1
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Kadiri JJ, Tadayon S, Thapa K, Suominen A, Hollmén M, Rinne P. Melanocortin 1 Receptor Deficiency in Hematopoietic Cells Promotes the Expansion of Inflammatory Leukocytes in Atherosclerotic Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:774013. [PMID: 34868038 PMCID: PMC8640177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.774013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1-R) is expressed in leukocytes, where it mediates anti-inflammatory actions. We have previously observed that global deficiency of MC1-R signaling perturbs cholesterol homeostasis, increases arterial leukocyte accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe-/-) mice. Since various cell types besides leukocytes express MC1-R, we aimed at investigating the specific contribution of leukocyte MC1-R to the development of atherosclerosis. For this purpose, male Apoe-/- mice were irradiated, received bone marrow from either female Apoe-/- mice or MC1-R deficient Apoe-/- mice (Apoe-/- Mc1re/e) and were analyzed for tissue leukocyte profiles and atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. Hematopoietic MC1-R deficiency significantly elevated total leukocyte counts in the blood, bone marrow and spleen, an effect that was amplified by feeding mice a cholesterol-rich diet. The increased leukocyte counts were largely attributable to expanded lymphocyte populations, particularly CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the number of monocytes was elevated in Apoe-/- Mc1re/e chimeric mice and it paralleled an increase in hematopoietic stem cell count in the bone marrow. Despite robust leukocytosis, atherosclerotic plaque size and composition as well as arterial leukocyte counts were unaffected by MC1-R deficiency. To address this discrepancy, we performed an in vivo homing assay and found that MC1-R deficient CD4+ T cells and monocytes were preferentially entering the spleen rather than homing in peri-aortic lymph nodes. This was mechanistically associated with compromised chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)-dependent migration of CD4+ T cells and a defect in the recycling capacity of CCR5. Finally, our data demonstrate for the first time that CD4+ T cells also express MC1-R. In conclusion, MC1-R regulates hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and tissue leukocyte counts but its deficiency in leukocytes impairs cell migration via a CCR5-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Kadiri
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sina Tadayon
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Keshav Thapa
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Suominen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Rinne
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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2
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Structures of active melanocortin-4 receptor-Gs-protein complexes with NDP-α-MSH and setmelanotide. Cell Res 2021; 31:1176-1189. [PMID: 34561620 PMCID: PMC8563958 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a hypothalamic master regulator of energy homeostasis and appetite, is a class A G-protein-coupled receptor and a prime target for the pharmacological treatment of obesity. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of MC4R–Gs-protein complexes with two drugs recently approved by the FDA, the peptide agonists NDP-α-MSH and setmelanotide, with 2.9 Å and 2.6 Å resolution. Together with signaling data from structure-derived MC4R mutants, the complex structures reveal the agonist-induced origin of transmembrane helix (TM) 6-regulated receptor activation. The ligand-binding modes of NDP-α-MSH, a high-affinity linear variant of the endogenous agonist α-MSH, and setmelanotide, a cyclic anti-obesity drug with biased signaling toward Gq/11, underline the key role of TM3 in ligand-specific interactions and of calcium ion as a ligand-adaptable cofactor. The agonist-specific TM3 interplay subsequently impacts receptor–Gs-protein interfaces at intracellular loop 2, which also regulates the G-protein coupling profile of this promiscuous receptor. Finally, our structures reveal mechanistic details of MC4R activation/inhibition, and provide important insights into the regulation of the receptor signaling profile which will facilitate the development of tailored anti-obesity drugs.
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3
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Bucci R, Foschi F, Loro C, Erba E, Gelmi ML, Pellegrino S. Fishing in the Toolbox of Cyclic Turn Mimics: a Literature Overview of the Last Decade. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze farmaceutiche,DISFARM Università degli Studi di Milano Via Venezian 21 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologie,DiSAT Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 9 Como 20100 Italy
| | - Camilla Loro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologie,DiSAT Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 9 Como 20100 Italy
| | - Emanuela Erba
- Dipartimento di Scienze farmaceutiche,DISFARM Università degli Studi di Milano Via Venezian 21 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Gelmi
- Dipartimento di Scienze farmaceutiche,DISFARM Università degli Studi di Milano Via Venezian 21 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze farmaceutiche,DISFARM Università degli Studi di Milano Via Venezian 21 Milano 20133 Italy
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4
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Fischer NH, Nielsen DS, Palmer D, Meldal M, Diness F. C-Terminal lactamization of peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:895-898. [PMID: 33367306 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of peptides (SPPS) with release through formation of C-terminal γ-, δ-, or ε-lactams is presented. The natural products ciliatamide A and C were synthesized in up to 90% yield. Peptides carrying C-terminal lactams were shown to possess increased bio-stability and comparable biological activity as compared to the parent non-lactamized peptide amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas H Fischer
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| | - Daniel S Nielsen
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Palmer
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| | - Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Diness
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
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5
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Martin C, Gimenez LE, Williams SY, Jing Y, Wu Y, Hollanders C, Van der Poorten O, Gonzalez S, Van Holsbeeck K, Previti S, Lamouroux A, Zhao S, Tourwé D, Stevens RC, Cone RD, Ballet S. Structure-Based Design of Melanocortin 4 Receptor Ligands Based on the SHU-9119-hMC4R Cocrystal Structure†. J Med Chem 2020; 64:357-369. [PMID: 33190475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R) belong to class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are known to have receptor-specific roles in normal and diseased states. Selectivity for MC4R is of particular interest due to its involvement in various metabolic disorders, including obesity, feeding regulation, and sexual dysfunctions. To further improve the potency and selectivity of MC4R (ant)agonist peptide ligands, we designed and synthesized a series of cyclic peptides based on the recent crystal structure of MC4R in complex with the well-characterized antagonist SHU-9119 (Ac-Nle4-c[Asp5-His6-DNal(2')7-Arg8-Trp9-Lys10]-NH2). These analogues were pharmacologically characterized in vitro, giving key insights into exploiting binding site subpockets to deliver more selective ligands. More specifically, the side chains of the Nle4, DNal(2')7, and Trp9 residues in SHU-9119, as well as the amide linkage between the Asp5 and Lys10 side chains, were found to represent structural features engaging a hMC4R/hMC3R selectivity switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Martin
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luis E Gimenez
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Savannah Y Williams
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yu Jing
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Charlie Hollanders
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon Gonzalez
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Van Holsbeeck
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Santo Previti
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arthur Lamouroux
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Genetics and erectile dysfunction: leveraging early foundations for new discoveries. Int J Impot Res 2020; 34:252-259. [PMID: 33173200 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-020-00372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in understanding the genetics of erectile dysfunction (ED). Since early twin studies that suggested a genetic component to ED, multiple candidate gene studies have identified genetic variants that may be associated with ED. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have overcome some of the criticism of the candidate gene approach. Two recent GWAS studies have identified loci near SIM1 that may be associated with ED and have renewed interest in the leptin melanocortin signaling pathway. We review the current literature on the genetic basis of ED by highlighting several candidate genes and genetic variants associated with ED.
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7
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Obesity and Related Type 2 Diabetes: A Failure of the Autonomic Nervous System Controlling Gastrointestinal Function? GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic spread of obesity and type 2 diabetes is a serious health problem that cannot be contained with common therapies. At present, the most effective therapeutic tool is metabolic surgery, which substantially modifies the gastrointestinal anatomical structure. This review reflects the state of the art research in obesity and type 2 diabetes, describing the probable reason for their spread, how the various brain sectors are involved (with particular emphasis on the role of the vagal system controlling different digestive functions), and the possible mechanisms for the effectiveness of bariatric surgery. According to the writer’s interpretation, the identification of drugs that can modulate the activity of some receptor subunits of the vagal neurons and energy-controlling structures of the central nervous system (CNS), and/or specific physical treatment of cortical areas, could reproduce, non-surgically, the positive effects of metabolic surgery.
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8
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Structural Complexity and Plasticity of Signaling Regulation at the Melanocortin-4 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165728. [PMID: 32785054 PMCID: PMC7460885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), essential for regulation of appetite and metabolism. Pathogenic inactivating MC4R mutations are the most frequent cause of monogenic obesity, a growing medical and socioeconomic problem worldwide. The MC4R mediates either ligand-independent or ligand-dependent signaling. Agonists such as α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) induce anorexigenic effects, in contrast to the endogenous inverse agonist agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which causes orexigenic effects by suppressing high basal signaling activity. Agonist action triggers the binding of different subtypes of G proteins and arrestins, leading to concomitant induction of diverse intracellular signaling cascades. An increasing number of experimental studies have unraveled molecular properties and mechanisms of MC4R signal transduction related to physiological and pathophysiological aspects. In addition, the MC4R crystal structure was recently determined at 2.75 Å resolution in an inactive state bound with a peptide antagonist. Underpinned by structural homology models of MC4R complexes simulating a presumably active-state conformation compared to the structure of the inactive state, we here briefly summarize the current understanding and key players involved in the MC4R switching process between different activity states. Finally, these perspectives highlight the complexity and plasticity in MC4R signaling regulation and identify gaps in our current knowledge.
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9
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Patel DP, Hotaling JM. Erectile Dysfunction: Could It Be Genetic? J Sex Med 2020; 17:1239-1241. [PMID: 32387108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darshan P Patel
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James M Hotaling
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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10
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Patel DP, Christensen MB, Hotaling JM, Pastuszak AW. Erectile Dysfunction and Peyronie’s Disease: Genetic Diseases? Eur Urol Focus 2020; 6:572-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Peng L, Liu F, Yang J, Liu X, Meng Y, Deng X, Peng C, Tian G, Zhou L. Probing lncRNA-Protein Interactions: Data Repositories, Models, and Algorithms. Front Genet 2020; 10:1346. [PMID: 32082358 PMCID: PMC7005249 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying lncRNA-protein interactions (LPIs) is vital to understanding various key biological processes. Wet experiments found a few LPIs, but experimental methods are costly and time-consuming. Therefore, computational methods are increasingly exploited to capture LPI candidates. We introduced relevant data repositories, focused on two types of LPI prediction models: network-based methods and machine learning-based methods. Machine learning-based methods contain matrix factorization-based techniques and ensemble learning-based techniques. To detect the performance of computational methods, we compared parts of LPI prediction models on Leave-One-Out cross-validation (LOOCV) and fivefold cross-validation. The results show that SFPEL-LPI obtained the best performance of AUC. Although computational models have efficiently unraveled some LPI candidates, there are many limitations involved. We discussed future directions to further boost LPI predictive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Peng
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Fuxing Liu
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Department of Sciences, Genesis (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yajie Meng
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojun Deng
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Department of Sciences, Genesis (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liqian Zhou
- School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
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12
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Scotti L, Monteiro AFM, de Oliveira Viana J, Mendonça Junior FJB, Ishiki HM, Tchouboun EN, Santos R, Scotti MT. Multi-Target Drugs Against Metabolic Disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:402-418. [PMID: 30556507 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666181217123357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic disorders are a major cause of illness and death worldwide. Metabolism is the process by which the body makes energy from proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; chemically breaking these down in the digestive system towards sugars and acids which constitute the human body's fuel for immediate use, or to store in body tissues, such as the liver, muscles, and body fat. OBJECTIVE The efficiency of treatments for multifactor diseases has not been proved. It is accepted that to manage multifactor diseases, simultaneous modulation of multiple targets is required leading to the development of new strategies for discovery and development of drugs against metabolic disorders. METHODS In silico studies are increasingly being applied by researchers due to reductions in time and costs for new prototype synthesis; obtaining substances that present better therapeutic profiles. DISCUSSION In the present work, in addition to discussing multi-target drug discovery and the contributions of in silico studies to rational bioactive planning against metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, we review various in silico study contributions to the fight against human metabolic pathologies. CONCLUSION In this review, we have presented various studies involved in the treatment of metabolic disorders; attempting to obtain hybrid molecules with pharmacological activity against various targets and expanding biological activity by using different mechanisms of action to treat a single pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Scotti
- Teaching and Research Management - University Hospital, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Jéssika de Oliveira Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Hamilton M Ishiki
- University of Western Sao Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Santos
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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13
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Link R, Veiksina S, Tahk MJ, Laasfeld T, Paiste P, Kopanchuk S, Rinken A. The constitutive activity of melanocortin-4 receptors in cAMP pathway is allosterically modulated by zinc and copper ions. J Neurochem 2019; 153:346-361. [PMID: 31792980 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4 R) are unique among G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as they have endogenous ligands that can exhibit inverse agonistic properties in the case of elevated basal activity. It is known that the constitutive activity of GPCRs strongly affects the ligand-dependent physiological responses, but little is known about these regulatory mechanisms. Since several metal ions have been shown to be important modulators of the signal transduction of GPCRs, we hypothesized that metal ions regulate the basal activity of MC4 Rs. Implementation of a fluorescence anisotropy assay and novel redshifted fluorescent peptides enabled kinetic characterization of ligand binding to MC4 R expressed on budded baculoviruses. We show that Ca2+ is required for high-affinity ligand binding, but Zn2+ and Cu2+ in the presence of Ca2+ behave as negative allosteric modulators of ligand binding to MC4 R. FRET-based cAMP biosensor was used to measure the activation of MC4 R stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells. At low micromolar concentrations, Zn2+ caused MC4 R-dependent activation of the cAMP pathway, whereas Cu2+ reduced the activity of MC4 R even below the basal level. These findings indicate that at physiologically relevant concentrations can Zn2+ and Cu2+ function as MC4 R agonists or inverse agonists, respectively. This means that depending on the level of constitutive activity induced by Zn2+ ions, the pharmacological effect of orthosteric ligands of MC4 R can be switched from a partial to an inverse agonist. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. More information about the Open Science badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reet Link
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Santa Veiksina
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Tõnis Laasfeld
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Päärn Paiste
- Department of Geology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Ago Rinken
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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14
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A Review of Genome Wide Association Studies for Erectile Dysfunction. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-019-00231-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides are a unique class of molecules that display a relatively constrained peptidic backbone as compared to their linear counterparts leading to the defined 3-D orientation of the constituent amino acids (pharmacophore). Although they are attractive candidates for lead discovery owing to the unique conformational features, their peptidic backbone is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage in various biological fluids that compromise their efficacy. In this chapter we review the various classical and contemporary chemical and biological approaches that have been utilized to combat the metabolic instability of macrocyclic peptides. We note that any chemical modification that helps in providing either local or global conformational rigidity to these macrocyclic peptides aids in improving their metabolic stability typically by slowing the cleavage kinetics by the proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Khatri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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16
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Abstract
Erectile dysfunction is a common condition of men in middle and older ages. Twin studies suggest that about one-third of the risk is due to genetic factors, independent of other known erectile dysfunction risk factors. However, studies that have searched for specific genetic contributors have been limited due to small sample sizes, candidate gene approaches, and weak phenotyping. As a result, there are no confirmed genetic risk factors for erectile dysfunction. This study finds a specific genetic cause for erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction affects millions of men worldwide. Twin studies support the role of genetic risk factors underlying erectile dysfunction, but no specific genetic variants have been identified. We conducted a large-scale genome-wide association study of erectile dysfunction in 36,649 men in the multiethnic Kaiser Permanente Northern California Genetic Epidemiology Research in Adult Health and Aging cohort. We also undertook replication analyses in 222,358 men from the UK Biobank. In the discovery cohort, we identified a single locus (rs17185536-T) on chromosome 6 near the single-minded family basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1 (SIM1) gene that was significantly associated with the risk of erectile dysfunction (odds ratio = 1.26, P = 3.4 × 10−25). The association replicated in the UK Biobank sample (odds ratio = 1.25, P = 6.8 × 10−14), and the effect is independent of known erectile dysfunction risk factors, including body mass index (BMI). The risk locus resides on the same topologically associating domain as SIM1 and interacts with the SIM1 promoter, and the rs17185536-T risk allele showed differential enhancer activity. SIM1 is part of the leptin–melanocortin system, which has an established role in body weight homeostasis and sexual function. Because the variants associated with erectile dysfunction are not associated with differences in BMI, our findings suggest a mechanism that is specific to sexual function.
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17
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Mastinu A, Premoli M, Maccarinelli G, Grilli M, Memo M, Bonini SA. Melanocortin 4 receptor stimulation improves social deficits in mice through oxytocin pathway. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:366-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sylvia KE, Lorenz TK, Heiman JR, Demas GE. Physiological predictors of leptin vary during menses and ovulation in healthy women. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:132-136. [PMID: 29454804 PMCID: PMC6310005 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although research has shown interactions between the reproductive system and energy homeostasis, it is not clear how environmental or behavioral factors may factor into these associations. Here we aimed to determine how changes in reproductive state (i.e., phase of the menstrual cycle) and other behavioral and physiological factors may influence leptin levels in healthy women, as well as how sexual activity may play a role in leptin modulation. We collected serum and saliva from 32 healthy women and measured leptin, estradiol, and progesterone. Participants also completed surveys of demographics, health and sexual behaviors, and physical activity. Leptin was predicted by meals per day and missed meals at both menses and ovulation. However, estradiol and physical activity were stronger predictors of leptin at menses, while sexual activity was a stronger predictor of leptin at ovulation. These findings suggest that predictors of serum leptin, and possibly energy storage and expenditure, vary across the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn E Sylvia
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Tierney K Lorenz
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Kinsey Institute for Research on Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Julia R Heiman
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Kinsey Institute for Research on Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Kinsey Institute for Research on Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Ericson MD, Lensing CJ, Fleming KA, Schlasner KN, Doering SR, Haskell-Luevano C. Bench-top to clinical therapies: A review of melanocortin ligands from 1954 to 2016. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2414-2435. [PMID: 28363699 PMCID: PMC5600687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the endogenous melanocortin agonists in the 1950s have resulted in sixty years of melanocortin ligand research. Early efforts involved truncations or select modifications of the naturally occurring agonists leading to the development of many potent and selective ligands. With the identification and cloning of the five known melanocortin receptors, many ligands were improved upon through bench-top in vitro assays. Optimization of select properties resulted in ligands adopted as clinical candidates. A summary of every melanocortin ligand is outside the scope of this review. Instead, this review will focus on the following topics: classic melanocortin ligands, selective ligands, small molecule (non-peptide) ligands, ligands with sex-specific effects, bivalent and multivalent ligands, and ligands advanced to clinical trials. Each topic area will be summarized with current references to update the melanocortin field on recent progress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cody J Lensing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katlyn A Fleming
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katherine N Schlasner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Skye R Doering
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Rinne P, Rami M, Nuutinen S, Santovito D, van der Vorst EPC, Guillamat-Prats R, Lyytikäinen LP, Raitoharju E, Oksala N, Ring L, Cai M, Hruby VJ, Lehtimäki T, Weber C, Steffens S. Melanocortin 1 Receptor Signaling Regulates Cholesterol Transport in Macrophages. Circulation 2017; 136:83-97. [PMID: 28450348 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.025889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1-R) is expressed by monocytes and macrophages, where it exerts anti-inflammatory actions on stimulation with its natural ligand α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The present study was designed to investigate the specific role of MC1-R in the context of atherosclerosis and possible regulatory pathways of MC1-R beyond anti-inflammation. METHODS Human and mouse atherosclerotic samples and primary mouse macrophages were used to study the regulatory functions of MC1-R. The impact of pharmacological MC1-R activation on atherosclerosis was assessed in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. RESULTS Characterization of human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques revealed that MC1-R expression localizes in lesional macrophages and is significantly associated with the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, which are responsible for initiating reverse cholesterol transport. Using bone marrow-derived macrophages, we observed that α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and selective MC1-R agonists similarly promoted cholesterol efflux, which is a counterregulatory mechanism against foam cell formation. Mechanistically, MC1-R activation upregulated the levels of ABCA1 and ABCG1. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in cell surface CD36 expression and in cholesterol uptake, further protecting macrophages from excessive lipid accumulation. Conversely, macrophages deficient in functional MC1-R displayed a phenotype with impaired efflux and enhanced uptake of cholesterol. Pharmacological targeting of MC1-R in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice reduced plasma cholesterol levels and aortic CD36 expression and increased plaque ABCG1 expression and signs of plaque stability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify a novel role for MC1-R in macrophage cholesterol transport. Activation of MC1-R confers protection against macrophage foam cell formation through a dual mechanism: It prevents cholesterol uptake while concomitantly promoting ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated reverse cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Rinne
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.).
| | - Martina Rami
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Salla Nuutinen
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Donato Santovito
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Emiel P C van der Vorst
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Raquel Guillamat-Prats
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Niku Oksala
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Larisa Ring
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Minying Cai
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Victor J Hruby
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Sabine Steffens
- From Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (P.R., M.R., D.S., E.P.C.v.d.V., R.Q.-P., L.R., C.W., S.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (P.R., S.N.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.); Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson (M.C., V.J.H.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
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Kayastha S, Horvath D, Gilberg E, Gütschow M, Bajorath J, Varnek A. Privileged Structural Motif Detection and Analysis Using Generative Topographic Maps. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1218-1232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilva Kayastha
- Department
of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
- Laboratoire
de Chemoinformatique, UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue
Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Dragos Horvath
- Laboratoire
de Chemoinformatique, UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue
Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Erik Gilberg
- Department
of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department
of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Laboratoire
de Chemoinformatique, UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue
Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000, France
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Link R, Veiksina S, Rinken A, Kopanchuk S. Characterization of ligand binding to melanocortin 4 receptors using fluorescent peptides with improved kinetic properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Guo L, Costanzo-Garvey DL, Smith DR, Neilsen BK, MacDonald RG, Lewis RE. Kinase Suppressor of Ras 2 (KSR2) expression in the brain regulates energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2016; 6:194-205. [PMID: 28180061 PMCID: PMC5279912 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Kinase Suppressor of Ras 2 (KSR2) is a molecular scaffold coordinating Raf/MEK/ERK signaling that is expressed at high levels in the brain. KSR2 disruption in humans and mice causes obesity and insulin resistance. Understanding the anatomical location and mechanism of KSR2 function should lead to a better understanding of physiological regulation over energy balance. Methods Mice bearing floxed alleles of KSR2 (KSR2fl/fl) were crossed with mice expressing the Cre recombinase expressed by the Nestin promoter (Nes-Cre) to produce Nes-CreKSR2fl/fl mice. Growth, body composition, food consumption, cold tolerance, insulin and free fatty acid levels, glucose, and AICAR tolerance were measured in gender and age matched KSR2−/− mice Results Nes-CreKSR2fl/fl mice lack detectable levels of KSR2 in the brain. The growth and onset of obesity of Nes-CreKSR2fl/fl mice parallel those observed in KSR2−/− mice. As in KSR2−/− mice, Nes-CreKSR2fl/fl are glucose intolerant with elevated fasting and cold intolerance. Male Nes-CreKSR2fl/fl mice are hyperphagic, but female Nes-CreKSR2fl/fl mice are not. Unlike KSR2−/− mice, Nes-CreKSR2fl/fl mice respond normally to leptin and AICAR, which may explain why the degree of obesity of adult Nes-CreKSR2fl/fl mice is not as severe as that observed in KSR2−/− animals. Conclusions These observations suggest that, in the brain, KSR2 regulates energy balance via control of feeding behavior and adaptive thermogenesis, while a second KSR2-dependent mechanism, functioning through one or more other tissues, modulates sensitivity to leptin and activators of the energy sensor AMPK. Brain-specific KSR2 knockout causes obesity and glucose intolerance in both genders, but hyperphagia only in male mice. Brain-specific KSR2 knockout suppresses body temperature, before obesity. KSR2 in the brain regulates energy balance via control of feeding behavior and adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA.
| | - Diane L Costanzo-Garvey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA.
| | - Deandra R Smith
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA.
| | - Beth K Neilsen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA.
| | - Richard G MacDonald
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Robert E Lewis
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA.
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Multiple beneficial effects of melanocortin MC 4 receptor agonists in experimental neurodegenerative disorders: Therapeutic perspectives. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 148:40-56. [PMID: 27916623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides induce neuroprotection in acute and chronic experimental neurodegenerative conditions. Melanocortins likewise counteract systemic responses to brain injuries. Furthermore, they promote neurogenesis by activating critical signaling pathways. Melanocortin-induced long-lasting improvement in synaptic activity and neurological performance, including learning and memory, sensory-motor orientation and coordinated limb use, has been consistently observed in experimental models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration. Evidence indicates that the neuroprotective and neurogenic effects of melanocortins, as well as the protection against systemic responses to a brain injury, are mediated by brain melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptors, through an involvement of the vagus nerve. Here we discuss the targets and mechanisms underlying the multiple beneficial effects recently observed in animal models of neurodegeneration. We comment on the potential clinical usefulness of melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists as neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agents in ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Dynamics of ligand binding to GPCR: Residence time of melanocortins and its modulation. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:747-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Brain signaling systems in the Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: promising target to treat and prevent these diseases. Future Sci OA 2015; 1:FSO25. [PMID: 28031898 PMCID: PMC5137856 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes in the brain signaling systems play an important role in etiology and pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MS), being a possible cause of these diseases. Therefore, their restoration at the early stages of T2DM and MS can be regarded as a promising way to treat and prevent these diseases and their complications. The data on the functional state of the brain signaling systems regulated by insulin, IGF-1, leptin, dopamine, serotonin, melanocortins and glucagon-like peptide-1, in T2DM and MS, are analyzed. The pharmacological approaches to restoration of these systems and improvement of insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, lipid metabolism, and to prevent diabetic complications are discussed.
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Cai M, Marelli UK, Bao J, Beck JG, Opperer F, Rechenmacher F, McLeod KR, Zingsheim MR, Doedens L, Kessler H, Hruby VJ. Systematic Backbone Conformational Constraints on a Cyclic Melanotropin Ligand Leads to Highly Selective Ligands for Multiple Melanocortin Receptors. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26218460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human melanocortin receptors (hMCRs) have been challenging targets to develop ligands that are explicitly selective for each of their subtypes. To modulate the conformational preferences of the melanocortin ligands and improve the biofunctional agonist/antagonist activities and selectivities, we have applied a backbone N-methylation approach on Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Nal(2')-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 (Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5),D-Nal(2')(7),Lys(10)]-NH2), a nonselective cyclic peptide antagonist at hMC3R and hMC4R and an agonist at hMC1R and hMC5R. Systematic N-methylated derivatives of Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5),D-Nal(2')(7),Lys(10)]-NH2, with all possible backbone N-methylation combinations, have been synthesized and examined for their binding and functional activities toward melanocortin receptor subtypes 1, 3, 4, and 5 (hMCRs). Several N-methylated analogues are selective and potent agonists or antagonists for hMC1R or hMC5R or have selective antagonist activity for hMC3R. The selective hMC1R ligands show strong binding for human melanoma cells. We have also discovered the first universal antagonist (compound 19) for all subtypes of hMCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Udaya Kiran Marelli
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Johannes G Beck
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Opperer
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Kaitlyn R McLeod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Morgan R Zingsheim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Lucas Doedens
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Gautron L, Elmquist JK, Williams KW. Neural control of energy balance: translating circuits to therapies. Cell 2015; 161:133-145. [PMID: 25815991 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent insights into the neural circuits controlling energy balance and glucose homeostasis have rekindled the hope for development of novel treatments for obesity and diabetes. However, many therapies contribute relatively modest beneficial gains with accompanying side effects, and the mechanisms of action for other interventions remain undefined. This Review summarizes current knowledge linking the neural circuits regulating energy and glucose balance with current and potential pharmacotherapeutic and surgical interventions for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA.
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA.
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NDP-α-MSH induces intense neurogenesis and cognitive recovery in Alzheimer transgenic mice through activation of melanocortin MC4 receptors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 67:13-21. [PMID: 26003413 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocortins exert neuroprotection in a variety of experimental neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Further, in previous research we showed that these endogenous peptides stimulate neurogenesis in an acute neurodegenerative disorder such as ischemic stroke. In the present research, we investigated the potential neurogenic effect of melanocortins in AD using APPSwe transgenic mice (Tg2576). To this purpose, 24week-old animals were prepared for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling of proliferating cells on days 1-11 of the study. Treatment of Tg2576 mice with nanomolar doses of the melanocortin analog [Nle(4),D-Phe(7)]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH), administered once daily from day 1 to 50, improved brain histology and cognitive functions relative to saline-treated Tg2576 animals. No signs of toxicity were observed. Immunohistochemical examination of the hippocampus at the end of the study (day 50) showed that NDP-α-MSH-treated Tg2576 mice had a greater number of BrdU immunoreactive cells colocalized with NeuN (an indicator of mature neurons) and Zif268 (an indicator of functionally integrated neurons) in the dentate gyrus, relative to saline-treated Tg2576 animals; no newly formed astrocytes were found. Animal pretreatment with the selective melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist HS024 before each NDP-α-MSH administration prevented all the beneficial effects of the peptide. The present data indicate that MC4 receptor stimulation by a melanocortin prevents cognitive decline in experimental AD, this effect being associated not only with neuroprotection but also with an intense neurogenesis. MC4 receptor agonists could be innovative and safe candidates to counteract AD progression in humans.
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Gangoso L, Roulin A, Ducrest AL, Grande JM, Figuerola J. Morph-specific genetic and environmental variation in innate and acquired immune response in a color polymorphic raptor. Oecologia 2015; 178:1113-23. [PMID: 25834999 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic color polymorphism is widespread in nature. There is an increasing interest in understanding the adaptive value of heritable color variation and trade-off resolution by differently colored individuals. Melanin-based pigmentation is often associated with variation in many different life history traits. These associations have recently been suggested to be the outcome of pleiotropic effects of the melanocortin system. Although pharmacological research supports that MC1R, a gene with a major role in vertebrate pigmentation, has important immunomodulatory effects, evidence regarding pleiotropy at MC1R in natural populations is still under debate. We experimentally assessed whether MC1R-based pigmentation covaries with both inflammatory and humoral immune responses in the color polymorphic Eleonora's falcon. By means of a cross-fostering experiment, we disentangled potential genetic effects from environmental effects on the covariation between coloration and immunity. Variation in both immune responses was primarily due to genetic factors via the nestlings' MC1R-related color genotype/phenotype, although environmental effects via the color morph of the foster father also had an influence. Overall, dark nestlings had lower immune responses than pale ones. The effect of the color morph of the foster father was also high, but in the opposite direction, and nestlings raised by dark eumelanic foster fathers had higher immune responses than those raised by pale foster fathers. Although we cannot completely discard alternative explanations, our results suggest that MC1R might influence immunity in this species. Morph-specific variation in immunity as well as pathogen pressure may therefore contribute to the long-term maintenance of genetic color polymorphism in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gangoso
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Seville, Spain,
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Rodrigues AR, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Intracellular signaling mechanisms of the melanocortin receptors: current state of the art. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1331-45. [PMID: 25504085 PMCID: PMC11113477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is composed by the agonists adrenocorticotropic hormone and α, β and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and two naturally occurring antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein. These ligands act by interaction with a family of five melanocortin receptors (MCRs), assisted by MCRs accessory proteins (MRAPs). MCRs stimulation activates different signaling pathways that mediate a diverse array of physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy metabolism, inflammation and exocrine secretion. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of MCRs signaling, highlighting the differences among the five receptors. MCRs signal through G-dependent and independent mechanisms and their functional coupling to agonists at the cell surface is regulated by interacting proteins, namely MRAPs and β-arrestins. The knowledge of the distinct modulation pattern of MCRs signaling and function may be helpful for the future design of novel drugs able to combine specificity, safety and effectiveness in the course of their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal,
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Ottani A, Neri L, Canalini F, Calevro A, Rossi R, Cappelli G, Ballestri M, Giuliani D, Guarini S. Protective effects of the melanocortin analog NDP-α-MSH in rats undergoing cardiac arrest. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 745:108-16. [PMID: 25446929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that melanocortins afford cardioprotection in conditions of experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, with involvement of the janus kinases (JAK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signalings. We investigated the influence of the melanocortin analog [Nle(4), D-Phe(7)]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH) on short-term detrimental responses to cardiac arrest (CA) induced in rats by intravenous (i.v.) administration of potassium chloride, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) plus epinephrine treatment. In CA/CPR rats i.v. treated with epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) and returned to spontaneous circulation (48%) we recorded low values of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), alteration of hemogasanalysis parameters, left ventricle low expression of the cardioprotective transcription factors pJAK2 and pTyr-STAT3 (JAK-dependent), increased oxidative stress, up-regulation of the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, as assessed at 1h and 3h after CPR. On the other hand, i.v. treatment during CPR with epinephrine plus NDP-α-MSH (340 μg/kg) almost completely restored the basal conditions of MAP and HR, reversed metabolic acidosis, induced left ventricle up-regulation of pJAK2, pTyr-STAT3 and IL-10, attenuated oxidative stress, down-regulated TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and improved survival rate by 81%. CA/CPR plus epinephrine alone or in combination with NDP-α-MSH did not affect left ventricle pSer-STAT3 (ERK1/2-dependent) and pERK1/2 levels. These results indicate that melanocortins improve return to spontaneous circulation, reverse metabolic acidosis, and inhibit heart oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade triggered by CA/CPR, likely via activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ottani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Neri
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Canalini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anita Calevro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Rosario Rossi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianni Cappelli
- Division of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Ballestri
- Division of Nephrology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Guarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Abstract
Heritability of obesity and body weight variation is high. Molecular genetic studies have led to the identification of mutations in a few genes, with a major effect on obesity (major genes and monogenic forms). Analyses of these genes have helped to unravel important pathways and have created a more profound understanding of body weight regulation. For most individuals, a polygenic basis is relevant for the genetic predisposition to obesity. Small effect sizes are conveyed by the polygenic variants. Hence, only if a number of these variants is harboured, a sizeable phenotypic effect is detectable. Most, if not all, of the genes relevant to weight regulation are expressed in the hypothalamus. This underscores the major role of this region of the brain in body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Volckmar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Giuliani D, Galantucci M, Neri L, Canalini F, Calevro A, Bitto A, Ottani A, Vandini E, Sena P, Sandrini M, Squadrito F, Zaffe D, Guarini S. Melanocortins protect against brain damage and counteract cognitive decline in a transgenic mouse model of moderate Alzheimer׳s disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:144-50. [PMID: 25034807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that melanocortins induce neuroprotection in experimental acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) of mild severity. Here we investigated whether melanocortins afford neuroprotection and counteract cognitive decline in AD with a medium level of severity by using 24 week-old (at the start of the study) APPSwe transgenic mice (Tg2576). Saline-treated (days 1-50) control Tg2576 mice showed an impairment in spatial learning and memory, associated (at day 50, end of the study) with hippocampus at low levels of the synaptic activity-dependent gene Zif268, relevant brain changes such as cerebral cortex/hippocampus increased level of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposit, and neuronal loss, in comparison with wild-type animals. Treatment of Tg2576 mice (once daily at days 1-50) with a nanomolar dose of the melanocortin analog [Nle4,D-Phe7]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH) reduced cerebral cortex/hippocampus level of Aβ deposit, decreased neuronal loss, increased hippocampus Zif268 expression and improved cognitive functions, relative to saline-treated Tg2576 mice. Pharmacological blockade of melanocortin MC4 receptors with the MC4 receptor antagonist HS024 prevented all favorable effects of NDP-α-MSH. Our data indicate that MC4 receptor-stimulating melanocortins are able to counteract cognitive decline in experimental AD of medium severity through induction of neuroprotection and improvement of synaptic transmission. After further studies, these agents could gain a role as disease modifying therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Galantucci
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Neri
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Canalini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anita Calevro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ottani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vandini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Sena
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sandrini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Zaffe
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Guarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Rinne P, Silvola JMU, Hellberg S, Stahle M, Liljenback H, Salomaki H, Koskinen E, Nuutinen S, Saukko P, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Roivainen A, Savontaus E. Pharmacological Activation of the Melanocortin System Limits Plaque Inflammation and Ameliorates Vascular Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1346-54. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Martos-Moreno GÁ, Barrios V, Muñoz-Calvo MT, Pozo J, Chowen JA, Argente J. Principles and pitfalls in the differential diagnosis and management of childhood obesities. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:299S-305S. [PMID: 24829481 PMCID: PMC4013186 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is currently the most prevalent chronic childhood disease in Western countries. It is one of the most frequent consultations in general pediatrics and is even more common in pediatric endocrinology. As might be predicted, the prevalence of obesity-associated comorbidities is also increasing in children and adolescents. It is widely accepted that this increase in obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, with an increase in positive energy balance being closely associated with the current lifestyle in Western countries. However, there is increasing evidence indicating that an individual's genetic background is important in determining obesity risk. The physiologic mechanisms controlling appetite and energy expenditure are being revealed in part because of the identification of new causes of human monogenic, syndromic, and endocrine-related obesity. Thus, it is no longer appropriate to talk about obesity, but rather about "obesities" or "different diseases causing obesity," because their pathophysiologic bases differ. Moreover, these obesities require different diagnostic and management approaches. The pediatrician must be aware of this issue and focus the clinical history and physical examination toward specific clinical signs and symptoms to better exploit the available diagnostic and therapeutic resources when facing a child with obesity. Genetic, genomic, and metabolomic studies are often necessary to obtain a more appropriate diagnosis. Cognitive behavioral therapy is fundamental in obese children. The identification of potential targets will hopefully result in new pharmacologic approaches for translational and personalized medicine for obesity in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Á Martos-Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús; Instituto de Investigación La Princesa; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús; Instituto de Investigación La Princesa; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María T Muñoz-Calvo
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús; Instituto de Investigación La Princesa; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pozo
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús; Instituto de Investigación La Princesa; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús; Instituto de Investigación La Princesa; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús; Instituto de Investigación La Princesa; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Caruso V, Lagerström MC, Olszewski PK, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB. Synaptic changes induced by melanocortin signalling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:98-110. [PMID: 24588018 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin system has a well-established role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, but there is growing evidence of its involvement in memory, nociception, mood disorders and addiction. In this Review, we focus on the role of the melanocortin 4 receptor and provide an integrative view of the molecular mechanisms that lead to melanocortin-induced changes in synaptic plasticity within these diverse physiological systems. We also highlight the importance of melanocortin peptides and receptors in chronic pain syndromes, memory impairments, depression and drug abuse, and the possibility of targeting them for therapeutic purposes.
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Qu H, Li J, Chen W, Li Y, Jiang Q, Jiang H, Huo J, Zhao Z, Liu B, Zhang Q. Differential expression of the melanocortin-4 receptor in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3245-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Veiksina S, Kopanchuk S, Rinken A. Budded baculoviruses as a tool for a homogeneous fluorescence anisotropy-based assay of ligand binding to G protein-coupled receptors: The case of melanocortin 4 receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:372-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kim GW, Lin JE, Blomain ES, Waldman SA. Antiobesity pharmacotherapy: new drugs and emerging targets. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 95:53-66. [PMID: 24105257 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing pandemic, and related health and economic costs are staggering. Pharmacotherapy, partnered with lifestyle modifications, forms the core of current strategies to reduce the burden of this disease and its sequelae. However, therapies targeting weight loss have a significant history of safety risks, including cardiovascular and psychiatric events. Here, evolving strategies for developing antiobesity therapies, including targets, mechanisms, and developmental status, are highlighted. Progress in this field is underscored by Belviq (lorcaserin) and Qsymia (phentermine/topiramate), the first agents in more than 10 years to achieve regulatory approval for chronic weight management in obese patients. On the horizon, novel insights into metabolism and energy homeostasis reveal guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signaling circuits as emerging targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. These innovations in molecular discovery may elegantly align with practical off-the-shelf approaches, leveraging existing approved drugs that modulate cGMP levels for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J E Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E S Blomain
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - S A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Giuliani D, Bitto A, Galantucci M, Zaffe D, Ottani A, Irrera N, Neri L, Cavallini GM, Altavilla D, Botticelli AR, Squadrito F, Guarini S. Melanocortins protect against progression of Alzheimer's disease in triple-transgenic mice by targeting multiple pathophysiological pathways. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:537-47. [PMID: 24094579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Besides specific triggering causes, Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves pathophysiological pathways that are common to acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Melanocortins induce neuroprotection in experimental acute neurodegenerative conditions, and low melanocortin levels have been found in occasional studies performed in AD-type dementia patients. Here we investigated the possible neuroprotective role of melanocortins in a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, AD, by using 12-week-old (at the start of the study) triple-transgenic (3xTg-AD) mice harboring human transgenes APPSwe, PS1M146V, and tauP301L. Treatment of 3xTg-AD mice, once daily until the end of the study (30 weeks of age), with the melanocortin analog [Nle(4),D-Phe(7)]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH) reduced cerebral cortex/hippocampus phosphorylation/level of all AD-related biomarkers investigated (mediators of amyloid/tau cascade, oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, apoptosis), decreased neuronal loss, induced over-expression of the synaptic activity-dependent gene Zif268, and improved cognitive functions, relative to saline-treated 3xTg-AD mice. Pharmacological blockade of melanocortin MC4 receptors prevented all neuroprotective effects of NDP-α-MSH. Our study identifies, for the first time, a class of drugs, MC4 receptor-stimulating melanocortins, that are able to counteract the progression of experimental AD by targeting pathophysiological mechanisms up- and down-stream of β-amyloid and tau. These data could have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Abstract
Melanocortin receptors are critical modulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Companion studies published in Science (Asai et al., 2013; Sebag et al., 2013) establish a role for melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (Mrap2) in regulating melanocortin receptor activity and in the development of obesity in zebrafish, rodents, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemin Liu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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Girardet C, Butler AA. Neural melanocortin receptors in obesity and related metabolic disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:482-94. [PMID: 23680515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health issue, as it is associated with increased risk of developing chronic conditions associated with disorders of metabolism such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A better understanding of how excessive fat accumulation develops and causes diseases of the metabolic syndrome is urgently needed. The hypothalamic melanocortin system is an important point of convergence connecting signals of metabolic status with the neural circuitry that governs appetite and the autonomic and neuroendocrine system controling metabolism. This system has a critical role in the defense of body weight and maintenance of homeostasis. Two neural melanocortin receptors, melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors (MC3R and MC4R), play crucial roles in the regulation of energy balance. Mutations in the MC4R gene are the most common cause of monogenic obesity in humans, and a large literature indicates a role in regulating both energy intake through the control of satiety and energy expenditure. In contrast, MC3Rs have a more subtle role in energy homeostasis. Results from our lab indicate an important role for MC3Rs in synchronizing rhythms in foraging behavior with caloric cues and maintaining metabolic homeostasis during periods of nutrient scarcity. However, while deletion of the Mc3r gene in mice alters nutrient partitioning to favor accumulation of fat mass no obvious role for MC3R haploinsufficiency in human obesity has been reported. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Weight/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/complications
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Humans
- Metabolic Diseases/genetics
- Metabolic Diseases/metabolism
- Metabolic Diseases/pathology
- Mice
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Girardet
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Andrew A Butler
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Kim GW, Lin JE, Blomain ES, Waldman SA. New advances in models and strategies for developing anti-obesity drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:655-71. [PMID: 23621300 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.792804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a worldwide pandemic. Obesity-related health and economic costs are staggering. Existing strategies to combat obesity through lifestyle improvements and medical intervention have had limited success. Pharmacotherapy, in combination with lifestyle modification, may play a vital role in reversing the disease burden. However, past and current weight-loss medications have had serious safety risks, notably cardiovascular and psychiatric events. AREAS COVERED The authors review the strategies for designing new anti-obesity drugs by describing those currently in development. They describe their target, mechanism of action and developmental or regulatory status. Furthermore, they discuss the problem of weight regain following weight loss, and its relevance to the long-term success of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. EXPERT OPINION For weight management drugs to achieve the safety and efficacy required to be impactful, current studies are uncovering and characterizing new targets, including new signaling circuits and hormones regulating appetite and metabolism, and re-evaluating the role of pharmacotherapy in weight management. To avoid the safety failures of many past weight-loss drugs, the models and strategies covered in this article incorporate recent advances in knowledge and technology. We discuss the emergence of cGMP signaling as a potentially transformative target in weight management. Modulating cGMP signaling may represent an ideal goal for an anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, reflecting some of the major themes described in the present review: targeting pathways that are newly realized as relevant for weight management; promoting safety by re-purposing drugs that are safe, proven, and approved for clinical use; and having a synergistic effect on multiple, reinforcing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert W Kim
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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45
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Spaccapelo L, Galantucci M, Neri L, Contri M, Pizzala R, D'Amico R, Ottani A, Sandrini M, Zaffe D, Giuliani D, Guarini S. Up-regulation of the canonical Wnt-3A and Sonic hedgehog signaling underlies melanocortin-induced neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 707:78-86. [PMID: 23535605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In experimental cerebral ischemia, melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists induce neuroprotection and neurogenesis with subsequent long-lasting functional recovery. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying melanocortin-induced neurogenesis. Gerbils were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia, then they were treated every 12 h, and until sacrifice, with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; to label proliferating cells), and the melanocortin analog [Nle(4),d-Phe(7)]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH) or saline. NDP-α-MSH increased hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) expression of Wnt-3A, β-catenin, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Zif268, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and doublecortin (DCX), as detected at days 3, 6 and 10 after the ischemic insult. Further, an elevated number of BrdU immunoreactive cells was found at days 3 and 10, and an improved histological picture with reduced neuronal loss at day 10, associated with learning and memory recovery. Pharmacological blockade of the Wnt-3A/β-catenin and Shh pathways, as well as of melanocortin MC4 receptors, prevented all effects of NDP-α-MSH. These data indicate that, in experimental brain ischemia, treatment with melanocortins acting at MC4 receptors induces neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the DG by promptly and effectively triggering the canonical Wnt-3A/β-catenin and Shh signaling pathways. Activation of these pathways is associated with up-regulation of the repair factor Zif268 and the neurogenesis facilitating factor IL-10, and it seems to address mainly toward a neuronal fate, as indicated by the increase in DCX positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Spaccapelo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Mizuno A, Miura S, Watanabe M, Ito Y, Yamada S, Odagami T, Kogami Y, Arisawa M, Shuto S. Three-Dimensional Structural Diversity-Oriented Peptidomimetics Based on the Cyclopropylic Strain. Org Lett 2013; 15:1686-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400469w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Shiho Miura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Mizuki Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Takenao Odagami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Yuji Kogami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
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Rinne P, Harjunpää J, Mäkelä S, Savontaus E. Genetic and pharmacological mouse models of chronic melanocortin activation show enhanced baroreflex control of heart rate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 182:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gautron L, Cravo RM, Elmquist JK, Elias CF. Discrete melanocortin-sensitive neuroanatomical pathway linking the ventral premmamillary nucleus to the paraventricular hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2013; 240:70-82. [PMID: 23485805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The physiological effects of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) on metabolism have been hypothesized to be mediated individually or collectively by neuronal groups innervating the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). The present study was designed to identify MC4-R-expressing neurons that innervate the PVH using retrograde tract tracing techniques in the MC4-R-GFP reporter mice. Our initial mapping identified very limited projections from MC4-R-expressing neurons to the PVH. This included a defined population of MC4-R-positive neurons located in the ventral premmamillary nucleus (PMv). Anterograde tracing experiments confirmed projections from PMv neurons to the medial parvicellular subdivision of the PVH, in close proximity to oxytocin neurons and β-endorphin-containing fibers. Given the known stimulatory effects of leptin and sexual odorants exposure on many PMv neurons, it was expected that MC4-R-expressing neurons in the PMv might be responsive to leptin and activated by odors exposure. Contrary to expectation, MC4-R-GFP neurons in the PMv do not respond to leptin as demonstrated by double labeling for GFP and leptin-induced phosphorylated STAT3. However, we found that Fos expression is induced in a large subset of MC4-R-GFP neurons in the PMv in response to opposite sex odors. Collectively, these results provide evidence for a previous unrecognized role of MC4-R expressed by neurons innervating the PVH that are also sensitive to reproductive cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA.
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50
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Jóźków P, Słowińska-Lisowska M, Łaczmański Ł, Mędraś M. Polymorphic variants of neurotransmitter receptor genes may affect sexual function in aging males: data from the HALS study. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 98:51-9. [PMID: 23485949 DOI: 10.1159/000350324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Human behavior is influenced by a number of brain neurotransmitters. Central dopamine, serotonin and melanocortin systems have special importance for male sexual function. We searched for associations between male aging symptoms and polymorphic sites of serotonin (5-HTR1B), melanocortin (MC4R) and dopamine (DRD2, DRD4) receptors. METHODS In a population-based sample, genotyping of 5-HTR1B (polymorphism: G861C), MC4R (polymorphisms: C-2745T, Val103Ile), DRD2 (polymorphism: C313T) and DRD4 (polymorphism: 48-bp VNTR) was performed in 387 healthy men. The Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale was used to evaluate specific ailments of aging men. We analyzed answers to questions from the AMS scale. Five points of the questionnaire addressed sexual symptoms of the aging male: feeling of passing one's peak, decrease in beard growth, decrease in ability/frequency to perform sexually, decrease in the number of morning erections, and decrease in sexual desire/libido (lacking pleasure in sex, lacking desire for sexual intercourse). Relations between reported symptoms and variants of the polymorphic sites of the studied genes were assessed. RESULTS After adjusting for confounding factors (education, arterial hypertension, physical activity, weight, waist circumference) an association between the sexual dimension of AMS and genetic variants of 5-HTR1B G861C (p = 0.04) was observed. CONCLUSIONS Variability of neurotransmitter receptor genes may be associated with sexual symptoms of aging in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jóźków
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
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