incentive delay task and performed a probabilistic monetary reward task, probing reward responsiveness as measured by response bias toward a more frequently rewarded stimulus. Results Nicotine administration was associated with enhanced activation, compared with placebo, of right fronto-anterior insular cortex and striatal regions in response to cues predicting possible rewards or losses and to dorsal anterior cingulate for rewards. Response bias toward rewarded stimuli correlated positively with insular activation to anticipatory cues. Conclusion Nicotinic enhancement of monetary reward-related brain activation in the insula and striatum in nonsmokers dissociated acute effects of nicotine from effects on reward processing due to chronic smoking. Reward responsiveness predicted a greater nicotinic effect on insular activation to salient stimuli. Implications Previous research demonstrates that nicotine enhances anticipatory responses to rewards in regions targeted by midbrain dopaminergic systems. The current study provides evidence that nicotine also enhances responses to rewards and losses in the anterior insula. A previous study found enhanced insular activation to rewards and losses in smokers and ex-smokers, a finding that could be due to nicotine sensitization or factors related to current or past smoking. Our finding of enhanced anterior insula response after acute administration of nicotine in nonsmokers provides support for nicotine-induced sensitization of insular response to rewards and losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Moran
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luke E Stoeckel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Vanessa Calderon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Justin T Baker
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - A Eden Evins
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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25
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Abstract
The high prevalence of nicotine dependence contributes to excess mortality in schizophrenia. Cue reactivity, or the encounter of drug-related cues or contexts, triggers craving, drug-seeking, and relapse. Prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research indicates that individuals with schizophrenia have blunted neural responses to rewarding stimuli in association with more severe negative symptoms. The objectives of this study are to determine if smokers with schizophrenia have altered neural reactivity to smoking cues compared with non-psychiatrically ill smokers and to evaluate the influence of negative symptoms on cue reactivity. Twenty smokers with schizophrenia and 19 control smokers underwent fMRI while viewing smoking-related and neutral cues. The primary analysis was group comparison of Smoking-Neutral contrast using whole-brain analysis (Pcorrected < .05). Smokers with schizophrenia had significantly greater baseline carbon monoxide levels and longer duration of smoking, suggesting more nicotine use. While both groups had greater brain reactivity to smoking vs neutral cues, smokers with schizophrenia had significantly decreased cue reactivity (Smoking-Neutral) compared to controls in bilateral frontal midline regions. There were significant negative correlations between negative symptoms and frontal midline reactivity. Despite greater nicotine use, smokers with schizophrenia exhibited decreased smoking cue-induced neural reactivity in frontal midline regions, suggesting that increased smoking and low cessation rates in schizophrenia are not primarily driven by responses to smoking-related cues. The finding of negative correlations between cue reactivity and negative symptoms is consistent with previous research demonstrating decreased neural responses to rewarding cues, particularly in patients with negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Moran
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, AB3S, Belmont, MA 02478, US; tel: 617-855-3395; fax: 617-855-2895; e-mail:
| | - Jennifer M Betts
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA
| | - Dost Ongur
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA
| | - Amy C Janes
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA
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Moran LV, Stoeckel LE, Wang K, Caine CE, Villafuerte R, Calderon V, Baker JT, Ongur D, Janes AC, Evins AE, Pizzagalli DA. Nicotine-induced activation of caudate and anterior cingulate cortex in response to errors in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:789-802. [PMID: 29181816 PMCID: PMC5823729 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine improves attention and processing speed in individuals with schizophrenia. Few studies have investigated the effects of nicotine on cognitive control. Prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research demonstrates blunted activation of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) in response to error and decreased post-error slowing in schizophrenia. METHODS Participants with schizophrenia (n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 12) participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the effects of transdermal nicotine on cognitive control. For each drug condition, participants underwent fMRI while performing the stop signal task where participants attempt to inhibit prepotent responses to "go (motor activation)" signals when an occasional "stop (motor inhibition)" signal appears. Error processing was evaluated by comparing "stop error" trials (failed response inhibition) to "go" trials. Resting-state fMRI data were collected prior to the task. RESULTS Participants with schizophrenia had increased nicotine-induced activation of right caudate in response to errors compared to controls (DRUG × GROUP effect: p corrected < 0.05). Both groups had significant nicotine-induced activation of dACC and rACC in response to errors. Using right caudate activation to errors as a seed for resting-state functional connectivity analysis, relative to controls, participants with schizophrenia had significantly decreased connectivity between the right caudate and dACC/bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. CONCLUSIONS In sum, we replicated prior findings of decreased post-error slowing in schizophrenia and found that nicotine was associated with more adaptive (i.e., increased) post-error reaction time (RT). This proof-of-concept pilot study suggests a role for nicotinic agents in targeting cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V. Moran
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Belmont, MA 02478,Correspondence to: Lauren Moran, MD McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, AB3S Belmont MA, 02478
| | - Luke E. Stoeckel
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Belmont, MA 02478,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | | | | | - Vanessa Calderon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Justin T. Baker
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Amy C. Janes
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - A. Eden Evins
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Belmont, MA 02478,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Belmont, MA 02478
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Janes AC, Gilman JM, Frederick BB, Radoman M, Pachas G, Fava M, Evins AE. Salience network coupling is linked to both tobacco smoking and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 182:93-97. [PMID: 29175464 PMCID: PMC6585943 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, even those below diagnostic threshold, enhance the likelihood of nicotine dependence, suggesting a neurobiological link between disorders. Of particular interest is the salience network (SN), which mediates attention to salient internal/external stimuli to guide behavior and is anchored by the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and bilateral anterior insula (AI). Disrupted interactions between the SN and the default mode (DMN) and central executive networks (CEN) have been noted in both ADHD and nicotine dependence. Further, enhanced intra-SN coupling between the dACC-AI influences aspects of nicotine dependence such as reactivity to smoking cues. METHODS To identify links between SN functional connectivity and ADHD symptoms in nicotine dependence, we compared 21 nicotine dependent individuals with 17 non-smokers on ADHD symptoms as measured by the ADHD self-report scale (ASRS) and resting state intra and inter-SN functional connectivity. RESULTS Relative to healthy controls, nicotine dependent individuals had significantly higher ASRS scores and greater dACC-AI coupling. No group differences were noted on inter-SN network coupling. A significant association was found between ASRS and dACC-AI coupling both in the entire cohort and specifically when evaluating nicotine dependent individuals alone. CONCLUSIONS The greater ASRS scores in nicotine dependent individuals is in line with existent literature and the stronger dACC-AI coupling in smokers further supports the role of this network in nicotine dependence. The significant association between dACC-AI coupling and ASRS suggests that intra-SN coupling strength may impact neurocognitive functioning associated with both ADHD symptoms and nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - J M Gilman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, MGH, Charlestown, MA, USA,; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B B Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Radoman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Pachas
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A E Evins
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Peechatka AL, Janes AC. Association Between Reward Reactivity and Drug Use Severity is Substance Dependent: Preliminary Evidence From the Human Connectome Project. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:710-715. [PMID: 28486710 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Blunted nucleus accumbens (NAc) reactivity to reward is common across drug users. One theory is that individuals abuse substances due to this reward deficit. However, whether there is a relationship between the amount an individual uses and the severity of NAc dysfunction is unclear. It also is possible that such a relationship is substance specific, as nicotine transiently increases reward system sensitivity while alcohol, another commonly used substance, does not. As smokers may use nicotine to bolster NAc reward function, we hypothesize that NAc reactivity to reward will be related to volume of cigarette use, but not volume of alcohol use. Methods A functional magnetic resonance imaging incentive-processing task collected by the Human Connectome Project was assessed in a cohort of tobacco smokers who reported smoking between 5-20 cigarettes/day and a cohort of alcohol users who reported drinking 7-25 drinks/wk. Number of cigarettes/day and drinks/wk were correlated with right and left NAc reactivity to the receipt of a monetary reward relative to baseline. Results Individuals who smoke greater numbers of cigarettes/day showed lower right NAc reactivity to reward (r = 0.853, p ≤ .001). Left NAc reactivity was not correlated with cigarettes/day. No association was found with drinks/wk. Conclusions A negative association was found between NAc reactivity to reward and cigarettes/day, but not alcohol drinks/wk. Given nicotine's unique ability to increase sensitivity to rewards, these findings suggest that individuals who smoke more cigarettes/day may be compensating for more dysfunctional NAc reward reactivity. Implications The present study demonstrates that a relationship between NAc reactivity to nondrug reward and volume of substance use is present in nicotine but not alcohol use. While prior work has implicated dysfunctional reward processing in addictions, these findings clarify a substance-specific role that blunted reward function has in determining patterns of use among chronic users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Peechatka
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA.,Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA
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McCarthy JM, Zuo CS, Shepherd JM, Dias N, Lukas SE, Janes AC. Reduced interhemispheric executive control network coupling in men during early cocaine abstinence: A pilot study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:1-4. [PMID: 29017089 PMCID: PMC5683918 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who use cocaine have fewer cognitive resources needed to maintain abstinence. This is evidenced by blunted brain function during cognitive control tasks and reduced communication between brain regions associated with cognitive function. For instance, relapse vulnerability is heightened in individuals with less communication between the right and left frontoparietal executive control network (ECN). Given that recent cocaine use enhances such communication, it is plausible that recency of cocaine use influences interhemispheric ECN communication. However, it is unclear whether ECN communication weakens over the course of early cocaine abstinence, which may then enhance relapse risk. METHODS In ten men with cocaine use disorder, we conducted a preliminary assessment of the relationship between the number of days since last cocaine use (1-3days) and interhemispheric ECN coupling using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). RESULTS Reduced interhemispheric ECN coupling was associated with increasing days since last cocaine use; weaker coupling was also associated with lower urine cocaine metabolite concentrations. This association was more prominent in prefrontal than parietal ECN-subregions. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results indicate that resting state interhemispheric ECN coupling weakens within the first few days following last cocaine use. Because of the known link between reduced ECN interhemispheric coupling and relapse vulnerability, these results suggest that relapse risk may increase the longer an individual abstains during an early quit attempt. Treatments focused on reversing this coupling deficit may facilitate abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. McCarthy
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Chun S. Zuo
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Justin M. Shepherd
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Nadeeka Dias
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
| | - Scott E. Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States
| | - Amy C. Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States
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Dumais KM, Franklin TR, Jagannathan K, Hager N, Gawrysiak M, Betts J, Farmer S, Guthier E, Pater H, Janes AC, Wetherill RR. Multi-site exploration of sex differences in brain reactivity to smoking cues: Consensus across sites and methodologies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:469-476. [PMID: 28711813 PMCID: PMC5567981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological sex influences cigarette smoking behavior. More men than women smoke, but women have a harder time quitting. Sex differences in smoking cue (SC) reactivity may underlie such behavioral differences. However, the influence of sex on brain reactivity to SCs has yielded inconsistent findings suggesting the need for continued study. Here, we investigated the effect of sex on SC reactivity across two sites using different imaging modalities and SC stimulus types. METHODS Pseudo-continuous arterial spin-labeled (pCASL) perfusion functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess brain responses to SC versus non-SC videos in 40 smokers (23 females) at the University of Pennsylvania. BOLD fMRI was used to assess brain responses to SC versus non-SC still images in 32 smokers (18 females) at McLean Hospital. Brain reactivity to SCs was compared between men and women and was correlated with SC-induced craving. RESULTS In both cohorts, males showed higher SC versus non-SC reactivity compared to females in reward-related brain regions (i.e., ventral striatum/ventral pallidum, ventral medial prefrontal cortex). Brain activation during SC versus non-SC exposure correlated positively with SC-induced subjective craving in males, but not females. CONCLUSIONS The current work provides much needed replication and validation of sex differences in SC-reactivity. These findings also add to a body of literature showing that men have greater reward-related brain activation to drug cues across drug classes. Such sex differences confirm the need to consider sex not only when evaluating SC-reactivity but when examining nicotine dependence etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Dumais
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School,115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Teresa R Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nathan Hager
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael Gawrysiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Betts
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School,115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Stacey Farmer
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School,115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Emily Guthier
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Heather Pater
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School,115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Dias NR, Peechatka AL, Janes AC. Insula reactivity to negative stimuli is associated with daily cigarette use: A preliminary investigation using the Human Connectome Database. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 159:277-80. [PMID: 26748411 PMCID: PMC4724488 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who smoke more cigarettes per day are at greater risk for developing smoking-related illness and have more difficulty quitting. Withdrawal-related negative mood is one factor thought to motivate drug use. However, heavy smokers are generally more sensitive to negative affect, not just negative emotion stemming from withdrawal. One possibility is that individual differences in how the brain processes negative stimuli may impact smoking use. Given the wealth of data implicating the insula in nicotine dependence and affective processing we hypothesize that the number of cigarettes an individual smokes per day will relate to insula reactivity to negative stimuli. METHODS A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) emotional processing task collected by the Human Connectome Project was assessed in 21 daily tobacco smokers who reported smoking between 5 and 20 cigarettes per day. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was correlated with right and left anterior insula reactivity to faces expressing a negative emotion relative to a control. This anterior insula region of interest has been associated with treatment outcome and smoking cue-reactivity in our prior work. RESULTS Those who smoked more daily cigarettes showed greater right insula reactivity to negative stimuli (r=0.564, p=0.008). Left insula reactivity was not associated with cigarettes smoked per day. CONCLUSION Smokers who use more cigarettes per day have greater insula reactivity to negative stimuli, furthering the field's understanding of the insula's involvement in nicotine use. This preliminary work also suggests a mechanism contributing to higher rates of daily smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- NR Dias
- McLean Neuroimaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - AL Peechatka
- McLean Neuroimaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Suffolk University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - AC Janes
- McLean Neuroimaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA,Corresponding author at: McLean Neuroimaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St. Belmont, MA 02478.
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Copersino ML, Price JS, Frost KH, Vitaliano GD, Frederick BD, Lukas SE, Weiss RD, Janes AC. Default Mode Network Functional Reorganization During Early Abstinence in Polysubstance-Using Emerging Adults Treated for Opioid Dependence. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 28:325-327. [PMID: 26792100 PMCID: PMC4956593 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15090240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study examined default mode network connectivity within the first 30 days of abstinence in emerging adults entering treatment for opioid dependence. There were significant associations between abstinence duration and coupling strength with brain regions within and outside of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L. Copersino
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Marc L. Copersino, Ph.D, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mail Stop #103, Belmont, MA 02478, (617) 855-2853;
| | - Jenessa S. Price
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Gordana D. Vitaliano
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Blaise deB. Frederick
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott E. Lukas
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roger D. Weiss
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amy C. Janes
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Peechatka AL, Whitton AE, Farmer SL, Pizzagalli DA, Janes AC. Cigarette craving is associated with blunted reward processing in nicotine-dependent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 155:202-7. [PMID: 26233484 PMCID: PMC4838290 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional reward processing leading to the undervaluation of non-drug rewards is hypothesized to play a crucial role in nicotine dependence. However, it is unclear if blunted reward responsivity and the desire to use nicotine are directly linked after a brief period of abstinence. Such an association would suggest that individuals with reduced reward responsivity may be at increased risk to experience nicotine craving. METHODS Reward function was evaluated with a probabilistic reward task (PRT), which measures reward responsivity to monetary incentives. To identify whether smoking status influenced reward function, PRT performance was compared between non-depressed, nicotine-dependent smokers and non-smokers. Within smokers, correlations were conducted to determine if blunted reward responsivity on the PRT was associated with increased nicotine craving. Time since last nicotine exposure was standardized to 4h for all smokers. RESULTS Smokers and non-smokers did not differ in reward responsivity on the PRT. However, within smokers, a significant negative correlation was found between reward responsivity and intensity of nicotine craving. CONCLUSIONS The current findings show that, among smokers, the intensity of nicotine craving is linked to lower sensitivity to non-drug rewards. This finding is in line with prior theories that suggest reward dysfunction in some clinical populations (e.g., depressive disorders, schizophrenia) may facilitate nicotine use. The current study expands on such theories by indicating that sub-clinical variations in reward function are related to motivation for nicotine use. Identifying smokers who show blunted sensitivity to non-drug rewards may help guide treatments aimed at mitigating the motivation to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Peechatka
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Suffolk University, Department of Psychology, 41 Temple Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Alexis E Whitton
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Stacey L Farmer
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Janes AC, Pedrelli P, Whitton AE, Pechtel P, Douglas S, Martinson MA, Huz I, Fava M, Pizzagalli DA, Evins AE. Reward Responsiveness Varies by Smoking Status in Women with a History of Major Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1940-6. [PMID: 25662839 PMCID: PMC4839517 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and nicotine dependence are highly comorbid, with studies showing that ~50% of individuals with MDD smoke. The link between these disorders persists even after the clinical symptoms of depression subside, as indicated by high levels of nicotine dependence among individuals with remitted depression (rMDD). Recent evidence indicates that individuals with rMDD show blunted responses to reward as measured by a probabilistic reward task (PRT), which assesses the ability to modify behavior as a function of reward history. Given nicotine's ability to enhance reward responsiveness, individuals with rMDD might smoke to address this persistent reward deficit. However, it is unclear whether smokers with rMDD show enhanced reward responsiveness relative to rMDD individuals who do not smoke. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated reward responsiveness on the PRT in four groups (N=198): individuals with and without rMDD who were or were not nicotine dependent. As hypothesized, rMDD nonsmokers had lower reward responsiveness relative to both control nonsmokers and rMDD smokers; conversely, smokers with rMDD showed behavioral patterns comparable to those without a history of depression. Given nicotine's ability to enhance reward sensitivity, it is possible that nicotine normalizes the otherwise blunted reward responsiveness in individuals with rMDD. Therapies aimed at enhancing this reward-based deficit may be beneficial in the treatment of both nicotine dependence and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Mail Stop 310, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA, Tel: +1 617 855 3244, Fax: +1 617 855-2770, E-mail:
| | - Paola Pedrelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Depression Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexis E Whitton
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Pia Pechtel
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Douglas
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Max A Martinson
- Depression Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ilana Huz
- Depression Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Depression Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Depression Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - A Eden Evins
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Kaufman MJ, Janes AC, Hudson JI, Brennan BP, Kanayama G, Kerrigan AR, Jensen JE, Pope HG. Brain and cognition abnormalities in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 152:47-56. [PMID: 25986964 PMCID: PMC4458166 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with psychiatric symptoms including increased aggression as well as with cognitive dysfunction. The brain effects of long-term AAS use have not been assessed in humans. METHODS This multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain compared 10 male weightlifters reporting long-term AAS use with 10 age-matched weightlifters reporting no AAS exposure. Participants were administered visuospatial memory tests and underwent neuroimaging. Brain volumetric analyses were performed; resting-state fMRI functional connectivity (rsFC) was evaluated using a region-of-interest analysis focused on the amygdala; and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) metabolites were quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). RESULTS AAS users had larger right amygdala volumes than nonusers (P=0.002) and reduced rsFC between right amygdala and frontal, striatal, limbic, hippocampal, and visual cortical areas. Left amygdala volumes were slightly larger in AAS users (P=0.061) but few group differences were detected in left amygdala rsFC. AAS users also had lower dACC scyllo-inositol levels (P=0.004) and higher glutamine/glutamate ratios (P=0.028), possibly reflecting increased glutamate turnover. On a visuospatial cognitive task, AAS users performed more poorly than nonusers, with the difference approaching significance (P=0.053). CONCLUSIONS Long-term AAS use is associated with right amygdala enlargement and reduced right amygdala rsFC with brain areas involved in cognitive control and spatial memory, which could contribute to the psychiatric effects and cognitive dysfunction associated with AAS use. The MRS abnormalities we detected could reflect enhanced glutamate turnover and increased vulnerability to neurotoxic or neurodegenerative processes, which could contribute to AAS-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J. Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478, USA
| | - Amy C. Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478, USA
| | - James I. Hudson
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478, USA
| | - Brian P. Brennan
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478, USA
| | - Gen Kanayama
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478, USA
| | - Andrew R. Kerrigan
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478, USA
| | - J. Eric Jensen
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478, USA
| | - Harrison G. Pope
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478, USA
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Tong Y, Hocke LM, Fan X, Janes AC, Frederick BD. Can apparent resting state connectivity arise from systemic fluctuations? Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:285. [PMID: 26029095 PMCID: PMC4432665 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the fluctuations in resting state blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) reflect baseline neuronal activation through neurovascular coupling; this data is used to infer functional connectivity in the human brain during rest. Consistent activation patterns, i.e., resting state networks (RSN) are seen across groups, conditions, and even species. In this study, we show that some of these patterns can also be generated from the dynamic, systemic, non-neuronal physiological low frequency oscillations (sLFOs) in the BOLD signal alone. We have previously used multimodal imaging to demonstrate the wide presence of the same sLFOs in the brain (BOLD) and periphery with different time delays. This study shows that these sLFOs from BOLD signals alone can give rise to stable spatial patterns, which can be detected during resting state analyses. We generated synthetic resting state data for 11 subjects based only on subject-specific, dynamic sLFO information obtained from resting state data using concurrent peripheral optical imaging or a novel recursive procedure. We compared the results obtained by performing a group independent component analysis (ICA) on this synthetic data (i.e., the result from simulation) to the results obtained from analysis of the real data. ICA detected most of the eight well-known RSNs, including visual, motor, and default mode networks (DMNs), in both the real and the synthetic data sets. These findings suggest that RSNs may reflect, to some extent, vascular anatomy associated with systemic fluctuations, rather than neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Tong
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lia M Hocke
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University Medford, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoying Fan
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blaise deB Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Janes AC, Ross RS, Farmer S, Frederick BB, Nickerson LD, Lukas SE, Stern CE. Memory retrieval of smoking-related images induce greater insula activation as revealed by an fMRI-based delayed matching to sample task. Addict Biol 2015; 20:349-56. [PMID: 24261848 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is a chronic and difficult to treat disorder. While environmental stimuli associated with smoking precipitate craving and relapse, it is unknown whether smoking cues are cognitively processed differently than neutral stimuli. To evaluate working memory differences between smoking-related and neutral stimuli, we conducted a delay-match-to-sample (DMS) task concurrently with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in nicotine-dependent participants. The DMS task evaluates brain activation during the encoding, maintenance and retrieval phases of working memory. Smoking images induced significantly more subjective craving, and greater midline cortical activation during encoding in comparison to neutral stimuli that were similar in content yet lacked a smoking component. The insula, which is involved in maintaining nicotine dependence, was active during the successful retrieval of previously viewed smoking versus neutral images. In contrast, neutral images required more prefrontal cortex-mediated active maintenance during the maintenance period. These findings indicate that distinct brain regions are involved in the different phases of working memory for smoking-related versus neutral images. Importantly, the results implicate the insula in the retrieval of smoking-related stimuli, which is relevant given the insula's emerging role in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Janes
- McLean Imaging Center; McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Belmont MA USA
| | - Robert S. Ross
- Center for Memory and Brain; Boston University; Boston MA USA
- Department of Psychology; University of New Hampshire; Durham NH USA
| | - Stacey Farmer
- McLean Imaging Center; McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Belmont MA USA
| | - Blaise B. Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center; McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Belmont MA USA
| | - Lisa D. Nickerson
- McLean Imaging Center; McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Belmont MA USA
| | - Scott E. Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center; McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Belmont MA USA
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Putcha D, Ross RS, Cronin-Golomb A, Janes AC, Stern CE. Altered intrinsic functional coupling between core neurocognitive networks in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7:449-55. [PMID: 25685711 PMCID: PMC4320252 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is largely attributed to disruptions in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. These neurodegenerative changes may also have a more global effect on intrinsic brain organization at the cortical level. Functional brain connectivity between neurocognitive systems related to cognitive processing is critical for effective neural communication, and is disrupted across neurological disorders. Three core neurocognitive networks have been established as playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders: the default-mode network (DMN), the salience network (SN), and the central executive network (CEN). In healthy adults, DMN–CEN interactions are anti-correlated while SN–CEN interactions are strongly positively correlated even at rest, when individuals are not engaging in any task. These intrinsic between-network interactions at rest are necessary for efficient suppression of the DMN and activation of the CEN during a range of cognitive tasks. To identify whether these network interactions are disrupted in individuals with PD, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) to compare between-network connectivity between 24 PD participants and 20 age-matched controls (MC). In comparison to the MC, individuals with PD showed significantly less SN–CEN coupling and greater DMN–CEN coupling during rest. Disease severity, an index of striatal dysfunction, was related to reduced functional coupling between the striatum and SN. These results demonstrate that individuals with PD have a dysfunctional pattern of interaction between core neurocognitive networks compared to what is found in healthy individuals, and that interaction between the SN and the striatum is even more profoundly disrupted in those with greater disease severity. Functional coupling is altered between the default-mode network and the salience and central executive networks in PD. Functional coupling between the striatum and the salience network diminishes as disease severity increases in PD. These disruptions to intrinsic functional coupling provide a framework for PD disease progression at the cortical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Putcha
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert S Ross
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Alice Cronin-Golomb
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy C Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Janes AC, Farmer S, Frederick BD, Nickerson LD, Lukas SE. An increase in tobacco craving is associated with enhanced medial prefrontal cortex network coupling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88228. [PMID: 24505440 PMCID: PMC3914963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Craving is a key aspect of drug dependence that is thought to motivate continued drug use. Numerous brain regions have been associated with craving, suggesting that craving is mediated by a distributed brain network. Whether an increase in subjective craving is associated with enhanced interactions among brain regions was evaluated using resting state functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) in nicotine dependent participants. We focused on craving-related changes in the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) network, which also included the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) extending into the ventral striatum. Brain regions in the OMPFC network are not only implicated in addiction and reward, but, due to their rich anatomic interconnections, may serve as the site of integration across craving-related brain regions. Subjective craving and resting state fMRI were evaluated twice with an ∼1 hour delay between the scans. Cigarette craving was significantly increased at the end, relative to the beginning of the scan session. Enhanced craving was associated with heightened coupling between the OMPFC network and other cortical, limbic, striatal, and visceromotor brain regions that are both anatomically interconnected with the OMPFC, and have been implicated in addiction and craving. This is the first demonstration confirming that an increase in craving is associated with enhanced brain region interactions, which may play a role in the experience of craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacey Farmer
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Blaise deB. Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa D. Nickerson
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
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40
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Kaufman MJ, Janes AC, Frederick BD, Brimson-Théberge M, Tong Y, McWilliams SB, Bear A, Gillis TE, Schrode KM, Renshaw PF, Negus SS. A method for conducting functional MRI studies in alert nonhuman primates: initial results with opioid agonists in male cynomolgus monkeys. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 21:323-31. [PMID: 23773004 PMCID: PMC3916219 DOI: 10.1037/a0033062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) has emerged as a powerful technique for assessing neural effects of psychoactive drugs and other stimuli. Several experimental approaches have been developed to use fMRI in anesthetized and awake animal subjects, each of which has its advantages and complexities. We sought to assess whether one particular method to scan alert postanesthetized animals can be used to assess fMRI effects of opioid agonists. To date, the use of fMRI as a method to compare pharmacological effects of opioid drugs has been limited. Such studies are important because mu and kappa opioid receptor agonists produce distinct profiles of behavioral effects related both to clinically desirable endpoints (e.g., analgesia) and to undesirable effects (e.g., abuse potential). This study sought to determine whether we could use our fMRI approach to compare acute effects of behaviorally equipotent (3.2 μg/kg) intravenous doses of fentanyl and U69,593 (doses that do not affect cardiorespiratory parameters). Scans were acquired in alert male cynomolgus macaques acclimated to undergo fMRI scans under restraint, absent excessive stress hormone increases. These opioid agonists activated bilateral striatal and nucleus accumbens regions of interest. At the dose tested, U69,593 induced greater left nucleus accumbens BOLD activation than fentanyl, while fentanyl activated left dorsal caudate nucleus more than U69,593. Our results suggest that our fMRI approach could be informative for comparing effects of opioid agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzeneacetamides/administration & dosage
- Benzeneacetamides/pharmacology
- Caudate Nucleus/drug effects
- Caudate Nucleus/metabolism
- Conditioning, Psychological
- Fentanyl/administration & dosage
- Fentanyl/pharmacology
- Hydrocortisone/blood
- Injections, Intravenous
- Macaca fascicularis/physiology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/adverse effects
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/veterinary
- Male
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Restraint, Physical/veterinary
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/etiology
- Wakefulness
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Janes AC, Nickerson L, Frederick BD, Kaufman MJ. Prefrontal and limbic resting state brain network functional connectivity differs between nicotine-dependent smokers and non-smoking controls. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 125:252-9. [PMID: 22459914 PMCID: PMC3389311 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain dysfunction in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal striatum (DS) contributes to habitual drug use. These regions are constituents of brain networks thought to be involved in drug addiction. To investigate whether networks containing these regions differ between nicotine dependent female smokers and age-matched female non-smokers, we employed functional MRI (fMRI) at rest. METHODS Data were processed with independent component analysis (ICA) to identify resting state networks (RSNs). We identified a subcortical limbic network and three discrete PFC networks: a medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) network and right and left lateralized fronto-parietal networks common to all subjects. We then compared these RSNs between smokers and non-smokers using a dual regression approach. RESULTS Smokers had greater coupling versus non-smokers between left fronto-parietal and mPFC networks. Smokers with the greatest mPFC-left fronto-parietal coupling had the most DS smoking cue reactivity as measured during an fMRI smoking cue reactivity paradigm. This may be important because the DS plays a critical role in maintaining drug-cue associations. Furthermore, subcortical limbic network amplitude was greater in smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that prefrontal brain networks are more strongly coupled in smokers, which could facilitate drug-cue responding. Our data also are the first to document greater reward-related network fMRI amplitude in smokers. Our findings suggest that resting state PFC network interactions and limbic network amplitude can differentiate nicotine-dependent smokers from controls, and may serve as biomarkers for nicotine dependence severity and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Janes
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Amy C. Janes, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478 USA,
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Gillis TE, Janes AC, Kaufman MJ. Positive reinforcement training in squirrel monkeys using clicker training. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:712-20. [PMID: 22553135 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates in research environments experience regular stressors that have the potential to alter physiology and brain function, which in turn can confound some types of research studies. Operant conditioning techniques such as positive reinforcement training (PRT), which teaches animals to voluntarily perform desired behaviors, can be applied to improve behavior and reactivity. PRT has been used to train rhesus macaques, marmosets, and several other nonhuman primate species. To our knowledge, the method has yet to be used to train squirrel monkeys to perform complex tasks. Accordingly, we sought to establish whether PRT, utilizing a hand-box clicker (which emits a click sound that acts as the conditioned reinforcer), could be used to train adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis, N = 14). We developed and implemented a training regimen to elicit voluntary participation in routine husbandry, animal transport, and injection procedures. Our secondary goal was to quantify the training time needed to achieve positive results. Squirrel monkeys readily learned the connection between the conditioned reinforcer (the clicker) and the positive reinforcer (food). They rapidly developed proficiency on four tasks of increasing difficulty: target touching, hand sitting, restraint training, and injection training. All subjects mastered target touching behavior within 2 weeks. Ten of 14 subjects (71%) mastered all tasks in 59.2 ± 2.6 days (range: 50-70 days). In trained subjects, it now takes about 1.25 min per monkey to weigh and administer an intramuscular injection, one-third of the time it took before training. From these data, we conclude that clicker box PRT can be successfully learned by a majority of squirrel monkeys within 2 months and that trained subjects can be managed more efficiently. These findings warrant future studies to determine whether PRT may be useful in reducing stress-induced experimental confounds in studies involving squirrel monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Gillis
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
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Janes AC, Smoller JW, David SP, Frederick BD, Haddad S, Basu A, Fava M, Evins AE, Kaufman MJ. Association between CHRNA5 genetic variation at rs16969968 and brain reactivity to smoking images in nicotine dependent women. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:7-13. [PMID: 21764527 PMCID: PMC3203995 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the developed world. Identifying risk factors for smoking may lead to more effective treatments. Genome wide association studies revealed a relationship between development of nicotine dependence and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs16969968) of the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha-5 subunit gene (CHRNA5). The relationship between this SNP and other factors contributing to smoking behavior such as smoking cue reactivity is unclear. METHODS We assessed the role of rs16969968 on brain functional MRI (fMRI) reactivity to smoking cues by studying nicotine dependent women with the nicotine dependence 'risk' allele (A allele, N=14) and without the 'risk' allele (G/G smokers, N=10). Nicotine dependence severity, as assessed with the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, smoking pack-years, and expired carbon monoxide levels, were equivalent in these groups. RESULTS We observed a group difference in fMRI reactivity; women without the A allele (G/G smokers) showed greater fMRI reactivity to smoking images in brain areas related to memory and habitual behavior such as the hippocampus and dorsal striatum. CONCLUSIONS Our finding suggests that nicotine-dependent smokers lacking the rs16969968 A allele are more likely to recall smoking-related memories and engage in habitual responding to smoking cues than A allele smokers. Although more studies are necessary to determine the mechanism underlying and significance of this cue reactivity difference, these data suggest that smokers may develop and remain nicotine dependent due to different factors including genetics and cue reactivity. This finding may have implications for personalizing smoking treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Janes
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Amy C. Janes, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478 USA,
| | | | - Sean P. David
- Center for Education and Research in Family and Community Medicine and PharmGKB, Stanford, CA,SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | | | - Stephen Haddad
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aditi Basu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - A. Eden Evins
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA
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Mashhoon Y, Janes AC, Jensen JE, Prescot AP, Pachas G, Renshaw PF, Fava M, Evins AE, Kaufman MJ. Anterior cingulate proton spectroscopy glutamate levels differ as a function of smoking cessation outcome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1709-13. [PMID: 21616118 PMCID: PMC3303218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death. Unfortunately, the majority of smokers who attempt to quit smoking relapse within weeks. Abnormal dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) function may contribute to tobacco smoking relapse vulnerability. Growing evidence suggests that glutamate neurotransmission is involved in mediating nicotine dependence. We hypothesized that prior to a cessation attempt, dACC glutamate levels would be lower in relapse vulnerable smokers. METHODS Proton magnetic resonance spectra (MRS) were obtained from dACC and a control region, the parieto-occipital cortex (POC), using two-dimensional J-resolved MRS at 4T and analyzed using LCModel. Nine nicotine-dependent women were scanned prior to making a quit attempt. Subjects then were divided into two groups; those able to maintain subsequent abstinence aided by nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and those who slipped while on NRT (smoked any part of a cigarette after attaining at least 24h of abstinence). RESULTS Slip subjects exhibited significantly reduced dACC MRS glutamate (Glu/Cr) levels (p<0.03) compared to abstinent subjects. This effect was not observed in the POC control region. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings suggest that dACC Glu levels as measured with MRS may help identify and/or be a biomarker for relapse vulnerable smokers. Future research following up on these findings may help clarify the role of dACC Glu in smoking dependence that may lead to new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Mashhoon
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
| | - Amy C. Janes
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St. Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - J. Eric Jensen
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St. Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Andrew P. Prescot
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St. Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Gladys Pachas
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St. Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A. Eden Evins
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St. Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Janes AC, Pizzagalli DA, Richardt S, Frederick BDB, Holmes AJ, Sousa J, Fava M, Evins AE, Kaufman MJ. Neural substrates of attentional bias for smoking-related cues: an FMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:2339-45. [PMID: 20703221 PMCID: PMC2955848 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Attentional bias for drug-related stimuli, as measured by emotional Stroop (ES) tasks, is predictive of treatment outcomes for tobacco smoking and other abused drugs. Characterizing relationships between smoking-related attentional bias and brain reactivity to smoking images may help in identifying neural substrates critical to relapse vulnerability. To this end, we investigated putative relationships between interference effects in an offline smoking ES task and functional MRI (fMRI) measures of brain reactivity to smoking vs neutral images in women smokers. Positive correlations were found between attentional bias and reactivity to smoking images in brain areas involved in emotion, memory, interoception, and visual processing, including the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and occipital cortex. These findings suggest that smokers with elevated attentional biases to smoking-related stimuli may more readily shift attention away from other external stimuli and toward smoking stimuli-induced internal states and emotional memories. Such attentional shifts may contribute to increased interference by smoking cues, possibly increasing relapse vulnerability. Treatments capable of inhibiting shifts to drug cue-induced memories and internal states may lead to personalized tobacco dependence treatment for smokers with high attentional bias to smoking-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Janes
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Eden Evins
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Wells AM, Janes AC, Liu X, Deschepper CF, Kaufman MJ, Kantak KM. Medial temporal lobe functioning and structure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: comparison with Wistar-Kyoto normotensive and Wistar-Kyoto hypertensive strains. Hippocampus 2010; 20:787-97. [PMID: 19623608 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is used as an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It displays deficits in frontostriatal functioning, but it is unclear if medial temporal lobe functioning and structure are affected. We used behavioral tasks that evaluate functioning of the amygdala and hippocampus to compare male SHR to male rats from two inbred comparator strains, the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and the hypertensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKHT) rat (n = 8/strain). The three strains showed similar levels of amygdala-related stimulus-reward learning during conditioned cue preference testing. In the ambiguous T-maze task, which dissociates between spatial and habit learning, significantly more WKHT than SHR or WKY used a response (indicative of habit learning) versus a place (indicative of spatial learning) strategy during an early probe test on day 8. During a later probe test on day 24, WKY progressed significantly from using a place strategy to a response strategy. Throughout all probe tests, a place strategy was used predominately by SHR and a response strategy by WKHT. Thus, SHR exhibited deficits in dorsal striatum-related habit learning, whereas WKHT exhibited deficits in hippocampus-related spatial learning. Following behavioral testing, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging scans were conducted in subgroups of rats from each strain (n = 4/strain). FLAIR imaging detected bilateral hippocampal hyperintensities in three of four WKHT and unilateral hippocampal atrophy in one of four SHR. The association between response strategy use during the initial probe test to forage for food in the ambiguous T-maze task and bilateral hippocampal abnormalities was significant. Collectively, while medial temporal lobe functioning appears to be normal in SHR exhibiting an ADHD-like phenotype, WKHT rats display both hippocampal functioning deficits and signs of bilateral hippocampal cell loss. The latter characteristics might be used to develop a new animal model of age- or disease-related decline in hippocampal functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Wells
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience and CELEST Science of Learning Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Janes AC, Pizzagalli DA, Richardt S, deB Frederick B, Chuzi S, Pachas G, Culhane MA, Holmes AJ, Fava M, Evins AE, Kaufman MJ. Brain reactivity to smoking cues prior to smoking cessation predicts ability to maintain tobacco abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:722-9. [PMID: 20172508 PMCID: PMC2954596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing the means to identify smokers at high risk for relapse could advance relapse prevention therapy. We hypothesized that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reactivity to smoking-related cues, measured before a quit attempt, could identify smokers with heightened relapse vulnerability. METHODS Before quitting smoking, 21 nicotine-dependent women underwent fMRI during which smoking-related and neutral images were shown. These smokers also were tested for possible attentional biases to smoking-related words using a computerized emotional Stroop (ES) task previously found to predict relapse. Smokers then made a quit attempt and were grouped based on outcomes (abstinence vs. slip: smoking > or = 1 cigarette after attaining abstinence). Prequit fMRI and ES measurements in these groups were compared. RESULTS Slip subjects had heightened fMRI reactivity to smoking-related images in brain regions implicated in emotion, interoceptive awareness, and motor planning and execution. Insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) reactivity induced by smoking images correlated with an attentional bias to smoking-related words. A discriminant analysis of ES and fMRI data predicted outcomes with 79% accuracy. Additionally, smokers who slipped had decreased fMRI functional connectivity between an insula-containing network and brain regions involved in cognitive control, including the dACC and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, possibly reflecting reduced top-down control of cue-induced emotions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the insula and dACC are important substrates of smoking relapse vulnerability. The data also suggest that relapse-vulnerable smokers can be identified before quit attempts, which could enable personalized treatment, improve tobacco-dependence treatment outcomes, and reduce smoking-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Janes
- Brain Imaging Center McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA.
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Janes AC, Frederick BD, Richardt S, Burbridge C, Merlo-Pich E, Renshaw PF, Evins AE, Fava M, Kaufman MJ. Brain fMRI reactivity to smoking-related images before and during extended smoking abstinence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 17:365-73. [PMID: 19968401 PMCID: PMC3742373 DOI: 10.1037/a0017797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reactivity to smoking-related cues may play a role in the maintenance of smoking behavior and may change depending on smoking status. Whether smoking cue-related functional MRI (fMRI) reactivity differs between active smoking and extended smoking abstinence states currently is unknown. We used fMRI to measure brain reactivity in response to smoking-related versus neutral images in 13 tobacco-dependent subjects before a smoking cessation attempt and again during extended smoking abstinence (52 +/- 11 days) aided by nicotine replacement therapy. Prequit smoking cue induced fMRI activity patterns paralleled those reported in prior smoking cue reactivity fMRI studies. Greater fMRI activity was detected during extended smoking abstinence than during the pre-quit [corrected] assessment subcortically in the caudate nucleus and cortically in prefrontal (BA 6, 8, 9, 10, 44, 46), [corrected] primary somatosensory (BA 1, 2, 3), temporal (BA 22), [corrected] parietal (BA 5, 7, 40), occipital (BA 17, 18), [corrected] and posterior cingulate (BA 31) cortex. These data suggest that during extended smoking abstinence, fMRI reactivity to smoking versus neutral stimuli persists in brain areas involved in attention, somatosensory processing, motor planning, and conditioned cue responding. In some brain regions, fMRI smoking cue reactivity is increased during extended smoking abstinence in comparison to the prequit state, which may contribute to persisting relapse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Janes
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA,Correspondence: Amy C. Janes, Ph.D., Brain Imaging Center, 115 Mill Street, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, TEL: (617) 855-3244,
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Kantak KM, Mashhoon Y, Silverman DN, Janes AC, Goodrich CM. Role of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal striatum in regulating the dose-related effects of self-administered cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2009; 201:128-36. [PMID: 19428626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding which neural systems regulate dose-related changes in responses maintained by self-administered cocaine. This empirical question is important because elucidating neural systems engaged in this process could provide clues for effectively treating cocaine addiction. It has been suggested that different cocaine doses represent reinforcers of differing magnitudes, implicating the dorsal striatum or orbitofrontal cortex as important. Rats were trained to self-administer 1.0 mg/kg cocaine under a fixed-interval based second-order schedule. Next, cocaine unit doses (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) were each non-systematically available for a 5-day block of sessions. Tests (1h) were conducted on day 3 (vehicle) and day 5 (100 microg lidocaine) of each block. Lidocaine inactivation of the lateral dorsal striatum had no effect on dose-related responding or cocaine intake. In contrast, when doses along the ascending limb were available for self-administration, lidocaine inactivation of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex caused reductions in responding and cocaine intake, resulting in overall flattening of dose-response curves. This included reductions during the entire 1-h test sessions and during the interval immediately following the first cocaine infusion of test sessions. Lidocaine inactivation of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex did not alter responding during the first cocaine-free interval of test sessions, but increased the latency to the first infusion. Collectively, the findings suggest that when the amount of experience with different cocaine unit doses is limited to a few sessions, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex regulates the dose-related effects of self-administered cocaine, likely by processing information pertaining to the reinforcing value of each unit dose.
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