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ShilinLi, Hu Y. Identification of four mitochondria-related genes in sepsis based on RNA sequencing technology. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:32. [PMID: 38755528 PMCID: PMC11097488 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the mitochondrial genes associated with sepsis patients in order to elucidate the underlying mechanism of sepsis immunity and provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of sepsis. METHODS The hospitalized cases of sepsis (n = 20) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (n = 12) admitted to the Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU) of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from January 2019 to December 2019 were collected consecutively. RNA-seq was used to sequence the RNA (mRNA) of peripheral blood cells. Bioinformatics techniques were used to screen and identify differentially expressed RNAs, with an absolute value of fold change (FC) greater than or equal to 1.2 and a false discovery rate (FDR) less than 0.05. At the same time, mitochondrial genes were obtained from the MitoCarta 3.0 database. Differential genes were then intersected with mitochondrial genes. The resulting crossover genes were subjected to GO, KEGG, and PPI analysis. Subsequently, the GSE65682 dataset was downloaded from the GEO database for survival analysis to assess the prognostic value of core genes, and GSE67652 was downloaded for ROC curve analysis to validate the diagnostic value of core genes. Finally, the localization of core genes was clarified through 10X single-cell sequencing. RESULTS The crossing of 314 sepsis differential genes and 1136 mitochondrial genes yielded 28 genes. GO and KEGG analysis showed that the crossover genes were mainly involved in the mitochondrion, mitochondrial matrix, and mitochondrial inner membrane. Survival analysis screened four genes that were significantly negatively associated with the prognosis of sepsis, namely FIS1, FKBP8, GLRX5, and GUK1. A comparison of peripheral blood RNA-seq results between the sepsis group and the SIRS group showed that the expression levels of these four genes were significantly decreased in the sepsis group compared to the SIRS group. ROC curve analysis based on GSE67652 indicates these four genes' high sensitivity and specificity for sepsis detection. Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing found that the core genes were mainly expressed in macrophages, T cells, and B cells. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondria-related genes (FIS1, FKBP8, GLRX5, GUK1) were underexpressed in the sepsis group, negatively correlated with survival, and mainly distributed in immune cells. This finding may guide studying the immune-related mechanisms of sepsis. This study protocol was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University (ethics number: KY2018029), the clinical trial registration number is ChiCTR1900021261, and the registration date is February 4, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShilinLi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Jassey A, Jackson WT. Viruses and autophagy: bend, but don't break. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:309-321. [PMID: 38102460 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive cellular process of degradation required to maintain homeostasis and turn over spent organelles and aggregated proteins. For some viruses, the process can be antiviral, degrading viral proteins or virions themselves. For many other viruses, the induction of the autophagic process provides a benefit and promotes viral replication. In this Review, we survey the roles that the autophagic pathway plays in the replication of viruses. Most viruses that benefit from autophagic induction block autophagic degradation, which is a 'bend, but don't break' strategy initiating but limiting a potentially antiviral response. In almost all cases, it is other effects of the redirected autophagic machinery that benefit these viruses. This rapid mechanism to generate small double-membraned vesicles can be usurped to shape membranes for viral genome replication and virion maturation. However, data suggest that autophagic maintenance of cellular homeostasis is crucial for the initiation of infection, as viruses have evolved to replicate in normal, healthy cells. Inhibition of autophagic degradation is important once infection has initiated. Although true degradative autophagy is probably a negative for most viruses, initiating nondegradative autophagic membranes benefits a wide variety of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Ding JL, Wei K, Feng MG, Ying SH. Two aminopeptidase I homologs convergently contribute to pathobiology of fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana via divergent physiology-dependent autophagy pathways for vacuolar targeting. J Adv Res 2024; 59:1-17. [PMID: 37339721 PMCID: PMC11081967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In yeast, the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway acts as a biosynthetic autophagy-related process, in which vacuolar targeting of hydrolase is mediated by the machineries involved in the selective autophagy. However, the mechanistic insights into vacuolar targeting of hydrolases through the selective autophagy pathway still remain enigmatic in filamentous fungi. OBJECTIVES Our study aims to investigate the mechanisms involved in vacuolar targeting of hydrolases in filamentous fungi. METHODS The filamentous entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was used as a representative of filamentous fungi. We identified the homologs of yeast aminopeptidase I (Ape1) in B. bassiana by bioinformatic analyses and characterized their physiological roles by gene function analyses. Pathways for vacuolar targeting of hydrolases were investigated via molecular trafficking analyses. RESULTS B. bassiana has two homologs of yeast aminopeptidase I (Ape1) which are designated as BbApe1A and BbApe1B. The two homologs of yeast Ape1 contribute to starvation tolerance, development, and virulence in B. bassiana. Significantly, BbNbr1 acts as a selective autophagy receptor to mediate the vacuolar targeting of the two Ape1 proteins, in which BbApe1B interacts with BbNbr1 also directly interacting with BbAtg8, and BbApe1A has an additional requirement of the scaffold protein BbAtg11 that interacts with BbNbr1 and BbAtg8. Protein processing occurs at both terminuses of BbApe1A and only at carboxyl terminus of BbApe1B, which is also dependent on the autophagy-related proteins. Together, the functions and translocation processes of the two Ape1 proteins are associated with autophagy in fungal lifecycle. CONCLUSION This study reveals the functions and translocation processes for vacuolar hydrolases in the insect-pathogenic fungi and improves our understandings of the Nbr1-mediated vacuolar targeting pathway in the filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Ding
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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4
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Yuan Y, Fang A, Wang Z, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhou M, Zhao L. The matrix protein of lyssavirus hijacks autophagosome for efficient egress by recruiting NEDD4 through its PPxY motif. Autophagy 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38566321 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2338575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are well-known worldwide and often cause fatal encephalitis. Previous studies have shown that autophagy is beneficial for the replication of rabies virus (RABV), the representative lyssavirus, but the detailed mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we showed that the rabies virus matrix protein (RABV-M) used its PPxY motif to interact with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4. NEDD4 then recruited MAP1LC3/LC3 via its LC3-interacting region (LIR). Interestingly, after binding to the ubiquitinated RABV-M, NEDD4 could bind more LC3 and enhance autophagosome accumulation, while NEDD4 knockdown significantly reduced M-induced autophagosome accumulation. Further study revealed that RABV-M prevented autophagosome-lysosome fusion and facilitated viral budding. Inhibition of RABV-M-induced autophagosome accumulation reduced the production of extracellular virus-like particles. We also found that M proteins of most lyssaviruses share the same mechanism to accumulate autophagosome by hijacking NEDD4. Collectively, this study revealed a novel strategy for lyssaviruses to achieve efficient viral replication by exploiting the host autophagy system.Abbreviations: ABLV: Australian bat lyssavirus; ATG5: autophagy related 5; Baf A1:bafilomycin A1;co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI:4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EBLV:European bat lyssavirus; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST:glutathione S-transferase; hpi: hours post-infection; hpt: hourspost-transfection; LIR: LC3-interactingregion;MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mCherry:red fluorescent protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; NC: negativecontrol; MVB: multivesicular body; NEDD4: neural precursorcell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4; RABV: rabies virus;SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; VLP: virus-like particle; VPS4B: vacuolarprotein sorting 4B; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WB:western blotting; WT: wild-type; μm: micrometer; μM: micromole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - An Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Kong Y, Guo P, Xu J, Li J, Wu M, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Yang L, Liu M, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. MoMkk1 and MoAtg1 dichotomously regulating autophagy and pathogenicity through MoAtg9 phosphorylation in Magnaporthe oryzae. mBio 2024; 15:e0334423. [PMID: 38501872 PMCID: PMC11005334 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03344-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a central biodegradation pathway critical in eliminating intracellular cargo to maintain cellular homeostasis and improve stress resistance. At the same time, the key component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade regulating cell wall integrity signaling MoMkk1 has an essential role in the autophagy of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Still, the mechanism of how MoMkk1 regulates autophagy is unclear. Interestingly, we found that MoMkk1 regulates the autophagy protein MoAtg9 through phosphorylation. MoAtg9 is a transmembrane protein subjected to phosphorylation by autophagy-related protein kinase MoAtg1. Here, we provide evidence demonstrating that MoMkk1-dependent MoAtg9 phosphorylation is required for phospholipid translocation during isolation membrane stages of autophagosome formation, an autophagic process essential for the development and pathogenicity of the fungus. In contrast, MoAtg1-dependent phosphorylation of MoAtg9 negatively regulates this process, also impacting growth and pathogenicity. Our studies are the first to demonstrate that MoAtg9 is subject to MoMkk1 regulation through protein phosphorylation and that MoMkk1 and MoAtg1 dichotomously regulate autophagy to underlie the growth and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.IMPORTANCEMagnaporthe oryzae utilizes multiple signaling pathways to promote colonization of host plants. MoMkk1, a cell wall integrity signaling kinase, plays an essential role in autophagy governed by a highly conserved autophagy kinase MoAtg1-mediated pathway. How MoMkk1 regulates autophagy in coordination with MoAtg1 remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that MoMkk1 phosphorylates MoAtg9 to positively regulate phospholipid translocation during the isolation membrane or smaller membrane structures stage of autophagosome formation. This is in contrast to the negative regulation of MoAtg9 by MoAtg1 for the same process. Intriguingly, MoMkk1-mediated MoAtg9 phosphorylation enhances the fungal infection of rice, whereas MoAtg1-dependant MoAtg9 phosphorylation significantly attenuates it. Taken together, we revealed a novel mechanism of autophagy and virulence regulation by demonstrating the dichotomous functions of MoMkk1 and MoAtg1 in the regulation of fungal autophagy and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pusheng Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayun Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Migliano SM, Schultz SW, Wenzel EM, Takáts S, Liu D, Mørk S, Tan KW, Rusten TE, Raiborg C, Stenmark H. Removal of hypersignaling endosomes by simaphagy. Autophagy 2024; 20:769-791. [PMID: 37840274 PMCID: PMC11062362 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2267958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated transmembrane receptors continue to signal following endocytosis and are only silenced upon ESCRT-mediated internalization of the receptors into intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) of the endosomes. Accordingly, endosomes with dysfunctional receptor internalization into ILVs can cause sustained receptor signaling which has been implicated in cancer progression. Here, we describe a surveillance mechanism that allows cells to detect and clear physically intact endosomes with aberrant receptor accumulation and elevated signaling. Proximity biotinylation and proteomics analyses of ESCRT-0 defective endosomes revealed a strong enrichment of the ubiquitin-binding macroautophagy/autophagy receptors SQSTM1 and NBR1, a phenotype that was confirmed in cell culture and fly tissue. Live cell microscopy demonstrated that loss of the ESCRT-0 subunit HGS/HRS or the ESCRT-I subunit VPS37 led to high levels of ubiquitinated and phosphorylated receptors on endosomes. This was accompanied by dynamic recruitment of NBR1 and SQSTM1 as well as proteins involved in autophagy initiation and autophagosome biogenesis. Light microscopy and electron tomography revealed that endosomes with intact limiting membrane, but aberrant receptor downregulation were engulfed by phagophores. Inhibition of autophagy caused increased intra- and intercellular signaling and directed cell migration. We conclude that dysfunctional endosomes are surveyed and cleared by an autophagic process, simaphagy, which serves as a failsafe mechanism in signal termination.Abbreviations: AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; APEX2: apurinic/apyrimidinic endodoexyribonuclease 2; ctrl: control; EEA1: early endosome antigen 1; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HGS/HRS: hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate; IF: immunofluorescence; ILV: intralumenal vesicle; KO: knockout; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LLOMe: L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (hydrochloride); MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK3/ERK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; PAG10: Protein A-conjugated 10-nm gold; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TUB: Tubulin; UBA: ubiquitin-associated; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VCL: Vinculin; VPS37: VPS37 subunit of ESCRT-I; WB: western blot; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona M. Migliano
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian W. Schultz
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva M. Wenzel
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Szabolcs Takáts
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dan Liu
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Mørk
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kia Wee Tan
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Gross AS, Ghillebert R, Schuetter M, Reinartz E, Rowland A, Bishop BC, Stumpe M, Dengjel J, Graef M. A metabolite sensor subunit of the Atg1/ULK complex regulates selective autophagy. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:366-377. [PMID: 38316984 PMCID: PMC10940145 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cells convert complex metabolic information into stress-adapted autophagy responses. Canonically, multilayered protein kinase networks converge on the conserved Atg1/ULK kinase complex (AKC) to induce non-selective and selective forms of autophagy in response to metabolic changes. Here we show that, upon phosphate starvation, the metabolite sensor Pho81 interacts with the adaptor subunit Atg11 at the AKC via an Atg11/FIP200 interaction motif to modulate pexophagy by virtue of its conserved phospho-metabolite sensing SPX domain. Notably, core AKC components Atg13 and Atg17 are dispensable for phosphate starvation-induced autophagy revealing significant compositional and functional plasticity of the AKC. Our data indicate that, instead of functioning as a selective autophagy receptor, Pho81 compensates for partially inactive Atg13 by promoting Atg11 phosphorylation by Atg1 critical for pexophagy during phosphate starvation. Our work shows Atg11/FIP200 adaptor subunits bind not only selective autophagy receptors but also modulator subunits that convey metabolic information directly to the AKC for autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gross
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Ghillebert
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Schuetter
- Max Planck Research Metabolomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Reinartz
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Rowland
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - B C Bishop
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Graef
- Max Planck Research Group of Autophagy and Cellular Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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8
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Ma X, Zhang H. Compositional plasticity of the Atg1 complex. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:313-315. [PMID: 38316983 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Mathur A, Ritu, Chandra P, Das A. Autophagy: a necessary evil in cancer and inflammation. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:87. [PMID: 38390576 PMCID: PMC10879063 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly regulated cellular process, assumes a dual role in the context of cancer. On the one hand, it functions as a crucial homeostatic pathway, responsible for degrading malfunctioning molecules and organelles, thereby maintaining cellular health. On the other hand, its involvement in cancer development and regression is multifaceted, contingent upon a myriad of factors. This review meticulously examines the intricacies of autophagy, from its molecular machinery orchestrated by Autophagy-Related Genes (ATG) initially discovered in yeast to the various modes of autophagy operative within cells. Beyond its foundational role in cellular maintenance, autophagy reveals context-specific functions in processes like angiogenesis and inflammation. Our analysis delves into how autophagy-related factors directly impact inflammation, underscoring their profound implications for cancer dynamics. Additionally, we extend our inquiry to explore autophagy's associations with cardiovascular conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases, illuminating the broader medical relevance of this process. Furthermore, this review elucidates how autophagy contributes to sustaining hallmark cancer features, including stem cell maintenance, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and metabolic reprogramming. Autophagy emerges as a pivotal process that necessitates careful consideration in cancer treatment strategies. To this end, we investigate innovative approaches, ranging from enzyme-based therapies to MTOR inhibitors, lysosomal blockers, and nanoparticle-enabled interventions, all aimed at optimizing cancer treatment outcomes by targeting autophagy pathways. In summary, this comprehensive review provides a nuanced perspective on the intricate and context-dependent role of autophagy in cancer biology. Our exploration not only deepens our understanding of this fundamental process but also highlights its potential as a therapeutic target. By unraveling the complex interplay between autophagy and cancer, we pave the way for more precise and effective cancer treatments, promising better outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mathur
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042 India
| | - Ritu
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042 India
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042 India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042 India
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10
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Zhang Y, Wei Y, Wu M, Liu M, Liang S, Zhu X, Liu X, Lin F. Cand2 inhibits CRL-mediated ubiquitination and suppresses autophagy to facilitate pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100720. [PMID: 37718510 PMCID: PMC10873881 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy system are the two primary mechanisms used by eukaryotes to maintain protein homeostasis, and both are closely related to the pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus. In this research, we identified MoCand2 as an inhibitor of ubiquitination in Magnaporthe oryzae. Through this role, MoCand2 participates in the regulation of autophagy and pathogenicity. Specifically, we found that deletion of MoCand2 increased the ubiquitination level in M. oryzae, whereas overexpression of MoCand2 inhibited the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Interaction analyses showed that MoCand2 is a subunit of Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs). It suppresses ubiquitination by blocking the assembly of CRLs and downregulating the expression of key CRL subunits. Further research indicated that MoCand2 regulates autophagy through ubiquitination. MoCand2 knockout led to over-ubiquitination and over-degradation of MoTor, and we confirmed that MoTor content was negatively correlated with autophagy level. In addition, MoCand2 knockout accelerated the K63 ubiquitination of MoAtg6 and strengthened the assembly and activity of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase class 3 complex, thus enhancing autophagy. Abnormal ubiquitination and autophagy in ΔMocand2 resulted in defects in growth, conidiation, stress resistance, and pathogenicity. Finally, sequence alignment and functional analyses in other phytopathogenic fungi confirmed the high conservation of fungal Cand2s. Our research thus reveals a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination regulates autophagy and pathogenicity in phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yunyun Wei
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xueming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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11
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Hanley SE, Willis SD, Doyle SJ, Strich R, Cooper KF. Ksp1 is an autophagic receptor protein for the Snx4-assisted autophagy of Ssn2/Med13. Autophagy 2024; 20:397-415. [PMID: 37733395 PMCID: PMC10813586 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ksp1 is a casein II-like kinase whose activity prevents aberrant macroautophagy/autophagy induction in nutrient-rich conditions in yeast. Here, we describe a kinase-independent role of Ksp1 as a novel autophagic receptor protein for Ssn2/Med13, a known cargo of Snx4-assisted autophagy of transcription factors. In this pathway, a subset of conserved transcriptional regulators, Ssn2/Med13, Rim15, and Msn2, are selectively targeted for vacuolar proteolysis following nitrogen starvation, assisted by the sorting nexin heterodimer Snx4-Atg20. Here we show that phagophores also engulf Ksp1 alongside its cargo for vacuolar proteolysis. Ksp1 directly associates with Atg8 following nitrogen starvation at the interface of an Atg8-family interacting motif (AIM)/LC3-interacting region (LIR) in Ksp1 and the LIR/AIM docking site (LDS) in Atg8. Mutating the LDS site prevents the autophagic degradation of Ksp1. However, deletion of the C terminal canonical AIM still permitted Ssn2/Med13 proteolysis, suggesting that additional non-canonical AIMs may mediate the Ksp1-Atg8 interaction. Ksp1 is recruited to the perivacuolar phagophore assembly site by Atg29, a member of the trimeric scaffold complex. This interaction is independent of Atg8 and Snx4, suggesting that Ksp1 is recruited early to phagophores, with Snx4 delivering Ssn2/Med13 thereafter. Finally, normal cell survival following prolonged nitrogen starvation requires Ksp1. Together, these studies define a kinase-independent role for Ksp1 as an autophagic receptor protein mediating Ssn2/Med13 degradation. They also suggest that phagophores built by the trimeric scaffold complex are capable of receptor-mediated autophagy. These results demonstrate the dual functionality of Ksp1, whose kinase activity prevents autophagy while it plays a scaffolding role supporting autophagic degradation.Abbreviations: 3-AT: 3-aminotriazole; 17C: Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 trimeric scaffold complex; AIM: Atg8-family interacting motif; ATG: autophagy related; CKM: CDK8 kinase module; Cvt: cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting; IDR: intrinsically disordered region; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LDS: LIR/AIM docking site; MoRF: molecular recognition feature; NPC: nuclear pore complex; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PKA: protein kinase A; RBP: RNA-binding protein; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system. SAA-TF: Snx4-assisted autophagy of transcription factors; Y2H: yeast two-hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Hanley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Stephen D. Willis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Steven J. Doyle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Randy Strich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Katrina F. Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
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12
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Sule KC, Nakamura M, Parkhurst SM. Nuclear envelope budding: Getting large macromolecular complexes out of the nucleus. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300182. [PMID: 38044581 PMCID: PMC10843589 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Transport of macromolecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is essential for nearly all cellular and developmental events, and when mis-regulated, is associated with diseases, tumor formation/growth, and cancer progression. Nuclear Envelope (NE)-budding is a newly appreciated nuclear export pathway for large macromolecular machineries, including those assembled to allow co-regulation of functionally related components, that bypasses canonical nuclear export through nuclear pores. In this pathway, large macromolecular complexes are enveloped by the inner nuclear membrane, transverse the perinuclear space, and then exit through the outer nuclear membrane to release its contents into the cytoplasm. NE-budding is a conserved process and shares many features with nuclear egress mechanisms used by herpesviruses. Despite its biological importance and clinical relevance, little is yet known about the regulatory and structural machineries that allow NE-budding to occur in any system. Here we summarize what is currently known or proposed for this intriguing nuclear export process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Sule
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Susan M. Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
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13
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Lee SY, Choi SH, Kim Y, Ahn HS, Ko YG, Kim K, Chi SW, Kim H. Migrasomal autophagosomes relieve endoplasmic reticulum stress in glioblastoma cells. BMC Biol 2024; 22:23. [PMID: 38287397 PMCID: PMC10826056 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01829-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is more difficult to treat than other intractable adult tumors. The main reason that GBM is so difficult to treat is that it is highly infiltrative. Migrasomes are newly discovered membrane structures observed in migrating cells. Thus, they can be generated from GBM cells that have the ability to migrate along the brain parenchyma. However, the function of migrasomes has not yet been elucidated in GBM cells. RESULTS Here, we describe the composition and function of migrasomes generated along with GBM cell migration. Proteomic analysis revealed that LC3B-positive autophagosomes were abundant in the migrasomes of GBM cells. An increased number of migrasomes was observed following treatment with chloroquine (CQ) or inhibition of the expression of STX17 and SNAP29, which are involved in autophagosome/lysosome fusion. Furthermore, depletion of ITGA5 or TSPAN4 did not relieve endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cells, resulting in cell death. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study suggests that increasing the number of autophagosomes, through inhibition of autophagosome/lysosome fusion, generates migrasomes that have the capacity to alleviate cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Ahn
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Yu G, Li W, Yang C, Zhang X, Luo M, Chen T, Wang X, Wang R, Chen Q. PlAtg8-mediated autophagy regulates vegetative growth, sporangial cleavage, and pathogenesis in Peronophythora litchii. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0353123. [PMID: 38084976 PMCID: PMC10783124 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03531-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Peronophythora litchii is the pathogen of litchi downy blight, which is the most serious disease in litchi. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process in eukaryotes. Atg8 is a core protein of the autophagic pathway, which modulates growth and pathogenicity in the oomycete P. litchii. In P. litchii, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the PlATG8 impaired autophagosome formation. PlATG8 knockout mutants exhibited attenuated colony expansion, sporangia production, zoospore discharge, and virulence on litchi leaves and fruits. The reduction in zoospore release was likely underpinned by impaired sporangial cleavage. Thus, in addition to governing autophagic flux, PlAtg8 is indispensable for vegetative growth and infection of P. litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengdong Yang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Manfei Luo
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Taixu Chen
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xuejian Wang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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15
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Xie J, Meijer AH. Xenophagy receptors Optn and p62 and autophagy modulator Dram1 independently promote the zebrafish host defense against Mycobacterium marinum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1331818. [PMID: 38264729 PMCID: PMC10803470 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1331818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-bacterial autophagy, also known as xenophagy, is a crucial innate immune process that helps maintain cellular homeostasis by targeting invading microbes. This defense pathway is widely studied in the context of infections with mycobacteria, the causative agents of human tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like disease in animal models. Our previous work in a zebrafish tuberculosis model showed that host defense against Mycobacterium marinum (Mm) is impaired by deficiencies in xenophagy receptors, optineurin (Optn) or sequestome 1 (p62), and Damage-regulated autophagy modulator 1 (Dram1). However, the interdependency of these receptors and their interaction with Dram1 remained unknown. In the present study, we used single and double knockout zebrafish lines in combination with overexpression experiments. We show that Optn and p62 can compensate for the loss of each other's function, as their overexpression restores the infection susceptibility of the mutant phenotypes. Similarly, Dram1 can compensate for deficiencies in Optn and p62, and, vice versa, Optn and p62 compensate for the loss of Dram1, indicating that these xenophagy receptors and Dram1 do not rely on each other for host defense against Mm. In agreement, Dram1 overexpression in optn/p62 double mutants restored the interaction of autophagosome marker Lc3 with Mm. Finally, optn/p62 double mutants displayed more severe infection susceptibility than the single mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that Optn and p62 do not function downstream of each other in the anti-mycobacterial xenophagy pathway, and that the Dram1-mediated defense against Mm infection does not rely on specific xenophagy receptors.
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16
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Du J, Dong Y, Zhu H, Deng Y, Sa C, Yu Q, Li M. DNA damage-induced autophagy is regulated by inositol polyphosphate synthetases in Candida albicans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119622. [PMID: 37913846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage-induced autophagy is a new type of autophagy that differs from traditional macroautophagy; however, this type of autophagy has not been identified in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Inositol polyphosphates are involved in the regulation of DNA damage repair and macroautophagy; however, whether inositol polyphosphates are involved in the regulation of DNA damage-induced autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we identified DNA damage-induced autophagy in C. albicans and systematically investigated the mechanisms of inositol polyphosphate pathway regulation. We found that the core machinery of macro autophagy is also essential for DNA damage-induced autophagy, and that inositol polyphosphate synthetases Kcs1, Ipk1, and Vip1 play a critical role in autophagy. In this study, we focused on Kcs1 and Vip1, which are responsible for the synthesis of inositol pyrophosphate. The kcs1Δ/Δ and vip1Δ/Δ strains exhibited reduced number of phagophore assembly sites (PAS) and autophagic bodies. The recruitment of autophagy-related gene 1 (Atg1) to PAS was significantly affected in the kcs1Δ/Δ and vip1Δ/Δ strains. Target of rapamycin complex 1 kinase activity was elevated in kcs1Δ/Δ and vip1Δ/Δ strains, which significantly inhibited the initiation of autophagy. Atg18 Localization was altered in these mutants. The absence of Kcs1 or Vip1 caused the downregulation of RAD53, a key gene in the DNA damage response. These data provide further understanding of the mechanism of autophagy regulation in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yixuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hangqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chula Sa
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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17
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Rojas J, Oz T, Jonak K, Lyzak O, Massaad V, Biriuk O, Zachariae W. Spo13/MEIKIN ensures a Two-Division meiosis by preventing the activation of APC/C Ama1 at meiosis I. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114288. [PMID: 37728253 PMCID: PMC10577557 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome haploidization at meiosis depends on two consecutive nuclear divisions, which are controlled by an oscillatory system consisting of Cdk1-cyclin B and the APC/C bound to the Cdc20 activator. How the oscillator generates exactly two divisions has been unclear. We have studied this question in yeast where exit from meiosis involves accumulation of the APC/C activator Ama1 at meiosis II. We show that inactivation of the meiosis I-specific protein Spo13/MEIKIN results in a single-division meiosis due to premature activation of APC/CAma1 . In the wild type, Spo13 bound to the polo-like kinase Cdc5 prevents Ama1 synthesis at meiosis I by stabilizing the translational repressor Rim4. In addition, Cdc5-Spo13 inhibits the activity of Ama1 by converting the B-type cyclin Clb1 from a substrate to an inhibitor of Ama1. Cdc20-dependent degradation of Spo13 at anaphase I unleashes a feedback loop that increases Ama1's synthesis and activity, leading to irreversible exit from meiosis at the second division. Thus, by repressing the exit machinery at meiosis I, Cdc5-Spo13 ensures that cells undergo two divisions to produce haploid gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Tugce Oz
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Oleksii Lyzak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Vinal Massaad
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Olha Biriuk
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
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18
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Tong Y, Zhu W, Chen J, Zhang W, Xu F, Pang J. Targeted Degradation of Alpha-Synuclein by Autophagosome-Anchoring Chimera Peptides. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12614-12628. [PMID: 37652467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) confers knockdown of "undruggable" targets such as alpha-synuclein (αSyn), a pathogenic protein in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Though many of these proteins were mainly degraded through the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP), few TPD tools harnessing the ALP were reported. Herein, we developed a strategy termed autophagosome-anchoring chimera (ATACC), in which the protein of interest (POI) can be anchored to microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain-3B (LC3B) on the autophagosome with the assistance of an LC3-interacting region (LIR)-containing bifunctional peptide, and the selective autophagy of the POI is thus facilitated. A series of αSyn-targeting ATACC peptides were designed and synthesized. Biological evaluations demonstrated that these compounds could degrade αSyn specifically and effectively through a "chemical-induced cargo recognition-ALP degradation" mechanism. The neuroprotective effects of ATACC peptide P1 were further validated in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results provided a new TPD tool and revealed a potential therapeutic strategy against synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Tong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang Xu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE) & Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiyan Pang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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19
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Dos Santos FCF, da Costa CS, Graceli JB. Effects of microcystin-LR on mammalian ovaries. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108441. [PMID: 37473929 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The ovaries play critical roles in regulating oocyte maturation and sex steroid hormone production and thus are critical for female reproduction. Ovarian function relies on hormone receptors and signaling pathways, making the ovaries potential targets for environmental factors, such as microcystins (MCs). MCs are a diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins generally found in eutrophic water or algal blooms. Here, we review relevant research on the associations between MC exposure and ovarian dysfunction, including their effects on ovarian morphology, folliculogenesis, steroid production, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and fertility. This review covers the most recent in vitro and in vivo studies in mammals. We also discuss important gaps in the literature. Overall, current evidence indicates that MC exposure causes impairments in ovarian function, but further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which MCs affect ovarian function and other female endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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20
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Folger A, Chen C, Kabbaj MH, Frey K, Wang Y. Neurodegenerative disease-associated inclusion bodies are cleared by selective autophagy in budding yeast. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2236407. [PMID: 37680383 PMCID: PMC10482306 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2236407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding, aggregation, and accumulation cause neurodegenerative disorders. One such disorder, Huntington's disease, is caused by an increased number of glutamine-encoding trinucleotide repeats CAG in the first exon of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Mutant proteins of Htt exon 1 with polyglutamine expansion are prone to aggregation and form pathological inclusion bodies in neurons. Extensive studies have shown that misfolded proteins are cleared by the ubiquitin-proteasome system or autophagy to alleviate their cytotoxicity. Misfolded proteins can form small soluble aggregates or large insoluble inclusion bodies. Previous works have elucidated the role of autophagy in the clearance of misfolded protein aggregates, but autophagic clearance of inclusion bodies remains poorly characterized. Here we use mutant Htt exon 1 with 103 polyglutamine (Htt103QP) as a model substrate to study the autophagic clearance of inclusion bodies in budding yeast. We found that the core autophagy-related proteins were required for Htt103QP inclusion body autophagy. Moreover, our evidence indicates that the autophagy of Htt103QP inclusion bodies is selective. Interestingly, Cue5/Tollip, a known autophagy receptor for aggrephagy, is dispensable for this inclusion body autophagy. From the known selective autophagy receptors in budding yeast, we identified three that are essential for inclusion body autophagy. Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ42) is a major component of amyloid plaques found in Alzheimer's disease brains. Interestingly, a similar selective autophagy pathway contributes to the clearance of Aβ42 inclusion bodies in budding yeast. Therefore, our results reveal a novel autophagic pathway specific for inclusion bodies associated with neurodegenerative diseases, which we have termed IBophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Folger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
| | - Chuan Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Marie-Helene Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
| | - Karina Frey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University (undergraduate student)
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
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21
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Komarla A, Dufresne S, Towers CG. Recent Advances in the Role of Autophagy in Endocrine-Dependent Tumors. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:629-646. [PMID: 36631217 PMCID: PMC10335171 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a complex role in several cancer types, including endocrine-dependent cancers, by fueling cellular metabolism and clearing damaged substrates. This conserved recycling process has a dual function across tumor types where it can be tumor suppressive at early stages but tumor promotional in established disease. This review highlights the controversial roles of autophagy in endocrine-dependent tumors regarding cancer initiation, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and treatment response. We summarize clinical trial results thus far and highlight the need for additional mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical studies in endocrine-dependent tumors, particularly in breast cancer and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Komarla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- The Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Suzanne Dufresne
- The Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christina G Towers
- The Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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22
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Shan T, Li LY, Yang JM, Cheng Y. Role and clinical implication of autophagy in COVID-19. Virol J 2023; 20:125. [PMID: 37328875 PMCID: PMC10276507 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes a serious public health concern worldwide. Currently, more than 6 million deaths have occurred despite drastic containment measures, and this number is still increasing. Currently, no standard therapies for COVID-19 are available, which necessitates identifying effective preventive and therapeutic agents against COVID-19. However, developing new drugs and vaccines is a time-consuming process, and therefore, repurposing the existing drugs or redeveloping related targets seems to be the best strategy to develop effective therapeutics against COVID-19. Autophagy, a multistep lysosomal degradation pathway contributing to nutrient recycling and metabolic adaptation, is involved in the initiation and progression of numerous diseases as a part of an immune response. The key role of autophagy in antiviral immunity has been extensively studied. Moreover, autophagy can directly eliminate intracellular microorganisms by selective autophagy, that is, "xenophagy." However, viruses have acquired diverse strategies to exploit autophagy for their infection and replication. This review aims to trigger the interest in the field of autophagy as an antiviral target for viral pathogens (with an emphasis on COVID-19). We base this hypothesis on summarizing the classification and structure of coronaviruses as well as the process of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication; providing the common understanding of autophagy; reviewing interactions between the mechanisms of viral entry/replication and the autophagy pathways; and discussing the current state of clinical trials of autophagy-modifying drugs in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We anticipate that this review will contribute to the rapid development of therapeutics and vaccines against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lan-Ya Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, 410011, China.
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23
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Shim SM, Choi HR, Kwon SC, Kim HY, Sung KW, Jung EJ, Mun SR, Bae TH, Kim DH, Son YS, Jung CH, Lee J, Lee MJ, Park JW, Kwon YT. The Cys-N-degron pathway modulates pexophagy through the N-terminal oxidation and arginylation of ACAD10. Autophagy 2023; 19:1642-1661. [PMID: 36184612 PMCID: PMC10262816 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2126617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the N-degron pathway, N-recognins recognize cognate substrates for degradation via the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS) or the autophagy-lysosome system (hereafter autophagy). We have recently shown that the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) is an N-recognin that binds the N-terminal arginine (Nt-Arg) as an N-degron to modulate autophagic proteolysis. Here, we show that the N-degron pathway mediates pexophagy, in which damaged peroxisomal fragments are degraded by autophagy under normal and oxidative stress conditions. This degradative process initiates when the Nt-Cys of ACAD10 (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 10), a receptor in pexophagy, is oxidized into Cys sulfinic (CysO2) or sulfonic acid (CysO3) by ADO (2-aminoethanethiol (cysteamine) dioxygenase). Under oxidative stress, the Nt-Cys of ACAD10 is chemically oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oxidized Nt-Cys2 is arginylated by ATE1-encoded R-transferases, generating the RCOX N-degron. RCOX-ACAD10 marks the site of pexophagy via the interaction with PEX5 and binds the ZZ domain of SQSTM1/p62, recruiting LC3+-autophagic membranes. In mice, knockout of either Ate1 responsible for Nt-arginylation or Sqstm1/p62 leads to increased levels of peroxisomes. In the cells from patients with peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), characterized by peroxisomal loss due to uncontrolled pexophagy, inhibition of either ATE1 or SQSTM1/p62 was sufficient to recover the level of peroxisomes. Our results demonstrate that the Cys-N-degron pathway generates an N-degron that regulates the removal of damaged peroxisomal membranes along with their contents. We suggest that tannic acid, a commercially available drug on the market, has a potential to treat PBDs through its activity to inhibit ATE1 R-transferases.Abbreviations: ACAA1, acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1; ACAD, acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase; ADO, 2-aminoethanethiol (cysteamine) dioxygenase; ATE1, arginyltransferase 1; CDO1, cysteine dioxygenase type 1; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; LIR, LC3-interacting region; MOXD1, monooxygenase, DBH-like 1; NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine; Nt-Arg, N-terminal arginine; Nt-Cys, N-terminal cysteine; PB1, Phox and Bem1p; PBD, peroxisome biogenesis disorder; PCO, plant cysteine oxidase; PDI, protein disulfide isomerase; PTS, peroxisomal targeting signal; R-COX, Nt-Arg-CysOX; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SNP, sodium nitroprusside; UBA, ubiquitin-associated; UPS, ubiquitinproteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Shim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Chul Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woon Sung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Jung Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ran Mun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Bae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hoon Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Ding JL, Wei K, Feng MG, Ying SH. Autophagy-Related Gene 4 Participates in the Asexual Development, Stress Response and Virulence of Filamentous Insect Pathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050543. [PMID: 37233254 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved mechanism for the turnover of intracellular components. Among the 'core' autophagy-related genes (ATGs), the cysteine protease Atg4 plays an important role in the activation of Atg8 by exposing the glycine residue at its extreme carboxyl terminus. In the insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana, a yeast ortholog of Atg4 was identified and functionally analyzed. Ablation of the BbATG4 gene blocks the autophagic process during fungal growth under aerial and submerged conditions. Gene loss did not affect fungal radial growth on various nutrients, but ΔBbatg4 exhibited an impaired ability to accumulate biomass. The mutant displayed increased sensitivity to stress caused by menadione and hydrogen peroxide. ΔBbatg4 generated abnormal conidiophores with reduced production of conidia. Additionally, fungal dimorphism was significantly attenuated in gene disruption mutants. Disruption of BbATG4 resulted in significantly weakened virulence in topical and intrahemocoel injection assays. Our study indicates that BbAtg4 contributes to the lifecycle of B. bassiana via its autophagic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Ding
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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25
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Wang X, Jiang X, Li B, Zheng J, Guo J, Gao L, Du M, Weng X, Li L, Chen S, Zhang J, Fang L, Liu T, Wang L, Liu W, Neculai D, Sun Q. A regulatory circuit comprising the CBP and SIRT7 regulates FAM134B-mediated ER-phagy. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202201068. [PMID: 37043189 PMCID: PMC10103787 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) utilizes a serial of receptors to specifically recognize and degrade autophagy cargoes, including damaged organelles, to maintain cellular homeostasis. Upstream signals spatiotemporally regulate the biological functions of selective autophagy receptors through protein post-translational modifications (PTM) such as phosphorylation. However, it is unclear how acetylation directly controls autophagy receptors in selective autophagy. Here, we report that an ER-phagy receptor FAM134B is acetylated by CBP acetyltransferase, eliciting intense ER-phagy. Furthermore, FAM134B acetylation promoted CAMKII-mediated phosphorylation to sustain a mode of milder ER-phagy. Conversely, SIRT7 deacetylated FAM134B to temper its activities in ER-phagy to avoid excessive ER degradation. Together, this work provides further mechanistic insights into how ER-phagy receptor perceives environmental signals for fine-tuning of ER homeostasis and demonstrates how nucleus-derived factors are programmed to control ER stress by modulating ER-phagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boran Li
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Jiahua Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Microscopy Core Facility, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Du
- Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Mental Health Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xialian Weng
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of General Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of General Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Mental Health Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Dante Neculai
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of General Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Yiwu, China
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26
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Lopes EA, Santos MMM, Mori M. Antimalarial drugs: what's new in the patents? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:151-168. [PMID: 37060305 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2203814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The efficacy of current therapeutic warheads in preventing malaria transmission or treating the disease is often hampered by the emergence of drug-resistance. No effective vaccines are available to date, and novel drugs able to counteract drug-resistant forms of malaria and/or to target multiple stages of the parasite's lifecycle are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED This review covers patents that protect antimalarial small molecules bearing the artemisinin or other chemical scaffolds, as well as vaccines, that have been published in the period 2015-2022. Literature was searched in public databases of articles and patents. Patents protecting small molecules that prevent malaria transmission are not discussed herein. EXPERT OPINION Significant progress has been made in the design of antimalarial agents. Most of these candidates have been tested in standardized strains, with the use of Plasmodium clinical isolates for testing still underdeveloped. Several compounds have been profiled in in vivo mouse models of malaria, including humanised mice. Despite having different efficacy, these new molecules might further progress the field and hopefully will advance to clinical development soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lopes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M M Santos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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27
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Mao M, Qian Y, Zhang W, Zhou S, Wang Z, Chen X, Yang Y. Controlling protein stability with SULI, a highly sensitive tag for stabilization upon light induction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2172. [PMID: 37061509 PMCID: PMC10105765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics tools for precise temporal and spatial control of protein abundance are valuable in studying diverse complex biological processes. In the present study, we engineer a monomeric tag of stabilization upon light induction (SULI) for yeast and zebrafish based on a single light-oxygen-voltage domain from Neurospora crassa. Proteins of interest fused with SULI are stable upon light illumination but are readily degraded after transfer to dark conditions. SULI shows a high dynamic range and a high tolerance to fusion at different positions of the target protein. Further studies reveal that SULI-mediated degradation occurs through a lysine ubiquitination-independent proteasome pathway. We demonstrate the usefulness of SULI in controlling the cell cycle in yeast and regulating protein stability in zebrafish, respectively. Overall, our data indicate that SULI is a simple and robust tool to quantitatively and spatiotemporally modulate protein levels for biotechnological or biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaowei Mao
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yajie Qian
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenyao Zhang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zefeng Wang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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28
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Liao CY, Pu Y, Nolan TM, Montes C, Guo H, Walley JW, Yin Y, Bassham DC. Brassinosteroids modulate autophagy through phosphorylation of RAPTOR1B by the GSK3-like kinase BIN2 in Arabidopsis. Autophagy 2023; 19:1293-1310. [PMID: 36151786 PMCID: PMC10012961 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis during environmental stress. Autophagy is negatively regulated by TOR (target of rapamycin), a nutrient-regulated protein kinase that in plants is activated by several phytohormones, leading to increased growth. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which TOR integrates autophagy and hormone signaling are poorly understood. Here, we show that TOR modulates brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated plant growth and stress-response pathways. Active TOR was required for full BR-mediated growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Autophagy was constitutively up-regulated upon blocking BR biosynthesis or signaling, and down-regulated by increasing the activity of the BR pathway. BIN2 (brassinosteroid-insensitive 2) kinase, a GSK3-like kinase functioning as a negative regulator in BR signaling, directly phosphorylated RAPTOR1B (regulatory-associated protein of TOR 1B), a substrate-recruiting subunit in the TOR complex, at a conserved serine residue within a typical BIN2 phosphorylation motif. Mutation of RAPTOR1B serine 916 to alanine, to block phosphorylation by BIN2, repressed autophagy and increased phosphorylation of the TOR substrate ATG13a (autophagy-related protein 13a). By contrast, this mutation had only a limited effect on growth. We present a model in which RAPTOR1B is phosphorylated and inhibited by BIN2 when BRs are absent, activating the autophagy pathway. When BRs signal and inhibit BIN2, RAPTOR1B is thus less inhibited by BIN2 phosphorylation. This leads to increased TOR activity and ATG13a phosphorylation, and decreased autophagy activity. Our studies define a new mechanism by which coordination between BR and TOR signaling pathways helps to maintain the balance between plant growth and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Liao
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yunting Pu
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Trevor M Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christian Montes
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Hongqing Guo
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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29
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Yan D, Fan Y, Song S, Guo Y, Liu Y, Xu X, Liu F, Gao Q, Wang S. HOG1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway–Related Autophagy Induced by H2O2 in Lentinula edodes Mycelia. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040413. [PMID: 37108868 PMCID: PMC10143471 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycelial ageing is associated with ROS and autophagy in Lentinula edodes. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms between ROS and autophagy remain obscure. This study induced autophagy in L. edodes mycelia through exogenous H2O2 treatment. Results showed that 100 μM H2O2 treatment for 24 h significantly inhibited mycelial growth. H2O2 caused the depolarisation of MMP and accumulation of TUNEL-positive nuclei, which was similar to the ageing phenotype of L. edodes mycelia. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in the mitophagic, autophagic, and MAPK pathways. LeAtg8 and LeHog1 were selected as hub genes. RNA and protein levels of LeATG8 increased in the H2O2-treated mycelia. Using fluorescent labelling, we observed for the first time the classic ring structure of autophagosomes in a mushroom, while 3D imaging suggested that these autophagosomes surrounded the nuclei to degrade them at specific growth stages. Phospho-LeHOG1 protein can translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to regulate mycelial cells, resisting ROS-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, LeATG8 expression was suppressed when LeHOG1 phosphorylation was inhibited. These results suggest that the LeATG8-dependent autophagy in L. edodes mycelial is closely associated with the activity or even phosphorylation of LeHOG1.
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Gao Q, Fan Y, Wei S, Song S, Guo Y, Wang S, Liu Y, Yan D. Insights into the Global Transcriptome Response of Lentinula edodes Mycelia during Aging. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030379. [PMID: 36983547 PMCID: PMC10057243 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The spawn of Lentinula edodes and other basidiomycete fungi tend to age with long-term culture. This causes heavy yield losses if aging spawn is used for propagation. In this study, we cultivated dikaryotic L. edodes mycelia in plates for 60 days to produce intrinsic aging phenotypes. We found that intracellular reactive oxygen species levels increased in contrast to mitochondrial depolarization and also observed greater DNA fragmentation with longer culture time. Transcriptome analysis of mycelia at different growth stages revealed pronounced expression differences between short- and long-term cultures. In particular, "phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis", "mitophagy and autophagy", "MAPK signaling pathway", and "ABC transporter" were among the enriched terms in the mycelial aging process. Weighted correlation network analysis identified LeAtg8, LeHog1, LePbs2, and LemTOR as key genes during aging. Western blotting confirmed that LeATG8 and phosphorylated LeHOG1 protein levels were significantly upregulated in aging mycelia. Our combined analytical approach provides insights into the mechanisms that regulate mycelial aging, indicating that autophagy/mitophagy plays a major role in counteracting the effects of age on mycelial growth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yangyang Fan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Sai Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102208, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
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31
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Zhang R, Shi S. The role of NEDD4 related HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in defective autophagy in cancer cells: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Mol Med 2023; 29:34. [PMID: 36918822 PMCID: PMC10015828 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are the selective executers in the protein ubiquitination, playing a vital role in modulation of the protein function and stability. Evidence shows the regulatory role of HECT-type E3 ligases in various steps of the autophagic process. Autophagy is an intracellular digestive and recycling process that controls the cellular hemostasis. Defective autophagy is involved in tumorigenesis and has been detected in various types of cancer cells. A growing body of findings indicates that HECT-type E3 ligases, in particular members of the neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4 (NEDD4) including NEDD4-1, NEDD4-L, SMURFs, WWPs, and ITCH, play critical roles in dysregulation or dysfunction of autophagy in cancer cells. The present review focuses on NEDD4 E3 ligases involved in defective autophagy in cancer cells and discusses their autophagic function in different cancer cells as well as substrates and the signaling pathways in which they participate, conferring a basis for the cancer treatment through the modulating of these E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610021, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqing Shi
- Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Li H, Gao L, Du J, Ma T, Li W, Ye Z, Li Z. Impacts of autophagy on the formation of organelle-free zone during the lens development. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4551-4564. [PMID: 36877352 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The thorough degeneration of organelles in the core of the lens is certainly a hallmark event during the lens development. Organelles degradation in the terminal differentiation process of lens fiber cells to form an organelle-free zone is critical for lens maturation and transparency. Several mechanisms have been proposed to expand our understanding of lens organelles degradation, including apoptotic pathways, the participation of ribozyme, proteolytic enzyme and phospholipase A and acyltransferase, and the newly discovered roles for autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation reaction during which the "useless" cellular components are degraded and recycled. These cellular components, such as incorrectly folded proteins, damaged organelles and other macromolecules, are first engulfed by the autophagosome before being further delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Although autophagy has been recognized involving in organelle degradation of the lens, the detailed functions remain to be discovered. Recent advances have revealed that autophagy not only plays a vital role in the intracellular quality control of the lens but is also involved in the degradation of nonnuclear organelles in the process of lens fiber cell differentiation. Herein, we first review the potential mechanisms of organelle-free zone formation, then discuss the roles of autophagy in intracellular quality control and cataract formation, and finally substantially summarize the potential involvement of autophagy in the development of organelle-free zone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianju Ma
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China. .,Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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33
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Vargas JNS, Hamasaki M, Kawabata T, Youle RJ, Yoshimori T. The mechanisms and roles of selective autophagy in mammals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:167-185. [PMID: 36302887 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that targets various intracellular elements for degradation. Autophagy can be non-selective - associated with the indiscriminate engulfment of cytosolic components - occurring in response to nutrient starvation and is commonly referred to as bulk autophagy. By contrast, selective autophagy degrades specific targets, such as damaged organelles (mitophagy, lysophagy, ER-phagy, ribophagy), aggregated proteins (aggrephagy) or invading bacteria (xenophagy), thereby being importantly involved in cellular quality control. Hence, not surprisingly, aberrant selective autophagy has been associated with various human pathologies, prominently including neurodegeneration and infection. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding mechanisms governing selective cargo engulfment in mammals, including the identification of ubiquitin-dependent selective autophagy receptors such as p62, NBR1, OPTN and NDP52, which can bind cargo and ubiquitin simultaneously to initiate pathways leading to autophagy initiation and membrane recruitment. This progress opens the prospects for enhancing selective autophagy pathways to boost cellular quality control capabilities and alleviate pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Norberto S Vargas
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maho Hamasaki
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawabata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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34
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Walczak M, Meister TR, Nguyen HM, Zhu Y, Besteiro S, Yeh E. Structure-Function Relationship for a Divergent Atg8 Protein Required for a Nonautophagic Function in Apicomplexan Parasites. mBio 2023; 14:e0364221. [PMID: 36625582 PMCID: PMC9973341 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03642-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atg8 family proteins are highly conserved eukaryotic proteins with diverse autophagy and nonautophagic functions in eukaryotes. While the structural features required for conserved autophagy functions of Atg8 are well established, little is known about the molecular changes that facilitated acquisition of divergent, nonautophagic functions of Atg8. The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum offers a unique opportunity to study nonautophagic functions of Atg8 family proteins because it encodes a single Atg8 homolog whose only essential function is in the inheritance of an unusual secondary plastid called the apicoplast. Here, we used functional complementation to investigate the structure-function relationship for this divergent Atg8 protein. We showed that the LC3-interacting region (LIR) docking site (LDS), the major interaction interface of the Atg8 protein family, is required for P. falciparum Atg8 (PfAtg8) apicoplast localization and function, likely via Atg8 lipidation. On the other hand, another region previously implicated in canonical Atg8 interactions, the N-terminal helix, is not required for apicoplast-specific PfAtg8 function. Finally, our investigations at the cellular level demonstrate that the unique apicomplexan-specific loop, previously implicated in interaction with membrane conjugation machinery in recombinant protein-based in vitro assays, is not required for membrane conjugation nor for the apicoplast-specific effector function of Atg8 in both P. falciparum and related Apicomplexa member Toxoplasma gondii. These results suggest that the effector function of apicomplexan Atg8 is mediated by structural features distinct from those previously identified for macroautophagy and selective autophagy functions. IMPORTANCE The most extensively studied role of Atg8 proteins is in autophagy. However, it is clear that they have other nonautophagic functions critical to cell function and disease pathogenesis that are so far understudied compared to their canonical role in autophagy. Mammalian cells contain multiple Atg8 paralogs that have diverse, specialized functions. Gaining molecular insight into their nonautophagic functions is difficult because of redundancy between the homologs and their role in both autophagy and nonautophagic pathways. Malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum are a unique system to study a novel, nonautophagic function of Atg8 separate from its role in autophagy: they have only one Atg8 protein whose only essential function is in the inheritance of the apicoplast, a unique secondary plastid organelle. Insights into the molecular basis of PfAtg8's function in apicoplast biogenesis will have important implications for the evolution of diverse nonautophagic functions of the Atg8 protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Walczak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas R. Meister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hoa Mai Nguyen
- LPHI UMR5235, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Yili Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Ellen Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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35
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The Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana Employs Autophagy as a Persistence and Recovery Mechanism during Conidial Dormancy. mBio 2023; 14:e0304922. [PMID: 36809079 PMCID: PMC10128008 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03049-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi develop a conidiation process as an essential mechanism for their dispersal and survival in natural ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying conidial persistence in environments are still not fully understood. Here, we report that autophagy is crucial for conidial lifespans (i.e., viability) and vitality (e.g., stress responses and virulence) in the filamentous mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Specifically, Atg11-mediated selective autophagy played an important, but not dominant, role in the total autophagic flux. Furthermore, the aspartyl aminopeptidase Ape4 was found to be involved in conidial vitality during dormancy. Notably, the vacuolar translocation of Ape4 was dependent on its physical interaction with autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) and associated with the autophagic role of Atg8, as determined through a truncation assay of a critical carboxyl-tripeptide. These observations revealed that autophagy acted as a subcellular mechanism for conidial recovery during dormancy in environments. In addition, a novel Atg8-dependent targeting route for vacuolar hydrolase was identified, which is essential for conidial exit from a long-term dormancy. These new insights improved our understanding of the roles of autophagy in the physiological ecology of filamentous fungi as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in selective autophagy. IMPORTANCE Conidial environmental persistence is essential for fungal dispersal in ecosystems while also serving as a determinant for the biocontrol efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi during integrated pest management. This study identified autophagy as a mechanism to safeguard conidial lifespans and vitality postmaturation. In this mechanism, the aspartyl aminopeptidase Ape4 translocates into vacuoles via its physical interaction with autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) and is involved in conidial vitality during survival. The study revealed that autophagy acted as a subcellular mechanism for maintaining conidial persistence during dormancy, while also documenting an Atg8-dependent targeting route for vacuolar hydrolase during conidial recovery from dormancy. Thus, these observations provided new insight into the roles of autophagy in the physiological ecology of filamentous fungi and documented novel molecular mechanisms involved in selective autophagy.
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36
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Ding G, Mugume Y, Dueñas ME, Lee YJ, Liu M, Nettleton DS, Zhao X, Li L, Bassham DC, Nikolau BJ. Biological insights from multi-omics analysis strategies: Complex pleotropic effects associated with autophagy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1093358. [PMID: 36875559 PMCID: PMC9978356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1093358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research strategies that combine molecular data from multiple levels of genome expression (i.e., multi-omics data), often referred to as a systems biology strategy, has been advocated as a route to discovering gene functions. In this study we conducted an evaluation of this strategy by combining lipidomics, metabolite mass-spectral imaging and transcriptomics data from leaves and roots in response to mutations in two AuTophaGy-related (ATG) genes of Arabidopsis. Autophagy is an essential cellular process that degrades and recycles macromolecules and organelles, and this process is blocked in the atg7 and atg9 mutants that were the focus of this study. Specifically, we quantified abundances of ~100 lipids and imaged the cellular locations of ~15 lipid molecular species and the relative abundance of ~26,000 transcripts from leaf and root tissues of WT, atg7 and atg9 mutant plants, grown either in normal (nitrogen-replete) and autophagy-inducing conditions (nitrogen-deficient). The multi-omics data enabled detailed molecular depiction of the effect of each mutation, and a comprehensive physiological model to explain the consequence of these genetic and environmental changes in autophagy is greatly facilitated by the a priori knowledge of the exact biochemical function of the ATG7 and ATG9 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Ding
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yosia Mugume
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Research Information Technology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Gonzalez Porras MA, Gransee HM, Denton TT, Shen D, Webb KL, Brinker CJ, Noureddine A, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. CTB-targeted protocells enhance ability of lanthionine ketenamine analogs to induce autophagy in motor neuron-like cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2581. [PMID: 36781993 PMCID: PMC9925763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired autophagy, a cellular digestion process that eliminates proteins and damaged organelles, has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including motor neuron disorders. Motor neuron targeted upregulation of autophagy may serve as a promising therapeutic approach. Lanthionine ketenamine (LK), an amino acid metabolite found in mammalian brain tissue, activates autophagy in neuronal cell lines. We hypothesized that analogs of LK can be targeted to motor neurons using nanoparticles to improve autophagy flux. Using a mouse motor neuron-like hybrid cell line (NSC-34), we tested the effect of three different LK analogs on autophagy modulation, either alone or loaded in nanoparticles. For fluorescence visualization of autophagy flux, we used a mCherry-GFP-LC3 plasmid reporter. We also evaluated protein expression changes in LC3-II/LC3-I ratio obtained by western blot, as well as presence of autophagic vacuoles per cell obtained by electron microscopy. Delivering LK analogs with targeted nanoparticles significantly enhanced autophagy flux in differentiated motor neuron-like cells compared to LK analogs alone, suggesting the need of a delivery vehicle to enhance their efficacy. In conclusion, LK analogs loaded in nanoparticles targeting motor neurons constitute a promising treatment option to induce autophagy flux, which may serve to mitigate motor neuron degeneration/loss and preserve motor function in motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gonzalez Porras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Heather M Gransee
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd, College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Dunxin Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Kevin L Webb
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C Jeffrey Brinker
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Achraf Noureddine
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- MB2-758, St Mary's Hospital, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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38
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Reinhart EF, Katzenell S, Andhare D, Bauer KM, Ragusa MJ. A Comparative Analysis of the Membrane Binding and Remodeling Properties of Two Related Sorting Nexin Complexes Involved in Autophagy. Biochemistry 2023; 62:657-668. [PMID: 35421303 PMCID: PMC9561124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The sorting nexin (SNX) proteins, Atg20 and Atg24, are involved in nonselective autophagy, are necessary for efficient selective autophagy, and are required for the cytoplasm-to-vacuole transport pathway. However, the specific roles of these proteins in autophagy are not well understood. Atg20 and Atg24 each contain a Phox homology domain that facilitates phosphoinositide binding. They also each contain an SNX-Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs domain that forms a cup-shaped dimer, capable of binding to curved membranes and remodeling those membranes in some cases. Atg20 and Atg24 form two distinct complexes, an Atg24/Atg24 homodimer and an Atg20/Atg24 heterodimer. Despite the presence of Atg24 in both complexes, it is currently unclear if these complexes have different membrane binding and remodeling properties. Therefore, in this study, we explored the membrane binding and shaping properties of these two dimeric complexes. We found that Atg24/Atg24 and Atg20/Atg24 have distinct membrane binding preferences. Both dimers recognized membranes containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate, but Atg20/Atg24 bound to a broader array of liposomes, including those lacking phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol. In addition, we discovered that while both complexes bound to autophagosomal-like liposomes containing at least 5% PI(3)P, Atg20/Atg24 was capable of binding to autophagosomal-like liposomes lacking PI(3)P. Lastly, we observed that the Atg20/Atg24 heterodimer tubulates PI(3)P-containing and autophagosomal-like liposomes, but the Atg24/Atg24 homodimer could not tubulate these liposomes. Our findings suggest that these two dimers contain distinct membrane binding and shaping properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F. Reinhart
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New
Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Sarah Katzenell
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New
Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Devika Andhare
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New
Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Katherine M. Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School
of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Michael J. Ragusa
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New
Hampshire 03755, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School
of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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39
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Alao JP, Legon L, Dabrowska A, Tricolici AM, Kumar J, Rallis C. Interplays of AMPK and TOR in Autophagy Regulation in Yeast. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040519. [PMID: 36831186 PMCID: PMC9953913 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells survey their environment and need to balance growth and anabolism with stress programmes and catabolism towards maximum cellular bioenergetics economy and survival. Nutrient-responsive pathways, such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) interact and cross-talk, continuously, with stress-responsive hubs such as the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to regulate fundamental cellular processes such as transcription, protein translation, lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. Especially in nutrient stresses or deprivations, cells tune their metabolism accordingly and, crucially, recycle materials through autophagy mechanisms. It has now become apparent that autophagy is pivotal in lifespan, health and cell survival as it is a gatekeeper of clearing damaged macromolecules and organelles and serving as quality assurance mechanism within cells. Autophagy is hard-wired with energy and nutrient levels as well as with damage-response, and yeasts have been instrumental in elucidating such connectivities. In this review, we briefly outline cross-talks and feedback loops that link growth and stress, mainly, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a favourite model in cell and molecular biology.
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40
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Ma L, Mu Y, Li X, Zhang M, An W, Zeng F. Expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and autophagy markers in the bladder of rats with neurogenic lower urinary tract injury. Spinal Cord 2023; 61:154-159. [PMID: 36319684 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-022-00866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to explore the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and its correlation with autophagy markers in the bladder of rats with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) post spinal cord injury (SCI). STUDY DESIGN A total of 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the SCI group and control group. Rats in the SCI group were subjected to T10-T11 spinal cord transection. At day 1, 4, and 7, 6 rats were euthanized daily and the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score (BBB score), post-void residual (PVR), urinary bladder function score (UBFS) and bladder weight were assessed. The expression TGF-β1 and autophagy markers were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining, Western bolt, and qRT-PCR. SETTING A total of 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the SCI group and control group, with three time points in each group. PARTICIPANTS Not applicable. RESULTS SCI modeling impaired the motor function of the hind limbs and the bladder function of rats. NLUTD muscle exhibited a punctated immunostaining pattern for LC3, suggesting the accumulation of autophagosomes. Our results further indicated that compared with the control group, the expression levels of TGF-β1 and LC3 were increased, while the level of P62 was decreased after SCI modeling. CONCLUSION TGF-β1 was significantly increased in SCI rats with NLUTD and was correlated with autophagy markers LC3 and p62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 247 Beiyuan Avenue, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54, Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Mu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Zhangdian People's Hospital, No. 63, Jinjing Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangqing Li
- Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54, Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54, Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhan An
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 247 Beiyuan Avenue, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Fanshuo Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 247 Beiyuan Avenue, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China.
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Liang Q, Wan J, Liu H, Jia D, Chen Q, Wang A, Wei T. A plant nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus activates and co-opts BNIP3-mediated mitophagy to promote persistent infection in its insect vector. Autophagy 2023; 19:616-631. [PMID: 35722949 PMCID: PMC9851205 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2091904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy that selectively eliminates damaged mitochondria is an essential mitochondrial quality control mechanism. Recently, mitophagy has been shown to be induced in host cells infected by a few animal viruses. Here, we report that southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a plant nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus, can also trigger mitophagy in its planthopper vector to prevent mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and promote persistent viral propagation. We find that the fibrillar structures constructed by the nonstructural protein P7-1 of SRBSDV directly target mitochondria via interaction with the mitophagy receptor BNIP3 (BCL2 interacting protein 3), and these mitochondria are then sequestered within autophagosomes to form mitophagosomes. Moreover, SRBSDV infection or P7-1 expression alone can promote BNIP3 dimerization on the mitochondria, and induce autophagy via the P7-1-ATG8 interaction. Furthermore, SRBSDV infection stimulates the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), resulting in BNIP3 phosphorylation via the AMPKα-BNIP3 interaction. Together, P7-1 induces BNIP3-mediated mitophagy by promoting the formation of phosphorylated BNIP3 dimers on the mitochondria. Silencing of ATG8, BNIP3, or AMPKα significantly reduces virus-induced mitophagy and viral propagation in insect vectors. These data suggest that in planthopper, SRBSDV-induced mitophagosomes are modified to accommodate virions and facilitate persistent viral propagation. In summary, our results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of a viral protein in the induction of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy by bridging autophagosomes and mitochondria and reveal the functional importance of virus-induced mitophagy in maintaining persistent viral infection in insect vectors.Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy related; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; CASP3: caspase 3; dsRNA: double strand RNA; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST: glutathione S-transferase; padp: post-first access to diseased plants; Phos-tag: Phosphate-binding tag; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; Sf9: Spodoptera frugiperda; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; SRBSDV: southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; RBSDV: rice black-streaked dwarf virus; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP nick end labeling; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiajia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China,CONTACT Taiyun Wei State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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42
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Chino H, Mizushima N. ER-Phagy: Quality and Quantity Control of the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Autophagy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041256. [PMID: 35940904 PMCID: PMC9808580 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle and has multiple roles in various cellular processes such as protein secretion, lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and organelle biogenesis. The quantity and quality of this organelle are controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (termed "ER-phagy"). ER-phagy is defined as the degradation of part of the ER by the vacuole or lysosomes, and there are at least two types of ER-phagy: macro-ER-phagy and micro-ER-phagy. In macro-ER-phagy, ER fragments are enclosed by autophagosomes, which is mediated by ER-phagy receptors. In micro-ER-phagy, a portion of the ER is engulfed directly by the vacuole or lysosomes. In these two pathways, some proteins in the ER lumen can be recognized selectively and subjected to ER-phagy. This review summarizes our current knowledge of ER-phagy, focusing on its membrane dynamics, molecular mechanisms, substrate specificity, and physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Chino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Picchianti L, Sedivy A, Dagdas Y. Characterization of ATG8-Family Interactors by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2581:149-176. [PMID: 36413317 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2784-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is the gold standard for providing quantitative and thermodynamic understanding of the interaction mechanisms between core autophagy machinery, autophagy receptors, and ATG8. Here, we used two model peptides and Arabidopsis thaliana ATG8A to characterize ATG8-peptide interactions. We employed ITC using three different methods (direct ligand titration, displacement, and competition assays) to characterize, directly and indirectly, the interaction of the peptides with ATG8. We then analyzed the ITC data by global and statistical methods and discussed advantages, drawbacks, and negative controls for each approach. We finally provide a thorough description of all the steps, including data analysis and presentation, preparation of recombinant ATG8A from E. coli, and troubleshooting notes for technical problems that can be encountered. Although we used ATG8-peptide interactions here, these assays can be applied to any other one-to-one protein-protein and ligand-protein interactions and competitive binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Picchianti
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Arthur Sedivy
- Protein Technologies, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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Kang D, Baek Y, Lee JS. Mechanisms of RNA and Protein Quality Control and Their Roles in Cellular Senescence and Age-Related Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244062. [PMID: 36552825 PMCID: PMC9777292 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, is defined as irreversible cell cycle arrest in response to various stimuli. It plays both beneficial and detrimental roles in cellular homeostasis and diseases. Quality control (QC) is important for the proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The QC machineries regulate the integrity of RNA and protein by repairing or degrading them, and are dysregulated during cellular senescence. QC dysfunction also contributes to multiple age-related diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative, muscle, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we describe the characters of cellular senescence, discuss the major mechanisms of RNA and protein QC in cellular senescence and aging, and comprehensively describe the involvement of these QC machineries in age-related diseases. There are many open questions regarding RNA and protein QC in cellular senescence and aging. We believe that a better understanding of these topics could propel the development of new strategies for addressing age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kang
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurim Baek
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-860-9832; Fax: +82-32-885-8302
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Pexophagy suppresses ROS-induced damage in leaf cells under high-intensity light. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7493. [PMID: 36470866 PMCID: PMC9722907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although light is essential for photosynthesis, it has the potential to elevate intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since high ROS levels are cytotoxic, plants must alleviate such damage. However, the cellular mechanism underlying ROS-induced leaf damage alleviation in peroxisomes was not fully explored. Here, we show that autophagy plays a pivotal role in the selective removal of ROS-generating peroxisomes, which protects plants from oxidative damage during photosynthesis. We present evidence that autophagy-deficient mutants show light intensity-dependent leaf damage and excess aggregation of ROS-accumulating peroxisomes. The peroxisome aggregates are specifically engulfed by pre-autophagosomal structures and vacuolar membranes in both leaf cells and isolated vacuoles, but they are not degraded in mutants. ATG18a-GFP and GFP-2×FYVE, which bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, preferentially target the peroxisomal membranes and pre-autophagosomal structures near peroxisomes in ROS-accumulating cells under high-intensity light. Our findings provide deeper insights into the plant stress response caused by light irradiation.
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Canonical and Noncanonical ER Stress-Mediated Autophagy Is a Bite the Bullet in View of Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233773. [PMID: 36497032 PMCID: PMC9738281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells adapt multiple mechanisms to counter intense stress on their way to growth. Tumor microenvironment stress leads to canonical and noncanonical endoplasmic stress (ER) responses, which mediate autophagy and are engaged during proteotoxic challenges to clear unfolded or misfolded proteins and damaged organelles to mitigate stress. In these conditions, autophagy functions as a cytoprotective mechanism in which malignant tumor cells reuse degraded materials to generate energy under adverse growing conditions. However, cellular protection by autophagy is thought to be complicated, contentious, and context-dependent; the stress response to autophagy is suggested to support tumorigenesis and drug resistance, which must be adequately addressed. This review describes significant findings that suggest accelerated autophagy in cancer, a novel obstacle for anticancer therapy, and discusses the UPR components that have been suggested to be untreatable. Thus, addressing the UPR or noncanonical ER stress components is the most effective approach to suppressing cytoprotective autophagy for better and more effective cancer treatment.
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Honsho M, Abe Y. Molecular insights into peroxisome homeostasis and peroxisome biogenesis disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119330. [PMID: 35917894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane organelles essential for cell metabolism including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, synthesis of etherlipid plasmalogens, and redox homeostasis. Investigations into peroxisome biogenesis and the human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) have identified 14 PEX genes encoding peroxins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and the mutation of PEX genes is responsible for the PBDs. Many recent findings have further advanced our understanding of the biology, physiology, and consequences of a functional deficit of peroxisomes. In this Review, we discuss cell defense mechanisms that counteract oxidative stress by 1) a proapoptotic Bcl-2 factor BAK-mediated release to the cytosol of H2O2-degrading catalase from peroxisomes and 2) peroxisomal import suppression of catalase by Ser232-phosphorylation of Pex14, a docking protein for the Pex5-PTS1 complex. With respect to peroxisome division, the important issue of how the energy-rich GTP is produced and supplied for the division process was recently addressed by the discovery of a nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like protein, termed DYNAMO1 in a lower eukaryote, which has a mammalian homologue NME3. In regard to the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, a new PBD model mouse defective in Pex14 manifests a dysregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB pathway, an important signaling pathway for cerebellar morphogenesis. Communications between peroxisomes and other organelles are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology and Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Collaboration Program, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Li X, Zhu M, Liu Y, Yang L, Yang J. Aoatg11 and Aoatg33 are indispensable for mitophagy, and contribute to conidiation, the stress response, and pathogenicity in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Zhang Y, Xia G, Sheng L, Chen M, Hu C, Ye Y, Yue X, Chen S, OuYang W, Xia Z. Regulatory roles of selective autophagy through targeting of native proteins in plant adaptive responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2125-2138. [PMID: 35922498 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy functions as a regulatory mechanism by targeting native and functional proteins to ensure their proper levels and activities in plant adaptive responses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling pathway with a key role in cellular homeostasis and metabolism. Autophagy is initiated with the biogenesis of autophagosomes, which fuse with the lysosomes or vacuoles to release their contents for degradation. Under nutrient starvation or other adverse environmental conditions, autophagy usually targets unwanted or damaged proteins, organelles and other cellular components for degradation and recycling to promote cell survival. Over the past decade, however, a substantial number of studies have reported that autophagy in plants also functions as a regulatory mechanism by targeting enzymes, structural and regulatory proteins that are not necessarily damaged or dysfunctional to ensure their proper abundance and function to facilitate cellular changes required for response to endogenous and environmental conditions. During plant-pathogen interactions in particular, selective autophagy targets specific pathogen components as a defense mechanism and pathogens also utilize autophagy to target functional host factors to suppress defense mechanisms. Autophagy also targets native and functional protein regulators of plant heat stress memory, hormone signaling, and vesicle trafficking associated with plant responses to abiotic and other conditions. In this review, we discuss advances in the regulatory roles of selective autophagy through targeting of native proteins in plant adaptive responses, what questions remain and how further progress in the analysis of these special regulatory roles of autophagy can help understand biological processes important to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gengshou Xia
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingjue Chen
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yule Ye
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yue
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaocong Chen
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwu OuYang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenkai Xia
- China Medical University -The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Cai YY, Li L, Zhu XM, Lu JP, Liu XH, Lin FC. The crucial role of the regulatory mechanism of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in fungi. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019543. [PMID: 36386635 PMCID: PMC9643702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway in eukaryotes, is hierarchically regulated by autophagy-related genes (Atgs). The Atg1/ULK1 complex is the most upstream factor involved in autophagy initiation. Here,we summarize the recent studies on the structure and molecular mechanism of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in autophagy initiation, with a special focus on upstream regulation and downstream effectors of Atg1/ULK1. The roles of pathogenicity and autophagy aspects in Atg1/ULK1 complexes of various pathogenic hosts, including plants, insects, and humans, are also discussed in this work based on recent research findings. We establish a framework to study how the Atg1/ULK1 complex integrates the signals that induce autophagy in accordance with fungus to mammalian autophagy regulation pathways. This framework lays the foundation for studying the deeper molecular mechanisms of the Atg1 complex in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Cheng Lin,
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