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Liang Y, Jiang Z, Fu Y, Lu S, Miao Z, Shuai M, Liang X, Gou W, Zhang K, Shi RQ, Gao C, Shi MQ, Wang XH, Hu WS, Zheng JS. Cross-Sectional and Prospective Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D with Gut Mycobiota during Pregnancy among Women with Gestational Diabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024:e2400022. [PMID: 38763911 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Little is known about the effect of blood vitamin D status on the gut mycobiota (i.e., fungi), a crucial component of the gut microbial ecosystem. The study aims to explore the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and gut mycobiota and to investigate the link between the identified mycobial features and blood glycemic traits. METHODS AND RESULTS The study examines the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and the gut mycobiota in the Westlake Precision Birth Cohort, which includes pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The study develops a genetic risk score (GRS) for 25(OH)D to validate the observational results. In both the prospective and cross-sectional analyses, the vitamin D is associated with gut mycobiota diversity. Specifically, the abundance of Saccharomyces is significantly lower in the vitamin D-sufficient group than in the vitamin D-deficient group. The GRS of 25(OH)D is inversely associated with the abundance of Saccharomyces. Moreover, the Saccharomyces is positively associated with blood glucose levels. CONCLUSION Blood vitamin D status is associated with the diversity and composition of gut mycobiota in women with GDM, which may provide new insights into the mechanistic understanding of the relationship between vitamin D levels and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Zengliang Jiang
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yuanqing Fu
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Sha Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, 310012, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hangzhou Women's Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Zelei Miao
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Menglei Shuai
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Xinxiu Liang
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Wanglong Gou
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Rui-Qi Shi
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Mei-Qi Shi
- Department of Nutrition, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xu-Hong Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, 310012, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hangzhou Women's Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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Nenciarini S, Renzi S, di Paola M, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D. Ascomycetes yeasts: The hidden part of human microbiome. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1641. [PMID: 38228159 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The fungal component of the microbiota, the mycobiota, has been neglected for a long time due to its poor richness compared to bacteria. Limitations in fungal detection and taxonomic identification arise from using metagenomic approaches, often borrowed from bacteriome analyses. However, the relatively recent discoveries of the ability of fungi to modulate the host immune response and their involvement in human diseases have made mycobiota a fundamental component of the microbial communities inhabiting the human host, deserving some consideration in host-microbe interaction studies and in metagenomics. Here, we reviewed recent data on the identification of yeasts of the Ascomycota phylum across human body districts, focusing on the most representative genera, that is, Saccharomyces and Candida. Then, we explored the key factors involved in shaping the human mycobiota across the lifespan, ranging from host genetics to environment, diet, and lifestyle habits. Finally, we discussed the strengths and weaknesses of culture-dependent and independent methods for mycobiota characterization. Overall, there is still room for some improvements, especially regarding fungal-specific methodological approaches and bioinformatics challenges, which are still critical steps in mycobiota analysis, and to advance our knowledge on the role of the gut mycobiota in human health and disease. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Immune System Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Renzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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3
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San Mauro Martín I, López Oliva S, Garicano Vilar E, Sánchez Niño GM, Penadés BF, Terrén Lora A, Sanz Rojo S, Collado Yurrita L. Effects of Gluten on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders, Migraine, and Dermatitis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1228. [PMID: 38674918 PMCID: PMC11053402 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As gluten may trigger gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs), its presence or absence in the diet can change the diversity and proportion of gut microbiota. The effects of gluten after six weeks of a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention with a gluten-free diet (GFD) were studied in participants with GIDs suffering from migraines and atopic dermatitis (n = 46). Clinical biomarkers, digestive symptoms, stool, the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire, and zonulin levels were analyzed. Next-generation sequencing was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of fungi. The GFD increased Chao1 fungal diversity after the intervention, while the fungal composition showed no changes. Bacterial diversity and composition remained stable, but a positive association between bacterial and fungal Chao1 diversity and a negative association between Dothideomycetes and Akkermansia were observed. GIDs decreased in both groups and migraines improved in the placebo group. Our findings may aid the development of GID treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael San Mauro Martín
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA Group), Paseo de la Habana 43, 28036 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.M.M.); (S.L.O.); (E.G.V.); (G.M.S.N.); (B.F.P.); (A.T.L.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Sara López Oliva
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA Group), Paseo de la Habana 43, 28036 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.M.M.); (S.L.O.); (E.G.V.); (G.M.S.N.); (B.F.P.); (A.T.L.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Elena Garicano Vilar
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA Group), Paseo de la Habana 43, 28036 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.M.M.); (S.L.O.); (E.G.V.); (G.M.S.N.); (B.F.P.); (A.T.L.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Guerthy Melissa Sánchez Niño
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA Group), Paseo de la Habana 43, 28036 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.M.M.); (S.L.O.); (E.G.V.); (G.M.S.N.); (B.F.P.); (A.T.L.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Bruno F. Penadés
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA Group), Paseo de la Habana 43, 28036 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.M.M.); (S.L.O.); (E.G.V.); (G.M.S.N.); (B.F.P.); (A.T.L.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Ana Terrén Lora
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA Group), Paseo de la Habana 43, 28036 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.M.M.); (S.L.O.); (E.G.V.); (G.M.S.N.); (B.F.P.); (A.T.L.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Sara Sanz Rojo
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA Group), Paseo de la Habana 43, 28036 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.M.M.); (S.L.O.); (E.G.V.); (G.M.S.N.); (B.F.P.); (A.T.L.); (S.S.R.)
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4
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García-Gamboa R, Díaz-Torres O, Senés-Guerrero C, Gradilla-Hernández MS, Moya A, Pérez-Brocal V, Garcia-Gonzalez A, González-Avila M. Associations between bacterial and fungal communities in the human gut microbiota and their implications for nutritional status and body weight. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5703. [PMID: 38459054 PMCID: PMC10923939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the interplay between bacterial and fungal communities in the human gut microbiota, impacting on nutritional status and body weight. Cohorts of 10 participants of healthy weight, 10 overweight, and 10 obese individuals, underwent comprehensive analysis, including dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical evaluations. Microbial composition was studied via gene sequencing of 16S and ITS rDNA regions, revealing bacterial (bacteriota) and fungal (mycobiota) profiles. Bacterial diversity exceeded fungal diversity. Statistically significant differences in bacterial communities were found within healthy-weight, overweight, and obese groups. The Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio (previously known as the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio) correlated positively with body mass index. The predominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with the genera Nakaseomyces, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, and Hanseniaspora, inversely correlating with weight gain; while Saccharomyces, Debaryomyces, and Pichia correlated positively with body mass index. Overweight and obese individuals who harbored a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, demonstrated a favorable lipid and glucose profiles in contrast to those with lower abundance. The overweight group had elevated Candida, positively linked to simple carbohydrate consumption. The study underscores the role of microbial taxa in body mass index and metabolic health. An imbalanced gut bacteriota/mycobiota may contribute to obesity/metabolic disorders, highlighting the significance of investigating both communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo García-Gamboa
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, col Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, Nuevo Mexico, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Osiris Díaz-Torres
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carolina Senés-Guerrero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Misael Sebastián Gradilla-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Andrés Moya
- Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UVEG), Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Gonzalez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, Nuevo Mexico, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marisela González-Avila
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, col Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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5
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Chen S, He F, Cheng X. Analysis of subgingival bacterial and fungal diversity in patients with peri-implantitis based on 16sRNA and internal transcribed spacer sequencing. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:397-411. [PMID: 38047905 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To analyze subgingival fungal diversity in peri-implant inflammation patients and their relationship with bacteria. Methods: We collected saliva samples from four groups. 16sRNA and internal transcribed spacer sequencing was performed preceded by quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. Analyses were done using R and Cytoscape software. Results: Significant differences were observed in the Abundance-based Coverage Estimator (ACE) index between control and peri-implantitis samples. Basidiomycota was the dominant fungal species, while Firmicutes dominated the bacteria. The most abundant fungal and bacterial species were 's_unclassified g Apiotrichum' and 's_unclassified g Streptococcus', respectively. Dothiorella was strongly associated with immunoglobulin G levels, with positive correlations between specific microorganisms and peri-implantitis in Q-PCR. Conclusion: Our findings have significant clinical implications, suggesting specific fungal and bacterial taxa roles in peri-implant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Fuming He
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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6
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Gaire TN, Scott HM, Noyes NR, Ericsson AC, Tokach MD, William H, Menegat MB, Vinasco J, Nagaraja TG, Volkova VV. Temporal dynamics of the fecal microbiome in female pigs from early life through estrus, parturition, and weaning of the first litter of piglets. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:7. [PMID: 38383422 PMCID: PMC10882843 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-associated changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome of young pigs have been robustly described; however, the temporal dynamics of the fecal microbiome of the female pig from early life to first parity are not well understood. Our objective was to describe microbiome and antimicrobial resistance dynamics of the fecal microbiome of breeding sows from early life through estrus, parturition and weaning of the first litter of piglets (i.e., from 3 to 53 weeks of age). RESULTS Our analysis revealed that fecal bacterial populations in developing gilts undergo changes consistent with major maturation milestones. As the pigs progressed towards first estrus, the fecal bacteriome shifted from Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group- and UCG-002-dominated enterotypes to Treponema- and Clostridium sensu stricto 1-dominated enterotypes. After first estrus, the fecal bacteriome stabilized, with minimal changes in enterotype transition and associated microbial diversity from estrus to parturition and subsequent weaning of first litter piglets. Unlike bacterial communities, fecal fungal communities exhibited low diversity with high inter- and intra-pig variability and an increased relative abundance of certain taxa at parturition, including Candida spp. Counts of resistant fecal bacteria also fluctuated over time, and were highest in early life and subsequently abated as the pigs progressed to adulthood. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into how the fecal microbial community and antimicrobial resistance in female pigs change from three weeks of age throughout their first breeding lifetime. The fecal bacteriome enterotypes and diversity are found to be age-driven and established by the time of first estrus, with minimal changes observed during subsequent physiological stages, such as parturition and lactation, when compared to the earlier age-related shifts. The use of pigs as a model for humans is well-established, however, further studies are needed to understand how our results compare to the human microbiome dynamics. Our findings suggest that the fecal microbiome exhibited consistent changes across individual pigs and became more diverse with age, which is a beneficial characteristic for an animal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara N Gaire
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Noelle R Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michael D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Hayden William
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Mariana B Menegat
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Victoriya V Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Sendid B, Cornu M, Cordier C, Bouckaert J, Colombel JF, Poulain D. From ASCA breakthrough in Crohn's disease and Candida albicans research to thirty years of investigations about their meaning in human health. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103486. [PMID: 38040100 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) are human antibodies that can be detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay involving a mannose polymer (mannan) extracted from the cell wall of the yeast S. cerevisiae. The ASCA test was developed in 1993 with the aim of differentiating the serological response in two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The test, which is based on the detection of anti-oligomannosidic antibodies, has been extensively performed worldwide and there have been hundreds of publications on ASCA. The earlier studies concerned the initial diagnostic indications of ASCA and investigations then extended to many human diseases, generally in association with studies on intestinal microorganisms and the interaction of the micro-mycobiome with the immune system. The more information accumulates, the more the mystery of the meaning of ASCA deepens. Many fundamental questions remain unanswered. These questions concern the heterogeneity of ASCA, the mechanisms of their generation and persistence, the existence of self-antigens, and the relationship between ASCA and inflammation and autoimmunity. This review aims to discuss the gray areas concerning the origin of ASCA from an analysis of the literature. Structured around glycobiology and the mannosylated antigens of S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans, this review will address these questions and will try to clarify some lines of thought. The importance of the questions relating to the pathophysiological significance of ASCA goes far beyond IBD, even though these diseases remain the preferred models for their understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boualem Sendid
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marjorie Cornu
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Camille Cordier
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- CNRS UMR 8576, Computational Molecular Systems Biology, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Frederic Colombel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel Poulain
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Abstract
The development of novel culture-independent techniques of microbial identification has allowed a rapid progress in the knowledge of the nasopharyngeal microbiota and its role in health and disease. Thus, it has been demonstrated that the nasopharyngeal microbiota defends the host from invading pathogens that enter the body through the upper airways by participating in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The current COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need for fast-track research, especially to identify and characterize biomarkers to predict the disease severity and outcome. Since the nasopharyngeal microbiota diversity and composition could potentially be used as a prognosis biomarker for COVID-19 patients, which would pave the way for strategies aiming to reduce the disease severity by modifying such microbiota, dozens of research articles have already explored the possible associations between changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiota and the severity or outcome of COVID-19 patients. Unfortunately, results are controversial, as many studies with apparently similar experimental designs have reported contradictory data. Herein we put together, compare, and discuss all the relevant results on this issue reported to date. Even more interesting, we discuss in detail which are the limitations of these studies, that probably are the main sources of the high variability observed. Therefore, this work is useful not only for people interested in current knowledge about the relationship between the nasopharyngeal microbiota and COVID-19, but also for researchers who want to go further in this field while avoiding the limitations and variability of previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Candel
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylwia D. Tyrkalska
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, Victoriano Mulero ; Sergio Candel ; Sylwia D. Tyrkalska Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Pascual Parrilla, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Liu Q, Zhang W, Pei Y, Tao H, Ma J, Li R, Zhang F, Wang L, Shen L, Liu Y, Jia X, Hu Y. Gut mycobiome as a potential non-invasive tool in early detection of lung adenocarcinoma: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med 2023; 21:409. [PMID: 37904139 PMCID: PMC10617124 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut mycobiome of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unexplored. This study aimed to characterize the gut mycobiome in patients with LUAD and evaluate the potential of gut fungi as non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis. METHODS In total, 299 fecal samples from Beijing, Suzhou, and Hainan were collected prospectively. Using internal transcribed spacer 2 sequencing, we profiled the gut mycobiome. Five supervised machine learning algorithms were trained on fungal signatures to build an optimized prediction model for LUAD in a discovery cohort comprising 105 patients with LUAD and 61 healthy controls (HCs) from Beijing. Validation cohorts from Beijing, Suzhou, and Hainan comprising 44, 17, and 15 patients with LUAD and 26, 19, and 12 HCs, respectively, were used to evaluate efficacy. RESULTS Fungal biodiversity and richness increased in patients with LUAD. At the phylum level, the abundance of Ascomycota decreased, while that of Basidiomycota increased in patients with LUAD. Candida and Saccharomyces were the dominant genera, with a reduction in Candida and an increase in Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, and Apiotrichum in patients with LUAD. Nineteen operational taxonomic unit markers were selected, and excellent performance in predicting LUAD was achieved (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.9350) using a random forest model with outcomes superior to those of four other algorithms. The AUCs of the Beijing, Suzhou, and Hainan validation cohorts were 0.9538, 0.9628, and 0.8833, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the gut fungal profiles of patients with LUAD were shown to represent potential non-invasive biomarkers for early-stage diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Liu
- Graduate School, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian Distrist, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Graduate School, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yanbin Pei
- Graduate School, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Tao
- Department of Oncology, Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian Distrist, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Junxun Ma
- Department of Oncology, Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian Distrist, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Health Medicine, Second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian Distrist, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian Distrist, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Leilei Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hainan Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Hainan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Department of Oncology, Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian Distrist, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Oncology, Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian Distrist, Beijing, 100000, China.
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10
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Romo JA, Tomihiro M, Kumamoto CA. Pre-colonization with the fungus Candida glabrata exacerbates infection by the bacterial pathogen Clostridioides difficile in a murine model. mSphere 2023; 8:e0012223. [PMID: 37358292 PMCID: PMC10449511 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00122-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributions of commensal fungi to human health and disease are not well understood. Candida species such as C. albicans and C. glabrata are opportunistic pathogenic fungi and common colonizers of the human intestinal tract. They have been shown to affect the host immune system and interact with the gut microbiome and pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, Candida species could be expected to play important ecological roles in the host gastrointestinal tract. Previously, our group demonstrated that pre-colonization of mice with C. albicans protected them against lethal C. difficile infection (CDI). Here, we show that mice pre-colonized with C. glabrata succumbed to CDI more rapidly than mice that were not pre-colonized suggesting an enhancement in C. difficile pathogenesis. Further, when C. difficile was added to pre-formed C. glabrata biofilms, an increase in matrix and overall biomass was observed. These effects were also shown with C. glabrata clinical isolates. Interestingly, the presence of C. difficile increased C. glabrata biofilm susceptibility to caspofungin, indicating potential effects on the fungal cell wall. Defining this intricate and intimate relationship will lead to an understanding of the role of Candida species in the context of CDI and novel aspects of Candida biology. IMPORTANCE Most microbiome studies have only considered the bacterial populations while ignoring other members of the microbiome such as fungi, other eukaryotic microorganisms, and viruses. Therefore, the role of fungi in human health and disease has been significantly understudied compared to their bacterial counterparts. This has generated a significant gap in knowledge that has negatively impacted disease diagnosis, understanding, and the development of therapeutics. With the development of novel technologies, we now have an understanding of mycobiome composition, but we do not understand the roles of fungi in the host. Here, we present findings showing that Candida glabrata, an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that colonizes the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, can impact the severity and outcome of a Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in a murine model. These findings bring attention to fungal colonizers during CDI, a bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A. Romo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Makenzie Tomihiro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol A. Kumamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Wu S, Song R, Liu T, Li C. Antifungal therapy: Novel drug delivery strategies driven by new targets. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114967. [PMID: 37336246 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
In patients with compromised immunity, invasive fungal infections represent a significant cause of mortality. Given the limited availability and drawbacks of existing first-line antifungal drugs, there is a growing interest in exploring novel targets that could facilitate the development of new antifungal agents or enhance the effectiveness of conventional ones. While previous studies have extensively summarized new antifungal targets inherent in fungi for drug development purposes, the exploration of potential targets for novel antifungal drug delivery strategies has received less attention. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advancements in new antifungal drug delivery strategies that leverage novel targets, including those located in the physio-pathological barrier at the site of infection, the infection microenvironment, fungal-host interactions, and the fungal pathogen itself. The objective is to enhance therapeutic efficacy and mitigate toxic effects in fungal infections, particularly in challenging cases such as refractory, recurrent, and drug-resistant invasive fungal infections. We also discuss the current challenges and future prospects associated with target-driven antifungal drug delivery strategies, offering important insights into the clinical implementation of these innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Tongbao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
| | - Chong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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12
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Gryaznova M, Smirnova Y, Burakova I, Morozova P, Nesterova E, Gladkikh M, Mikhaylov E, Syromyatnikov M. Characteristics of the Fecal Microbiome of Piglets with Diarrhea Identified Using Shotgun Metagenomics Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2303. [PMID: 37508080 PMCID: PMC10376196 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea in piglets is one of the most common diseases leading to high mortality and, as a result, to economic losses. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on the DNBSEQ-G50, MGI system to study the role of the fecal microbiome in the development of diarrhea in newborn piglets. Analysis of the study data showed that the composition of the fecal microbiome at the level of bacteria and fungi did not differ in piglets with diarrhea from the healthy group. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria were the most abundant. However, a higher level of bacterial alpha diversity was observed in the group of piglets with diarrhea, which may be due to dysbacteriosis and inflammation. The study of the virome showed the difference between the two types of phages: Bacteroides B40-8 prevailed in diseased piglets, while Escherichia virus BP4 was found in greater numbers in healthy piglets. The results of our study suggest that the association between the fecal microbiome and susceptibility to diarrhea in suckling piglets may have been previously overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Gryaznova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Yuliya Smirnova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Inna Burakova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Polina Morozova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Nesterova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mariya Gladkikh
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Evgeny Mikhaylov
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mikhail Syromyatnikov
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia
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Li W, Shu Y, Zhang J, Wu M, Zhu GH, Huang WY, Shen L, Kang Y. Long-term prednisone treatment causes fungal microbiota dysbiosis and alters the ecological interaction between gut mycobiome and bacteriome in rats. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1112767. [PMID: 37342562 PMCID: PMC10277626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1112767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisone is one of the most commonly used GCs. However, it is still unknown whether prednisone affects gut fungi in rats. Herein we investigated whether prednisone changed the composition of gut fungi and the interactions between gut mycobiome and bacteriome/fecal metabolome in rats. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group and a prednisone group which received prednisone daily by gavage for 6 weeks. ITS2 rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples was performed to identify differentially abundant gut fungi. The associations between gut mycobiome and bacterial genera/fecal metabolites obtained from our previously published study were explored by using Spearman correlation analysis. Our data showed that there were no changes in the richness of gut mycobiome in rats after prednisone treatment, but the diversity increased significantly. The relative abundance of genera Triangularia and Ciliophora decreased significantly. At the species level, the relative abundance of Aspergillus glabripes increased significantly, while Triangularia mangenotii and Ciliophora sp. decreased. In addition, prednisone altered the gut fungi-bacteria interkingdom interactions in rats after prednisone treatment. Additionally, the genus Triangularia was negatively correlated with m-aminobenzoic acid, but positively correlated with hydrocinnamic acid and valeric acid. Ciliophora was negatively correlated with phenylalanine and homovanillic acid, but positively correlated with 2-Phenylpropionate, hydrocinnamic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid. In conclusion, long-term prednisone treatment caused fungal microbiota dysbiosis and might alter the ecological interaction between gut mycobiome and bacteriome in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Li
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Shu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-hua Zhu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-yan Huang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Kang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Ghozzi M, Mankai A, Zneidi I, Manoubi W, Melayah S, Mechi F, Trabelsi A, Ghedira I. Serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and the vice versa: A Tunisian study. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152398. [PMID: 37269587 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterized by destructive lymphocytic cholangitis and anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA). Anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100, are used for the diagnosis of PBC in AMA-negative PBC patients. Patients with PBC have a propensity to have an extrahepatic manifestation which is especially autoimmune. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the frequency of serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (CCP-Ab or RF) in PBC patients and to do the vice versa. METHODS Our PBC study included 70 patients with PBC and 80 healthy blood donors (HBD) and our RA study included 75 patients with RA and 75 HBD. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (CCP-Ab) and rheumatoid factor (RF) were performed by indirect ELISA. AMA, anti-Sp100 and anti-gp210 were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS RA autoantibodies (CCP-Ab or RF) were more frequent in PBC patients than in HBD (65.7% vs. 8.7% p 〈10-6). CCP-Ab were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (15.7% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.004). Nine patients had both CCP-Ab and RF vs. none of controls (12.8% vs. 0%; p = 0.001). RF were detected in 45 patients with PBC and in 5 HBD (64.3% vs. 6.2%; p 〈10-6). In PBC patients, RF were more frequent than CCP-Ab (64.3% vs. 15.7%; p 〈10-6). RF-IgG were present in 18.5% of patients; RF-immunoglobulin (Ig) A in 34.3% and RF-IgM in 54.3%. These frequencies were significantly higher than those found in control group (1.2% for RF-IgG (p 〈10-3); 0% for RF-IgA (p 〈10-6); and 6.2% for RF-IgM (p 〈10-6)). In our PBC patients, RF-IgA were more frequent than RF-IgG (34.3% vs. 18.5%; p = 0.03) and than CCP-Ab (34.3% vs. 15.7%; p = 0.01). Six patients had only RF-IgA versus none of the control group (8.6% vs. 0%; p = 0.01). AMA, anti-Sp100 and anti-gp 210 were absent in all RA patients. CONCLUSIONS Serological markers of RA were more frequent in PBC patients than in HBD and the vice versa was not true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ghozzi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Amani Mankai
- High School of Sciences and Techniques of Health, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia; Research Unit "Obesity: Etiopathology and Treatment, UR18ES01", National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Inssaf Zneidi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wiem Manoubi
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarra Melayah
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Mechi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ibtissem Ghedira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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15
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Anderson FM, Visser ND, Amses KR, Hodgins-Davis A, Weber AM, Metzner KM, McFadden MJ, Mills RE, O'Meara MJ, James TY, O'Meara TR. Candida albicans selection for human commensalism results in substantial within-host diversity without decreasing fitness for invasive disease. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001822. [PMID: 37205709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a frequent colonizer of human mucosal surfaces as well as an opportunistic pathogen. C. albicans is remarkably versatile in its ability to colonize diverse host sites with differences in oxygen and nutrient availability, pH, immune responses, and resident microbes, among other cues. It is unclear how the genetic background of a commensal colonizing population can influence the shift to pathogenicity. Therefore, we examined 910 commensal isolates from 35 healthy donors to identify host niche-specific adaptations. We demonstrate that healthy people are reservoirs for genotypically and phenotypically diverse C. albicans strains. Using limited diversity exploitation, we identified a single nucleotide change in the uncharacterized ZMS1 transcription factor that was sufficient to drive hyper invasion into agar. We found that SC5314 was significantly different from the majority of both commensal and bloodstream isolates in its ability to induce host cell death. However, our commensal strains retained the capacity to cause disease in the Galleria model of systemic infection, including outcompeting the SC5314 reference strain during systemic competition assays. This study provides a global view of commensal strain variation and within-host strain diversity of C. albicans and suggests that selection for commensalism in humans does not result in a fitness cost for invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Noelle D Visser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin R Amses
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrea Hodgins-Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexandra M Weber
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katura M Metzner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael J McFadden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Matthew J O'Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Teresa R O'Meara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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16
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Chen Q, Fan Y, Zhang B, Yan C, Chen Z, Wang L, Hu Y, Huang Q, Su J, Ren J, Xu H. Specific fungi associated with response to capsulized fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1086885. [PMID: 36683707 PMCID: PMC9849685 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1086885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel microbial treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we performed a clinical trial of capsulized FMT in UC patients to determine the association between the gut fungal community and capsulized FMT outcomes. Design This study recruited patients with active UC (N = 22) and healthy individuals (donor, N = 9) according to the criteria. The patients received capsulized FMT three times a week. Patient stool samples were collected before (week 0) and after FMT follow-up visits at weeks 1, 4, and 12. Fungal communities were analysed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Results According to metagenomic analysis, fungal community evenness index was greater in samples collected from patients, and the overall fungal community was clustered among the samples collected from donors. The dominant fungi in fecal samples collected from donors and patients were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. However, capsulized FMT ameliorated microbial fungal diversity and altered fungal composition, based on metagenomic analysis of fecal samples collected before and during follow-up visits after capsulized FMT. Fungal diversity decreased in samples collected from patients who achieved remission after capsulized FMT, similar to samples collected from donors. Patients achieving remission after capsulized FMT had specific enrichment of Kazachstania naganishii, Pyricularia grisea, Lachancea thermotolerans, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe compared with patients who did not achieve remission. In addition, the relative abundance of P. grisea was higher in remission fecal samples during the follow-up visit. Meanwhile, decreased levels of pathobionts, such as Candida and Debaryomyces hansenii, were associated with remission in patients receiving capsulized FMT. Conclusion In the metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from donors and patients with UC receiving capsulized FMT, shifts in gut fungal diversity and composition were associated with capsulized FMT and validated in patients with active UC. We also identified the specific fungi associated with the induction of remission. ClinicalTrails.gov (NCT03426683).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanyun Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bangzhou Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Changsheng Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhangran Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yiqun Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingwen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingling Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiome and Human Health, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Department of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,*Correspondence: Jianlin Ren, ; Hongzhi Xu,
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiome and Human Health, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,Department of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,*Correspondence: Jianlin Ren, ; Hongzhi Xu,
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Hu J, Tang J, Zhang X, Yang K, Zhong A, Yang Q, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang T. Landscape in the gallbladder mycobiome and bacteriome of patients undergoing cholelithiasis with chronic cholecystitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1131694. [PMID: 37032855 PMCID: PMC10073429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1131694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallstone disease (GSD) is associated with changes in the gut and gallbladder bacterial composition, but there is limited information on the role of the fungal community (mycobiome) in disease development. This study aimed to characterize the gallbladder mycobiome profiles and their interactions with bacteriome in GSD. A total of 136 bile and gallstone samples (34 paired for bacteriome, and 33 paired and extra 2 bile samples for mycobiome) were obtained from calculi patients with chronic cholecystitis. Bile and gallstone bacteriome and mycobiome were profiled by 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. Gallbladder bacteriome, mycobiome, and interkingdom and intrakingdom interactions were compared between bile and gallstone. In general, microbial diversity was higher in bile than in gallstone, and distinct microbial community structures were observed among them. Deep Sea Euryarchaeotic Group, Rhodobacteraceae, and Rhodobacterales were microbial biomarkers of bile, while Clostridiales and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes were biomarkers of gallstone. Five fungal taxa, including Colletotrichum, Colletotrichum sublineola, and Epicoccum, were enriched in gallstone. Further ecologic analyses revealed that intensive transkingdom correlations between fungi and bacteria and intrakingdom correlations within them observed in gallstone were significantly decreased in bile. Large and complex fungal communities inhabit the gallbladder of patients with GSD. Gallstone, compared with bile, is characterized by significantly altered bacterial taxonomic composition and strengthened bacterial-bacterial, fungal-fungal, and bacterial-fungal correlations in the gallbladder of patients with GSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Hu
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jichao Tang
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- General Surgery Day Ward, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinpeng Zhang
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- General Surgery Day Ward, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaijin Yang
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- General Surgery Day Ward, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ayan Zhong
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- General Surgery Day Ward, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- Section for Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanjun Liu,
| | - Yi Li
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- General Surgery Day Ward, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- Yi Li,
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
- Tongtong Zhang,
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Shoukat M, Ullah F, Tariq MN, Din G, Khadija B, Faryal R. Profiling of potential pathogenic candida species in obesity. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105894. [PMID: 36496057 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The aim of the current study was gut profiling of culturable Candida species and their possible pathogenic potential to asses role in obesity. METHODS This case control study includes stool samples from 75 obese individuals and 50 controls. Isolation and identification of various Candida species was carried out by standard microbiological techniques. For pathogenic profiling, extracellular enzymatic assays, biofilm forming ability and resistance to azole were analyzed. RESULTS Culturable gut profiling identified comparative higher abundance and diversity of Candida species among obese compared to controls. The most abundant specie among both groups was C.kefyr. A comparatively higher pathogenic potential as more hydrolases expression was detected in C.kefyr, C.albicans and Teunomyces krusei from obese group. Majority isolates from obese group were strong biofilm formers (47.1%) compared to control group (35.4%) suggesting it as strong risk factor for obesity. Fluconazole resistance was highest among C.kefyr (51%) followed by Teunomyces krusei and C.albicans. All the isolates from different species were voriconazole sensitive except C.kefyr displaying a 4.2% resistance in obese group only. A significant association of dominant colonizing species with meat, fruit/vegetable consumption and residence area was present (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The presence of hydrolytic enzymes in gut Candida species showed strong association with protein's degradation and enhanced pathogenicity. C.kefyr and Teunomyces krusei has emerged as potential pathogen showing increased colonization as result of protein rich and low carb diet. Thus presenting it as a bad choice for weight loss in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Shoukat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Faheem Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Medical Lab Technology, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Marbaila Nane Tariq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ghufranud Din
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Bibi Khadija
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, National Skills University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Upadhaya SD, Kim IH. Maintenance of gut microbiome stability for optimum intestinal health in pigs - a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:140. [PMID: 36474259 PMCID: PMC9727896 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are exposed to various challenges such as weaning, environmental stressors, unhealthy diet, diseases and infections during their lifetime which adversely affects the gut microbiome. The inability of the pig microbiome to return to the pre-challenge baseline may lead to dysbiosis resulting in the outbreak of diseases. Therefore, the maintenance of gut microbiome diversity, robustness and stability has been influential for optimum intestinal health after perturbations. Nowadays human and animal researches have focused on more holistic approaches to obtain a robust gut microbiota that provides protection against pathogens and improves the digestive physiology and the immune system. In this review, we present an overview of the swine gut microbiota, factors affecting the gut microbiome and the importance of microbial stability in promoting optimal intestinal health. Additionally, we discussed the current understanding of nutritional interventions using fibers and pre/probiotics supplementation as non-antibiotic alternatives to maintain microbiota resilience to replace diminished species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Devi Upadhaya
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, 31116 Choongnam South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- grid.411982.70000 0001 0705 4288Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, 31116 Choongnam South Korea
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20
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Lu Y. Mycobiota Signatures and Colorectal Cancer: A True Association or Not? Gastroenterology 2022; 163:813-815. [PMID: 35940253 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Lu
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.
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21
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Olaisen M, Richard ML, Beisvåg V, Granlund AVB, Røyset ES, Rué O, Martinsen TC, Sandvik AK, Sokol H, Fossmark R. The ileal fungal microbiota is altered in Crohn's disease and is associated with the disease course. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:868812. [PMID: 36237548 PMCID: PMC9551188 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.868812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fungal microbiota's involvement in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) is incompletely understood. The terminal ileum is a predilection site both for primary involvement and recurrences of CD. We, therefore, assessed the mucosa-associated mycobiota in the inflamed and non-inflamed ileum in patients with CD. Methods The mucosa-associated mycobiota was assessed by ITS2 sequencing in a total of 168 biopsies sampled 5 and 15 cm proximal of the ileocecal valve or ileocolic anastomosis in 44 CD patients and 40 healthy controls (HC). CD patients with terminal ileitis, with endoscopic inflammation at 5 cm and normal mucosa at 15 cm and no history of upper CD involvement, were analyzed separately. The need for additional CD treatment the year following biopsy collection was recorded. Results CD patients had reduced mycobiota evenness, increased Basidiomycota/Ascomycota ratio, and reduced abundance of Chytridiomycota compared to HC. The mycobiota of CD patients were characterized by an expansion of Malassezia and a depletion of Saccharomyces, along with increased abundances of Candida albicans and Malassezia restricta. Malassezia was associated with the need for treatment escalation during follow-up. Current anti-TNF treatment was associated with lower abundances of Basidiomycota. The alpha diversity of the inflamed and proximal non-inflamed mucosa within the same patients was similar. However, the inflamed mucosa had a more dysbiotic composition with increased abundances of Candida sake and reduced abundances of Exophiala equina and Debaryomyces hansenii. Conclusions The ileal mucosa-associated mycobiota in CD patients is altered compared to HC. The mycobiota in the inflamed and proximal non-inflamed ileum within the same patients harbor structural differences which may play a role in the CD pathogenesis. Increased abundance of Malassezia was associated with an unfavorable disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Olaisen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mathias L. Richard
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Vidar Beisvåg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central Administration, St. Olav's Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle van Beelen Granlund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elin S. Røyset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology, St. Olav's Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olivier Rué
- INRAE, MaIAGE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tom Christian Martinsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Kristian Sandvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harry Sokol
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
- Gastroenterology Department, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Reidar Fossmark
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Pitarch A, Diéguez-Uribeondo J, Martín-Torrijos L, Sergio F, Blanco G. Fungal signatures of oral disease reflect environmental degradation in a facultative avian scavenger. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155397. [PMID: 35460785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of natural ecosystems increases the risk of infections in wildlife due to microbiota dysbiosis. However, little is known about its influence on the development of fungal communities in predators and facultative avian scavengers. We evaluated the incidence of oral disease in wild nestling black kites (Milvus migrans) under contrasting environmental degradation conditions, and explored their oral fungal patterns using molecular methods and multivariate analysis. Oral lesions were found in 36.8% of the 38 nestlings examined in an anthropogenically altered habitat (southeastern Madrid, Spain), but in none of the 105 nestlings examined in a well-conserved natural area (Doñana National Park, Spain). In a subsample of 48 black kites, the composition of the oral fungal community differed among symptomatic nestlings from Madrid (SM) and asymptomatic nestlings from Madrid (AM) and Doñana (AD). Opportunistic fungal pathogens (e.g., Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex, Mucor spp., Rhizopus oryzae) were more prevalent in SM and AM than in AD. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses revealed that fungal patterns were distinct between both study areas, and that anthropogenic and natural environmental factors had a greater impact on them than oral disease. Fungal signatures associated with anthropogenic and natural stresses harbored some taxa that could be used to flag oral infection (F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex and Alternaria), indicate environmental degradation (Alternaria) or provide protective benefits in degraded environments (Trichoderma, Epicoccum nigrum and Sordaria). Co-occurrence associations between potentially beneficial and pathogenic fungi were typical of AM and AD, hinting at a possible role in host health. This study shows that early-life exposure to highly degraded environments induces a shift towards a higher prevalence of pathogenic species in the oral cavity of black kites, favoring oral disease. Furthermore, our findings suggest potential ecological applications of the monitoring of oral mycobiome as a bioindication of oral disease and environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Pitarch
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Teaching Unit of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Arcos de Jalón, 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Laura Martín-Torrijos
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Sergio
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estacion Biologica de Doñana-CSIC, Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Jena A, Dutta U, Shah J, Sharma V, Prasad KK, Shivaprakash RM, Mandavdhare HS, Samanta J, Sharma P, Popli P, Sharma AK, Sinha SK, Chakrabarti A, Kochhar R. Oral Fluconazole Therapy in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis Who Have Detectable Candida in the Stool : A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:705-711. [PMID: 34516459 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an emerging role of fungal dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Prevalence of Candida in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) and the effect of fluconazole therapy in reducing disease activity of UC are not known. PATIENTS AND METHODS All consecutive consenting patients with active UC defined as Mayo score ≥3 were evaluated for presence of Candida by stool culture and predictors for presence of Candida were identified. Those who had evidence of Candida in the stool were randomized to receive oral fluconazole 200 mg daily or placebo for 3 weeks along with standard medical therapy. Patients were assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopy, and laboratory parameters at baseline and at 4 weeks. The primary outcome was clinical and endoscopic response at 4 weeks defined by a 3-point reduction in Mayo score. Secondary outcomes were reduction in fecal calprotectin, histologic response, and adverse events. RESULTS Of the 242 patients with active UC, 68 (28%) patients had Candida in stool culture. Independent predictors for presence of Candida in patients with active UC were partial Mayo score of ≥3 and steroid exposure. Among those with Candida on stool culture (n=68), 61 patients fulfilled eligibility criteria and were randomized to receive fluconazole (n=31) or placebo (n=30). Three-point reduction in Mayo score though was numerically higher in the fluconazole group than the placebo group but was not statistically significant [5 (16.1%) vs. 1 (3.33%); P =0.19]. Postintervention median Mayo score was lower in fluconazole than placebo group [4 (3, 5) vs. 5 (4, 6); P =0.034]. Patients in fluconazole group had more often reduction in fecal calprotectin [26 (83.9%) vs. 11 (36.7%); P =0.001] and histologic scores [23 (74.1%) vs. 10 (33.3%); P =0.001] compared with placebo. All patients were compliant and did not report any serious adverse event. CONCLUSION Candida colonization is found in 28% of patients with UC. Steroid exposure and active disease were independent predictors for the presence of Candida . There was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients who achieved 3-point reduction in Mayo score between 2 groups. However, clinical, histologic, and calprotectin levels showed significant improvement in fluconazole group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Shuai M, Fu Y, Zhong HL, Gou W, Jiang Z, Liang Y, Miao Z, Xu JJ, Huynh T, Wahlqvist ML, Chen YM, Zheng JS. Mapping the human gut mycobiome in middle-aged and elderly adults: multiomics insights and implications for host metabolic health. Gut 2022; 71:1812-1820. [PMID: 35017200 PMCID: PMC9380515 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human gut fungal community, known as the mycobiome, plays a fundamental role in the gut ecosystem and health. Here we aimed to investigate the determinants and long-term stability of gut mycobiome among middle-aged and elderly adults. We further explored the interplay between gut fungi and bacteria on metabolic health. DESIGN The present study included 1244 participants from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study. We characterised the long-term stability and determinants of the human gut mycobiome, especially long-term habitual dietary consumption. The comprehensive multiomics analyses were performed to investigate the ecological links between gut bacteria, fungi and faecal metabolome. Finally, we examined whether the interaction between gut bacteria and fungi could modulate the metabolic risk. RESULTS The gut fungal composition was temporally stable and mainly determined by age, long-term habitual diet and host physiological states. Specifically, compared with middle-aged individuals, Blastobotrys and Agaricomycetes spp were depleted, while Malassezia was enriched in the elderly. Dairy consumption was positively associated with Saccharomyces but inversely associated with Candida. Notably, Saccharomycetales spp interacted with gut bacterial diversity to influence insulin resistance. Bidirectional mediation analyses indicated that bacterial function or faecal histidine might causally mediate an impact of Pichia on blood cholesterol. CONCLUSION We depict the sociodemographic and dietary determinants of human gut mycobiome in middle-aged and elderly individuals, and further reveal that the gut mycobiome may be closely associated with the host metabolic health through regulating gut bacterial functions and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanqing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-li Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanglong Gou
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zengliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zelei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Jian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark L Wahlqvist
- Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia .,Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Institute of Population Health, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, China
| | - Yu-ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China .,Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Pinto D, Calabrese FM, De Angelis M, Celano G, Giuliani G, Rinaldi F. Lichen Planopilaris: The first biopsy layer microbiota inspection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269933. [PMID: 35849580 PMCID: PMC9292073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen Planopilaris (LPP) is a lymphatic disease affecting the scalp that is characterized by a chronic and destructive inflammation process, named as ‘cicatricial alopecia’ in which the hair follicles are targeted and may involve predominantly lymphocytes or neutrophils. Scalp and biopsy layers have never been used to investigate microbial community composition and its relative taxa abundances in LPP. We sought to examine the significant taxa of this chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, together with inspect the existing connections with metabolic pathways featuring this microbial community. We used a multilevel analysis based on 16S rRNA marker sequencing in order to detect OTU abundances in pathologic/healthy samples, real time PCR for measuring the levels of IL-23 interleukin expression and urinary metabolomics to find out volatile organic metabolites (VOMs). By using a linear regression model, we described peculiar taxa that significantly differentiated LPP and healthy samples. We inspected taxa abundances and interleukin mRNA levels and the Microbacteriaceae family resulted negatively correlated with the IL-23 expression. Moreover, starting from 16S taxa abundances, we predicted the metabolic pathways featuring this microbial community. By inspecting microbial composition, sample richness, metabolomics profiles and the relative metabolic pathways in a cohort of LPP and healthy samples we deepened the contribution of significant taxa that are connected to inflammation maintenance and microbiota plasticity in LPP pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinto
- Human Advanced Microbiome Project-HMAP, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (DP); (FMC)
| | - Francesco Maria Calabrese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, “Aldo Moro” University, Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail: (DP); (FMC)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, “Aldo Moro” University, Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, “Aldo Moro” University, Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Human Advanced Microbiome Project-HMAP, Milan, Italy
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26
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Zhang Y, Si X, Yang L, Wang H, Sun Y, Liu N. Association between intestinal microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:311-322. [PMID: 35808814 PMCID: PMC9434590 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), has emerged as a global disease with high incidence, long duration, devastating clinical symptoms, and low curability (relapsing immune response and barrier function defects). Mounting studies have been performed to investigate its pathogenesis to provide an ever‐expanding arsenal of therapeutic options, while the precise etiology of IBD is not completely understood yet. Recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing methods and animal models have provided new insights into the association between intestinal microbiota and IBD. In general, dysbiosis characterized by an imbalanced microbiota has been widely recognized as a pathology of IBD. However, intestinal microbiota alterations represent the cause or result of IBD process remains unclear. Therefore, more evidences are needed to identify the precise role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD. Herein, this review aims to outline the current knowledge of commonly used, chemically induced, and infectious mouse models, gut microbiota alteration and how it contributes to IBD, and dysregulated metabolite production links to IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchang Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Institute of Medical Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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27
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Chauhan A, Semwal DK, Semwal RB, Joshi SK, Adhana RK, Goswami MS. Modulation of gut microbiota with Ayurveda diet and lifestyle: A review on its possible way to treat type 2 diabetes. Ayu 2022; 43:35-44. [PMID: 37655174 PMCID: PMC10468021 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased substantially in the past few decades throughout the world. In India, the epidemic of diabetes continues to increase irrespective of area, status, and age. Despite various scientific societies involved in the treatment of diabetes, still, the burden of diabetes keeps growing. Aims The aim of this work is to explore the Ayurvedic concept of a personalized diet to modulate the gut microbiota for the treatment of T2D. Material and methods A thorough study of literature from online scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar as well as from classical texts of Ayurveda was done. A careful compilation was done to extract the valuable output of the personalized diet to modulate the gut microbiota. Results There are various diets used to control blood glucose levels, and their effects are also being studied on the transcriptome or epigenome despite 99.9% genomic similarity among human beings. However, microbiomes have only 10% similarity. Ayurvedic diet is given on the basis of Prakriti (body constitution), therefore, it is also called personalized diet. Conclusion The diets prescribed for T2D in Ayurveda are high in fibers, polyphenols, and complex carbohydrates which enrich butyrate-producing bacteria and decrease lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria. Hence, there is a need to have a personalized diet to manage the glucose level by enriching beneficial gut microbiota. The approach of a personalized diet associated with gut microbiota can be helpful in maintaining blood sugar in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Chemistry, VSKC Government Postgraduate College, Dakpathar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- Department of Shalya Tantra, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Adhana
- Department of Agad Tantra, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Madhavi Sanjay Goswami
- Department of Rachna Sharir, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Rishikul Campus, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
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28
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Liberato I, Lino LA, Souza JK, Neto JB, Sá LG, Cabral VP, Silva CR, Cavalcanti BC, Moraes MO, Freire VN, Júnior HV, Andrade CR. Gallic acid leads to cell death of Candida albicans by the apoptosis mechanism. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:599-606. [PMID: 35354285 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of gallic acid (GA) against the strains of Candida spp. resistant to fluconazole and to determine its mechanism of action. Materials & methods: Antifungal activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution and flow cytometry techniques. Results: GA presented minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 16 to 72 μg/ml, causing alterations of the membrane integrity and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species and externalization of phosphatidylserine. Conclusion: GA has potential antifungal activity against Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ito Liberato
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Leticia A Lino
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juan Kd Souza
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Ba Neto
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Livia Gav Sá
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vitória Pf Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cecília R Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel O Moraes
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Valder N Freire
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vn Júnior
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Yalcin SS, Aksu T, Kuskonmaz B, Ozbek NY, Pérez-Brocal V, Celik M, Uckan Cetinkaya D, Moya A, Dinleyici EC. Intestinal mycobiota composition and changes in children with thalassemia who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29411. [PMID: 34699120 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) alters the diversity of the intestinal bacterial microbiota. This study aimed to evaluate human mycobiota composition pre-HSCT and post-HSCT in children with thalassemia. METHOD Ten children with thalassemia undergoing allogeneic HSCT were enrolled. The stool samples were collected before the transplantation regimen, before the transplant day, and +15, +30 days, and three months after transplantation. Stool samples were also collected from the donor and the patient's caregivers. Gut mycobiota composition was evaluated with metagenomic analysis. RESULTS Pretransplant mycobiota of children with thalassemia (the predominant genus was Saccharomyces, 64.1%) has been shown to approximate the diverse mycobiota compositions of healthy adult donors but becomes altered (lower diversity) following transplant procedures. Three months after HSCT, phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were 83.4% and 15.6%, respectively. The predominant species were Saccaharomyces_uc and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (phylum Ascomycota); we also observed Malassezia restricta and Malassezia globosa (phylum Basidiomycota) (∼13%). On day 90 after HSCT, we observed 65.3% M. restricta and 18.4% M. globosa predominance at the species level in a four-year-old boy with acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (skin and gut involvement) 19 days after transplantation included. CONCLUSION The mycobiota composition of children with thalassemia altered after HSCT. We observed Malassezia predominance in a child with GVHD. Further studies in children with GVHD will identify this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddika Songul Yalcin
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tekin Aksu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Baris Kuskonmaz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Namık Yasar Ozbek
- Ankara City Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology, Health Science University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Area of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain.,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melda Celik
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Uckan Cetinkaya
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Andrés Moya
- Area of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain.,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ener Cagri Dinleyici
- Department of Pediatrics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
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30
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Sędzikowska A, Szablewski L. Human Gut Microbiota in Health and Selected Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13440. [PMID: 34948234 PMCID: PMC8708499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the epithelial surfaces of our body, and the digestive tract, respiratory and urogenital systems, are colonized by a vast number of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans, and viruses. These microbiota, particularly those of the intestines, play an important, beneficial role in digestion, metabolism, and the synthesis of vitamins. Their metabolites stimulate cytokine production by the human host, which are used against potential pathogens. The composition of the microbiota is influenced by several internal and external factors, including diet, age, disease, and lifestyle. Such changes, called dysbiosis, may be involved in the development of various conditions, such as metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto's thyroidis and Graves' disease; they can also play a role in nervous system disturbances, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression. An association has also been found between gut microbiota dysbiosis and cancer. Our health is closely associated with the state of our microbiota, and their homeostasis. The aim of this review is to describe the associations between human gut microbiota and cancer, and examine the potential role of gut microbiota in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leszek Szablewski
- Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
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31
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Pancreatic Cancer and Gut Microbiome-Related Aspects: A Comprehensive Review and Dietary Recommendations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124425. [PMID: 34959977 PMCID: PMC8709322 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a significant role in the human body providing many beneficial effects on the host. However, its dysbiotic alterations may affect the tumorigenic pathway and then trigger the development of pancreatic cancer. This dysbiosis can also modulate the aggressiveness of the tumor, influencing the microenvironment. Because pancreatic cancer is still one of the most lethal cancers worldwide with surgery as the only method that influences prognosis and has curative potential, there is a need to search for other strategies which will enhance the efficiency of standard therapy and improve patients' quality of life. The administration of prebiotics, probiotics, next-generation probiotics (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila), synbiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation through multiple mechanisms affects the composition of the gut microbiota and may restore its balance. Despite limited data, some studies indicate that the aforementioned methods may allow to achieve better effect of pancreatic cancer treatment and improve therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Structural Insights into the Azole Resistance of the Candida albicans Darlington Strain Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase as a Surrogate. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110897. [PMID: 34829185 PMCID: PMC8621857 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Target-based azole resistance in Candida albicans involves overexpression of the ERG11 gene encoding lanosterol 14α-demethylase (LDM), and/or the presence of single or multiple mutations in this enzyme. Overexpression of Candida albicans LDM (CaLDM) Y132H I471T by the Darlington strain strongly increased resistance to the short-tailed azoles fluconazole and voriconazole, and weakly increased resistance to the longer-tailed azoles VT-1161, itraconazole and posaconazole. We have used, as surrogates, structurally aligned mutations in recombinant hexahistidine-tagged full-length Saccharomyces cerevisiae LDM6×His (ScLDM6×His) to elucidate how differential susceptibility to azole drugs is conferred by LDM of the C. albicans Darlington strain. The mutations Y140H and I471T were introduced, either alone or in combination, into ScLDM6×His via overexpression of the recombinant enzyme from the PDR5 locus of an azole hypersensitive strain of S. cerevisiae. Phenotypes and high-resolution X-ray crystal structures were determined for the surrogate enzymes in complex with representative short-tailed (voriconazole) and long-tailed (itraconazole) triazoles. The preferential high-level resistance to short-tailed azoles conferred by the ScLDM Y140H I471T mutant required both mutations, despite the I471T mutation conferring only a slight increase in resistance. Crystal structures did not detect changes in the position/tilt of the heme co-factor of wild-type ScLDM, I471T and Y140H single mutants, or the Y140H I471T double-mutant. The mutant threonine sidechain in the Darlington strain CaLDM perturbs the environment of the neighboring C-helix, affects the electronic environment of the heme, and may, via differences in closure of the neck of the substrate entry channel, increase preferential competition between lanosterol and short-tailed azole drugs.
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Mercurio K, Singh D, Walden E, Baetz K. Global analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth in mucin. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab294. [PMID: 34849793 PMCID: PMC8527512 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomic profiling of the human gut microbiome has discovered DNA from dietary yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, it is unknown if the S. cerevisiae detected by common metagenomic methods are from dead dietary sources, or from live S. cerevisiae colonizing the gut similar to their close relative Candida albicans. While S. cerevisiae can adapt to minimal oxygen and acidic environments, it has not been explored whether this yeast can metabolize mucin, the large, gel-forming, highly glycosylated proteins representing a major source of carbon in the gut mucosa. We reveal that S. cerevisiae can utilize mucin as their main carbon source, as well as perform both a transcriptome analysis and a chemogenomic screen to identify biological pathways required for this yeast to grow optimally in mucin. In total, 739 genes demonstrate significant differential expression in mucin culture, and deletion of 21 genes impact growth in mucin. Both screens suggest that mitochondrial function is required for proper growth in mucin, and through secondary assays we determine that mucin exposure induces mitogenesis and cellular respiration. We further show that deletion of an uncharacterized ORF, YCR095W-A, led to dysfunction in mitochondrial morphology and oxygen consumption in mucin. Finally, we demonstrate that Yps7, an aspartyl protease and homolog to mucin-degrading proteins in C. albicans, is important for growth on mucin. Collectively, our work serves as the initial step toward establishing how this common dietary fungus can survive in the mucus environment of the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mercurio
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Dylan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Walden
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kristin Baetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ. The Auto-Brewery Syndrome: A Perfect Metabolic "Storm" with Clinical and Forensic Implications. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4637. [PMID: 34682761 PMCID: PMC8537665 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS) is a rare, unstudied, unknown, and underreported phenomenon in modern medicine. Patients with this syndrome become inebriated and may suffer the medical and social implications of alcoholism, including arrest for inebriated driving. The pathophysiology of ABS is reportedly due to a fungal type dysbiosis of the gut that ferments some carbohydrates into ethanol and may mimic a food allergy or intolerance. This syndrome should be considered in patients with chronic obstruction or hypomotility presenting with elevated breath and blood alcohol concentrations, especially after a high carbohydrate intake. A glucose challenge test should be performed as the confirmatory test. Treatment typically includes antifungal drugs combined with changes in lifestyle and nutrition. Additional studies are particularly needed on the human microbiome to shed light on how imbalances of commensal bacteria in the gut allow yeast to colonize on a pathological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; or or ; Tel.: +351-224-157-216
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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35
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McGorum BC, Chen Z, Glendinning L, Gweon HS, Hunt L, Ivens A, Keen JA, Pirie RS, Taylor J, Wilkinson T, McLachlan G. Equine grass sickness (a multiple systems neuropathy) is associated with alterations in the gastrointestinal mycobiome. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:70. [PMID: 34627407 PMCID: PMC8501654 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a multiple systems neuropathy of grazing horses of unknown aetiology. An apparently identical disease occurs in cats, dogs, rabbits, hares, sheep, alpacas and llamas. Many of the risk factors for EGS are consistent with it being a pasture mycotoxicosis. To identify potential causal fungi, the gastrointestinal mycobiota of EGS horses were evaluated using targeted amplicon sequencing, and compared with those of two control groups. Samples were collected post mortem from up to 5 sites in the gastrointestinal tracts of EGS horses (EGS group; 150 samples from 54 horses) and from control horses that were not grazing EGS pastures and that had been euthanased for reasons other than neurologic and gastrointestinal diseases (CTRL group; 67 samples from 31 horses). Faecal samples were also collected from healthy control horses that were co-grazing pastures with EGS horses at disease onset (CoG group; 48 samples from 48 horses). RESULTS Mycobiota at all 5 gastrointestinal sites comprised large numbers of fungi exhibiting diverse taxonomy, growth morphology, trophic mode and ecological guild. FUNGuild analysis parsed most phylotypes as ingested environmental microfungi, agaricoids and yeasts, with only 1% as gastrointestinal adapted animal endosymbionts. Mycobiota richness varied throughout the gastrointestinal tract and was greater in EGS horses. There were significant inter-group and inter-site differences in mycobiota structure. A large number of phylotypes were differentially abundant among groups. Key phylotypes (n = 56) associated with EGS were identified that had high abundance and high prevalence in EGS samples, significantly increased abundance in EGS samples, and were important determinants of the inter-group differences in mycobiota structure. Many key phylotypes were extremophiles and/or were predicted to produce cytotoxic and/or neurotoxic extrolites. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported molecular characterisation of the gastrointestinal mycobiota of grazing horses. Key phylotypes associated with EGS were identified. Further work is required to determine whether neurotoxic extrolites from key phylotypes contribute to EGS aetiology or whether the association of key phylotypes and EGS is a consequence of disease or is non-causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C McGorum
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Zihao Chen
- Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Laura Glendinning
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hyun S Gweon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK
| | - Luanne Hunt
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - John A Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R Scott Pirie
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joanne Taylor
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Toby Wilkinson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gerry McLachlan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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36
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Zhang L, Zhan H, Xu W, Yan S, Ng SC. The role of gut mycobiome in health and diseases. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211047130. [PMID: 34589139 PMCID: PMC8474302 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211047130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome comprised of microbes from multiple kingdoms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Emerging evidence suggests that the intestinal fungi (the gut "mycobiome") play an important role in host immunity and inflammation. Advances in next generation sequencing methods to study the fungi in fecal samples and mucosa tissues have expanded our understanding of gut fungi in intestinal homeostasis and systemic immunity in health and their contribution to different human diseases. In this review, the current status of gut mycobiome in health, early life, and different diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and metabolic diseases were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenye Xu
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong,
China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,State Key Laboratory for Digestive disease,
Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong,
China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, Faculty of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong,
China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,State Key Laboratory for Digestive disease,
Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong, China,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials from a Semirural Setting in Mexico. mSphere 2021; 6:e0008321. [PMID: 34406855 PMCID: PMC8386383 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00083-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 3.5 billion people are colonized by intestinal parasites worldwide. Intestinal parasitic eukaryotes interact not only with the host but also with the intestinal microbiota. In this work, we studied the relationship between the presence of multiple enteric parasites and the community structures of gut bacteria and eukaryotes in an asymptomatic mother-child cohort from a semirural community in Mexico. Fecal samples were collected from 46 mothers and their respective children, with ages ranging from 2 to 20 months. Mothers and infants were found to be multiparasitized by Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba dispar, Endolimax nana, Chilomastix mesnili, Iodamoeba butshlii, Entamoeba coli, Hymenolepis nana, and Ascaris lumbricoides. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA and eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes showed a significant effect of parasite exposure on bacterial beta-diversity, which explained between 5.2% and 15.0% of the variation of the bacterial community structure in the cohort. Additionally, exposure to parasites was associated with significant changes in the relative abundances of multiple bacterial taxa, characterized by an increase in Clostridiales and decreases in Actinobacteria and Bacteroidales. Parasite exposure was not associated with changes in intestinal eukaryote relative abundances. However, we found several significant positive correlations between intestinal bacteria and eukaryotes, including Oscillospira with Entamoeba coli and Prevotella stercorea with Entamoeba hartmanni, as well as the co-occurrence of the fungus Candida with Bacteroides and Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, and Prevotella copri and the fungus Pichia with Oscillospira. The parasitic exposure-associated changes in the bacterial community structure suggest effects on microbial metabolic routes, host nutrient uptake abilities, and intestinal immunity regulation in host-parasite interactions. IMPORTANCE The impact of intestinal eukaryotes on the prokaryotic microbiome composition of asymptomatic carriers has not been extensively explored, especially in infants and mothers with multiple parasitic infections. In this work, we studied the relationship between protist and helminth parasite colonization and the intestinal microbiota structure in an asymptomatic population of mother-child binomials from a semirural community in Mexico. We found that the presence of parasitic eukaryotes correlated with changes in the bacterial gut community structure in the intestinal microbiota in an age-dependent way. Parasitic infection was associated with an increase in the relative abundance of the class Clostridia and decreases of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia. Parasitic infection was not associated with changes in the eukaryote community structure. However, we observed strong positive correlations between bacterial and other eukaryote taxa, identifying novel relationships between prokaryotes and fungi reflecting interkingdom interactions within the human intestine.
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Pierre JF, Phillips GJ, Chandra LC, Rendina DN, Thomas-Gosain NF, Lubach GR, Lyte M, Coe CL, Gosain A. Lyticase Facilitates Mycobiome Resolution Without Disrupting Microbiome Fidelity in Primates. J Surg Res 2021; 267:336-341. [PMID: 34186310 PMCID: PMC8678161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiome research has expanded to consider contributions of microbial kingdoms beyond bacteria, including fungi (i.e., the mycobiome). However, optimal specimen handling protocols are varied, including uncertainty of how enzymes utilized to facilitate fungal DNA recovery may interfere with bacterial microbiome sequencing from the same samples. METHODS With Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, fecal samples were obtained from 20 rhesus macaques (10 males, 10 females; Macaca mulatta). DNA was extracted using commercially available kits, with or without lyticase enzyme treatment. 16S ribosomal RNA (bacterial) and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS; fungal) sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using Qiime and Calypso. RESULTS Inclusion of lyticase in the sample preparation pipeline significantly increased usable fungal ITS reads, community alpha diversity, and enhanced detection of numerous fungal genera that were otherwise poorly or not detected in primate fecal samples. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA amplicons obtained from library preparation were statistically unchanged by the presence of lyticase. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate inclusion of the enzyme lyticase for fungal cell wall digestion markedly enhances mycobiota detection while maintaining fidelity of microbiome identification and community features in non-human primates. In restricted sample volumes, as are common in limited human samples, use of single sample DNA isolation will facilitate increased rigor and controlled approaches in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Greg J Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Lawrance C Chandra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Danielle N Rendina
- Harlow Center, Department. of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Neena F Thomas-Gosain
- Department. of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gabriele R Lubach
- Harlow Center, Department. of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Christopher L Coe
- Harlow Center, Department. of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ankush Gosain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Berthelot JM, Darrieutort-Laffite C, Trang C, Maugars Y, Le Goff B. Contribution of mycobiota to the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2021; 88:105245. [PMID: 34166798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review lists current evidences for a contribution of gut mycobiota to the pathogenesis of SpA and related conditions. Gut mycobiota has a small size as compared to bacterial microbiota, but an even greater inter- and intra-individual variability. Although most fungi (brought by food or air) are only transitory present, a core mycobiota of gut resident fungi exists, and interplays with bacteria in a complex manner. A dysbiosis of this gut mycobiota has been observed in Crohn's disease and sclerosing cholangitis, with decreased proportion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and outgrowth of more pathogenic gut fungi. Fungal-induced lower number of commensal gut bacteria can promote translocation of some bacterial/fungal antigens through mucosae, and live fungi can also cross the epithelial border in Crohn's disease. This dysbiosis also lower the ability of bacteria to metabolize tryptophan into regulatory metabolites, consequently enhancing tryptophan metabolism within human cells, which might contribute to fatigue. Translocation of mycobiotal antigens like curdlan (beta-glucan), which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SpA in the SGK mice, has been observed in humans. This translocation of fungal antigens in human SpA might account for the anti-Saccharomyces antibodies found in this setting. Contribution of fungal antigens to psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa would fit with the preferential homing of fungi in the skin area most involved in those conditions. Fungal antigens also possess autoimmune uveitis-promoting function. As genes associated with SpA (CARD9 and IL23R) strongly regulate the innate immune response against fungi, further studies on fungi contribution to SpA are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Berthelot
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France.
| | | | - Caroline Trang
- Service de gastro-entérologie, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France
| | - Yves Maugars
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France
| | - Benoît Le Goff
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France
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Lehtoranta L, Hibberd AA, Yeung N, Laitila A, Maukonen J, Ouwehand AC. Short communication: Characterization of vaginal fungal communities in healthy women and women with bacterial vaginosis (BV); a pilot study. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105055. [PMID: 34146644 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of the vaginal fungal community, the mycobiota, in women's health is an emerging area of research. Utilization of novel molecular technology enables more in-depth characterization and identification of fungal diversity, and their potential associations to health. The present study is a substudy of a larger observational clinical trial investigating the vaginal microbiota composition before and after antibiotic treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) infection in comparison to the microbiota of healthy women (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03187). Here, we characterized the vaginal mycobiota by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 region from vaginal microbial DNA collected from healthy women and women with BV and in relation to their treatment with oral metronidazole. Interestingly, both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts and filamentous fungi consisting of more than 30 different species were detectable from 21 out of 94 vaginal swab samples. The mycobiota was dominated by Candida species (>60% of relative abundance) and especially with Candida albicans in both study groups. The abundance of C. albicans was inversely correlated with fungal diversity but did not correlate with Nugent scores. Metronidazole did not seem to have a major effect on the relative abundance of C. albicans. The results revealed the diversity of the fungal community within healthy and BV-infected women, which is worth exploring further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Lehtoranta
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland.
| | - Ashley A Hibberd
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, 4300 Duncan Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Nicolas Yeung
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arja Laitila
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland
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Ben Lamine Z, Ben Jazia I, Ben Ahmed M, Ben Slama A, Baccouche A, Slama F, Jemaa A, Ghedira I, Mankaï A. Anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100 antibodies in primary biliary cholangitis. Arab J Gastroenterol 2021; 22:316-320. [PMID: 34090832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS To determine the sensitivity and specificity of anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100 autoantibodies in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sera of 106 PBC patients with positive anti-mitochondrial antibodies and 58 healthy blood donors were analyzed. A line immunoassay was used to evaluate the reactivity of anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100 antibodies. RESULTS The frequency of anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100 autoantibodies was 29.2% and 28.3%, respectively. Eight patients had both anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100 antibodies. Of 106 patients, 23 (21.7%) had anti-gp210 antibody, although not anti-Sp100 antibody, and 22 (20.7%) had anti-Sp100, although not anti-gp210 antibodies. Their combination increased the frequency of anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100 antibodies from 29.2% to 50% (P = 0.002) and 28.3% to 50% (P = 0.0012), respectively. In the control group, two subjects had anti-gp210 antibody and none had anti-Sp100 antibody. Thus, the specificity of anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100 antibodies was 96.5% and 100%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) of anti-gp210 antibody was 94%; its negative predictive value (NPV) was 42.7%. The PPV and NPV of anti-Sp100 antibody were 100% and 43.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION It is important to combine anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100 antibodies in the immunological exploration of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Ben Lamine
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Ilhem Ben Jazia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ayda Ben Slama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Azza Baccouche
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ibn El Jazzar Hospital, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Foued Slama
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Unit UR 807, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Ali Jemaa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ibtissem Ghedira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Tunisia
| | - Amani Mankaï
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; High School of Sciences and Techniques of Health, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Olvera-Rosales LB, Cruz-Guerrero AE, Ramírez-Moreno E, Quintero-Lira A, Contreras-López E, Jaimez-Ordaz J, Castañeda-Ovando A, Añorve-Morga J, Calderón-Ramos ZG, Arias-Rico J, González-Olivares LG. Impact of the Gut Microbiota Balance on the Health-Disease Relationship: The Importance of Consuming Probiotics and Prebiotics. Foods 2021; 10:1261. [PMID: 34199351 PMCID: PMC8230287 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a group of microorganisms that are deposited throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Currently, thanks to genomic tools, studies of gut microbiota have pointed towards the understanding of the metabolism of important bacteria that are not cultivable and their relationship with human homeostasis. Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota could explain, at least in part, some epidemics, such as diabetes and obesity. Likewise, dysbiosis has been associated with gastrointestinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cancer. That is why several studies have recently been focused on the direct relationship that these types of conditions have with the specific composition of gut microbiota, as in the case of the microbiota-intestine-brain axis. In the same way, the control of microbiota is related to the diet. Therefore, this review highlights the importance of gut microbiota, from its composition to its relationship with the human health-disease condition, as well as emphasizes the effect of probiotic and prebiotic consumption on the balance of its composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Berenice Olvera-Rosales
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico; (L.-B.O.-R.); (E.C.-L.); (J.J.-O.); (A.C.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Alma-Elizabeth Cruz-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda, La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42060, Hidalgo, Mexico; (E.R.-M.); (Z.-G.C.-R.)
| | - Aurora Quintero-Lira
- Área Académica de Ingeniería Agroindustrial e Ingeniería en alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km. 1, Ex-Hacienda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth Contreras-López
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico; (L.-B.O.-R.); (E.C.-L.); (J.J.-O.); (A.C.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Judith Jaimez-Ordaz
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico; (L.-B.O.-R.); (E.C.-L.); (J.J.-O.); (A.C.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Araceli Castañeda-Ovando
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico; (L.-B.O.-R.); (E.C.-L.); (J.J.-O.); (A.C.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Javier Añorve-Morga
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico; (L.-B.O.-R.); (E.C.-L.); (J.J.-O.); (A.C.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Zuli-Guadalupe Calderón-Ramos
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda, La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42060, Hidalgo, Mexico; (E.R.-M.); (Z.-G.C.-R.)
| | - José Arias-Rico
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda, La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42060, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Luis-Guillermo González-Olivares
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico; (L.-B.O.-R.); (E.C.-L.); (J.J.-O.); (A.C.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
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Zhu Y, Shi T, Lu X, Xu Z, Qu J, Zhang Z, Shi G, Shen S, Hou Y, Chen Y, Wang T. Fungal-induced glycolysis in macrophages promotes colon cancer by enhancing innate lymphoid cell secretion of IL-22. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105320. [PMID: 33591591 PMCID: PMC8167358 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of microbiome data has recently become important for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer, and several species of bacteria were shown to be associated with carcinogenesis. However, the role of commensal fungi in colon cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we report that mice lacking the c-type lectin Dectin-3 (Dectin-3-/- ) show increased tumorigenesis and Candida albicans burden upon chemical induction. Elevated C. albicans load triggered glycolysis in macrophages and interleukin-7 (IL-7) secretion. IL-7 induced IL-22 production in RORγt+ (group 3) innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) via aryl hydrocarbon receptor and STAT3. Consistently, IL-22 frequency in tumor tissues of colon cancer patients positively correlated with fungal burden, indicating the relevance of this regulatory axis in human disease. These results establish a C. albicans-driven crosstalk between macrophages and innate lymphoid cells in the intestine and expand our understanding on how commensal mycobiota regulate host immunity and promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tao Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xia Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhen Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Junxing Qu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Guoping Shi
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yugen Chen
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Nanjing Stomatological HospitalJiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDivision of ImmunologyMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
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Randolph GJ. Colonic Macrophages Combat Fungal Intoxication: Metchnikoff Would Be Pleased. Cell 2021; 183:305-307. [PMID: 33064986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
How the colon microenvironment confronts a breach of its epithelial border remains incompletely understood. In this issue, the laboratories of Lennon-Duménil and Vignjevic reveal a novel role for macrophages in sustaining epithelial integrity in the face of fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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A Pilot Clinical Study on Post-Operative Recurrence Provides Biological Clues for a Role of Candida Yeasts and Fluconazole in Crohn's Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050324. [PMID: 33922391 PMCID: PMC8146386 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: This study prompted by growing evidence of the relationship between the yeast Candida albicans and Crohn’s disease (CD) was intended to assess the effect of a 6-month course of the antifungal fluconazole (FCZ) on post-operative recurrence of CD. Methods: Mycological samples (mouth swabs and stools) and serum samples were collected from 28 CD patients randomized to receive either FCZ (n = 14) or placebo (n = 14) before surgical resection. Serological analysis focused on levels of calprotectin, anti-glycan antibodies, and antibody markers of C. albicans pathogenic transition. Levels of galectin-3 and mannose binding lectin (MBL) involved in C. albicans sensing and inflammation were also measured. Results: 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after surgery, endoscopy revealed recurrence in 5/12 (41.7%) patients in the FCZ group and 5/9 (55.6%) in the placebo group, the small cohort preventing any clinical conclusions. In both groups, surgery was followed by a marked decrease in C. albicans colonization and biomarkers of C. albicans pathogenic transition decreased to non-significant levels. Anti-glycan antibodies also decreased but remained significant for CD. Galectin-3 and calprotectin also decreased. Conversely, MBL levels, which inversely correlated with anti-C. albicans antibodies before surgery, remained stable. Building biostatistical multivariate models to analyze he changes in antibody and lectin levels revealed a significant relationship between C. albicans and CD. Conclusion: Several combinations of biomarkers of adaptive and innate immunity targeting C. albicans were predictive of CD recurrence after surgery, with area under the curves (AUCs) as high as 0.86. FCZ had a positive effect on biomarkers evolution. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02997059, 19 December 2016. University Hospital Lille, Ministry of Health, France. Effect of Fluconazole on the Levels of Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibodies (ASCA) After Surgical Resection for Crohn’s Disease. Multicenter, Randomized, and Controlled in Two Parallel Groups Versus Placebo.
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Ponzo V, Ferrocino I, Goitre I, Pellegrini M, Bruno M, Astegiano M, Cadario G, Castellana E, Bioletto F, Corvaglia MR, Malfa P, Cocolin L, Ghigo E, Bo S. Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity: Clinical Characteristics and Microbiota and Mycobiota Composition by Response to the Gluten Challenge Test. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041260. [PMID: 33921293 PMCID: PMC8070191 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this observational “proof-of-concept” study were to analyze the clinical/psychological characteristics and gut microbiota/mycobiota composition of individuals with suspected non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGS/WS) according to responses to the double-blind-placebo-controlled (DBPC) crossover gluten challenge test. Fifty individuals with suspected NCGS/WS were subjected to the DBPC challenge test; anthropometric measurements, psychometric questionnaires, and fecal samples were collected. Twenty-seven (54%) participants were gluten responsive (NCGS), and 23 were placebo responsive, with an order effect. NCGS individuals displayed a significantly lower risk of eating disorders and a higher mental health score when compared to placebo-responsive participants, confirmed by multiple logistic regression analyses (OR = 0.87; 95% CI 0.76–0.98, p = 0.021, and OR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.06–1.59, p = 0.009, respectively). Principal coordinate analyses based on microbiota composition showed a separation by the DBPC response (p = 0.039). For Bacteroides (p = 0.05) and Parabacteroides (p = 0.007), the frequency of amplicon sequence variants was lower, and that for Blautia (p = 0.009) and Streptococcus (p = 0.004) was higher in NCGS individuals at multiple regression analyses. No difference in the mycobiota composition was detected between the groups. In conclusion, almost half of the individuals with suspected gluten sensitivity reported symptoms with placebo; they showed lower mental health scores, increased risk for eating disorders, and a different gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ponzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (I.G.); (M.P.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy; (M.R.C.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (S.B.); Tel.: +39-11-633-6036 (S.B.)
| | - Ilaria Goitre
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (I.G.); (M.P.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Marianna Pellegrini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (I.G.); (M.P.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Mauro Bruno
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, “Città della Salute e della Scienza” Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Marco Astegiano
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, “Città della Salute e della Scienza” Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Gianni Cadario
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology Unit, “Città della Salute e della Scienza” Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Castellana
- Hospital Pharmacy, “Città della Salute e della Scienza” Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Fabio Bioletto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (I.G.); (M.P.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Maria Rita Corvaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy; (M.R.C.); (L.C.)
| | | | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy; (M.R.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (I.G.); (M.P.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Simona Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (I.G.); (M.P.); (F.B.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (S.B.); Tel.: +39-11-633-6036 (S.B.)
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47
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Axelrad JE, Cadwell KH, Colombel JF, Shah SC. The role of gastrointestinal pathogens in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211004493. [PMID: 33868457 PMCID: PMC8020742 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211004493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic, progressive, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Imbalance in the gut microbial community, or dysbiosis, and the subsequent immune response, represent the critical relationship between genetic susceptibility, microbes, and environment factors, that result in IBD. Gastrointestinal pathogens - a common cause of dysbiosis - have been implicated as an environmental trigger in new onset IBD, as well as flare of existing IBD. In this article, we systematically review clinical data regarding the association between specific gastrointestinal pathogens and IBD. Numerous bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, and exacerbations of existing disease. In this article, we will also specifically discuss the less recognized microbes that have an inverse association with IBD, including certain bacterial pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori, and parasites, such as Trichuris species. Future prospective and experimental studies are required to establish causality and clarify potential mechanisms of enteric pathogens in modifying the risk and course of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken H. Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shailja C. Shah
- Section of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN,San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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48
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Wu X, Xia Y, He F, Zhu C, Ren W. Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:60. [PMID: 33715629 PMCID: PMC7958491 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi establish a complex ecosystem in the gut. Like other microbiota, gut mycobiota plays an indispensable role in modulating intestinal physiology. Notably, the most striking characteristics of intestinal fungi are their extraintestinal functions. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the importance of gut fungi in the regulation of intestinal, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and brain functions, and we present possible opportunities for the application of gut mycobiota to alleviate/treat human diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Congrui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Ma K, Chen M, Liu J, Ge Y, Wang T, Wu D, Yan G, Wang C, Shao J. Sodium houttuyfonate attenuates dextran sulfate sodium associated colitis precolonized with Candida albicans through inducing β-glucan exposure. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:927-937. [PMID: 33682190 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ab0221-324rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is a chronic intestinal disease most likely associated with gut dysbiosis. Candida related mycobiota has been demonstrated to play a role in IBD progression. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) with antifungal activity have a potential in prevention and treatment of fungi-related IBD. Sodium houttuyfonate (SH) is a promising anti-Candida TCHMs. In this study, a dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis model with Candida albicans precolonization is established. SH gavage can significantly decrease the fungal burdens in feces and colon tissues, reduce disease activity index score, elongate colon length, and attenuate colonic damages. Moreover, SH markedly inhibits the levels of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, β-glucan, and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), and increases anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 level in serum and colon tissue. Further experiments demonstrate that SH could induce β-glucan exposure, priming intestinal macrophages to get rid of colonized C. albicans through the collaboration of Dectin-1 and TLR2/4. With the decreased fungal burden, the protein levels of Dectin-1, TLR2, TLR4, and NF-κBp65 are fallen back, indicating the primed macrophages calm down and the colitis is alleviated. Collectively, these results manifest that SH can attenuate C. albicans associated colitis via β-glucan exposure, deepening our understanding of TCHMs in the prevention and treatment of fungi associated IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Ma
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mengli Chen
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuzhu Ge
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Xinzhan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'An Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Compound, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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50
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Liberti A, Natarajan O, Atkinson CGF, Sordino P, Dishaw LJ. Reflections on the Use of an Invertebrate Chordate Model System for Studies of Gut Microbial Immune Interactions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642687. [PMID: 33717199 PMCID: PMC7947342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional ecology of the gastrointestinal tract impacts host physiology, and its dysregulation is at the center of various diseases. The immune system, and specifically innate immunity, plays a fundamental role in modulating the interface of host and microbes in the gut. While humans remain a primary focus of research in this field, the use of diverse model systems help inform us of the fundamental principles legislating homeostasis in the gut. Invertebrates, which lack vertebrate-style adaptive immunity, can help define conserved features of innate immunity that shape the gut ecosystem. In this context, we previously proposed the use of a marine invertebrate, the protochordate Ciona robusta, as a novel tractable model system for studies of host-microbiome interactions. Significant progress, reviewed herein, has been made to fulfill that vision. We examine and review discoveries from Ciona that include roles for a secreted immune effector interacting with elements of the microbiota, as well as chitin-rich mucus lining the gut epithelium, the gut-associated microbiome of adults, and the establishment of a large catalog of cultured isolates with which juveniles can be colonized. Also discussed is the establishment of methods to rear the animals germ-free, an essential technology for dissecting the symbiotic interactions at play. As the foundation is now set to extend these studies into the future, broadening our comprehension of how host effectors shape the ecology of these microbial communities in ways that establish and maintain homeostasis will require full utilization of "multi-omics" approaches to merge computational sciences, modeling, and experimental biology in hypothesis-driven investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Ojas Natarajan
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Children’s Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Celine Grace F. Atkinson
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Children’s Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Larry J. Dishaw
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Children’s Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
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