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Ono M, Burgess DE, Johnson SR, Elayi CS, Esser KA, Seward TS, Boychuk CR, Carreño AP, Stalcup RA, Prabhat A, Schroder EA, Delisle BP. Feeding behavior modifies the circadian variation in RR and QT intervals by distinct mechanisms in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R109-R121. [PMID: 38766772 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00025.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Rhythmic feeding behavior is critical for regulating phase and amplitude in the ≈24-h variation of heart rate (RR intervals), ventricular repolarization (QT intervals), and core body temperature in mice. We hypothesized changes in cardiac electrophysiology associated with feeding behavior were secondary to changes in core body temperature. Telemetry was used to record electrocardiograms and core body temperature in mice during ad libitum-fed conditions and after inverting normal feeding behavior by restricting food access to the light cycle. Light cycle-restricted feeding modified the phase and amplitude of 24-h rhythms in RR and QT intervals, and core body temperature to realign with the new feeding time. Changes in core body temperature alone could not account for changes in phase and amplitude in the ≈24-h variation of the RR intervals. Heart rate variability analysis and inhibiting β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors suggested that changes in the phase and amplitude of 24-h rhythms in RR intervals were secondary to changes in autonomic signaling. In contrast, changes in QT intervals closely mirrored changes in core body temperature. Studies at thermoneutrality confirmed that the daily variation in QT interval, but not RR interval, primarily reflected daily changes in core body temperature (even in ad libitum-fed conditions). Correcting the QT interval for differences in core body temperature helped unmask QT interval prolongation after starting light cycle-restricted feeding and in a mouse model of long QT syndrome. We conclude feeding behavior alters autonomic signaling and core body temperature to regulate phase and amplitude in RR and QT intervals, respectively.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used time-restricted feeding and thermoneutrality to demonstrate that different mechanisms regulate the 24-h rhythms in heart rate and ventricular repolarization. The daily rhythm in heart rate reflects changes in autonomic input, whereas daily rhythms in ventricular repolarization reflect changes in core body temperature. This novel finding has major implications for understanding 24-h rhythms in mouse cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmia susceptibility in transgenic mouse models, and interpretability of cardiac electrophysiological data acquired in thermoneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ono
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Don E Burgess
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Sidney R Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Claude S Elayi
- CHI Saint Joseph Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Tanya S Seward
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Carie R Boychuk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Andrés P Carreño
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Rebecca A Stalcup
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Abhilash Prabhat
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Schroder
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Brian P Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Ono M, Burgess DE, Johnson SR, Elayi CS, Esser KA, Seward TS, Boychuk CR, Carreño AP, Stalcup RA, Prabhat A, Schroder EA, Delisle BP. Feeding Behavior Modifies the Circadian Variation in RR and QT intervals by Distinct Mechanisms in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.02.565372. [PMID: 37961515 PMCID: PMC10635091 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhythmic feeding behavior is critical for regulating the phase and amplitude in the ≍24-hour variation of the heart rate (RR intervals), ventricular repolarization (QT intervals), and core body temperature in mice. We hypothesized the changes in cardiac electrophysiology associated with feeding behavior were secondary to changes in core body temperature. Telemetry was used to record electrocardiograms and core body temperature in mice during ad libitum-fed conditions and after inverting normal feeding behavior by restricting food access to the light cycle. Light cycle-restricted feeding quickly modified the phase and amplitude of the 24-hour rhythms in RR intervals, QT intervals, and core body temperature to realign with the new feeding time. Heart rate variability analysis and inhibiting β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors suggested that the changes in the phase and amplitude of the 24-hour rhythms in RR intervals were secondary to changes in autonomic signaling. In contrast, the changes in the QT intervals closely mirrored changes in core body temperature. Studies at thermoneutrality confirmed the daily variation in the QT interval, but not the RR interval, and reflected daily changes in core body temperature (even in ad libitum-fed conditions). Correcting the QT interval for differences in core body temperature helped to unmask QT interval prolongation after starting light cycle-restricted feeding and in a mouse model of long QT syndrome. We conclude feeding behavior alters autonomic signaling and core body temperature to regulate the phase and amplitude in RR and QT intervals, respectively.
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Handlin LJ, Macchi NL, Dumaire NLA, Salih L, Lessie EN, McCommis KS, Moutal A, Dai G. Membrane Lipid Domains Modulate HCN Channels in Nociceptor DRG Neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.02.556056. [PMID: 37732182 PMCID: PMC10508734 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.02.556056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes consist of heterogeneous lipid domains that influence key cellular processes, including signal transduction, endocytosis, and electrical excitability. Using FRET-based fluorescent assays and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), we found that the dimension of cholesterol-enriched ordered membrane domains (OMD) varies considerably, depending on specific cell types. The size of OMDs is also dependent on cholesterol levels and the structure of lipid tails. Particularly, nociceptor dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons exhibit large OMDs. Disruption of OMDs potentiated action potential firing in nociceptor DRG neurons and facilitated opening of native hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. This increased neuronal firing could be partially due to an increased open probability of HCN channels. In animal models of neuropathic pain, we observed shrunken OMDs and relocalization of HCN channels from OMDs to disordered lipid domains. The gating effect on HCN channels was likely a result of direct modulation of the voltage sensor by OMDs. These findings suggest that disturbances in lipid domains play a role in regulating HCN channels within nociceptor DRG neurons, influencing pain modulation.
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Ruan H, Mandla R, Ravi N, Galang G, Soe AW, Olgin JE, Lang D, Vedantham V. Cholecystokinin-A signaling regulates automaticity of pacemaker cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1284673. [PMID: 38179138 PMCID: PMC10764621 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1284673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: The behavior of pacemaker cardiomyocytes (PCs) in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is modulated by neurohormonal and paracrine factors, many of which signal through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The aims of the present study are to catalog GPCRs that are differentially expressed in the mammalian SAN and to define the acute physiological consequences of activating the cholecystokinin-A signaling system in isolated PCs. Methods and results: Using bulk and single cell RNA sequencing datasets, we identify a set of GPCRs that are differentially expressed between SAN and right atrial tissue, including several whose roles in PCs and in the SAN have not been thoroughly characterized. Focusing on one such GPCR, Cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCKAR), we demonstrate expression of Cckar mRNA specifically in mouse PCs, and further demonstrate that subsets of SAN fibroblasts and neurons within the cardiac intrinsic nervous system express cholecystokinin, the ligand for CCKAR. Using mouse models, we find that while baseline SAN function is not dramatically affected by loss of CCKAR, the firing rate of individual PCs is slowed by exposure to sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (sCCK-8), the high affinity ligand for CCKAR. The effect of sCCK-8 on firing rate is mediated by reduction in the rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization of PCs and is mitigated by activation of beta-adrenergic signaling. Conclusion: (1) PCs express many GPCRs whose specific roles in SAN function have not been characterized, (2) Activation of the cholecystokinin-A signaling pathway regulates PC automaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Ruan
- *Correspondence: Hongmei Ruan, Vasanth Vedantham,
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Ruan H, Mandla R, Ravi N, Galang G, Soe AW, Olgin JE, Lang D, Vedantham V. Cholecystokinin-A Signaling Regulates Automaticity of Pacemaker Cardiomyocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.24.525392. [PMID: 36747643 PMCID: PMC9900793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aims The behavior of pacemaker cardiomyocytes (PCs) in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is modulated by neurohormonal and paracrine factors, many of which signal through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The aims of the present study are to catalog GPCRs that are differentially expressed in the mammalian SAN and to define the acute physiological consequences of activating the cholecystokinin-A signaling system in isolated PCs. Methods and Results Using bulk and single cell RNA sequencing datasets, we identify a set of GPCRs that are differentially expressed between SAN and right atrial tissue, including several whose roles in PCs and in the SAN have not been thoroughly characterized. Focusing on one such GPCR, Cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCK A R), we demonstrate expression of Cckar mRNA specifically in mouse PCs, and further demonstrate that subsets of SAN fibroblasts and neurons within the cardiac intrinsic nervous system express cholecystokinin, the ligand for CCK A R. Using mouse models, we find that while baseline SAN function is not dramatically affected by loss of CCK A R, the firing rate of individual PCs is slowed by exposure to sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (sCCK-8), the high affinity ligand for CCK A R. The effect of sCCK-8 on firing rate is mediated by reduction in the rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization of PCs and is mitigated by activation of beta-adrenergic signaling. Conclusions (1) PCs express many GPCRs whose specific roles in SAN function have not been characterized, (2) Activation of the the cholecystokinin-A signaling pathway regulates PC automaticity.
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Calvet C, Seebeck P. What to consider for ECG in mice-with special emphasis on telemetry. Mamm Genome 2023; 34:166-179. [PMID: 36749381 PMCID: PMC10290603 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-09977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetically or surgically altered mice are commonly used as models of human cardiovascular diseases. Electrocardiography (ECG) is the gold standard to assess cardiac electrophysiology as well as to identify cardiac phenotypes and responses to pharmacological and surgical interventions. A variety of methods are used for mouse ECG acquisition under diverse conditions, making it difficult to compare different results. Non-invasive techniques allow only short-term data acquisition and are prone to stress or anesthesia related changes in cardiac activity. Telemetry offers continuous long-term acquisition of ECG data in conscious freely moving mice in their home cage environment. Additionally, it allows acquiring data 24/7 during different activities, can be combined with different challenges and most telemetry systems collect additional physiological parameters simultaneously. However, telemetry transmitters require surgical implantation, the equipment for data acquisition is relatively expensive and analysis of the vast number of ECG data is challenging and time-consuming. This review highlights the limits of non-invasive methods with respect to telemetry. In particular, primary screening using non-invasive methods can give a first hint; however, subtle cardiac phenotypes might be masked or compensated due to anesthesia and stress during these procedures. In addition, we detail the key differences between the mouse and human ECG. It is crucial to consider these differences when analyzing ECG data in order to properly translate the insights gained from murine models to human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Calvet
- Zurich Integrative Rodent Physiology (ZIRP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Seebeck
- Zurich Integrative Rodent Physiology (ZIRP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ren L, Thai PN, Gopireddy RR, Timofeyev V, Ledford HA, Woltz RL, Park S, Puglisi JL, Moreno CM, Santana LF, Conti AC, Kotlikoff MI, Xiang YK, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Zaccolo M, Zhang XD, Yamoah EN, Navedo MF, Chiamvimonvat N. Adenylyl cyclase isoform 1 contributes to sinoatrial node automaticity via functional microdomains. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e162602. [PMID: 36509290 PMCID: PMC9746826 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinoatrial node (SAN) cells are the heart's primary pacemaker. Their activity is tightly regulated by β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling. Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is a key enzyme in the β-AR pathway that catalyzes the production of cAMP. There are current gaps in our knowledge regarding the dominant AC isoforms and the specific roles of Ca2+-activated ACs in the SAN. The current study tests the hypothesis that distinct AC isoforms are preferentially expressed in the SAN and compartmentalize within microdomains to orchestrate heart rate regulation during β-AR signaling. In contrast to atrial and ventricular myocytes, SAN cells express a diverse repertoire of ACs, with ACI as the predominant Ca2+-activated isoform. Although ACI-KO (ACI-/-) mice exhibit normal cardiac systolic or diastolic function, they experience SAN dysfunction. Similarly, SAN-specific CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene silencing of ACI results in sinus node dysfunction. Mechanistically, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 4 (HCN4) channels form functional microdomains almost exclusively with ACI, while ryanodine receptor and L-type Ca2+ channels likely compartmentalize with ACI and other AC isoforms. In contrast, there were no significant differences in T-type Ca2+ and Na+ currents at baseline or after β-AR stimulation between WT and ACI-/- SAN cells. Due to its central characteristic feature as a Ca2+-activated isoform, ACI plays a unique role in sustaining the rise of local cAMP and heart rates during β-AR stimulation. The findings provide insights into the critical roles of the Ca2+-activated isoform of AC in sustaining SAN automaticity that is distinct from contractile cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Phung N. Thai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Valeriy Timofeyev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hannah A. Ledford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ryan L. Woltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Seojin Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Prestige Biopharma Korea, Myongjigukje 7-ro, Gangseo-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jose L. Puglisi
- College of Medicine. California North State University, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Claudia M. Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alana C. Conti
- Research & Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Yang Kevin Xiang
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ebenezer N. Yamoah
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, UCD, Davis, California, USA
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Ren L, Gopireddy RR, Perkins G, Zhang H, Timofeyev V, Lyu Y, Diloretto DA, Trinh P, Sirish P, Overton JL, Xu W, Grainger N, Xiang YK, Dedkova EN, Zhang XD, Yamoah EN, Navedo MF, Thai PN, Chiamvimonvat N. Disruption of mitochondria-sarcoplasmic reticulum microdomain connectomics contributes to sinus node dysfunction in heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206708119. [PMID: 36044551 PMCID: PMC9456763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206708119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN), the leading pacemaker region, generates electrical impulses that propagate throughout the heart. SAN dysfunction with bradyarrhythmia is well documented in heart failure (HF). However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Mitochondria are critical to cellular processes that determine the life or death of the cell. The release of Ca2+ from the ryanodine receptors 2 (RyR2) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) at mitochondria-SR microdomains serves as the critical communication to match energy production to meet metabolic demands. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that alterations in the mitochondria-SR connectomics contribute to SAN dysfunction in HF. We took advantage of a mouse model of chronic pressure overload-induced HF by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and a SAN-specific CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockdown of mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), the mitochondria-SR tethering GTPase protein. TAC mice exhibited impaired cardiac function with HF, cardiac fibrosis, and profound SAN dysfunction. Ultrastructural imaging using electron microscope (EM) tomography revealed abnormal mitochondrial structure with increased mitochondria-SR distance. The expression of Mfn2 was significantly down-regulated and showed reduced colocalization with RyR2 in HF SAN cells. Indeed, SAN-specific Mfn2 knockdown led to alterations in the mitochondria-SR microdomains and SAN dysfunction. Finally, disruptions in the mitochondria-SR microdomains resulted in abnormal mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, alterations in localized protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and impaired mitochondrial function in HF SAN cells. The current study provides insights into the role of mitochondria-SR microdomains in SAN automaticity and possible therapeutic targets for SAN dysfunction in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ren
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Guy Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hao Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Valeriy Timofeyev
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Yankun Lyu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Daphne A. Diloretto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Pauline Trinh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Padmini Sirish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - James L. Overton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Wilson Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Nathan Grainger
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Yang K. Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Elena N. Dedkova
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ebenezer N. Yamoah
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Manuel F. Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Phung N. Thai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655
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Kermorgant M, Fernagut PO, Meissner WG, Arvanitis DN, N'Guyen D, Senard JM, Pavy-Le Traon A. Age and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Autonomic Failure in the Transgenic PLP-syn Mouse, a Model of Multiple System Atrophy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:874155. [PMID: 35720100 PMCID: PMC9201283 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.874155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Autonomic failure (AF) is one main clinical feature which has a significant impact on health-related quality of life. The neuropathological hallmark of MSA is the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes forming glial cytoplasmic inclusions. Only little is known about gender and age differences in AF in MSA. This study was carried out in 6 and 12 months old transgenic PLP-α-syn and WT male and female mice. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed both in time, frequential and non-linear domains. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was estimated by the sequence method. Duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization (QT/QTc intervals) were evaluated from the ECG signals. Three-way ANOVA (genotype x gender x age) with Sidak's method post-hoc was used to analyze data. BRS was significantly changed in PLP-α-syn mice and was age-dependent. QT and QTc intervals were not significantly modified in PLP-α-syn mice. An impaired HRV was observed at 12 months of age in PLP-α-syn female but not in male mice, indicative of cardiovascular AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kermorgant
- INSERM DR Midi-Pyrénées Limousin, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) UMR1297, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- French Reference Center for Multiple System Atrophy, Neurology Department, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Marc Kermorgant
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Wassilios G. Meissner
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- CRMR AMS, Service de Neurologie - Maladies Neurodégénératives, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dina N. Arvanitis
- INSERM DR Midi-Pyrénées Limousin, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) UMR1297, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Du N'Guyen
- INSERM DR Midi-Pyrénées Limousin, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) UMR1297, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Senard
- INSERM DR Midi-Pyrénées Limousin, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) UMR1297, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pavy-Le Traon
- INSERM DR Midi-Pyrénées Limousin, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) UMR1297, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- French Reference Center for Multiple System Atrophy, Neurology Department, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Choi S, Vivas O, Baudot M, Moreno CM. Aging Alters the Formation and Functionality of Signaling Microdomains Between L-type Calcium Channels and β2-Adrenergic Receptors in Cardiac Pacemaker Cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:805909. [PMID: 35514336 PMCID: PMC9065441 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.805909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate is accelerated to match physiological demands through the action of noradrenaline on the cardiac pacemaker. Noradrenaline is released from sympathetic terminals and activates β1-and β2-adrenergic receptors (ΑRs) located at the plasma membrane of pacemaker cells. L-type calcium channels are one of the main downstream targets potentiated by the activation of β-ARs. For this signaling to occur, L-type calcium channels need to be located in close proximity to β-ARs inside caveolae. Although it is known that aging causes a slowdown of the pacemaker rate and a reduction in the response of pacemaker cells to noradrenaline, there is a lack of in-depth mechanistic insights into these age-associated changes. Here, we show that aging affects the formation and function of adrenergic signaling microdomains inside caveolae. By evaluating the β1 and β2 components of the adrenergic regulation of the L-type calcium current, we show that aging does not alter the regulation mediated by β1-ARs but drastically impairs that mediated by β2-ARs. We studied the integrity of the signaling microdomains formed between L-type calcium channels and β-ARs by combining high-resolution microscopy and proximity ligation assays. We show that consistent with the electrophysiological data, aging decreases the physical association between β2-ARs and L-type calcium channels. Interestingly, this reduction is associated with a decrease in the association of L-type calcium channels with the scaffolding protein AKAP150. Old pacemaker cells also have a reduction in caveolae density and in the association of L-type calcium channels with caveolin-3. Together the age-dependent alterations in caveolar formation and the nano-organization of β2-ARs and L-type calcium channels result in a reduced sensitivity of the channels to β2 adrenergic modulation. Our results highlight the importance of these signaling microdomains in maintaining the chronotropic modulation of the heart and also pinpoint the direct impact that aging has on their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Oscar Vivas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthias Baudot
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Claudia M Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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11
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Pizzo E, Berrettoni S, Kaul R, Cervantes DO, Di Stefano V, Jain S, Jacobson JT, Rota M. Heart Rate Variability Reveals Altered Autonomic Regulation in Response to Myocardial Infarction in Experimental Animals. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:843144. [PMID: 35586660 PMCID: PMC9108187 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.843144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of beating rate provides information on the modulatory action of the autonomic nervous system on the heart, which mediates adjustments of cardiac function to meet hemodynamic requirements. In patients with myocardial infarction, alterations of heart rate variability (HRV) have been correlated to the occurrence of arrhythmic events and all-cause mortality. In the current study, we tested whether experimental rodent models of myocardial infarction recapitulate dynamics of heart rate variability observed in humans, and constitute valid platforms for understanding mechanisms linking autonomic function to the development and manifestation of cardiovascular conditions. For this purpose, HRV was evaluated in two engineered mouse lines using electrocardiograms collected in the conscious, restrained state, using a tunnel device. Measurements were obtained in naïve mice and animals at 3–∼28 days following myocardial infarction, induced by permanent coronary artery ligation. Two mouse lines with inbred and hybrid genetic background and, respectively, homozygous (Homo) and heterozygous (Het) for the MerCreMer transgene, were employed. In the naïve state, Het female and male mice presented prolonged RR interval duration (∼9%) and a ∼4-fold increased short- and long-term RR interval variability, with respect to sex-matched Homo mice. These differences were abrogated by pharmacological interventions inhibiting the sympathetic and parasympathetic axes. At 3–∼14 days after myocardial infarction, RR interval duration increased in Homo mice, but was not affected in Het animals. In contrast, Homo mice had minor modifications in HRV parameters, whereas substantial (> 50%) reduction of short- and long-term RR interval variation occurred in Het mice. Interestingly, ex vivo studies in isolated organs documented that intrinsic RR interval duration increased in infarcted vs. non-infarcted Homo and Het hearts, whereas RR interval variation was not affected. In conclusion, our study documents that, as observed in humans, myocardial infarction in rodents is associated with alterations in heart rhythm dynamics consistent with sympathoexcitation and parasympathetic withdrawal. Moreover, we report that mouse strain is an important variable when evaluating autonomic function via the analysis of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pizzo
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Silvia Berrettoni
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Ridhima Kaul
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Daniel O. Cervantes
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Valeria Di Stefano
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Sudhir Jain
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Jason T. Jacobson
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Marcello Rota
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcello Rota,
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12
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Hennis K, Rötzer RD, Rilling J, Wu Y, Thalhammer SB, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Fenske S. In vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological study of the mouse heart to characterize the cardiac conduction system, including atrial and ventricular vulnerability. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1189-1222. [PMID: 35314849 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mouse is a common and cost-effective animal model for basic research, and the number of genetically engineered mouse models with cardiac phenotype is increasing. In vivo electrophysiological study in mice is similar to that performed in humans. It is indispensable for acquiring intracardiac electrocardiogram recordings and determining baseline cardiac cycle intervals. Furthermore, the use of programmed electrical stimulation enables determination of parameters such as sinoatrial conduction time, sinus node recovery time, atrioventricular-nodal conduction properties, Wenckebach periodicity, refractory periods and arrhythmia vulnerability. This protocol describes specific procedures for determining these parameters that were adapted from analogous human protocols for use in mice. We include details of ex vivo electrophysiological study, which provides detailed insights into intrinsic cardiac electrophysiology without external influences from humoral and neural factors. In addition, we describe a heart preparation with intact innervation by the vagus nerve that can be used as an ex vivo model for vagal control of the cardiac conduction system. Data acquisition for in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological study takes ~1 h per mouse, depending on the number of stimulation protocols applied during the procedure. The technique yields highly reliable results and can be used for phenotyping of cardiac disease models, elucidating disease mechanisms and confirming functional improvements in gene therapy approaches as well as for drug and toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Hennis
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - René D Rötzer
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Rilling
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yakun Wu
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan B Thalhammer
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Fenske
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Reddy GR, Ren L, Thai PN, Caldwell JL, Zaccolo M, Bossuyt J, Ripplinger CM, Xiang YK, Nieves-Cintrón M, Chiamvimonvat N, Navedo MF. Deciphering cellular signals in adult mouse sinoatrial node cells. iScience 2022; 25:103693. [PMID: 35036877 PMCID: PMC8749457 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinoatrial node (SAN) cells are the pacemakers of the heart. This study describes a method for culturing and infection of adult mouse SAN cells with FRET-based biosensors that can be exploited to examine signaling events. SAN cells cultured in media with blebbistatin or (S)-nitro-blebbistatin retain their morphology, protein distribution, action potential (AP) waveform, and cAMP dynamics for at least 40 h. SAN cells expressing targeted cAMP sensors show distinct β-adrenergic-mediated cAMP pools. Cyclic GMP, protein kinase A, Ca2+/CaM kinase II, and protein kinase D in SAN cells also show unique dynamics to different stimuli. Heart failure SAN cells show a decrease in cAMP and cGMP levels. In summary, a reliable method for maintaining adult mouse SAN cells in culture is presented, which facilitates studies of signaling networks and regulatory mechanisms during physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopireddy R. Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue MED: PHARM Tupper 242, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lu Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 451 Health Science Drive, GBSF 6315, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Phung N. Thai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 451 Health Science Drive, GBSF 6315, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jessica L. Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue MED: PHARM Tupper 242, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Julie Bossuyt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue MED: PHARM Tupper 242, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Crystal M. Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue MED: PHARM Tupper 242, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yang K. Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue MED: PHARM Tupper 242, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- VA Northern California Healthcare System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Madeline Nieves-Cintrón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue MED: PHARM Tupper 242, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 451 Health Science Drive, GBSF 6315, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- VA Northern California Healthcare System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Manuel F. Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue MED: PHARM Tupper 242, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Gruscheski L, Brand T. The Role of POPDC Proteins in Cardiac Pacemaking and Conduction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:160. [PMID: 34940515 PMCID: PMC8706714 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) gene family, consisting of Popdc1 (also known as Bves), Popdc2, and Popdc3, encodes transmembrane proteins abundantly expressed in striated muscle. POPDC proteins have recently been identified as cAMP effector proteins and have been proposed to be part of the protein network involved in cAMP signaling. However, their exact biochemical activity is presently poorly understood. Loss-of-function mutations in animal models causes abnormalities in skeletal muscle regeneration, conduction, and heart rate adaptation after stress. Likewise, patients carrying missense or nonsense mutations in POPDC genes have been associated with cardiac arrhythmias and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. In this review, we introduce the POPDC protein family, and describe their structure function, and role in cAMP signaling. Furthermore, the pathological phenotypes observed in zebrafish and mouse models and the clinical and molecular pathologies in patients carrying POPDC mutations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
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15
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Moving average and standard deviation thresholding (MAST): a novel algorithm for accurate R-wave detection in the murine electrocardiogram. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:1071-1083. [PMID: 34304289 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in implantable radio-telemetry or diverse biologging devices capable of acquiring high-resolution ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) or heart rate recordings facilitate comparative physiological investigations by enabling detailed analysis of cardiopulmonary phenotypes and responses in vivo. Two priorities guiding the meaningful adoption of such technologies are: (1) automation, to streamline and standardize large dataset analysis, and (2) flexibility in quality-control. The latter is especially relevant when considering the tendency of some fully automated software solutions to significantly underestimate heart rate when raw signals contain high-amplitude noise. We present herein moving average and standard deviation thresholding (MAST), a novel, open-access algorithm developed to perform automated, accurate, and noise-robust single-channel R-wave detection from ECG obtained in chronically instrumented mice. MAST additionally and automatically excludes and annotates segments where R-wave detection is not possible due to artefact levels exceeding signal levels. Customizable settings (e.g. window width of moving average) allow for MAST to be scaled for use in non-murine species. Two expert reviewers compared MAST's performance (true/false positive and false negative detections) with that of a commercial ECG analysis program. Both approaches were applied blindly to the same random selection of 270 3-min ECG recordings from a dataset containing varying amounts of signal artefact. MAST exhibited roughly one quarter the error rate of the commercial software and accurately detected R-waves with greater consistency and virtually no false positives (sensitivity, Se: 98.48% ± 4.32% vs. 94.59% ± 17.52%, positive predictivity, +P: 99.99% ± 0.06% vs. 99.57% ± 3.91%, P < 0.001 and P = 0.0274 respectively, Wilcoxon signed rank; values are mean ± SD). Our novel, open-access approach for automated single-channel R-wave detection enables investigators to study murine heart rate indices with greater accuracy and less effort. It also provides a foundational code for translation to other mammals, ectothermic vertebrates, and birds.
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16
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Schroder EA, Wayland JL, Samuels KM, Shah SF, Burgess DE, Seward T, Elayi CS, Esser KA, Delisle BP. Cardiomyocyte Deletion of Bmal1 Exacerbates QT- and RR-Interval Prolongation in Scn5a +/ΔKPQ Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:681011. [PMID: 34248669 PMCID: PMC8265216 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.681011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are generated by cell autonomous circadian clocks that perform a ubiquitous cellular time-keeping function and cell type-specific functions important for normal physiology. Studies show inducing the deletion of the core circadian clock transcription factor Bmal1 in adult mouse cardiomyocytes disrupts cardiac circadian clock function, cardiac ion channel expression, slows heart rate, and prolongs the QT-interval at slow heart rates. This study determined how inducing the deletion of Bmal1 in adult cardiomyocytes impacted the in vivo electrophysiological phenotype of a knock-in mouse model for the arrhythmogenic long QT syndrome (Scn5a+/ΔKPQ). Electrocardiographic telemetry showed inducing the deletion of Bmal1 in the cardiomyocytes of mice with or without the ΔKPQ-Scn5a mutation increased the QT-interval at RR-intervals that were ≥130 ms. Inducing the deletion of Bmal1 in the cardiomyocytes of mice with or without the ΔKPQ-Scn5a mutation also increased the day/night rhythm-adjusted mean in the RR-interval, but it did not change the period, phase or amplitude. Compared to mice without the ΔKPQ-Scn5a mutation, mice with the ΔKPQ-Scn5a mutation had reduced heart rate variability (HRV) during the peak of the day/night rhythm in the RR-interval. Inducing the deletion of Bmal1 in cardiomyocytes did not affect HRV in mice without the ΔKPQ-Scn5a mutation, but it did increase HRV in mice with the ΔKPQ-Scn5a mutation. The data demonstrate that deleting Bmal1 in cardiomyocytes exacerbates QT- and RR-interval prolongation in mice with the ΔKPQ-Scn5a mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Schroder
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Internal Medicine and Pulmonary, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jennifer L Wayland
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M Samuels
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Syed F Shah
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Don E Burgess
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Tanya Seward
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brian P Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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17
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Grainger N, Guarina L, Cudmore RH, Santana LF. The Organization of the Sinoatrial Node Microvasculature Varies Regionally to Match Local Myocyte Excitability. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab031. [PMID: 34250490 PMCID: PMC8259512 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac cycle starts when an action potential is produced by pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node. This cycle is repeated approximately 100 000 times in humans and 1 million times in mice per day, imposing a monumental metabolic demand on the heart, requiring efficient blood supply via the coronary vasculature to maintain cardiac function. Although the ventricular coronary circulation has been extensively studied, the relationship between vascularization and cellular pacemaking modalities in the sinoatrial node is poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the organization of the sinoatrial node microvasculature varies regionally, reflecting local myocyte firing properties. We show that vessel densities are higher in the superior versus inferior sinoatrial node. Accordingly, sinoatrial node myocytes are closer to vessels in the superior versus inferior regions. Superior and inferior sinoatrial node myocytes produce stochastic subthreshold voltage fluctuations and action potentials. However, the intrinsic action potential firing rate of sinoatrial node myocytes is higher in the superior versus inferior node. Our data support a model in which the microvascular densities vary regionally within the sinoatrial node to match the electrical and Ca2+ dynamics of nearby myocytes, effectively determining the dominant pacemaking site within the node. In this model, the high vascular density in the superior sinoatrial node places myocytes with metabolically demanding, high-frequency action potentials near vessels. The lower vascularization and electrical activity of inferior sinoatrial node myocytes could limit these cells to function to support sinoatrial node periodicity with sporadic voltage fluctuations via a stochastic resonance mechanism.
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18
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Hennis K, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Fenske S. Beyond pacemaking: HCN channels in sinoatrial node function. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 166:51-60. [PMID: 33753086 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are key proteins involved in the initiation and regulation of the heartbeat. Pacemaker cells within the sinoatrial node generate the electrical impulse that underlies the contraction of all atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes. To generate a stable heart rhythm, it is necessary that the spontaneous activity of pacemaker cells is synchronized. Entrainment processes in the sinoatrial node create synchrony and also mediate heart rate regulation. In the past years it has become clear that the role of HCN channels goes beyond just pacemaking and that the channels play pivotal roles in these entrainment processes that coordinate and balance sinoatrial node network activity. Here, we review the role of HCN channels in the central pacemaker process and highlight new aspects of the contribution of HCN channels to stabilizing the electrical activity of the sinoatrial node network, especially during heart rate regulation by the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Hennis
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Neurophysiology, 30625, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Liang D, Xue J, Geng L, Zhou L, Lv B, Zeng Q, Xiong K, Zhou H, Xie D, Zhang F, Liu J, Liu Y, Li L, Yang J, Xue Z, Chen YH. Cellular and molecular landscape of mammalian sinoatrial node revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:287. [PMID: 33436583 PMCID: PMC7804277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioelectrical impulses intrinsically generated within the sinoatrial node (SAN) trigger the contraction of the heart in mammals. Though discovered over a century ago, the molecular and cellular features of the SAN that underpin its critical function in the heart are uncharted territory. Here, we identify four distinct transcriptional clusters by single-cell RNA sequencing in the mouse SAN. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes identifies a core cell cluster enriched in the electrogenic genes. The similar cellular features are also observed in the SAN from both rabbit and cynomolgus monkey. Notably, Vsnl1, a core cell cluster marker in mouse, is abundantly expressed in SAN, but is barely detectable in atrium or ventricle, suggesting that Vsnl1 is a potential SAN marker. Importantly, deficiency of Vsnl1 not only reduces the beating rate of human induced pluripotent stem cell - derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) but also the heart rate of mice. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) unveiled the core gene regulation network governing the function of the SAN in mice. Overall, these findings reveal the whole transcriptome profiling of the SAN at single-cell resolution, representing an advance toward understanding of both the biology and the pathology of SAN. The spontaneous bioelectrical activity of pacemaker cells in sinoatrial node (SAN) triggers the heartbeats. Here, the authors perform single-cell RNA sequencing in the mouse SAN and identify molecular and cellular features of the SAN conserved in rabbit and cynomolgus monkey, identifying a new potential SAN marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jinfeng Xue
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qiao Zeng
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ke Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huixing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Duanyang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fulei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Translational Center of Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Yi-Han Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China. .,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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20
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cAMP-dependent regulation of HCN4 controls the tonic entrainment process in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5555. [PMID: 33144559 PMCID: PMC7641277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is highly debated how cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent regulation (CDR) of the major pacemaker channel HCN4 in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is involved in heart rate regulation by the autonomic nervous system. We addressed this question using a knockin mouse line expressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate-insensitive HCN4 channels. This mouse line displayed a complex cardiac phenotype characterized by sinus dysrhythmia, severe sinus bradycardia, sinus pauses and chronotropic incompetence. Furthermore, the absence of CDR leads to inappropriately enhanced heart rate responses of the SAN to vagal nerve activity in vivo. The mechanism underlying these symptoms can be explained by the presence of nonfiring pacemaker cells. We provide evidence that a tonic and mutual interaction process (tonic entrainment) between firing and nonfiring cells slows down the overall rhythm of the SAN. Most importantly, we show that the proportion of firing cells can be increased by CDR of HCN4 to efficiently oppose enhanced responses to vagal activity. In conclusion, we provide evidence for a novel role of CDR of HCN4 for the central pacemaker process in the sinoatrial node. The involvement of cAMP-dependent regulation of HCN4 in the chronotropic heart rate response is a matter of debate. Here the authors use a knockin mouse model expressing cAMP-insensitive HCN4 channels to discover an inhibitory nonfiring cell pool in the sinoatrial node and a tonic and mutual interaction between firing and nonfiring pacemaker cells that is controlled by cAMP-dependent regulation of HCN4, with implications in chronotropic heart rate responses.
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21
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Galang G, Mandla R, Ruan H, Jung C, Sinha T, Stone NR, Wu RS, Mannion BJ, Allu PKR, Chang K, Rammohan A, Shi MB, Pennacchio LA, Black BL, Vedantham V. ATAC-Seq Reveals an Isl1 Enhancer That Regulates Sinoatrial Node Development and Function. Circ Res 2020; 127:1502-1518. [PMID: 33044128 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac pacemaker cells (PCs) in the sinoatrial node (SAN) have a distinct gene expression program that allows them to fire automatically and initiate the heartbeat. Although critical SAN transcription factors, including Isl1 (Islet-1), Tbx3 (T-box transcription factor 3), and Shox2 (short-stature homeobox protein 2), have been identified, the cis-regulatory architecture that governs PC-specific gene expression is not understood, and discrete enhancers required for gene regulation in the SAN have not been identified. OBJECTIVE To define the epigenetic profile of PCs using comparative ATAC-seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing) and to identify novel enhancers involved in SAN gene regulation, development, and function. METHODS AND RESULTS We used ATAC-seq on sorted neonatal mouse SAN to compare regions of accessible chromatin in PCs and right atrial cardiomyocytes. PC-enriched assay for transposase-accessible chromatin peaks, representing candidate SAN regulatory elements, were located near established SAN genes and were enriched for distinct sets of TF (transcription factor) binding sites. Among several novel SAN enhancers that were experimentally validated using transgenic mice, we identified a 2.9-kb regulatory element at the Isl1 locus that was active specifically in the cardiac inflow at embryonic day 8.5 and throughout later SAN development and maturation. Deletion of this enhancer from the genome of mice resulted in SAN hypoplasia and sinus arrhythmias. The mouse SAN enhancer also directed reporter activity to the inflow tract in developing zebrafish hearts, demonstrating deep conservation of its upstream regulatory network. Finally, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome that occur near the region syntenic to the mouse enhancer exhibit significant associations with resting heart rate in human populations. CONCLUSIONS (1) PCs have distinct regions of accessible chromatin that correlate with their gene expression profile and contain novel SAN enhancers, (2) cis-regulation of Isl1 specifically in the SAN depends upon a conserved SAN enhancer that regulates PC development and SAN function, and (3) a corresponding human ISL1 enhancer may regulate human SAN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Galang
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ravi Mandla
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Hongmei Ruan
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Catherine Jung
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Tanvi Sinha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (T.S., R.S.W., B.L.B., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nicole R Stone
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (N.R.S.)
| | - Roland S Wu
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (T.S., R.S.W., B.L.B., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Brandon J Mannion
- Environmental and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA (B.J.M., L.A.P.).,Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA (B.J.M., L.A.P.).,Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley (B.J.M., L.A.P.)
| | - Prasanna K R Allu
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kevin Chang
- School of Medicine (K.C.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ashwin Rammohan
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Marie B Shi
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Environmental and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA (B.J.M., L.A.P.).,Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA (B.J.M., L.A.P.).,Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley (B.J.M., L.A.P.)
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (T.S., R.S.W., B.L.B., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (B.L.B.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Vasanth Vedantham
- Cardiology Division (G.G., R.M., H.R., C.J., R.S.W., P.K.R.A., A.R., M.B.S., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (T.S., R.S.W., B.L.B., V.V.), University of California, San Francisco
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22
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Comelli M, Meo M, Cervantes DO, Pizzo E, Plosker A, Mohler PJ, Hund TJ, Jacobson JT, Meste O, Rota M. Rhythm dynamics of the aging heart: an experimental study using conscious, restrained mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H893-H905. [PMID: 32886003 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00379.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of variation in time interval between heartbeats and reflects the influence of autonomic nervous system and circulating/locally released factors on sinoatrial node discharge. Here, we tested whether electrocardiograms (ECGs) obtained in conscious, restrained mice, a condition that affects sympathovagal balance, reveal alterations of heart rhythm dynamics with aging. Moreover, based on emergence of sodium channels as modulators of pacemaker activity, we addressed consequences of altered sodium channels on heart rhythm. C57Bl/6 mice and mice with enhanced late sodium current due to Nav1.5 mutation at Ser571 (S571E) at ~4 to ~24 mo of age, were studied. HRV was assessed using time- and frequency-domain and nonlinear parameters. For C57Bl/6 and S571E mice, standard deviation of RR intervals (SDRR), total power of RR interval variation, and nonlinear standard deviation 2 (SD2) were maximal at ~4 mo and decreased at ~18 and ~24 mo, together with attenuation of indexes of sympathovagal balance. Modulation of sympathetic and/or parasympathetic divisions revealed attenuation of autonomic tone at ~24 mo. At ~4 mo, S571E mice presented lower heart rate and higher SDRR, total power, and SD2 with respect to C57Bl/6, properties reversed by late sodium current inhibition. At ~24 mo, heart rate decreased in C57Bl/6 but increased in S571E, a condition preserved after autonomic blockade. Collectively, our data indicate that aging is associated with reduced HRV. Moreover, sodium channel function conditions heart rate and its age-related adaptations, but does not interfere with HRV decline occurring with age.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have investigated age-associated alterations of heart rate properties in mice using conscious electrocardiographic recordings. Our findings support the notion that aging is coupled with altered sympathovagal balance with consequences on heart rate variability. Moreover, by using a genetically engineered mouse line, we provide evidence that sodium channels modulate heart rate and its age-related adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Comelli
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Marianna Meo
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Bordeaux University Foundation, F-33600 Pessac-Bordeaux, France, with Univ. Bordeaux and INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Emanuele Pizzo
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Aaron Plosker
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Peter J Mohler
- The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas J Hund
- The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason T Jacobson
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Olivier Meste
- Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, I3S, France
| | - Marcello Rota
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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23
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Dorey TW, Moghtadaei M, Rose RA. Altered heart rate variability in angiotensin II–mediated hypertension is associated with impaired autonomic nervous system signaling and intrinsic sinoatrial node dysfunction. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:1360-1370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Abstract
The central nervous system controls the activity states of the peripheral organs in response to various environmental changes. However, the physiological interactions across multiple organs remain largely unknown. Recently, we have developed an electrophysiological recording system that simultaneously captures neuronal population activity patterns in the brain, heartbeat signals, muscle contraction signals, respiratory signals, and vagus nerve action potentials in freely moving rodents. This paper summarizes several recent insights obtained from this recording system, including the observations that some but not all brain activity patterns are associated with peripheral organ activity in a behavioral test, and that functions across cortical networks can predict stress-induced changes in cardiac function in rats. The evidence suggests that adding information on peripheral physiological signals to behavioral data assists in a more accurate estimation of animals' mental states. The concept of such a research approach opens a new field of large-scale analysis of systemic physiological signals, termed "physiolomics," which is expected to unveil further physiological issues involving mind-body associations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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25
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Hammelmann V, Stieglitz MS, Hülle H, Le Meur K, Kass J, Brümmer M, Gruner C, Rötzer RD, Fenske S, Hartmann J, Zott B, Lüthi A, Spahn S, Moser M, Isbrandt D, Ludwig A, Konnerth A, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M. Abolishing cAMP sensitivity in HCN2 pacemaker channels induces generalized seizures. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126418. [PMID: 31045576 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are dually gated channels that are operated by voltage and by neurotransmitters via the cAMP system. cAMP-dependent HCN regulation has been proposed to play a key role in regulating circuit behavior in the thalamus. By analyzing a knockin mouse model (HCN2EA), in which binding of cAMP to HCN2 was abolished by 2 amino acid exchanges (R591E, T592A), we found that cAMP gating of HCN2 is essential for regulating the transition between the burst and tonic modes of firing in thalamic dorsal-lateral geniculate (dLGN) and ventrobasal (VB) nuclei. HCN2EA mice display impaired visual learning, generalized seizures of thalamic origin, and altered NREM sleep properties. VB-specific deletion of HCN2, but not of HCN4, also induced these generalized seizures of the absence type, corroborating a key role of HCN2 in this particular nucleus for controlling consciousness. Together, our data define distinct pathological phenotypes resulting from the loss of cAMP-mediated gating of a neuronal HCN channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hammelmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Sebastian Stieglitz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Hülle
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karim Le Meur
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kass
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Brümmer
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gruner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - René Dominik Rötzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Hartmann
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Zott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Spahn
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Isbrandt
- DZNE Research Group, Experimental Neurophysiology, Institute for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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26
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Albarado-Ibañez A, Arroyo-Carmona RE, Sánchez-Hernández R, Ramos-Ortiz G, Frank A, García-Gudiño D, Torres-Jácome J. The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System on Cardiac Rhythm during the Evolution of Diabetes Mellitus Using Heart Rate Variability as a Biomarker. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:5157024. [PMID: 31211146 PMCID: PMC6532312 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5157024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is highly influenced by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Several illnesses have been associated with changes in the ANS, thus altering the pattern of HRV. However, the variability of the heart rhythm is originated within the Sinus Atrial Node (SAN) which has its own variability. Still, although both oscillators produce HRV, the influence of the SAN on HRV has not yet been exhaustively studied. On the other hand, the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), for instance, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, these complications are diagnosed only when the patient is already suffering from the negative symptoms these complications implicate. Consequently, it is of paramount importance to develop new techniques for early diagnosis prior to any deterioration on healthy patients. HRV has been proved to be a valuable, noninvasive clinical evidence for evaluating diseases and even for describing aging and behavior. In this study, several ECGs were recorded and their RR and PP intervals were analyzed to detect the interpotential interval (ii) of the SAN. Additionally, HRV reduction was quantified to identify alterations in the nervous system within the nodal tissue via measuring the SD1/SD2 ratio in a Poincaré plot. With 15 years of DM development, the data showed an age-dependent increase in HRV due to the axon retraction of ANS neurons from its effectors. In addition, these alterations modify the heart rhythm-producing fatal arrhythmias. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the consequences of DM identifying alterations in SAN previous to its symptomatic appearance. This could be used as an early diagnosis indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alondra Albarado-Ibañez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de las Ciencias de la Complejidad, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Sur, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 Cd. de México, Mexico
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Instituto de Fisiología, 14 Sur 6301, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Arroyo-Carmona
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 18 sur y avenida San Claudio colonia Jardines de San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Rommel Sánchez-Hernández
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Instituto de Fisiología, 14 Sur 6301, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Geovanni Ramos-Ortiz
- Universidad de Puebla, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Colonia Guadalupe Hidalgo, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Alejandro Frank
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de las Ciencias de la Complejidad, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Sur, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - David García-Gudiño
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de las Ciencias de la Complejidad, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Sur, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - Julián Torres-Jácome
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Instituto de Fisiología, 14 Sur 6301, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
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27
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Abstract
Laboratory studies of the heart use cell and tissue cultures to dissect heart function yet rely on animal models to measure pressure and volume dynamics. Here, we report tissue-engineered scale models of the human left ventricle, made of nanofibrous scaffolds that promote native-like anisotropic myocardial tissue genesis and chamber-level contractile function. Incorporating neonatal rat ventricular myocytes or cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, the tissue-engineered ventricles have a diastolic chamber volume of ~500 μL (comparable to that of the native rat ventricle and approximately 1/250 the size of the human ventricle), and ejection fractions and contractile work 50–250 times smaller and 104–108 times smaller than the corresponding values for rodent and human ventricles, respectively. We also measured tissue coverage and alignment, calcium-transient propagation and pressure/volume loops in the presence or absence of test compounds. Moreover, we describe an instrumented bioreactor with ventricular-assist capabilities, and provide a proof-of-concept disease model of structural arrhythmia. The model ventricles can be evaluated with the same assays used in animal models and in clinical settings.
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28
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Postnatal undernutrition in mice causes cardiac arrhythmogenesis which is exacerbated when pharmacologically stressed. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:417-424. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractGrowth restriction caused by postnatal undernutrition increases risk for cardiovascular disease in adulthood with the potential to induce arrhythmogenesis. Thus, the purpose was to determine if undernutrition during development produced arrhythmias at rest and when stressed with dobutamine in adulthood. Mouse dams were fed (CON: 20% protein), or low-protein (LP: 8%) diet before mating. A cross-fostering model was used where pups nursed by dams fed LP diet in early [EUN; postnatal day (PN) 1–10], late (LUN; PN11–21) and whole (PUN; 1–21) phases of postnatal life. Weaned pups were switched to CON diets for the remainder of the study (PN80). At PN80, body composition (magnetic resonance imaging), and quantitative electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements were obtained under 1% isoflurane anesthesia. After baseline ECG, an IP injection (1.5 µg/g body weight) of dobutamine was administered and ECG repeated. Undernutrition significantly (P<0.05) reduced body weight in LUN (22.68±0.88 g) and PUN (19.96±0.32 g) but not in CON (25.05±0.96 g) and EUN (25.28±0.9207 g). Fat mass decreased in all groups compared with controls (CON: 8.00±1.2 g, EUN: 6.32±0.65 g, LUN: 5.11±1.1 g, PUN: 3.90±0.25 g). Lean mass was only significantly reduced in PUN (CON: 17.99±0.26 g, EUN: 17.78±0.39 g, LUN: 17.34±0.33 g, PUN: 15.85±0.28 g). Absolute heart weights were significantly less from CON, with PUN having the smallest. ECG showed LUN had occurrences of atrial fibrillation; EUN had increases of 1st degree atrioventricular block upon stimulation, and PUN had increased risk for ventricular depolarization arrhythmias. CON did not display arrhythmias. Undernutrition in early life resulted in ventricular arrhythmias under stressed conditions, but undernutrition occurring in later postnatal life there is an increased incidence of atrial arrhythmias.
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29
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Shikano Y, Sasaki T, Ikegaya Y. Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29658939 DOI: 10.3791/56980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shikano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo;
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo; Center for Information and Neural Networks
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30
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Altered heart rate regulation by the autonomic nervous system in mice lacking natriuretic peptide receptor C (NPR-C). Sci Rep 2017; 7:17564. [PMID: 29242602 PMCID: PMC5730580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) play essential roles in the regulation of cardiovascular function. NP effects are mediated by receptors known as NPR-A, NPR-B or NPR-C. NPs have potent effects on regulation of heart rate (HR) by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), but the role of NPR-C in these effects has not been investigated. Accordingly, we have used telemetric ECG recordings in awake, freely moving wildtype and NPR-C knockout (NPR-C−/−) mice and performed heart rate variability (HRV) analysis to assess alterations in sympatho-vagal balance on the heart following loss of NPR-C. Our novel data demonstrate that NPR-C−/− mice are characterized by elevations in HR, reductions in circadian changes in HR and enhanced occurrence of sinus pauses, indicating increased arrhythmogenesis and a loss of HRV. Time domain and frequency domain analyses further demonstrate that HRV is reduced in NPR-C−/− mice in association with a reduction in parasympathetic activity. Importantly, the low frequency to high frequency ratio was increased in NPR-C−/− mice indicating that sympathetic activity is also enhanced. These changes in autonomic regulation were confirmed using atropine and propranolol to antagonize the ANS. These findings illustrate that loss of NPR-C reduces HRV due to perturbations in the regulation of the heart by the ANS.
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31
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Sasaki T. [Large-scale analysis of bioelectrical signals for understanding brain-body interactions]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017; 149:167-172. [PMID: 28381660 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.149.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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32
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Sasaki T, Nishimura Y, Ikegaya Y. Simultaneous Recordings of Central and Peripheral Bioelectrical Signals in a Freely Moving Rodent. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:711-715. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- Center for Information and Neural Networks
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33
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Suppression of ryanodine receptor function prolongs Ca2+ release refractoriness and promotes cardiac alternans in intact hearts. Biochem J 2016; 473:3951-3964. [PMID: 27582498 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beat-to-beat alternations in the amplitude of the cytosolic Ca2+ transient (Ca2+ alternans) are thought to be the primary cause of cardiac alternans that can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Despite its important role in arrhythmogenesis, the mechanism underlying Ca2+ alternans remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), the major Ca2+ release channel responsible for cytosolic Ca2+ transients, in cardiac alternans. Using a unique mouse model harboring a suppression-of-function (SOF) RyR2 mutation (E4872Q), we assessed the effect of genetically suppressing RyR2 function on Ca2+ and action potential duration (APD) alternans in intact hearts, and electrocardiogram (ECG) alternans in vivo We found that RyR2-SOF hearts displayed prolonged sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release refractoriness and enhanced propensity for Ca2+ alternans. RyR2-SOF hearts/mice also exhibited increased propensity for APD and ECG alternans. Caffeine, which enhances RyR2 activity and the propensity for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), suppressed Ca2+ alternans in RyR2-SOF hearts, whereas carvedilol, a β-blocker that suppresses RyR2 activity and CPVT, promoted Ca2+ alternans in these hearts. Thus, RyR2 function is an important determinant of Ca2+, APD, and ECG alternans. Our data also indicate that the activity of RyR2 influences the propensity for cardiac alternans and CPVT in an opposite manner. Therefore, overly suppressing or enhancing RyR2 function is pro-arrhythmic.
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Okada S, Igata H, Sakaguchi T, Sasaki T, Ikegaya Y. A new device for the simultaneous recording of cerebral, cardiac, and muscular electrical activity in freely moving rodents. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:105-108. [PMID: 27430984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new technique for the simultaneous capture of bioelectrical time signals from the brain and peripheral organs of freely moving rodents. The recording system integrates all systemic signals into an electrical interface board that is mounted on an animal's head for an extended period. The interface board accommodates up to 48 channels, enabling us to analyze neuronal activity patterns in multiple brain regions by comparing a variety of physiological body states over weeks and months. This technique will advance the understanding of the neurophysiological correlate of mind-body associations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Igata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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Arroyo-Carmona RE, López-Serrano AL, Albarado-Ibañez A, Mendoza-Lucero FMF, Medel-Cajica D, López-Mayorga RM, Torres-Jácome J. Heart Rate Variability as Early Biomarker for the Evaluation of Diabetes Mellitus Progress. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:8483537. [PMID: 27191000 PMCID: PMC4848735 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8483537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the side effects of diabetes mellitus have recently increased the global health expenditure each year. Of these, the early diagnostic can contribute to the decrease on renal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems complications. However, the diagnostic criteria, which are commonly used, do not suggest the diabetes progress in the patient. In this study, the streptozotocin model in mice (cDM) was used as early diagnostic criterion to reduce the side effects related to the illness. The results showed some clinical signs similarly to five-year diabetes progress without renal injury, neuropathies, and cardiac neuropathy autonomic in the cDM-model. On the other hand, the electrocardiogram was used to determine alterations in heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), using the Poincaré plot to quantify the HRV decrease in the cDM-model. Additionally, the SD1/SD2 ratio and ventricular arrhythmias showed increase without side effects of diabetes. Therefore, the use of HRV as an early biomarker contributes to evaluating diabetes mellitus complications from the diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Elena Arroyo-Carmona
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, 11340 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura López-Serrano
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - Alondra Albarado-Ibañez
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
- Centro de las Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Sur, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | | | - David Medel-Cajica
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
| | - Ruth Mery López-Mayorga
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, 11340 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Julián Torres-Jácome
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico
- *Julián Torres-Jácome:
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