1
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Hossain MM, King P, Hackett J, Gerard HC, Niwinski R, Wu L, Van Kaer L, Dyson G, Gibson H, Borowsky AD, Sebzda E. Peripheral-derived regulatory T cells contribute to tumor-mediated immune suppression in a nonredundant manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404916121. [PMID: 39207730 PMCID: PMC11388331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404916121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying tumor-mediated mechanisms that impair immunity is instrumental for the design of new cancer therapies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a key component of cancer-derived immune suppression; however, these lymphocytes are necessary to prevent systemic autoimmunity in mice and humans, and thus, direct targeting of Tregs is not a clinical option for cancer patients. We have previously demonstrated that excising transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (Klf2) within the T cell lineage blocks the generation of peripheral-derived Tregs (pTregs) without impairing production of thymic-derived Tregs. Using this mouse model, we have now demonstrated that eliminating pTregs is sufficient to delay/prevent tumor malignancy without causing autoimmunity. Cancer-bearing mice that expressed KLF2 converted tumor-specific CD4+ T cells into pTregs, which accumulated in secondary lymphoid organs and impaired further T cell effector activity. In contrast, pTreg-deficient mice retained cancer-specific immunity, including improved T cell infiltration into "cold" tumors, reduced T cell exhaustion in tumor beds, restricted generation of tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and the continued production of circulating effector T cells that arose in a cancer-dependent manner. Results indicate that tumor-specific pTregs are critical for early stages of cancer progression and blocking the generation of these inhibitory lymphocytes safely delays/prevents malignancy in preclinical models of melanoma and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moazzem Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Paul King
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Justin Hackett
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Herve C Gerard
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Rajmund Niwinski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Gregory Dyson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
- Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
- Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Eric Sebzda
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
- Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
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2
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Fukushima H, Furusawa A, Takao S, Thankarajan E, Luciano MP, Usama SM, Kano M, Okuyama S, Yamamoto H, Suzuki M, Kano M, Choyke PL, Schnermann MJ, Kobayashi H. Near-infrared duocarmycin photorelease from a Treg-targeted antibody-drug conjugate improves efficacy of PD-1 blockade in syngeneic murine tumor models. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2370544. [PMID: 38915782 PMCID: PMC11195482 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2370544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in mediating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, Tregs contribute to the lack of efficacy and hyperprogressive disease upon Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade immunotherapy. Thus, Tregs are considered a promising therapeutic target, especially when combined with PD-1 blockade. However, systemic depletion of Tregs causes severe autoimmune adverse events, which poses a serious challenge to Treg-directed therapy. Here, we developed a novel treatment to locally and predominantly damage Tregs by near-infrared duocarmycin photorelease (NIR-DPR). In this technology, we prepared anti-CD25 F(ab')2 conjugates, which site-specifically uncage duocarmycin in CD25-expressing cells upon exposure to NIR light. In vitro, CD25-targeted NIR-DPR significantly increased apoptosis of CD25-expressing HT2-A5E cells. When tumors were irradiated with NIR light in vivo, intratumoral CD25+ Treg populations decreased and Ki-67 and Interleukin-10 expression was suppressed, indicating impaired functioning of intratumoral CD25+ Tregs. CD25-targeted NIR-DPR suppressed tumor growth and improved survival in syngeneic murine tumor models. Of note, CD25-targeted NIR-DPR synergistically enhanced the efficacy of PD-1 blockade, especially in tumors with higher CD8+/Treg PD-1 ratios. Furthermore, the combination therapy induced significant anti-cancer immunity including maturation of dendritic cells, extensive intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and increased differentiation into CD8+ memory T cells. Altogether, CD25-targeted NIR-DPR locally and predominantly targets Tregs in the tumor microenvironment and synergistically improves the efficacy of PD-1 blockade, suggesting that this combination therapy can be a rational anti-cancer combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ebaston Thankarajan
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael P Luciano
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Syed Muhammad Usama
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Makoto Kano
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Motofumi Suzuki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miyu Kano
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Oya Y, Tanaka Y, Nakazawa T, Matsumura R, Glass DD, Nakajima H, Shevach EM. Polyclonally Derived Alloantigen-Specific T Regulatory Cells Exhibit Target-Specific Suppression and Capture MHC Class II from Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1891-1903. [PMID: 38683146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells prevent allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Although polyclonal Tregs have been used both in animal models and in humans, the fine specificity of their suppressive function is poorly defined. We have generated mouse recipient-derived alloantigen-specific Tregs in vitro and explored the fine specificity of their suppressive function and their mechanism of action in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, when alloantigen and peptide Ag were both presented on the same dendritic cell, both responses were suppressed by iTregs specific either for the alloantigen or for the peptide Ag. In vivo, iTreg suppression was limited to the cognate Ag, and no bystander suppression was observed when both allo-antigen and peptide Ag were present on the same dendritic cell. In vitro, alloantigen-specific Tregs captured cognate MHC but failed to capture noncognate MHC. Our results demonstrate that a polyclonal population of iTregs generated from naive T cells can mediate highly specific function in vivo and support the view that Treg therapy, even with unselected polyclonal populations, is likely to be target antigen-specific and that bystander responses to self-antigens or to infectious agents are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Oya
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakazawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Matsumura
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Deborah D Glass
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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4
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Song M, Engels EA, Clarke MA, Kreimer AR, Shiels MS. Autoimmune disease and the risk of anal cancer in the US population aged 66 years and over. J Natl Cancer Inst 2024; 116:309-315. [PMID: 37701981 PMCID: PMC10852610 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, anal squamous cell carcinoma rates have increased rapidly, particularly among women 50 or older than 66 years of age. As immunosuppression is associated with increased risk, autoimmune conditions may be associated with greater risk of anal squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS We conducted a population-based, case-control study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data (2000-2017). Anal squamous cell carcinoma cases (n = 4505) were matched to 200 000 cancer-free controls. Using multivariable logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between 47 autoimmune conditions diagnosed before selection, identified using Medicare claims, and anal squamous cell carcinoma. The Bonferroni threshold was used to correct for multiple comparisons. Population attributable fractions were calculated for conditions nominally associated with anal squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS In total, 18% of anal squamous cell carcinoma cases and 15% of cancer-free controls had a diagnosed autoimmune condition. Any autoimmune condition was associated with an increased risk of anal squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.21; population attributable fraction = 1.8%). Anal squamous cell carcinoma was associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.32 to 2.42; population attributable fraction = 0.4%) and nominally associated (P < .05) with sarcoidosis (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.30 to 3.37; population-attributable fraction = 0.2%) and psoriasis (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.56; population attributable fraction = 0.5%). Stratified by sex, only women showed statistically significant associations for systemic lupus erythematosus (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.46 to 2.68). Statistically significant interaction was observed by sex for psoriasis (men vs women: OR = 1.68 [95% CI = 1.03 to 4.28] vs OR = 1.12 [95% CI = 0.88 to 1.43]) and polymyalgia rheumatica (OR = 0.33 [95% CI = 0.12 to 0.89] vs OR = 0.99 [95% CI = 0.75 to 1.30]). CONCLUSION Systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and psoriasis were associated with a moderately increased risk of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Given these conditions' rarity and moderate associations with anal squamous cell carcinoma, autoimmune diseases cannot explain the rising trend in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyo Song
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan A Clarke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aimée R Kreimer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meredith S Shiels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Balachandran DD, Bashoura L, Sheshadri A, Manzullo E, Faiz SA. The Impact of Immunotherapy on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Patients with Cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1295267. [PMID: 38090501 PMCID: PMC10711041 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1295267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized treatments for both early and advanced cancers, and as their role evolves, their impact on sleep and circadian rhythms continues to unfold. The recognition, evaluation, and treatment of sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance leads to improved symptom management, quality of life and treatment outcomes. An intricate complex relationship exists in the microenvironment with immunity, sleep and the tumor, and these may further vary based on the cancer, addition of standard chemotherapy, and pre-existing patient factors. Sleep and circadian rhythms may offer tools to better utilize immunotherapy in the care of cancer patients, leading to better treatment outcome, reduced symptom burden, and increased quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar D. Balachandran
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lara Bashoura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ajay Sheshadri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ellen Manzullo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Saadia A. Faiz
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Rithvik A, Samarpita S, Rasool M. Unleashing the pathological imprinting of cancer in autoimmunity: Is ZEB1 the answer? Life Sci 2023; 332:122115. [PMID: 37739160 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The intriguing scientific relationship between autoimmunity and cancer immunology have been traditionally indulged to throw spotlight on novel pathological targets. Understandably, these "slowly killing" diseases are on the opposite ends of the immune spectrum. However, the immune regulatory mechanisms between autoimmunity and cancer are not always contradictory and sometimes mirror each other based on disease stage, location, and timepoint. Moreover, the blockade of immune checkpoint molecules or signalling pathways that unleashes the immune response against cancer is being leveraged to preserve self-tolerance and treat many autoimmune disorders. Therefore, understanding the common crucial factors involved in cancer is of paramount importance to paint the autoimmune disease spectrum and validate novel drug candidates. In the current review, we will broadly describe how ZEB1, or Zinc-finger E-box Binding Homeobox 1, reinforces immune exhaustion in cancer or contributes to loss of self-tolerance in auto-immune conditions. We made an effort to exchange information about the molecular pathways and pathological responses (immune regulation, cell proliferation, senescence, autophagy, hypoxia, and circadian rhythm) that can be regulated by ZEB1 in the context of autoimmunity. This will help untwine the intricate and closely postured pathogenesis of ZEB1, that is less explored from the perspective of autoimmunity than its counterpart, cancer. This review will further consider several approaches for targeting ZEB1 in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arulkumaran Rithvik
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nādu, India
| | - Snigdha Samarpita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mahaboobkhan Rasool
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nādu, India.
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7
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Laletin V, Bernard PL, Costa da Silva C, Guittard G, Nunes JA. Negative intracellular regulators of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling as potential antitumor immunotherapy targets. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e005845. [PMID: 37217244 PMCID: PMC10231026 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy strategies aim to mobilize immune defenses against tumor cells by targeting mainly T cells. Co-inhibitory receptors or immune checkpoints (ICPs) (such as PD-1 and CTLA4) can limit T cell receptor (TCR) signal propagation in T cells. Antibody-based blocking of immune checkpoints (immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs) enable escape from ICP inhibition of TCR signaling. ICI therapies have significantly impacted the prognosis and survival of patients with cancer. However, many patients remain refractory to these treatments. Thus, alternative approaches for cancer immunotherapy are needed. In addition to membrane-associated inhibitory molecules, a growing number of intracellular molecules may also serve to downregulate signaling cascades triggered by TCR engagement. These molecules are known as intracellular immune checkpoints (iICPs). Blocking the expression or the activity of these intracellular negative signaling molecules is a novel field of action to boost T cell-mediated antitumor responses. This area is rapidly expanding. Indeed, more than 30 different potential iICPs have been identified. Over the past 5 years, several phase I/II clinical trials targeting iICPs in T cells have been registered. In this study, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical data demonstrating that immunotherapies targeting T cell iICPs can mediate regression of solid tumors including (membrane associated) immune-checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. Finally, we discuss how these iICPs are targeted and controlled. Thereby, iICP inhibition is a promising strategy opening new avenues for future cancer immunotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Laletin
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Bernard
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Cathy Costa da Silva
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Geoffrey Guittard
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques A Nunes
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
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8
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Ding F, Zhang S, Chen Q, Feng H, Ge Z, Zuo X, Fan C, Li Q, Xia Q. Immunomodulation with Nucleic Acid Nanodevices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206228. [PMID: 36599642 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The precise regulation of interactions of specific immunological components is crucial for controllable immunomodulation, yet it remains a great challenge. With the assistance of advanced computer design, programmable nucleic acid nanotechnology enables the customization of synthetic nucleic acid nanodevices with unprecedented geometrical and functional precision, which have shown promising potential for precise immunoengineering. Notably, the inherently immunologic functions of nucleic acids endow these nucleic acid-based assemblies with innate advantages in immunomodulatory engagement. In this review, the roles of nucleic acids in innate immunity are discussed, focusing on the definition, immunologic modularity, and enhanced bioavailability of structural nucleic acid nanodevices. In light of this, molecular programming and precise organization of functional modules with nucleic acid nanodevices for immunomodulation are emphatically reviewed. At last, the present challenges and future perspectives of nucleic acid nanodevices for immunomodulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Shuangye Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Hao Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Zhilei Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- WLA Laboratories, World Laureates Association, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
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9
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Trossmann VT, Heltmann-Meyer S, Amouei H, Wajant H, Horch RE, Steiner D, Scheibel T. Recombinant Spider Silk Bioinks for Continuous Protein Release by Encapsulated Producer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4427-4437. [PMID: 36067476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies using biopharmaceuticals are of growing clinical importance in disease treatment. Currently, there are several limitations of protein-based therapeutics (biologicals), including suboptimal biodistribution, lack of stability, and systemic side effects. A promising approach to overcoming these limitations could be a therapeutic cell-loaded 3D construct consisting of a suitable matrix component that harbors producer cells continuously secreting the biological of interest. Here, the recombinant spider silk proteins eADF4(C16), eADF4(C16)-RGD, and eADF4(C16)-RGE have been processed together with HEK293 producer cells stably secreting the highly traceable reporter biological TNFR2-Fc-GpL, a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of TNFR2, the Fc domain of human IgG1, and the luciferase of Gaussia princeps as a reporter domain. eADF4(C16) and eADF4(C16)-RGD hydrogels provide structural and mechanical support, promote HEK293 cell growth, and allow fusion protein production by the latter. Bioink-captured HEK293 producer cells continuously release functional TNFR2-Fc-GpL over 14 days. Thus, the combination of biocompatible, printable spider silk bioinks with drug-producing cells is promising for generating implantable 3D constructs for continuous targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa T Trossmann
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurswissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heltmann-Meyer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Krankenhaus-Str. 12, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Hanna Amouei
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Grombühl-Str. 12, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Grombühl-Str. 12, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Krankenhaus-Str. 12, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Dominik Steiner
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Krankenhaus-Str. 12, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurswissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.,Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Universitäts-Str. 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
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10
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Ahmed M, Ganesan A, Barakat K. Leveraging structural and 2D-QSAR to investigate the role of functional group substitutions, conserved surface residues and desolvation in triggering the small molecule-induced dimerization of hPD-L1. BMC Chem 2022; 16:49. [PMID: 35761353 PMCID: PMC9238240 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules are rising as a new generation of immune checkpoints’ inhibitors, with compounds targeting the human Programmed death-ligand 1 (hPD-L1) protein are pioneering this area of research. Promising examples include the recently disclosed compounds from Bristol-Myers-Squibb (BMS). These molecules bind specifically to hPD-L1 through a unique mode of action. They induce dimerization between two hPD-L1 monomers through the hPD-1 binding interface in each monomer, thereby inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. While the recently reported crystal structures of such small molecules bound to hPD-L1 reveal valuable insights regarding their molecular interactions, there is still limited information about the dynamics driving this unusual complex formation. The current study provides an in-depth computational structural analysis to study the interactions of five small molecule compounds in complex with hPD-L1. By employing a combination of molecular dynamic simulations, binding energy calculations and computational solvent mapping techniques, our analyses quantified the dynamic roles of different hydrophilic and lipophilic residues at the surface of hPD-L1 in mediating these interactions. Furthermore, ligand-based analyses, including Free-Wilson 2D-QSAR was conducted to quantify the impact of R-group substitutions at different sites of the phenoxy-methyl biphenyl core. Our results emphasize the importance of a terminal phenyl ring that must be present in any hPD-L1 small molecule inhibitor. This phenyl moiety overlaps with a very unfavorable hydration site, which can explain the ability of such small molecules to trigger hPD-L1 dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aravindhan Ganesan
- ArGan's Lab, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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11
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Zoehler B, Fracaro L, Boldrini-Leite LM, da Silva JS, Travers PJ, Brofman PRS, Bicalho MDG, Senegaglia AC. HLA-G and CD152 Expression Levels Encourage the Use of Umbilical Cord Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as an Alternative for Immunosuppressive Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081339. [PMID: 35456019 PMCID: PMC9032010 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been used in immunosuppressive therapy due to their therapeutic effects, with the HLA-G molecule seeming to play a fundamental role. This work evaluated alternative MSC sources to bone marrow (BM), namely, umbilical cord tissue (UC), adipose tissue (AD) and dental pulp tissue (DP), and the influence of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and hypoxia on the cultivation of these cells for use in immunosuppression therapies. Expression of costimulatory markers CD40, CD80 and CD86 and immunosuppressive molecules CD152 and HLA-G was analyzed. Lymphocyte inhibition assays were also performed. Sequencing of the HLA-G gene from exons 1 to 5 was performed using next-generation sequencing to determine the presence of alleles. UC-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) expressed higher CD152 and HLA-G1 under standard cultivation. UCMSCs and DP-derived MSCs (DPSCs) secreted similar levels of HLA-G5. All MSC sources inhibited the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); growth under regular versus hypoxic conditions resulted in similar levels of inhibition. When IFN-γ was added, PBMC growth was inhibited to a lesser extent by UCMSCs. The HLA-G*01:04:01:01 allele appears to generate a more efficient MSC response in inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation. However, the strength of this conclusion was limited by the small sample size. UCMSCs are an excellent alternative to BM in immunosuppressive therapy: they express high concentrations of inhibitory molecules and can be cultivated without stimuli, which minimizes cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Zoehler
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-001, PR, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (M.d.G.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (A.C.S.)
| | - Letícia Fracaro
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80910-215, PR, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.M.B.-L.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Maria Boldrini-Leite
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80910-215, PR, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.M.B.-L.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Samuel da Silva
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-001, PR, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (M.d.G.B.)
| | - Paul J. Travers
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
| | - Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80910-215, PR, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.M.B.-L.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Bicalho
- Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-001, PR, Brazil; (J.S.d.S.); (M.d.G.B.)
| | - Alexandra Cristina Senegaglia
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80910-215, PR, Brazil; (L.F.); (L.M.B.-L.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (A.C.S.)
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12
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Kumar A, Singh B, Tiwari R, Singh VK, Singh SS, Sundar S, Kumar R. Emerging role of γδ T cells in protozoan infection and their potential clinical application. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105210. [PMID: 35031509 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are thymus derived heterogeneous and unconventional T- lymphocyte expressing TCR γ (V γ9) and TCRδ (Vδ2) chain and play an important role in connecting innate and adaptive armaments of immune response. These cells can recognize wide ranges of antigens even without involvement of major histocompatibility complex and exert their biological functions by cytotoxicity or activating various types of immune cells. In recent past, γδ T cells have emerged as an important player during protozoa infection and rapidly expand after exposure with them. They have also been widely studied in vaccine induced immune response against many bacterial and protozoan infections with improved clinical outcome. In this review, we will discuss the various roles of γδ T cells in immunity against malaria and leishmaniasis, the two important protozoan diseases causing significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | | | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India.
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13
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Agarwal Y, Milling LE, Chang JYH, Santollani L, Sheen A, Lutz EA, Tabet A, Stinson J, Ni K, Rodrigues KA, Moyer TJ, Melo MB, Irvine DJ, Wittrup KD. Intratumourally injected alum-tethered cytokines elicit potent and safer local and systemic anticancer immunity. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:129-143. [PMID: 35013574 PMCID: PMC9681025 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-tumour inflammatory cytokines are highly toxic when administered systemically. Here, in multiple syngeneic mouse models, we show that the intratumoural injection of recombinantly expressed cytokines bound tightly to the common vaccine adjuvant aluminium hydroxide (alum) (via ligand exchange between hydroxyls on the surface of alum and phosphoserine residues tagged to the cytokine by an alum-binding peptide) leads to weeks-long retention of the cytokines in the tumours, with minimal side effects. Specifically, a single dose of alum-tethered interleukin-12 induced substantial interferon-γ-mediated T-cell and natural-killer-cell activities in murine melanoma tumours, increased tumour antigen accumulation in draining lymph nodes and elicited robust tumour-specific T-cell priming. Moreover, intratumoural injection of alum-anchored cytokines enhanced responses to checkpoint blockade, promoting cures in distinct poorly immunogenic syngeneic tumour models and eliciting control over metastases and distant untreated lesions. Intratumoural treatment with alum-anchored cytokines represents a safer and tumour-agnostic strategy to improving local and systemic anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Agarwal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lauren E Milling
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Y H Chang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luciano Santollani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Allison Sheen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emi A Lutz
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Tabet
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordan Stinson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Ni
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristen A Rodrigues
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyson J Moyer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mariane B Melo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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14
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Papaioannou E, González-Molina MDP, Prieto-Muñoz AM, Gámez-Reche L, González-Martín A. Regulation of Adaptive Tumor Immunity by Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225651. [PMID: 34830805 PMCID: PMC8616131 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunology research has mainly focused on the role of protein-coding genes in regulating immune responses to tumors. However, despite more than 70% of the human genome is transcribed, less than 2% encodes proteins. Many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been identified as critical regulators of immune cell development and function, suggesting that they might play important roles in orchestrating immune responses against tumors. In this review, we summarize the scientific advances on the role of ncRNAs in regulating adaptive tumor immunity, and discuss their potential therapeutic value in the context of cancer immunotherapy.
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15
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Chauhan P, Kaur G, Prasad R, Singh H. Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: immunological aspects and potential role of immunotherapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1441-1453. [PMID: 34654348 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1994857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a complex disorder owing to diversity in clinical phenotypes, overlapping symptoms, and heterogeneous clinical presentation. Even after decades of research, the exact causative mechanisms of schizophrenia are not completely known. Recent evidence indicates the role of immune dysfunction in schizophrenia pathogenesis as observed from alteration in immune cells, increased activity of complement cascade, and development of autoantibodies against neurotransmitter receptors. Immunotherapy involving immunosuppressants and cytokine-targeting drugs, have shown promising results in several clinical studies and it demands further research in this area. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review the immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia, limitations of conventional, and atypical antipsychotic drugs and the potential role and limitations of immunotherapeutic drugs in schizophrenia management. EXPERT OPINION Schizophrenia is a complex disorder and poses a challenge to the currently available treatment approaches. Nearly 30% schizophrenia patients exhibit minimal response toward conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Immune system dysfunction plays an important part of schizophrenia pathophysiology and existing monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs targeting specific components of the immune system are being repositioned in schizophrenia. The authors call upon public and private funders to facilitate urgent and rigorous research efforts in exploring potential role of immunotherapy in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Chauhan
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur
- Department of Physiology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Harmanjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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16
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Chen J, Qiao Y, Chen G, Chang C, Dong H, Tang B, Cheng X, Liu X, Hua Z. Salmonella flagella confer anti-tumor immunological effect via activating Flagellin/TLR5 signalling within tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3165-3177. [PMID: 34729307 PMCID: PMC8546927 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
mediated cancer therapy has achieved remarkable anti-tumor effects in experimental animal models, but the detailed mechanism remains unsolved. In this report, the active involvement of the host immune response in this process was confirmed by comparing the tumor-suppressive effects of Salmonella in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice bearing melanoma allografts. Since flagella are key inducers of the host immune response during bacterial infection, flagella were genetically disrupted to analyse their involvement in Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy. The results showed that flagellum-deficient strains failed to induce significant anti-tumor effects, even when more bacteria were administered to offset the difference in invasion efficiency. Flagella mainly activate immune cells via Flagellin/Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) signalling pathway. Indeed, we showed that exogenous activation of TLR5 signalling by recombinant Flagellin and exogenous expression of TLR5 both enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of flagellum-deficient Salmonella against melanoma. Our study highlighted the therapeutic value of the interaction between Salmonella and the host immune response through Flagellin/TLR5 signalling pathway during Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy, thereby suggesting the potential application of TLR5 agonists in the cancer immune therapy.
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Key Words
- AKT, Akt serine/threonine kinase
- Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy
- CFU, colony-forming units
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- Cancer immune therapy
- DN, dominant-negative
- ERBB2, Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
- ERKl, extracellular regulated protein kinase 1
- Flagellin
- Flagellum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL, interleukins
- IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PEI, polyethylenimine
- Salmonella
- TIR, Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TLR5
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6
- VNP20009
- i.p., intraperitoneally
- i.t., intratumorally
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17
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Huang Y, Yu J, Li D, He K, Liu W, Wang L, Chen Y, Xie C, Wu X. Durable tracking anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cancer patients recovered from COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17381. [PMID: 34462453 PMCID: PMC8405618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and generally have higher mortality rate. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG is an important consideration for the patients in this COVID-19 pandemic. Recent researches suggested the rapid decay of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the general population, but the decline rate of the antibodies in cancer patients was unknown. In this observational study, we reported the clinical features of the 53 cancer patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, China and tracked the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the patients for more than 12 months. We found the duration (days) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the patients was significant longer in chemotherapy (mean: 175; range: 75 to 315) and radiotherapy groups (mean: 168; range: 85 to 265) than in non-chemo- or radio-therapy group (mean: 58; range: 21 to 123) after their recovery from COVID-19. We also used single-cell RNA sequencing to track the immunologic changes in a representative patient recovered from COVID-19 and found that CD8 + effective T cells, memory B cells and plasma cells were persistently activated in the patient undergoing chemotherapy. Together, our findings show that chemotherapy and radiotherapy might be beneficial to extend the duration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyang Liu
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yeshan Chen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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18
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Teijeira Crespo A, Burnell S, Capitani L, Bayliss R, Moses E, Mason GH, Davies JA, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM, Parker AL. Pouring petrol on the flames: Using oncolytic virotherapies to enhance tumour immunogenicity. Immunology 2021; 163:389-398. [PMID: 33638871 PMCID: PMC8274202 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses possess the ability to infect, replicate and lyse malignantly transformed tumour cells. This oncolytic activity amplifies the therapeutic advantage and induces a form of immunogenic cell death, characterized by increased CD8 + T-cell infiltration into the tumour microenvironment. This important feature of oncolytic viruses can result in the warming up of immunologically 'cold' tumour types, presenting the enticing possibility that oncolytic virus treatment combined with immunotherapies may enhance efficacy. In this review, we assess some of the most promising candidates that might be used for oncolytic virotherapy: immunotherapy combinations. We assess their potential as separate agents or as agents combined into a single therapy, where the immunotherapy is encoded within the genome of the oncolytic virus. The development of such advanced agents will require increasingly sophisticated model systems for their preclinical assessment and evaluation. In vivo rodent model systems are fraught with limitations in this regard. Oncolytic viruses replicate selectively within human cells and therefore require human xenografts in immune-deficient mice for their evaluation. However, the use of immune-deficient rodent models hinders the ability to study immune responses against any immunomodulatory transgenes engineered within the viral genome and expressed within the tumour microenvironment. There has therefore been a shift towards the use of more sophisticated ex vivo patient-derived model systems based on organoids and explant co-cultures with immune cells, which may be more predictive of efficacy than contrived and artificial animal models. We review the best of those model systems here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Teijeira Crespo
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Stephanie Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Rebecca Bayliss
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Georgina H. Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew J. Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity
Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and
GeneticsCardiff University School of Medicine
Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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19
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Pozzi S, Scomparin A, Israeli Dangoor S, Rodriguez Ajamil D, Ofek P, Neufeld L, Krivitsky A, Vaskovich-Koubi D, Kleiner R, Dey P, Koshrovski-Michael S, Reisman N, Satchi-Fainaro R. Meet me halfway: Are in vitro 3D cancer models on the way to replace in vivo models for nanomedicine development? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113760. [PMID: 33838208 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and diversity of the biochemical processes that occur during tumorigenesis and metastasis are frequently over-simplified in the traditional in vitro cell cultures. Two-dimensional cultures limit researchers' experimental observations and frequently give rise to misleading and contradictory results. Therefore, in order to overcome the limitations of in vitro studies and bridge the translational gap to in vivo applications, 3D models of cancer were developed in the last decades. The three dimensions of the tumor, including its cellular and extracellular microenvironment, are recreated by combining co-cultures of cancer and stromal cells in 3D hydrogel-based growth factors-inclusive scaffolds. More complex 3D cultures, containing functional blood vasculature, can integrate in the system external stimuli (e.g. oxygen and nutrient deprivation, cytokines, growth factors) along with drugs, or other therapeutic compounds. In this scenario, cell signaling pathways, metastatic cascade steps, cell differentiation and self-renewal, tumor-microenvironment interactions, and precision and personalized medicine, are among the wide range of biological applications that can be studied. Here, we discuss a broad variety of strategies exploited by scientists to create in vitro 3D cancer models that resemble as much as possible the biology and patho-physiology of in vivo tumors and predict faithfully the treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Anna Scomparin
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Sahar Israeli Dangoor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Daniel Rodriguez Ajamil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Paula Ofek
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lena Neufeld
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adva Krivitsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Daniella Vaskovich-Koubi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ron Kleiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pradip Dey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shani Koshrovski-Michael
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Noa Reisman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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20
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Induction of antigen-specific Treg cells in treating autoimmune uveitis via bystander suppressive pathways without compromising anti-tumor immunity. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103496. [PMID: 34280776 PMCID: PMC8318874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of autoantigen-specific Treg cells that suppress tissue-specific autoimmunity without compromising beneficial immune responses is the holy-grail for immunotherapy to autoimmune diseases. METHODS In a model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) that mimics human uveitis, ocular inflammation was induced by immunization with retinal antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Mice were given intraperitoneal injection of αCD4 antibody (Ab) after the onset of disease, followed by administration of IRBP. EAU was evaluated clinically and functionally. Splenocytes, CD4+CD25- and CD4+CD25+ T cells were sorted and cultured with IRBP or αCD3 Ab. T cell proliferation and cytokine production were assessed. FINDINGS The experimental approach resulted in remission of ocular inflammation and rescue of visual function in mice with established EAU. Mechanistically, the therapeutic effect was mediated by induction of antigen-specific Treg cells that inhibited IRBP-driven Th17 response in TGF-β and IL-10 dependent fashion. Importantly, the Ab-mediated immune tolerance could be achieved in EAU mice by administration of retinal autoantigens, arrestin but not limited to IRBP only, in an antigen-nonspecific bystander manner. Further, these EAU-suppressed tolerized mice did not compromise their anti-tumor T immunity in melanoma model. INTERPRETATION We successfully addressed a specific immunotherapy of EAU by in vivo induction of autoantigen-specific Treg cells without compromising host overall T cell immunity, which should have potential implication for patients with autoimmune uveitis. FUNDING This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province and the Fundamental Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center.
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21
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Masetti R, Tiri A, Tignanelli A, Turrini E, Argentiero A, Pession A, Esposito S. Autoimmunity and cancer. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102882. [PMID: 34229048 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In many autoimmune rheumatic diseases, there is an increased risk of cancer compared to the general population. The link between autoimmunity and cancer is dynamic and bidirectional. Recent advances in terms of knowledge of biology, epidemiology, and long-term outcomes for the autoimmune rheumatic diseases have revealed several new connections between these two entities. Data suggest that chronic inflammation from the rheumatic diseases or their therapies may contribute to the onset and promotion of cancer. Conversely, antitumor immune responses may become cross-reactive with self-tissues resulting in the development of autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss about the potential mechanisms that link autoimmune rheumatic diseases and cancer and the association of malignancies with common autoimmune disorders. The increased incidence of malignancy in autoimmune rheumatic diseases has been largely described, although the biology underpinning this relationship should be further investigated. The development of evidence-based cancer screening recommendations in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases is complex due to the heterogeneity of clinical rheumatic phenotypes, cancer sites at risk and exposure to anti-neoplastic and anti-rheumatic treatment. In order to lay the foundation of risk stratification and targeted cancer screening, larger longitudinal cohort studies that provide a more detailed framework of the links between cancer and autoimmunity are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Masetti
- Pediatric Clinic, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Sant'Orsola, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tiri
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Tignanelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Turrini
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Argentiero
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Clinic, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Sant'Orsola, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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22
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Van De Vyver AJ, Marrer-Berger E, Wang K, Lehr T, Walz AC. Cytokine Release Syndrome By T-cell-Redirecting Therapies: Can We Predict and Modulate Patient Risk? Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6083-6094. [PMID: 34162679 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-redirecting therapies are promising new therapeutic options in the field of cancer immunotherapy, but the development of these modalities is challenging. A commonly observed adverse event in patients treated with T-cell-redirecting therapies is cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Its clinical manifestation is a burden on patients, and continues to be a big hurdle in the clinical development of this class of therapeutics. We review different T-cell-redirecting therapies, discuss key factors related to cytokine release and potentially leading to CRS, and present clinical mitigation strategies applied for those modalities. We propose to dissect those risk factors into drug-target-disease-related factors and individual patient risk factors. Aiming to optimize the therapeutic intervention of these modalities, we illustrate how the knowledge on drug-target-disease-related factors, such as target expression, binding affinity, and target accessibility, can be leveraged in a model-based framework and highlight with case examples how modeling and simulation is applied to guide drug discovery and development. We draw attention to the current gaps in predicting the individual patient's risk towards a high-grade CRS, which requires further considerations of risk factors related, but not limited to, the patient's demographics, genetics, underlying pathologies, treatment history, and environmental exposures. The drug-target-disease-related factors together with the individual patient's risk factors can be regarded as the patient's propensity for developing CRS in response to therapy. As an outlook, we suggest implementing a risk scoring system combined with mechanistic modeling to enable the prediction of an individual patient's risk of CRS for a given therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Van De Vyver
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland. .,Saarland University, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ken Wang
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Saarland University, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Antje-Christine Walz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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23
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A structural perspective on the design of decoy immune modulators. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105735. [PMID: 34146695 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic mAbs have dominated the class of immunotherapeutics in general and immune checkpoint inhibitors in particular. The high specificity of mAbs to the target molecule as well as their extended half-life and (or) the effector functions raised by the Fc part are some of the important aspects that contribute to the success of this class of therapeutics. Equally potential candidates are decoys and their fusions that can address some of the inherent limitations of mAbs, like immunogenicity, resistance development, low bio-availability and so on, besides maintaining the advantages of mAbs. The decoys are molecules that trap the ligands and prevent them from interacting with the signaling receptors. Although a few FDA-approved decoy immune modulators are very successful, the potential of this class of drugs is yet to be fully realized. Here, we review various strategies employed in fusion protein therapeutics with a focus on the design of decoy immunomodulators from the structural perspective and discuss how the information on protein structure and function can strategically guide the development of next-generation immune modulators.
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24
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Okwundu N, Grossman D, Hu-Lieskovan S, Grossmann KF, Swami U. The dark side of immunotherapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1041. [PMID: 34277841 PMCID: PMC8267325 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has broadened the therapeutic scope and response for many cancer patients with drugs that are generally of higher efficacy and less toxicity than prior therapies. Multiple classes of immunotherapies such as targeted antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), cell-based immunotherapies, immunomodulators, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses have been developed to help the immune system target and destroy malignant tumors. ICI targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) are among the most effective immunotherapy agents and are a major focus of current investigations. They have received approval for at least 16 different tumor types as well as for unresectable or metastatic tumors with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficiency or with high tumor mutational burden (defined as ≥10 mutations/megabase). However, it is important to recognize that immunotherapy may be associated with significant adverse events. To summarize these events, we conducted a PubMed and Google Scholar database search through April 2020 for manuscripts evaluating treatment-related adverse events and knowledge gaps associated with the use of immunotherapy. Reviewed topics include immune-related adverse events (irAEs), toxicities on combining immunotherapy with other agents, disease reactivation such as tuberculosis (TB) and sarcoid-like granulomatosis, tumor hyperprogression (HPD), financial toxicity, challenges in special patient populations such as solid organ transplant recipients and those with auto-immune diseases. We also reviewed reports of worse or even lethal outcomes compared to other oncologic therapies in certain scenarios and summarized biomarkers predicting adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwanneka Okwundu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kenneth F Grossmann
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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25
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Cavalcanti IDL, Soares JCS. Impact of COVID-19 on cancer patients: A review. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 17:186-192. [PMID: 32970923 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To inform about the impact of COVID-19 on cancer patients, a literature review was carried out, using the descriptors "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "Oncology," and "Coronavirus," in the Pubmed, Sciencedirect, and Scifinder databases. Fifty-three articles were included after analyzing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, being divided into five sessions: Epidemiological aspects of COVID-19; Pathophysiology of COVID-19; Clinical aspects of cancer patients; Risks to cancer patients infected with COVID-19; and Care for cancer patients amid a pandemic. The cancer patient has a weakened immune system, due to characteristics specific to the development of cancer or even chemotherapy, leaving these patients more susceptible to infections by COVID-19. Thus, the development of protection plans for cancer patients should be encouraged, reducing the exposure of these patients to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, contributing to the maintenance of the health of the cancer patient, and avoiding possible therapeutic complications that can lead the patient to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Dillion Lima Cavalcanti
- PhD student in Biological Sciences, Master in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - José Cleberson Santos Soares
- PhD student in Therapeutic Innovation, Master in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
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26
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Nagy NA, de Haas AM, Geijtenbeek TBH, van Ree R, Tas SW, van Kooyk Y, de Jong EC. Therapeutic Liposomal Vaccines for Dendritic Cell Activation or Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674048. [PMID: 34054859 PMCID: PMC8155586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are paramount in initiating and guiding immunity towards a state of activation or tolerance. This bidirectional capacity of DCs sets them at the center stage for treatment of cancer and autoimmune or allergic conditions. Accordingly, many clinical studies use ex vivo DC vaccination as a strategy to boost anti-tumor immunity or to suppress immunity by including vitamin D3, NF-κB inhibitors or retinoic acid to create tolerogenic DCs. As harvesting DCs from patients and differentiating these cells in vitro is a costly and cumbersome process, in vivo targeting of DCs has huge potential as nanoparticulate platforms equipped with activating or tolerogenic adjuvants can modulate DCs in their natural environment. There is a rapid expansion of the choices of nanoparticles and activation- or tolerance-promoting adjuvants for a therapeutic vaccine platform. In this review we highlight the most recent nanomedical approaches aimed at inducing immune activation or tolerance via targeting DCs, together with novel fundamental insights into the mechanisms inherent to fostering anti-tumor or tolerogenic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Anna Nagy
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aram M. de Haas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W. Tas
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Okada R, Furusawa A, Vermeer DW, Inagaki F, Wakiyama H, Kato T, Nagaya T, Choyke PL, Spanos WC, Allen CT, Kobayashi H. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting human-EGFR in a mouse tumor model simulating current and future clinical trials. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103345. [PMID: 33933782 PMCID: PMC8102756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cancer treatment that uses antibody-photoabsorber (IRDye700DX, IR700) conjugates (APCs) which bind to target cells and are photoactivated by NIR light inducing rapid necrotic cell death. NIR-PIT targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor (hEGFR) has been shown to destroy hEGFR expressing human tumor cells and to be effective in immunodeficient mouse models. NIR-PIT can also be targeted to cells in the tumor microenvironment, for instance, CD25-targeted NIR-PIT can be used to selectively deplete regulatory T cells (Tregs) within a tumor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined therapeutic efficacy of hEGFR and CD25-targeted NIR-PIT in a newly established hEGFR expressing murine oropharyngeal cell line (mEERL-hEGFR). Methods panitumumab conjugated with IR700 (pan-IR700) was used as the cancer cell-directed component of NIR-PIT and anti-CD25-F(ab′)2-IR700 was used as the tumor microenvironment-directed component of NIR-PIT. Efficacy was evaluated using tumor-bearing mice in four groups: (1) non-treatment group (control), (2) pan-IR700 based NIR-PIT (pan-PIT), (3) anti-CD25-F(ab′)2-IR700 based NIR-PIT (CD25-PIT), (4) combined NIR-PIT with pan-IR700 and anti-CD25- F(ab′)2-IR700 (combined PIT). Findings the combined PIT group showed the greatest inhibition of tumor growth. Destruction of cancer cells likely leads to an immune response which is amplified by the loss of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment. Interpretation combined hEGFR and CD25-targeted NIR-PIT is a promising treatment for hEGFR expressing cancers in which Treg cells play an immunosuppressive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Daniel W Vermeer
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - William C Spanos
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States; Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
| | - Clint T Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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28
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Braun D, Getahun D, Chiu VY, Coleman AL, Holland GN, Yu F, Gordon LK, Sun MM. Population-Based Frequency of Ophthalmic Adverse Events in Melanoma, Other Cancers, and After Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 224:282-291. [PMID: 33359682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the frequency of ophthalmic immune-related adverse events (OirAEs) in melanoma, other cancers, and after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. DESIGN Retrospective clinical cohort study. METHODS This study identified patients diagnosed with OirAEs between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2018, in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California electronic health records. The primary exposures of interest were prior initiation of ICIs and underlying cancer diagnosis. Risk-adjusted prevalence of OirAEs was evaluated in patients with melanoma, with nonmelanoma cancer, and without cancer. The 1-year incidence of OirAEs and recurrence of prior ophthalmic disease were identified in ICI-receiving patients with melanoma and nonmelanoma. RESULTS Among 4,695,669 unique patients identified, 9.9% had a cancer diagnosis, of whom 2.8% had a diagnosis of melanoma. Overall prevalence for uveitis and selected neuro-ophthalmic diagnoses was 341.8/100,000 patient-years in patients with melanoma and 369.6/100,000 patient-years in patients with nonmelanoma cancer regardless of ICI treatment, compared with 142.2/100,000 patient-years in patients without cancer. A total of 2,911 unique patients received ICI therapy. Compared with patients with nonmelanoma cancer, patients with melanoma on any ICI had elevated 1-year incidence rates of uveitis (1.2% vs 0.2%; risk-adjusted odds ratio, 6.45). High 1-year recurrence rates for uveitis in ICI patients with a prior uveitis history were also observed. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of all OirAEs was substantially higher in patients with cancer, with ICI-related uveitis risk specifically increased in patients with melanoma compared with patients with nonmelanoma cancer. Evidence-based guidelines for ophthalmic monitoring of patients undergoing ICI treatment may require different risk stratifications based on underlying cancer diagnosis, specific ICI used, and prior history of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Braun
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA; Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente Panorama City, Panorama City, California, USA
| | - Darios Getahun
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA; Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Vicki Y Chiu
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Anne L Coleman
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gary N Holland
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lynn K Gordon
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michel M Sun
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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29
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Wang Y, Wang J, Zhu D, Wang Y, Qing G, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liang XJ. Effect of physicochemical properties on in vivo fate of nanoparticle-based cancer immunotherapies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:886-902. [PMID: 33996405 PMCID: PMC8105773 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current advances of immunotherapy have greatly changed the way of cancer treatment. At the same time, a great number of nanoparticle-based cancer immunotherapies (NBCIs) have also been explored to elicit potent immune responses against tumors. However, few NBCIs are nearly in the clinical trial which is mainly ascribed to a lack understanding of in vivo fate of nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer immunotherapy. NPs for cancer immunotherapy mainly target the immune organs or immune cells to enable efficient antitumor immune responses. The physicochemical properties of NPs including size, shape, elasticity and surface properties directly affect their interaction with immune systems as well as their in vivo fate and therapeutic effect. Hence, systematic analysis of the physicochemical properties and their effect on in vivo fate is urgently needed. In this review, we first recapitulate the fundamentals for the in vivo fate of NBCIs including physio-anatomical features of lymphatic system and strategies to modulate immune responses. Moreover, we highlight the effect of physicochemical properties on their in vivo fate including lymph nodes (LNs) drainage, cellular uptake and intracellular transfer. Challenges and opportunities for rational design of NPs for cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in detail.
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30
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Patil S, Gs V, Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Khurayzi TA, Mohamed Beshir SE, Gadbail AR, Gondivkar S. Exploring the role of immunotherapeutic drugs in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2021; 11:291-296. [PMID: 33948430 PMCID: PMC8080637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are group of disorders where an immune response is mounted against the self. The prevalence and burden of this well established and recognised entity is on the rise. Irrespective of being a systemic or organ specific autoimmune disorder, the common underlying mechanism of action, is the imbalance in immune system resulting in loss of tolerance to self-antigens. The oral cavity is no alien to these disorders or to their influences. Pemphigus group of lesions, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and even Sjogren's syndrome are some of the established autoimmune disorders with prominent oral manifestations. Though these diseases are well documented and enumerated, however addressing them is where the dilemma lies. Science, research and discoveries are a crucial part of medical discipline which help in looking beyond the horizon. With the introduction of selective targeted immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases as a treatment modality either in solitary or in combination with the conventional immunosuppressive treatments, are emerging as a promising elixir for patients enduring them. However, being unique, exploration of these biologics from its inception, to its mechanism of action, recognition of its application and evaluation of its safety norms are equally vital. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive particular on the novel biologics, the immunotherapies in autoimmune disorders targeting the different cells, their receptors or cytokines of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vidya Gs
- Sree NRJV Specialists Dental Clinic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gargi S. Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaramnagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C. Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaramnagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Turki Abdu Khurayzi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiid Elshafey Mohamed Beshir
- Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Department, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Division, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amol R. Gadbail
- Department of Dentistry, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Shailesh Gondivkar
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Government Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Nejatbakhsh F, Zareian MA, Yaseliani M, Abolhassani H. Evidence-Based Immunotherapeutic Effects of Herbal Compounds on Humoral Immunity: Ancient and New Approaches. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:313-320. [PMID: 33759045 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human immune system represents a dynamic multiscale system with high complexity in biology. Humoral immunity, as the main branch of adaptive immunity, is characterized by differentiated stages of the B lymphocytes, producing the final product of antibodies that has a diversity of the tuning mechanisms within genetic and epigenetic levels in confrontation with environmental exposures. Disorders because of disturbed humoral immunity are linked with dysregulation of feedback-regulated signaling and the dynamic of immune components that determine the overall response. Food products, mainly herbal components have a significant role in tailoring the immune system micro-ecosystem which can diversify the adaptive nature of humoral immunity. Herein, we review the current evidence-based approaches for the impact of medicinal herbs on humoral immunity signaling and antibody production with a focus on immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nejatbakhsh
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14166, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zareian
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14166, Iran
| | - Mahdi Yaseliani
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14166, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran. .,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden.
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Dutta N, Lillehoj PB, Estrela P, Dutta G. Electrochemical Biosensors for Cytokine Profiling: Recent Advancements and Possibilities in the Near Future. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 33806879 PMCID: PMC8004910 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble proteins secreted by immune cells that act as molecular messengers relaying instructions and mediating various functions performed by the cellular counterparts of the immune system, by means of a synchronized cascade of signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of cytokines can be indicative of anomalous behavior of the immunoregulatory system, as seen in various illnesses and conditions, such as cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration and other physiological disorders. Cancer and autoimmune diseases are particularly adept at developing mechanisms to escape and modulate the immune system checkpoints, reflected by an altered cytokine profile. Cytokine profiling can provide valuable information for diagnosing such diseases and monitoring their progression, as well as assessing the efficacy of immunotherapeutic regiments. Toward this goal, there has been immense interest in the development of ultrasensitive quantitative detection techniques for cytokines, which involves technologies from various scientific disciplines, such as immunology, electrochemistry, photometry, nanotechnology and electronics. This review focusses on one aspect of this collective effort: electrochemical biosensors. Among the various types of biosensors available, electrochemical biosensors are one of the most reliable, user-friendly, easy to manufacture, cost-effective and versatile technologies that can yield results within a short period of time, making it extremely promising for routine clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmita Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Peter B. Lillehoj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (C3Bio) and Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
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Okada R, Kato T, Furusawa A, Inagaki F, Wakiyama H, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Local Depletion of Immune Checkpoint Ligand CTLA4 Expressing Cells in Tumor Beds Enhances Antitumor Host Immunity. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4. [PMID: 33997271 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cancer treatment that utilizes antibody-photoabsorber (IR700) conjugates to selectively kill target cells by exposing them to NIR light. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a major immune checkpoint ligand mediating antitumor immune suppression. Local depletion of CTLA4 expressing cells in the tumor bed with NIR-PIT could enhance antitumor immune responses by both blocking the CTLA4-axis and depleting immune suppressive cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT using four murine tumor models, MC38-luc, LL/2-luc, MOC2-luc, and MOC2. The CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT depletes intratumoral CTLA4 expressing cells which are mostly regulatory T cells. In vivo CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT yields complete responses in 80% of MC38-luc, 70% of LL/2-luc and 40% of MOC2-luc tumors prolonging survival in all cases. After CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT, activation and infiltration of CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment is observed. In conclusion, CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT can effectively treat tumors by blocking the CTLA4-axis as well as by eliminating CTLA4-expressing immune suppressor cells, resulting in T cell mediated antitumor immunity. Local CTLA4-expressing cell depletion in tumor beds using NIR-PIT could be a promising new cancer immunotherapy for safely treating a variety of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Marzoog BA, Vlasova TI. The possible puzzles of BCG vaccine in protection against COVID-19 infection. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC7838855 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-021-00052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The paper aimed to analyze and evaluate the present literature data on the clinical effectiveness of using the bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine in protecting against the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Main body Several novel clinical data have shown a relationship between the vaccinated population with the bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine and the severity and mortality rate from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the linkage between the BCG vaccine and COVID-19 infection mortality and morbidity rate is still ambiguous. The BCG has been protected previously from many other respiratory viral infections. The efficacy of the BCG vaccine in the protection against COVID-19 depends on various factors including social, economic, cultural norms, mitigation efforts, health infrastructure, and demographic differences between countries. Conclusion Thus, the literature analyses show a noticed difference between the countries that follow national vaccination programs than in countries that do not follow such programs (Italy, Netherlands, USA). However, there are not any recommendations for using BCG in the protection against severe cases of COVID-19. The severity of COVID-19 maybe depends on the age, immune state of the patient, and the level of vaccine coverage. The possible reason for BCG protection is trained immunity in both diseases.
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Madan E, Peixoto ML, Dimitrion P, Eubank TD, Yekelchyk M, Talukdar S, Fisher PB, Mi QS, Moreno E, Gogna R. Cell Competition Boosts Clonal Evolution and Hypoxic Selection in Cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:967-978. [PMID: 33160818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The comparison of fitness between cells leads to the elimination of less competent cells in the presence of more competent neighbors via cell competition (CC). This phenomenon has been linked with several cancer-related genes and thus may play an important role in cancer. Various processes are involved in the regulation of tumor initiation and growth, including tumor hypoxia, clonal stem cell selection, and immune cell response, all of which have been recently shown to have a potential connection with the mechanisms involved in CC. This review aims to unravel the relation between these processes and competitive cell interactions and how this affects disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Madan
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Peter Dimitrion
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Timothy D Eubank
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michail Yekelchyk
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rajan Gogna
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Immunomodulatory potential of anti-idiotypic antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Future Sci OA 2020; 7:FSO648. [PMID: 33437514 PMCID: PMC7787174 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that recognises and reacts against foreign pathogens while remaining unresponsive to host tissues. This ability to self-tolerate is known as immunological tolerance. Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system fails to differentiate between self and non-self antigens and releases autoantibodies to attack our own cells. Anti-idiotypic (anti-ID) antibodies are important in maintaining a balanced idiotypic regulatory network by neutralising and inhibiting the secretion of autoantibodies. Recently, anti-ID antibodies have been advanced as an alternative form of immunotherapy as they can specifically target autoantibodies, cause less toxicity and side effects, and could provide long-lasting immunity. This review article discusses the immunomodulatory potential of anti-ID antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases, such as by producing antibodies. Usually, these antibodies only attack pathogens, leaving healthy cells unharmed. However, autoimmune disease may develop when the immune system mistakenly recognises part of the body as foreign and produces antibodies to attack them. Antibodies that attack our own cells are called autoantibodies. Anti-idiotypic antibodies could be utilized to stop autoantibodies from attacking self cells with minimal side effects and long-lasting immunity. This review discusses anti-idiotypic antibodies usage as an alternative form of immunotherapy to inhibit autoantibodies in autoimmune disease.
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Wang F, Wang S, Zhou Q. The Resistance Mechanisms of Lung Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:568059. [PMID: 33194652 PMCID: PMC7606919 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.568059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized lung cancer treatment in the past decade. By reactivating the host’s immune system, immunotherapy significantly prolongs survival in some advanced lung cancer patients. However, resistance to immunotherapy is frequent, which manifests as a lack of initial response or clinical benefit to therapy (primary resistance) or tumor progression after the initial period of response (acquired resistance). Overcoming immunotherapy resistance is challenging owing to the complex and dynamic interplay among malignant cells and the defense system. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms that drive immunotherapy resistance and the innovative strategies implemented to overcome it in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research, Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute of Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research, Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute of Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Stewart JM, Posgai AL, Leon JJ, Haller MJ, Keselowsky BG. Combination Treatment with Antigen-Specific Dual-Sized Microparticle System Plus Anti-CD3 Immunotherapy Fails to Synergize to Improve Late-Stage Type 1 Diabetes Prevention in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5941-5958. [PMID: 33320581 PMCID: PMC8108782 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathophysiology, while incompletely understood, has in part been attributed to aberrant presentation of self-antigen plus proinflammatory costimulation by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Therapies targeting dendritic cells (DCs) offer an avenue to restore antigen-specific tolerance by promoting presentation of self-antigen in an anti-inflammatory or suppressive context. Here, we describe a subcutaneously administered, dual-sized biodegradable microparticle (MP) platform that includes phagocytosable (∼1 μm) and nonphagocytosable (∼30 μm) MPs to deliver pro-tolerogenic factors both intra- and extracellularly, as well as the T1D-associated autoantigen, insulin, to DCs for amelioration of autoimmunity. This MP platform resulted in increased recruitment of DCs, suppressive skewing of DC phenotype with diminished expression of CD86 and MHC-II, increased regulatory T cell (Treg) frequency, and upregulated expression of the checkpoint inhibitor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on T cells. When administered concomitantly with anti-CD3 antibody, which provides transient T cell depletion while preserving Treg populations, in 12-week-old nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, regulatory immune populations persisted out to 20 weeks of age; however, combination anti-CD3 and dual-sized MP (dMP) therapy failed to synergistically inhibit diabetes onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Stewart
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - A. L. Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J. J. Leon
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - M. J. Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - B. G. Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Mitoxantrone-Loaded Nanoparticles for Magnetically Controlled Tumor Therapy-Induction of Tumor Cell Death, Release of Danger Signals and Activation of Immune Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100923. [PMID: 32992645 PMCID: PMC7599695 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulating the patient’s immune system represents a promising therapeutic strategy to fight cancer. However, low immunogenicity of the tumor cells within an immune suppressive milieu often leads to weak anti-tumor immune responses. Additionally, the immune system may be impaired by accompanying aggressive chemotherapies. We show that mitoxantrone, bound to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as the transport system, can be magnetically accumulated in adherent HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, thereby inducing the same cell death phenotype as its soluble counterpart, a chemotherapeutic agent and prototypic inductor of immunogenic cell death. The nanoparticle-loaded drug induces cell cycle stop, apoptosis and secondary necrosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner comparable to the free drug. Cell death was accompanied by the release of interleukin-8 and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as HSP70 and ATP, which fostered chemotactic migration of monocytes and maturation of dendritic cells. We furthermore ensured absence of endotoxin contaminations and compatibility with erythrocytes and platelets and investigated the influence on plasma coagulation in vitro. Summarizing, with magnetic enrichment, mitoxantrone can be accumulated at the desired place, sparing healthy peripheral cells and tissues, such as immune cells. Conserving immune competence in cancer patients in the future might allow combined therapeutic approaches with immune therapies (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors).
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Sanz-Ortega L, Rojas JM, Barber DF. Improving Tumor Retention of Effector Cells in Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapies by Magnetic Targeting. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E812. [PMID: 32867162 PMCID: PMC7557387 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer therapy is a promising anti-tumor immunotherapy in which effector immune cells are transferred to patients to treat tumors. However, one of its main limitations is the inefficient trafficking of inoculated effector cells to the tumor site and the small percentage of effector cells that remain activated when reaching the tumor. Multiple strategies have been attempted to improve the entry of effector cells into the tumor environment, often based on tumor types. It would be, however, interesting to develop a more general approach, to improve and facilitate the migration of specific activated effector lymphoid cells to any tumor type. We and others have recently demonstrated the potential for adoptive cell transfer therapy of the combined use of magnetic nanoparticle-loaded lymphoid effector cells together with the application of an external magnetic field to promote the accumulation and retention of lymphoid cells in specific body locations. The aim of this review is to summarize and highlight the recent findings in the field of magnetic accumulation and retention of effector cells in tumors after adoptive transfer, and to discuss the possibility of using this approach for tumor targeting with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz-Ortega
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 14183 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - José Manuel Rojas
- Animal Health Research Centre (CISA)-INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Domingo F. Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Korem Kohanim Y, Tendler A, Mayo A, Friedman N, Alon U. Endocrine Autoimmune Disease as a Fragility of Immune Surveillance against Hypersecreting Mutants. Immunity 2020; 52:872-884.e5. [PMID: 32433950 PMCID: PMC7237888 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Some endocrine organs are frequent targets of autoimmune attack. Here, we addressed the origin of autoimmune disease from the viewpoint of feedback control. Endocrine tissues maintain mass through feedback loops that balance cell proliferation and removal according to hormone-driven regulatory signals. We hypothesized the existence of a dedicated mechanism that detects and removes mutant cells that missense the signal and therefore hyperproliferate and hypersecrete with potential to disrupt organismal homeostasis. In this mechanism, hypersecreting cells are preferentially eliminated by autoreactive T cells at the cost of a fragility to autoimmune disease. The "autoimmune surveillance of hypersecreting mutants" (ASHM) hypothesis predicts the presence of autoreactive T cells in healthy individuals and the nature of self-antigens as peptides from hormone secretion pathway. It explains why some tissues get prevalent autoimmune disease, whereas others do not and instead show prevalent mutant-expansion disease (e.g., hyperparathyroidism). The ASHM hypothesis is testable, and we discuss experimental follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Korem Kohanim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avichai Tendler
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avi Mayo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Zhang J, Yamada O, Kida S, Murase S, Hattori T, Oshima Y, Kikuchi H. Downregulation of PD-L1 via amide analogues of brefelamide: Alternatives to antibody-based cancer immunotherapy. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:3150-3158. [PMID: 32256803 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic blockade of immune checkpoint has emerged as an effective treatment option for a broad range of tumors. However, the objective tumor response is still limited to a small number of cases and tumor types. The full utility of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based treatment is hindered by several inherent limitations. Thus, there is an urgent requirement to explore alternative modalities targeting the same pathways. In the present study, two amide analogues of brefelamide, TPFS-201 and TPFS-202, were identified as small molecular immune checkpoint inhibitors, as they downregulated PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. PD-L1 was suppressed in cancer cells treated with TPFD compounds at both mRNA and protein levels, as detected by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Reporter assays using a PD-L1 promoter luciferase construct confirmed the transcriptional inhibition of PD-L1 by TPFS compunds. TPFS compound-mediated PD-L1 downregulation in cancer cells consequently restored T cell activity, as identified by the reduction of apoptosis and an increase in interleukin-2 promoter activity in Jurkat T cells, which were co-cultured with TPFS compound-treated A549 cells. TPFS compound-mediated PD-L1 inhibition was partially abolished by the disruption of the putative transcriptional co-activator with PDZ (TAZ)/TEA domain (TEAD)-binding motif in the PD-L1 promoter. The inhibitory effect of TPFS compounds on PD-L1 was markedly inhibited in mouse cell lines, which is consistent with previous research demonstrating that PD-L1 regulation by TAZ is not conserved in mice due to distinct promoter sequences flanking the TAZ/TEAD-binding motif. Together, the data of the current study indicated the potential utility of the brefelamide amide analogues as small molecule immune checkpoint inhibitors, thereby providing therapeutic alternatives, which could be used as monotherapy or in combination with mAbs-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Research and Development Center, FUSO Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamada
- Research and Development Center, FUSO Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Shinya Kida
- Research and Development Center, FUSO Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Shinya Murase
- Research and Development Center, FUSO Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Okayama 716-8508, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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Sun X, Liu H. Nucleic Acid Nanostructure Assisted Immune Modulation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2765-2778. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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Kumbhari A, Kim PS, Lee PP. Optimisation of anti-cancer peptide vaccines to preferentially elicit high-avidity T cells. J Theor Biol 2020; 486:110067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Thenmozhi T. Functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles with clove extract to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:82. [PMID: 32099733 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that iron oxide nanoparticles have various biomedical applications, including cancer diagnosis and treatment. Iron oxide nanoparticles were known to exert cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and in this present study, we have investigated for their apoptosis-inducing potential in the same cell line. The flow cytometry analysis of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines treated with functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles showed an increased percentage of cells in terms of viable, early, and late apoptosis. The cell cycle analysis of the MCF-7 cell lines treated with Syzygium aromaticum extract coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) + iron oxide nanoparticles and PVP + iron oxide nanoparticles showed substantial accumulation of nanoparticles in the sub-G1 phase, confirming induction of apoptosis. The activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 increased with increasing concentration of the nanoparticles indicating that activities of caspase can be activated by iron nanoparticles. Further, functionalized nanoparticles induced oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Therefore, it is concluded that the functionalized iron nanoparticles induce apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and further provides an opportunity to explore the iron nanoparticles for apoptosis in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thenmozhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517 502 India
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46
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Huang KW, Hsu FF, Qiu JT, Chern GJ, Lee YA, Chang CC, Huang YT, Sung YC, Chiang CC, Huang RL, Lin CC, Dinh TK, Huang HC, Shih YC, Alson D, Lin CY, Lin YC, Chang PC, Lin SY, Chen Y. Highly efficient and tumor-selective nanoparticles for dual-targeted immunogene therapy against cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax5032. [PMID: 31998834 PMCID: PMC6962042 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
While immunotherapy holds great promise for combating cancer, the limited efficacy due to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and systemic toxicity hinder the broader application of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report a combinatorial immunotherapy approach that uses a highly efficient and tumor-selective gene carrier to improve anticancer efficacy and circumvent the systemic toxicity. In this study, we engineered tumor-targeted lipid-dendrimer-calcium-phosphate (TT-LDCP) nanoparticles (NPs) with thymine-functionalized dendrimers that exhibit not only enhanced gene delivery capacity but also immune adjuvant properties by activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-cGAS pathway. TT-LDCP NPs delivered siRNA against immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 and immunostimulatory IL-2-encoding plasmid DNA to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), increased tumoral infiltration and activation of CD8+ T cells, augmented the efficacy of cancer vaccine immunotherapy, and suppressed HCC progression. Our work presents nanotechnology-enabled dual delivery of siRNA and plasmid DNA that selectively targets and reprograms the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Wei Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Fei Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiantai Timothy Qiu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Jen Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chieh Sung
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chin Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Lin Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Trinh Kieu Dinh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chien Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Donia Alson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Medical Center; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiao Chang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Medical Center; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yunching Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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47
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Meijerink M, van den Broek TJ, Dulos R, Garthoff J, Knippels L, Knipping K, Harthoorn L, Houben G, Verschuren L, van Bilsen J. Network-Based Selection of Candidate Markers and Assays to Assess the Impact of Oral Immune Interventions on Gut Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2672. [PMID: 31798593 PMCID: PMC6863931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the safety and efficacy of oral immune interventions, it is important and required by regulation to assess the impact of those interventions not only on the immune system, but also on other organs such as the gut as the porte d'entrée. Despite clear indications that the immune system interacts with several physiological functions of the gut, it is still unknown which pathways and molecules are crucial to assessing the impact of nutritional immune interventions on gut functioning. Here we used a network-based systems biology approach to clarify the molecular relationships between immune system and gut functioning and to identify crucial biomarkers to assess effects on gut functions upon nutritional immune interventions. First, the different gut functionalities were categorized based on literature and EFSA guidance documents. Moreover, an overview of the current assays and methods to measure gut function was generated. Secondly, gut-function related biological processes and adverse events were selected and subsequently linked to the physiological functions of the GI tract. Thirdly, database terms and annotations from the Gene ontology database and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) related to the previously selected gut-function related processes were selected. Next, database terms and annotations were used to identify the pathways and genes involved in those gut functionalities. In parallel, information from CTD was used to identify immune disease related genes. The resulting lists of both gut and immune function genes showed an overlap of 753 genes out of 1,296 gut-function related genes indicating the close gut-immune relationship. Using bioinformatics enrichment tools DAVID and Panther, the identified gut-immune markers were predicted to be involved in motility, barrier function, the digestion and absorption of vitamins and fat, regulation of the digestive system and gastric acid, and protection from injurious or allergenic material. Concluding, here we provide a promising systems biology approach to identify genes that help to clarify the relationships between immune system and gut functioning, with the aim to identify candidate biomarkers to monitor nutritional immune intervention assays for safety and efficacy in the general population. This knowledge helps to optimize future study designs to predict effects of nutritional immune intervention on gut functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Léon Knippels
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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48
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Martins F, Sofiya L, Sykiotis GP, Lamine F, Maillard M, Fraga M, Shabafrouz K, Ribi C, Cairoli A, Guex-Crosier Y, Kuntzer T, Michielin O, Peters S, Coukos G, Spertini F, Thompson JA, Obeid M. Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: epidemiology, management and surveillance. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:563-580. [PMID: 31092901 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1228] [Impact Index Per Article: 245.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies, are arguably the most important development in cancer therapy over the past decade. The indications for these agents continue to expand across malignancies and disease settings, thus reshaping many of the previous standard-of-care approaches and bringing new hope to patients. One of the costs of these advances is the emergence of a new spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which are often distinctly different from the classical chemotherapy-related toxicities. Owing to the growing use of ICIs in oncology, clinicians will increasingly be confronted with common but also rare irAEs; hence, awareness needs to be raised regarding the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of these toxicities. In this Review, we provide an overview of the various types of irAEs that have emerged to date. We discuss the epidemiology of these events and their kinetics, risk factors, subtypes and pathophysiology, as well as new insights regarding screening and surveillance strategies. We also highlight the most important aspects of the management of irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Martins
- Service et Laboratoire Central d'Hématologie, Département d'Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerasimos P Sykiotis
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Métabolisme, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Faiza Lamine
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Métabolisme, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Maillard
- Service de Gastro-entérologie et Hépatologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Crohn's and Colitis Center Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Fraga
- Service de Gastro-entérologie et Hépatologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Camillo Ribi
- Service Immunologie et Allergie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Cairoli
- Service et Laboratoire Central d'Hématologie, Département d'Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yan Guex-Crosier
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin - Fondation Asile des Aveugles, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Georges Coukos
- Département d'Oncologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - John A Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michel Obeid
- Service Immunologie et Allergie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. .,Centre d'Immunothérapie et de Vaccinologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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49
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Sharma P, Jang NY, Lee JW, Park BC, Kim YK, Cho NH. Application of ZnO-Based Nanocomposites for Vaccines and Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E493. [PMID: 31561470 PMCID: PMC6835776 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering and application of nanomaterials have recently helped advance various biomedical fields. Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based nanocomposites have become one of the most promising candidates for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, unique physicochemical properties, and cost-effective mass production. In addition, recent advances in nano-engineering technologies enable the generation of ZnO nanocomposites with unique three-dimensional structures and surface characteristics that are optimally designed for in vivo applications. Here, we review recent advances in the application of diverse ZnO nanocomposites, with an especial focus on their development as vaccine adjuvant and cancer immunotherapeutics, as well as their intrinsic properties interacting with the immune system and potential toxic effect in vivo. Finally, we summarize promising proof-of-concept applications as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against infections and cancers. Understanding the nano-bio interfaces between ZnO-based nanocomposites and the immune system, together with bio-effective design of the nanomaterial using nano-architectonic technology, may open new avenues in expanding the biomedical application of ZnO nanocomposites as a novel vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Na-Yoon Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Bum Chul Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
- Research Institute of Engineering and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea.
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
- Research Institute of Engineering and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center and Bundang Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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50
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Okada R, Maruoka Y, Furusawa A, Inagaki F, Nagaya T, Fujimura D, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. The Effect of Antibody Fragments on CD25 Targeted Regulatory T Cell Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2624-2633. [PMID: 31498995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a major role in immune suppression permitting tumors to evade immune surveillance. Depletion of intratumoral Treg cells can result in tumor regression. However, systemic depletion of Tregs may also induce autoimmune adverse events. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed cell-specific cancer therapy that locally kills specific cells in the tumor. Antibody-photoabsorber (IRDye700DX) conjugates (APC) are injected and bind to the tumor, and subsequent administration of NIR light to the tumor results in rapid cell death only in targeted cells. CD25-targeted NIR-PIT has been shown to induce spatially selective depletion of tumor-associated Treg cells. In this study, we compared the efficacy of an antibody fragment, anti-CD25-F(ab')2, and a full antibody, anti-CD25-IgG, as agents for NIR-PIT. Tumor-bearing mice were divided into four groups: (1) no treatment; (2) anti-CD25-IgG-IR700 i.v. only; (3) anti-CD25-F(ab')2-IR700 i.v. with NIR light exposure; and (4) anti-CD25-IgG-IR700 i.v. with NIR light exposure. Although both CD25-targeted NIR-PITs resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition, the anti-CD25-F(ab')2-IR700 based NIR-PIT was superior to the anti-CD25-IgG-IR700 NIR-PIT. The anti-CD25-F(ab')2-IR700 demonstrated faster clearance from the body than the anti-CD25-IgG-IR700. Sustained circulation of anti-CD25-IgG-IR700 may block IL-2 binding on the activated effector T-cells decreasing immune response. In conclusion, anti-CD25-F(ab')2 based NIR-PIT was more effective in reducing tumor growth than anti-CD25-IgG based NIR-PIT. Absence of the Fc portion of the APC leads to faster clearance and therefore promotes a superior activated T cell response in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Maruoka
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Daiki Fujimura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
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